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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 October 2025

Content Treat employment as a national priority India’s direction for disaster resilience Treat employment as a national priority Context and Background Demographic Advantage India is the world’s most populous and one of the youngest nations. By 2050, India’s average age will still be below 40. Over next 25 years, India will add 133 million working-age people (15–64 years) — ~18% of total global workforce increase. However, window of demographic dividend is short — expected to peak around 2043. Core Concern: Job creation not keeping pace with population growth. The challenge is not just quantity but quality and inclusivity of employment. Relevance : GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Policy formulation for employment and livelihoods Centre-State coordination and institutional governance (Empowered Group of Secretaries, District Planning Committees) Gender and regional inclusion in policy design GS III – Economy & Labour: Employment as a driver of inclusive growth and economic resilience Formalisation of informal sector, MSME support, gig economy regulation Urban employment schemes and skill–industry linkages Practice Question : India’s demographic dividend will remain unrealised unless employment creation becomes a national mission. Critically analyse the need for an Integrated National Employment Policy in this context.(250 Words) Why Employment is Central to Growth Equity & Inclusion: Quality jobs reduce poverty, bridge regional/social disparities, and ensure inclusive growth. Economic Resilience: In a consumption-driven economy, higher employment → broader consumption → stable and accelerated GDP growth. Social Stability: Employment ensures dignity, curbs unrest, and reduces dependence on welfare transfers. Structural Issues in India’s Employment Landscape A. Lack of Unified Framework Despite multiple initiatives (Skill India, PMKVY, MGNREGA, NCS, etc.), India lacks a National Employment Policy (NEP) that aligns: Labour market supply (skills, education) Demand (sectoral growth, private investment) Social security and mobility systems B. Labour Market Dualities Formal sector < 20% of total workforce; rest in informal/unorganised sector. Large urban–rural and gender gaps persist. Employability crisis: Many graduates remain jobless due to curriculum–industry mismatch. C. Fragmented Governance Employment responsibilities spread across ministries (Labour, Skill Development, MSME, Rural Development, etc.), causing policy dilution and lack of accountability. The Editorial’s Core Proposal: Integrated National Employment Policy (INEP) Key Features Proposed: Integration and Coordination Consolidate all existing employment and livelihood schemes. Coordination among Centre, States, and industry stakeholders. Governance by an Empowered Group of Secretaries; District Planning Committees for local implementation. Time-bound Goals & Sector Targeting Define measurable outcomes (e.g., jobs per sector/year). Identify high-employment-potential sectors and align trade, industrial, and education policies. Tackle Labour Market Frictions Address regional disparities, gender barriers, skill mismatches. Promote labour mobility through a “One India” Employment Mobility Framework. Technology Integration Update skilling and curricula for AI, robotics, digital platforms, and Industry 4.0. Data and Evidence-Based Policy Establish real-time employment data systems to track labour trends and policy impact. Dedicated task force to improve data quality, timeliness, and coverage of informal sectors. Sectoral Priorities for Job Creation A. Labour-Intensive Sectors Textiles, Tourism, Agro-processing, Real Estate, Healthcare — absorb low-to-mid-skilled labour. Require ease of doing business reforms, credit access, export incentives, and logistics improvements. B. MSME Sector Employs ~25 crore people. Needs integrated support: Finance + Technology + Skilling + Market access. Encourage cluster-based industrialisation and digital adoption. C. Gig and Platform Economy Current size: 80 lakh–1.8 crore workers; projected to reach 9 crore by 2030. Spread to Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. Requires: National Gig Economy Policy Centralised worker registry for easy onboarding, work history, and social security Fair contracts, safety norms, grievance redress mechanisms D. Urban Employment Proposes an Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme (UEGS) in pilot cities — similar to MGNREGA, to reduce urban distress. E. Women’s Labour Force Participation Strategies: Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) for companies hiring women. Formalisation of Anganwadi/ASHA workers. Investment in childcare & eldercare infrastructure. Social campaigns to counter patriarchal work restrictions. Institutional and Policy Reforms Needed Implement Four Labour Codes (Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security, Occupational Safety): With clear transition support to businesses. Simplify compliance, reduce litigation, and formalise jobs. Strengthen Skill–Industry Linkages Make college curricula employment-oriented; promote dual apprenticeship models. Align Skill India and PMKVY 4.0 with emerging sectors (EVs, semiconductors, renewables, digital services). Promote Regional Balance Focus on 100 most underdeveloped districts for targeted employment missions. Incentivise BPOs, remote work centres, and rural internships to decentralise opportunities. Infrastructure for Workforce Affordable housing near industrial zones. Transport connectivity for labour mobility. Digital public infrastructure for job-matching and benefits delivery. Need for Better Employment Data Present data (e.g., PLFS, CMIE) suffer from lag and under-coverage of informal sector. Suggestion: Create National Employment Data System under NSSO/NSO. Use real-time data from EPFO, e-Shram, NCS platforms. Improve granularity — by district, gender, and occupation. Strategic Linkage: Viksit Bharat 2047 & CII Vision CII’s “Policies for a Competitive India” Report: Employment generation is a pillar of competitiveness and inclusive growth. Integrated employment policy aligns with India’s vision of “Viksit Bharat @2047.” Critical Appraisal Strengths: Holistic — covers demand, supply, and institutional aspects. Integrates technology, gender, and regional balance. Pragmatic — focuses on both formal and gig sectors. Limitations: Implementation depends heavily on Centre–State coordination and bureaucratic capacity. Labour codes still face political resistance and compliance costs for MSMEs. Urban employment guarantee pilot could face fiscal sustainability issues. Does not address agricultural underemployment comprehensively. India’s direction for disaster resilience Context and Overview India is a vast, multi-hazard country, prone to: Heatwaves and extreme temperatures Cyclones and floods Landslides and glacial lake outburst floods Forest fires and urban waterlogging Governance Framework: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): Overall coordination and implementation National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Policy, planning, and capacity building Guiding Principle: Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction (2016) DRR in India is multi-phase: Pre-disaster: Preparedness, capacity building, mitigation Post-disaster: Response, reconstruction Relevance GS II – Governance & Disaster Management: Institutional roles of MHA, NDMA, State authorities Multi-level disaster governance (Centre–State, inter-ministerial committees) Pre-disaster and post-disaster planning GS III – Environment & Disaster Management: Climate resilience, extreme weather events, and nature-based solutions (NbS) Early warning systems, urban flood mitigation, glacial lake monitoring Finance-linked DRR (15th Finance Commission allocation) Practice Question: “India’s disaster management strategy has evolved from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction.” Analyse the role of pre-disaster mitigation, community capacity building, and technology integration in building resilience against multi-hazard risks. How can India’s international cooperation enhance its disaster preparedness and response? (250 Words) Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Financing 15th Finance Commission (2021–26): ₹2.28 lakh crore allocated for DRR over five years (~$30 billion). Allocation Split: Pre-disaster (30%): Preparedness & capacity building: 10% Mitigation: 20% Post-disaster (70%): Response: 40% Reconstruction: 30% Significance: Shifts focus from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction, leveraging technology and local capacities. Pre-Disaster Initiatives A. Preparedness & Capacity Building Fire Safety Modernisation: ₹5,000 crore allocated. Volunteer Networks: Apda Mitra and Yuva Apda Mitra: 2.5 lakh volunteers each. Training & Research: National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): 36-stream standard disaster management course. Geo-spatial labs and faculty-led, action-oriented research. B. Mitigation (20% of Pre-Disaster Funds) Innovative projects (~₹10,000 crore approved) focus on: Nature-based solutions for climate and disaster resilience Slope stabilization using bio-engineering Urban flood mitigation through green spaces and waterbody rejuvenation Glacial lake monitoring with remote sensing and automated weather stations Forest fire management via fuel evacuation and break lines Precursor Programme: National Cyclone Mitigation Programme (2011–22, ₹5,000 crore) reduced coastal vulnerability with: 7-day early warning systems Cyclone shelters and embankments Post-Disaster Measures Reconstruction packages approved (~₹5,000 crore) in States: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Kerala Scientific damage assessments conducted for extreme rainfall events. Budget-to-Project Pipeline: Centre-State and inter-ministerial appraisal committees Ensures proper use of funds and accountability Key Infrastructure and Technology Early Warning Systems: Multi-media Common Alerting Protocol delivers hazard alerts in local languages Automated weather stations, glacial lake monitoring, and flood early warnings Community Capacity Building: 327-member network of universities NDRF Academy, National Fire Service College, NIDM for training public servants Mock exercises, school safety programs, hazard awareness campaigns Nature-Based Solutions: Restoration of beels along Brahmaputra Urban green spaces and waterbody revitalization Slope stabilization and bio-engineering International Coordination India leads and participates in DRR globally: Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) Engagements in G20, SCO, BIMSTEC, IORA Exchanges knowledge and implements innovative, sustainable DRR solutions. Strategic Approach and Highlights Multi-Faceted Approach: Pre- and post-disaster, mitigation, preparedness, capacity building, and reconstruction. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS): Long-term climate adaptation, ecosystem restoration, hazard risk reduction. Community & Institutional Strengthening: Volunteer mobilisation, training, and research Panchayat-level integration for local DRR mainstreaming Technology Integration: Remote sensing, early warning systems, geospatial monitoring, digital alert platforms Financing Innovation: Dedicated Finance Commission allocation ensures structured risk management, moving away from ad hoc post-disaster debt funding. Achievements and Impact Mitigation Projects: ₹10,000 crore in 1 year; focus on nature-based solutions. Reconstruction Packages: ₹5,000 crore approved for five states. Capacity Building: Large-scale volunteer networks and NIDM programs institutionalised. Coastal Cyclone Resilience: Reduced casualties via shelters and early warning systems. Urban & Rural Preparedness: Waterbody rejuvenation, green space development, slope stabilization, forest fire prevention. Key Takeaways India is moving from reactive disaster response to proactive, integrated DRR. Finance Commission-led DRR funding ensures structured, risk-informed budgeting. Prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and capacity building are now core components of national disaster strategy. Community, technology, and nature-based solutions are central to risk reduction. International cooperation positions India as a global leader in DRR policy and practice.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 October 2025

Content Why ADR is Crucial for India’s Courts How AI is Transforming Teaching and Learning in Indian Classrooms Philippines Pioneers Coral Larvae Cryobank to Protect Threatened Reefs Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India Sir Creek Dispute Between India and Pakistan Darjeeling Disaster 2025 Why is ADR crucial for India’s courts? Context and Background Recent Developments: Law and Justice Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal reaffirmed India’s commitment to legal reforms rooted in civilisational ethos, citing the Panch Parmeshwar doctrine (collective consensus in dispute resolution). Emphasis on global cooperation to strengthen ADR mechanisms. Current Challenges in India’s Justice System: Pending cases: 4.57 crore overall; Supreme Court: 81,768; High Courts: ~62.9 lakh. Vacancy rates: High Courts 33%, district courts 21%. Judicial workloads: Over 4,000 cases per judge in UP, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala. Delays in case disposal, inter-State disparities, and accountability gaps undermine access to justice. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance: Constitutional provisions: Article 39A, Sixth Schedule of CPC. Legal reforms, access to justice, rule of law, accountability. GS II & III – Governance & Economy: Court efficiency impacts business and commerce. ADR reduces litigation costs, fostering economic growth. Constitutional and Legal Basis of ADR Article 39A, Constitution of India: Mandates the State to provide free legal aid and ensure equal justice. Forms the foundation for pre-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms. Legal Provisions Governing ADR: Section 89, Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908: Courts can refer cases to arbitration, conciliation, mediation, or Lok Adalat. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 & 2021 Amendment: Civil and compoundable criminal disputes can be resolved via binding awards. Indian Arbitration Council established to oversee arbitration. Maximum dispute resolution period: 180 days. Parties dissatisfied can exit after two mediation sessions. Lok Adalats: Governed by Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987; inspired by Article 39A. Variants: Permanent Lok Adalat, National Lok Adalat, e-Lok Adalat. Features: Decisions are final; no appeal, as disputes are resolved pre-litigation. Emphasis on socially inclusive, accessible, and language-appropriate dispute resolution. Rationale for Strengthening ADR Reduce Court Pendency: Pre-litigation mediation prevents inflow into regular courts. Ensures faster disposal of cases, particularly in high-backlog States (Andhra Pradesh, UP, Bihar). Increase Access and Equity: ADR is cost-effective and socially inclusive, reducing barriers for marginalized communities. Supports constitutional mandate of equal justice. Promote Social Harmony: Mediation encourages dialogue, consensus-building, and reconciliation. Protects social relationships while resolving disputes. Enhance Accountability: Real-time data through National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) improves monitoring of case pendency and judicial performance. Mechanisms of ADR Arbitration: Parties submit disputes to a neutral arbitrator; award is legally binding. Speedy resolution; maximum period capped at 180 days. Mediation & Conciliation: Voluntary exchange of views under neutral facilitation. Focus on social norms aligned with constitutional values (D.Y. Chandrachud). Lok Adalats: Resolve disputes before litigation. Include e-Lok Adalats for wider accessibility. Decisions are final and enforceable, minimizing litigation fatigue. Challenges in the Justice System High Case Pendency: 4.57 crore cases; backlog >10 years in many High Courts and subordinate courts. Judicial Vacancies: Over 30% in High Courts; delays exacerbate access to justice issues. Inter-State Disparities: States like UP, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar lag significantly. Infrastructure Gaps: Court infrastructure and digitization uneven across States. Public Awareness: ADR mechanisms underutilized due to lack of awareness. Strategic Importance and Reforms Needed Integrate ADR in Judicial Policy: Mandatory pre-litigation mediation for civil and commercial disputes. Expand Lok Adalats and e-Lok Adalats for rural and urban populations. Institutional Strengthening: Empower Indian Arbitration Council and legal aid bodies. Real-time monitoring via NJDG and data analytics. Capacity Building: Train mediators, conciliators, and judicial officers in ADR principles. Promote ADR as part of legal education and civil awareness campaigns. Global Cooperation: Learn best practices from international ADR systems. Encourage cross-border arbitration for commercial disputes. How is AI transforming teaching and learning practices in Indian classrooms? Why It’s in the News OpenAI’s First Office in India: ChatGPT (U.S.-based) opened its first Indian office in 2025. AI Collaborations & Investments: NVIDIA partnered with Reliance Industries in 2023 for AI computing. Global tech giants like Google and Microsoft have invested in AI manufacturing, marketing, and research in India. India AI Mission: Aims to create a trusted, inclusive AI ecosystem. Focus on Centres of Excellence (CoE), AI compute capacity, skills development, and future applications. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology: AI as an emerging technology; India’s role in AI innovation and global collaborations. Public-private partnerships (OpenAI, NVIDIA, Reliance, Google, Microsoft). GS II – Governance: Policy initiatives: India AI Mission, Centres of Excellence. Digital inclusion and equitable access to technology in education. GS I & II – Social Issues & Education: Ethical, cultural, and philosophical implications of AI in pedagogy. Bridging the digital divide and enhancing teacher-student interaction. Basics of AI Integration in Education Tech-Savvy Teachers: About 70% of Indian school teachers are comfortable using digital tools and AI. AI is used to design pedagogy, curricula, and assessment tools. Digital Divide: NSS report indicates disparity not just in access, but in quality of use and meaningful engagement. Inclusion is measured by effective participation, not mere internet use. Opportunities of AI in Education Enhanced Pedagogy: Supports personalized learning, adaptive assessments, and interactive content. Can improve digital literacy and tech skills for both teachers and students. AI Infrastructure & Training: Centres of Excellence (CoE) aim to provide cloud-based tools for education. Training for teachers can enhance ethical understanding and critical evaluation of AI tools. Large-Scale Socio-Economic Impact: AI has potential for transformative, inclusive education. Application Development Initiatives can create context-sensitive AI solutions for classrooms. Challenges and Risks Philosophical Concerns: Pedagogy emphasizes humanistic dialogue, empathy, trust, and emancipatory learning. Over-reliance on AI risks reducing education to information accumulation, ignoring critical thinking and creativity. Ethical Issues: Teachers: AI often used to meet technical requirements rather than enhance dialogue. Students: Use of ChatGPT in exams has led CBSE to issue advisories against unfair AI use. Risks digital inequity if AI is implemented without attention to social, ethical, and cultural contexts. Superficial Use of Technology: Use of audio-visuals or apps is misconstrued as pedagogic innovation. True pedagogic smartness requires transformative teaching and meaningful integration of AI. Recommendations for Ethical AI Integration Teacher Training: In-service programs to develop critical, ethical, and context-sensitive AI literacy. Encourage independence, creativity, and imagination for both teachers and students. Curricular Integration: AI should complement humanistic pedagogy, not replace it. Design AI tools that support social equality and minimize digital inequities. Policy and Mission Alignment: India AI Mission pillars: AI Compute Capacity: Infrastructure to support AI education. Skills Development: Equip teachers for tech-savvy, meaningful AI integration. Future Application Development: AI solutions for large-scale socio-economic transformation. Ensure ethical, social, and political anchorage in AI educational policies. Philippines pioneers coral larvae cryobank to protect threatened reefs Why It’s in the News First Coral Larvae Cryobank in Southeast Asia: The Philippines is setting up a cryobank to preserve coral larvae. Part of a regional initiative linking research institutions across the Coral Triangle (Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand). Objective: Protect genetic diversity of corals threatened by climate change, pollution, and destructive fishing. Support research and reef restoration in one of the world’s richest marine ecosystems. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity: Coral Triangle conservation, coral bleaching, climate change impact, and marine biodiversity. GS II – Governance & International Cooperation: Regional collaboration between Southeast Asian nations for biodiversity conservation. Role of research institutions and government-backed platforms in marine conservation. Coral Triangle and Its Importance Geography & Biodiversity: Covers 5.7 million sq. km across tropical waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste. Known as the “Amazon of the Seas”; richest marine ecosystem globally. Hosts >75% of the world’s coral species, 1/3 of reef fish, vast mangrove forests, and 6 of 7 marine turtle species. Sustains food security and livelihoods for >120 million people. Threats: Climate change, ocean warming, and coral bleaching. Destructive fishing practices, pollution, and habitat loss. Potential loss of 70–90% of live coral cover by 2050 without limiting warming to 1.5°C. Coral Larvae Cryopreservation: Process & Science Cryobanks: Freeze coral larvae at –196°C in liquid nitrogen (vitrification). Larvae enter a glass-like state, avoiding ice crystal formation that can damage cells. Thawed using lasers, then rehydrated in seawater for revival. Species Focus: Start with model species like Pocillopora, Acropora, and Galaxsia. Technique ensures all coral species, not just endangered ones, can be preserved. Cryopreservation as Genetic Insurance: Protects coral genetic diversity and Symbiodiniaceae (algae living in corals). Allows future reef restoration and research, potentially mitigating biodiversity loss. Regional & Collaborative Significance Regional Collaboration: Cryobanks across Southeast Asia aim to share expertise and facilities. Supported by Coral Research & Development Accelerator Platform and Marine Environment & Resources Foundation. Capacity Building: Guidance from experts like Dr. Chiahsin Lin (Taiwan) and Preeyanuch Thongpoo (Thailand). Focus on developing coral husbandry protocols, larval collection, and cryopreservation methods. Community Involvement: Coral-dependent communities often lack awareness of reef value. Conservation requires active participation to address tourism, waste, and destructive fishing. Scientific and Conservation Relevance Climate Adaptation: Provides resilience against ocean warming and habitat degradation. Helps maintain marine biodiversity and ecological balance. Research Benefits: Cryobanks serve as a living seed bank for experimentation and restoration. Ensures long-term preservation of coral genetic material. Long-Term Warning: Without proactive measures, cryobanks may become repositories for extinct coral species. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India Why It’s in News The Indian government is opening up Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for private sector participation. Companies like Reliance Industries, Tata Power, and Adani Power have expressed interest in developing SMR-based projects. This comes amid legislative and regulatory tweaks to facilitate private investment in nuclear energy. The initiative is aimed at boosting India’s nuclear manufacturing ecosystem, ensuring energy security, and reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Relevance : GS II – Governance & Policy: Regulatory frameworks for private sector participation in strategic sectors, legislative reforms enabling nuclear investment, and international cooperation in nuclear technology. GS III – Energy & Infrastructure: Nuclear energy policy, SMR deployment, integration with renewables, and energy security through low-carbon electricity. GS III – Environment & Climate Change: Contribution of SMRs to low-carbon energy, reduction of fossil fuel dependence, and alignment with climate goals. GS III – Science & Technology: Advanced nuclear reactor technologies (PHWR, LWR, SMR), R&D initiatives, and pilot projects in collaboration with domestic and international institutions. SMRs and Nuclear Power in India Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Nuclear reactors with capacity ≤300 MW per unit. Modular and scalable; can be deployed in industrial clusters or remote areas. Offer lower upfront capital costs compared to large reactors and provide flexible electricity generation. Advantages of SMRs: Compact and modular design allows faster construction. Can tap energy-intensive industries like steel, aluminium, and cement. Provide reliable, low-carbon, and clean electricity, complementing renewables. Can be deployed near industrial hubs or off-grid areas to address local power deficits. Indian Nuclear Context: Traditionally dominated by public sector units: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and heavy water reactors. Conventional reactors are large, expensive, and time-consuming to set up. SMRs present an alternative pathway for domestic nuclear expansion, leveraging private sector efficiencies. Key Players in India Private Sector: Reliance Industries Ltd. Tata Power Adani Power Public Sector/Research Support: BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) – developing SMR prototypes. NPCIL – overseeing regulatory and safety frameworks. International Technology Partnerships: India is engaging with US, Russia, and other advanced nuclear technology countries. Policy & Legislative Developments Current legal hurdles: Private companies previously could not operate nuclear plants, as NPCIL had exclusive rights. Liability, safety, and regulatory frameworks limited private participation. Planned legislative tweaks: Allow private companies to construct, own, and operate SMRs under NPCIL supervision. Ensure safety, liability, and regulatory compliance while granting operational freedom. Provide legal certainty for long-term SMR investment and technology deployment. Technical & Operational Aspects Technology: SMRs can utilize pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs), light-water reactors, or advanced nuclear designs. Can be installed in smaller footprints, suited for industrial clusters and remote regions. Deployment Timeline: NPCIL’s SMR pilot projects already operational in China and other countries serve as models for India. Government expects private sector to speed up commercialization of SMRs domestically. Complement to Renewables: SMRs provide baseload power, addressing intermittency of solar and wind energy. Strategic & Economic Implications Energy Security: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels and large-scale centralized energy projects. Enhances regional power availability for industrial growth. Economic & Industrial Boost: SMRs can power energy-intensive industries like steel, aluminium, and cement. Private sector participation can catalyze domestic manufacturing of reactors, fuel, and components. Global Positioning: Helps India establish leadership in next-generation nuclear technology. Opportunity for technology exports and international partnerships. Environmental Impact: Promotes low-carbon electricity, aligning with India’s climate goals. Challenges Technology Readiness: Many SMR designs are still under testing or demonstration worldwide. India must adapt foreign designs or develop indigenous models. Regulatory & Liability Issues: Ensuring safety, waste management, and emergency preparedness for private operators is critical. Legal frameworks must balance risk management with investment incentives. Public Acceptance & Awareness: Nuclear energy faces public skepticism due to safety and waste concerns. Community engagement is needed for smooth deployment. Key Takeaways SMRs represent a transformative opportunity for India’s nuclear energy landscape. Private sector involvement is expected to accelerate deployment, reduce costs, and expand industrial applications. Legislative and policy tweaks are crucial for operational and legal clarity. SMRs will complement renewable energy, support climate targets, and enhance energy security. Regional and global collaboration will boost India’s technological and strategic positioning in nuclear energy. Sir Creek Dispute between India and Pakistan Why It’s in News Recent statements by India’s Defence Minister emphasized a “symmetrical response” to any threats near Sir Creek, highlighting heightened security concerns. Reports indicate increased surveillance, military presence, and infrastructure upgrades by both India and Pakistan in the region. The long-standing unresolved border dispute continues to affect bilateral relations, maritime boundary negotiations, and the livelihoods of coastal fishing communities. The dispute is emblematic of broader India-Pakistan tensions and remains a recurring point in policy and security discussions. Relevance GS II – International Relations & Polity: India-Pakistan border disputes, maritime law, diplomacy, and bilateral security. GS III – Security & Geography: Strategic maritime locations, naval operations, and border infrastructure. Basics of the Sir Creek Dispute Location: Marshy estuary in the Rann of Kutch, separating Gujarat (India) from Sindh (Pakistan). Nature: Tidal, fluctuating estuary; its course changes seasonally due to sedimentation and soil erosion, complicating demarcation. Strategic Significance: Proximity to Karachi, a critical Pakistani economic and military hub. Essential for coastal surveillance, naval operations, and offshore security. Potential access to offshore oil, gas, and other maritime resources. Implications for Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims. Overview Geopolitical Relevance: Boundary disagreement affects maritime rights and economic zones in the Arabian Sea. India asserts the eastern bank as the boundary; Pakistan claims the creek’s midline. Historical Background: Dispute traces back to colonial-era maps and ambiguous agreements. Partition-era arbitration attempts failed due to inconsistent documentation and natural shifts in the creek. Economic Impact: Rich fishing grounds and potential hydrocarbon resources. Fishermen frequently arrested by both sides due to unclear demarcation, affecting livelihoods. Security Dimension: Regular patrols, surveillance posts, and infrastructure developments by both nations. Strategic control of Sir Creek ensures dominance over adjoining maritime corridors. Diplomatic Engagement: Multiple rounds of talks under Joint Working Groups; agreements remain elusive. Reflects persistent difficulties in broader India-Pakistan boundary resolution mechanisms. Legal and Environmental Challenges: Shifting terrain complicates physical demarcation and treaty enforcement. International law (UNCLOS) implications for maritime boundaries and resource entitlements. Environmental sensitivity of the Rann ecosystem demands careful management of development or military activity. Conclusion Sir Creek remains a critical flashpoint in India-Pakistan relations due to overlapping strategic, economic, and diplomatic stakes. The dispute affects national security, maritime boundary clarity, and livelihoods of local fishing communities, keeping it consistently relevant in policy, security, and current affairs discourse. Resolution requires a balanced approach combining diplomacy, security preparedness, legal clarity, and environmental stewardship. Darjeeling Disaster 2025 Why is Darjeeling in News Darjeeling witnessed heavy rainfall starting 3 October 2025, exceeding IMD warnings, leading to: Massive landslides and floods Destruction of Dudhipa bridge (Balason river), cutting off connectivity between Siliguri and Mirik Disruption of national and state highways Loss of human lives and property Highlights climate vulnerability of the region and raises questions about disaster preparedness and sustainable development. Relevance GS III – Environment & Ecology: Climate change-induced disasters, landslide and flood vulnerability, Himalayan ecosystem fragility, and biodiversity loss. GS III – Disaster Management & Risk Reduction: Early warning systems, municipal/panchayat preparedness, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) mitigation, and capacity-building for rescue and relief operations. Geography and Vulnerability Darjeeling, known as the “Queen of Hills”, is a fragile mountainous region in the Eastern Himalayas. Key vulnerabilities: Steep slopes prone to landslides Unpredictable rivers and streams (Jhoras) that can erode settlements High rainfall variability due to climate change (intense downpours in short periods) Historical disasters: Landslides: 1899, 1950, 1968, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2011, 2015 1968 floods: ~1000 human casualties Cloudbursts in Teesta Valley (1902–1978): 9 occurrences Key Causes of Current Disaster Climate Change Altered rainfall patterns: concentrated, intense, intermittent rainfall (“murkhua dharsyi” and “smooth sislanyay jhar” locally) Increased unpredictability of rivers, leading to sudden flooding and erosion Unsustainable Development Unchecked construction of hydro-power projects, highways, railways, townships Infrastructure often built without proper geo-hazard assessment Encroachment on fragile slopes, increasing landslide risks Population Pressure Influx from plains and neighboring countries Expansion of land/property demand over decades Institutional Failures Weak disaster management frameworks at municipal/panchayat levels Lack of funds, manpower, technology, and skills Inefficient waste management aggravates disaster risks Water crisis remains unresolved post-GLOF events Historical Neglect Despite past disasters, proactive mitigation, planning, and early-warning systems are limited LandSlide Atlas of India (ISRO): Darjeeling ranked 35th most exposed among 147 districts Consequences Human and Social Deaths, injuries, displacement Flooded habitations and disrupted basic services Economic Damage to tea cultivation, tourism, medicinal plant cultivation Destruction of transport infrastructure affecting trade and livelihoods Loss of revenue in foreign exchange earnings from hill products and tourism Environmental Degradation of slopes and river basins Loss of biodiversity Altered hydrological flows and increased sedimentation downstream National Security Implications Fragile Eastern Himalayan border areas exposed to climate-induced risks Impact on regional cooperation with Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar Necessitates disaster-resilient infrastructure to protect strategic and economic interests Comparative Reference Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in Sikkim, Oct 2023 Destroyed 1200 MW Chungthang Hydro Project Damages over ₹25,000 crore (~6% of Sikkim GDP) Demonstrates the catastrophic potential of Himalayan water bodies Action Needed Disaster Preparedness Strengthen municipal and panchayat disaster response Build early-warning systems for rainfall, landslides, floods Sustainable Development Enforce land-use planning, regulate hydro-power, roads, and townships Promote eco-sensitive construction Institutional Strengthening Capacity-building in rescue, relief, and mitigation Establish dedicated funds for climate disasters (e.g., Teesta River Flood Insurance Fund) Integrate climate change studies with planning Community Awareness Educate locals on risk management and evacuation protocols Support NGOs like Save the Hills for awareness campaigns Regional Cooperation Work with neighboring Himalayan states and countries to manage transboundary river hazards Key Takeaways Darjeeling is a climate hotspot and highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Anthropogenic factors (unsustainable development, population pressure) exacerbate natural hazards. Institutional failure is a critical concern, threatening both local livelihoods and national interests. Urgent need for comprehensive disaster management, sustainable planning, and climate adaptation strategies.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 03 October 2025

Content: International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Non-Violence Context Date & Dual Significance: October 2 – Gandhi Jayanti (India) + International Day of Non-Violence (UN, since 2007). UN Resolution (2007): Adopted by UNGA with support of 140+ countries, establishing non-violence as a universal principle. Symbolism: Tribute to Gandhi’s philosophy of Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satya (truth). Relevance : GS I (History & Culture): Gandhi’s philosophy of Ahimsa and Satyagraha; global influence on MLK, Mandela; legacy in India’s freedom struggle. GS II (Polity & Governance): UN resolution (2007) → international recognition; relevance of non-violence in diplomacy, conflict resolution, multilateralism; Gandhian principles in governance schemes (Swachh Bharat, SHGs, MGNREGA). Historical Roots Gandhi’s South Africa Experience (1893): Discrimination at Pietermaritzburg station → birth of Satyagraha (truth + insistence). First Satyagraha (1906): Against Asiatic Registration Act in South Africa. India Movements: Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22). Civil Disobedience / Dandi March (1930). Quit India Movement (1942). Global Influence: Inspired Martin Luther King Jr. (US civil rights), Nelson Mandela (anti-apartheid), Václav Havel (Czech democratic transition). UN & International Observance UN Headquarters: Secretary-General messages highlight relevance amid wars & conflicts. Ahimsa Lectures (since 2015): UNESCO & MGIEP initiative. 5th Lecture (2022): “Education for Human Flourishing”, used hologram of Gandhi. Global Celebrations: Belgium, Spain, US, Serbia, Switzerland, Thailand, Kazakhstan, Netherlands etc. G20 Tribute (2023): World leaders at Rajghat, New Delhi → symbolic endorsement of Gandhi’s ideals in diplomacy. Campaigns Inspired by Gandhi: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Cleanliness). Khadi revival (self-reliance). SHG empowerment (grassroots economics). Mahatma Gandhi NREGA (dignified rural work). PM Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan (tribal advancement). Data & Achievements (Gandhian Philosophy in Action) Swachh Bharat Mission: 12 crore toilets, 5.6 lakh ODF+ villages, 3 lakh child deaths averted. SHGs (NRLM): ₹11 lakh crore loans disbursed, 10 crore women mobilised. SVAMITVA Scheme: 65 lakh property cards, 3.2 lakh villages surveyed. Khadi & Village Industries: FY 2025 – ₹1.7 lakh crore sales, employment for 1.94 crore people. MGNREGA: 106.77 crore person-days generated (FY 2025-26, till July). PM JUGA (2024): ₹79,156 crore outlay, benefits 5 crore tribal citizens. Global Relevance of Gandhi Today Conflict Resolution: Alternative to violent conflict/terrorism. UN SDGs Alignment: Gandhi’s work prefigured SDGs – sanitation, gender equality, hunger reduction, education. Soft Power Tool: Gandhi as a global icon strengthens India’s moral leadership. Climate Change: Simplicity, self-reliance, sustainability resonate with environmental justice. Implications National + Global Fusion: Gandhi Jayanti internalises Indian memory, UN recognition globalises it. Relevance in Diplomacy: Used as symbolic backdrop in multilateral forums (e.g., G20). Non-Violence as Strategy: Seen as moral force > military power. Challenges: World faces wars, terrorism, sectarianism – Gandhi’s vision often invoked, but unevenly practiced. India’s Narrative: By linking modern flagship schemes with Gandhian ideals, India projects continuity between legacy and present governance. Conclusion The International Day of Non-Violence is not just commemoration but a living framework. Gandhi’s principles continue to shape policy, diplomacy, and people’s movements worldwide. The day serves as a national homage and global call to action: for peace, justice, compassion, and sustainable development.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 03 October 2025

Content The battlefield, change and the Indian armed forces Changing the frame The battlefield, change and the Indian armed forces Context of Changing Warfare New nature of conflict: Wars are shifting towards multi-domain (land, air, sea, cyber, space, information). Key technologies shaping battlefield: Artificial Intelligence (AI) Automation and drones Cheap precision weapons Implication: Lower cost of force application but higher risks of escalation and operational vulnerabilities. India’s challenge: Facing a potential two-front threat (China + Pakistan), requiring faster adaptation in doctrine, structure, and technology. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, IR & Security): Defence reforms, civil–military relations, national security strategy. GS 3 (Security, Technology, Defence): Multi-domain warfare, AI/drones, defence tech, jointness challenges, indigenisation. Practice Question : Examine the key reforms and structural changes in the Indian Armed Forces aimed at enhancing jointness and multi-domain operational capability. What challenges remain in translating these reforms into operational effectiveness?(250 words) Institutional & Structural Reforms From ‘coordination’ to ‘command’: Earlier: Loose coordination among services, limited jointness. Now: Move towards Integrated Theatre Commands. ISO Act & Rules, 2025: Empower commanders of joint organisations with disciplinary and administrative authority. Tri-service agencies: Created under HQ IDS for cyber, space, and special operations. PM Modi’s push: Declared “Year of Reforms – Transformation for the Future” at Combined Commanders Conference (2025). New Force Structures & Doctrines Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs): Modular, all-arms brigades (“Rudra”, “Bhairav”) deployable within 12–48 hours. Joint Doctrine of Indian Armed Forces (2017) and Army’s Land Warfare Doctrine (2018): Laid foundation for synergy. Amphibious Operations Doctrine (2025): First framework integrating maritime-air-land forces for littoral warfare. Ran Samvad (2025): Tri-service seminar stressing “future hybrid warriors” (tech-savvy, info warriors). Technology & Capability Upgrades MQ-9B drones: Persistent ISR + precision strikes across land and sea. Rafale-M order (Navy): Boosts carrier aviation, maritime strike, and fleet air defence. Pralay missile trials (2025): Strengthens land-based theatre fires, quasi-ballistic missile with 150–500 km range. Akashteer C2 system: AI-enabled automated command for Army air defence, linked with Air Force’s IACCS. Carrier-centred maritime posture: Navy developing a 15-year road map for air, subsurface, and unmanned systems. Key Challenges Slow pace of integration: A decade after prioritisation, joint PME only now being institutionalised. Cultural resistance: Service silos, career incentives, and inter-service rivalries remain. Jointness: Large-scale tri-service mobilisation yet to be tested (e.g., Operation Sindoor was mainly aerial). Data & interoperability gaps: Lack of common standards, secure networks, and shared operational picture. Logistics & sustainment issues: Different procurement cycles and spares chains across services. Comparisons China: Already has fully functional Integrated Theatre Commands for years, with tested joint doctrines. India: Must design indigenously, not blindly copy Chinese or Western models. Western militaries: Use common data architecture, integrated PME, and tested joint logistics — areas where India lags. Strategic Implications Deterrence: New precision and ISR assets raise costs for adversaries on both fronts. Operational tempo: Without integrated C2, India risks slower decision cycles (OODA loop disadvantage). Escalation management: Faster precision-strike capabilities compress political decision timelines. Industrial base: Heavy reliance on foreign platforms underscores urgency of defence–industry–university fusion. Way Forward Pilot Theatre Commands: Start with limited mandates, evaluate performance metrics (mobilisation time, ISR sharing, logistics uptime). Common Data Framework: Enforce tri-service standards for ISR, targeting, and C2. Joint PME overhaul: Train “technologist-commanders” with mandatory tri-service and tech tracks. Civil-Military Fusion: DRDO, DPSUs, private industry, and universities to be embedded in rapid prototyping cycles. Annual Joint Stress Tests: Simulate cyber denial, logistics disruption, and multi-domain joint fires. Scorecard accountability: Publish measurable KPIs (deployment timelines, ISR integration %, PME graduates, procurement interoperability). Conclusion India has initiated serious reforms (ISO Rules, IBGs, PME, modern procurement) but jointness is still structural, not yet operational. Success depends on speed of implementation, cultural acceptance, and embedding technology into doctrine and PME. Without accelerated integration, India risks expensive but siloed capabilities rather than a truly adaptive, multi-domain military. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. Changing the frame Context of the Issue India’s 2025 monsoon: 8% above normal (87 cm long-period average). Agricultural impact: Kharif sown area ↑ 15 lakh hectares → 1,110 lakh hectares. Rice cultivation ↑ 8.45 lakh hectares (438 vs 430 lakh ha last year). Pulses, coarse cereals, oilseeds also showed similar gains. Reservoirs: Storage at 163 BCM (vs 157.8 BCM in 2024) → better water availability. Problem: Excessive rainfall led to floods, landslides, erosion, siltation, and urban inundation, especially in Himachal, J&K, and Punjab. Relevance GS 1 (Geography): Monsoon variability, extreme rainfall, floods/landslides. GS 2 (Governance, Social Issues): Disaster governance, Centre–State preparedness gaps, policy framing bias. GS 3 (Environment, Disaster Management): Flood management, IMD forecasting integration, urban resilience, climate adaptation. Practice Question : In India, droughts are seen as emergencies demanding action, while floods are often dismissed as natural occurrences. Critically analyse this asymmetry in disaster preparedness and suggest measures to reframe excess rainfall as a predictable and mitigable calamity.(250 words) Regional Rainfall Distribution Northwest India: +27% above average. Central India: +15% above average. South Peninsula: +10% above average. Localized extremes: Cloudburst-like events reported — though technically, only one verified (Tamil Nadu). Framing challenge: Media/officials loosely label any deluge as “cloudburst,” skewing public understanding. The Framing Problem Droughts: Seen as emergencies needing war footing response. Excess rains: Viewed as “bounty” or natural blessing — despite being equally destructive. IMD forecasts: Consistently warned of “above normal” monsoon since April 2025. When forecasts match → celebrated as forecasting success. But → inadequate preparedness for floods goes underplayed. Terminology impact: Words like cloudburst → rare, unavoidable disasters. Words like normal rainfall → convey inevitability, masking potential damage. Key Challenges Identified Preparedness bias: Government machinery prioritises drought over flood-readiness. Infrastructure gaps: Poor urban drainage, weak embankments, inadequate flood-control structures. Land degradation: Siltation, erosion, landslides → long-term ecological harm. Communication gaps: Misuse of meteorological terms leads to poor public awareness. Accountability gap: Treating excess rainfall as “natural” rather than as a risk to be mitigated. Strategic Implications Food security: Gains in sowing could be negated if floods destroy standing crops. Economic losses: Agriculture, rural livelihoods, and infrastructure face recurrent damage. Urban resilience: Flooded cities highlight vulnerability to climate extremes. Climate change factor: Intensification of extreme rainfall events linked to warming atmosphere. What Needs to Change ? Shift in mindset: Stop framing excess rainfall as natural munificence; treat it as a calamity risk. Use forecasts as triggers for preparedness, not just as meteorological achievements. Government responsibility: Failure to prepare for floods must be seen as abdication of duty. Forecast integration: Embed IMD projections into: Urban drainage planning Reservoir management protocols Crop advisories and crop insurance planning Disaster relief mobilisation Way Forward Forecast-based action: Convert IMD’s “above-normal” predictions into district-level flood contingency plans. Urban flood mitigation: Modern drainage, rainwater harvesting, flood zoning. Reservoir operation protocols: Dynamic water release based on real-time rainfall forecasts. Stronger communication: Public education on rainfall risks; avoid misuse of “cloudburst.” Integrated disaster management: Treat excess rainfall like droughts — requiring proactive mobilisation, not reactive relief. Climate adaptation: Invest in long-term watershed management, embankment reinforcement, and resilient cropping patterns. Bottom Line India’s forecasting ability is improving, but the framing and governance response remain outdated. Droughts evoke urgency; floods are downplayed as natural gifts — this asymmetry leaves India underprepared. Reframing excess rainfall as a predictable, mitigable calamity is essential to protect lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 03 October 2025

Content Flying Rivers Environmental Surveillance Farmer Suicides in India E-Waste & Health Hazards Safeguarding India’s Digital Economy Accidental Deaths & Natural Hazards Snow Leopard Survey in Himachal Pradesh Flying Rivers Context Why in News: Deforestation in the southern Amazon is weakening the “flying rivers,” threatening regional rainfall, agriculture, and ecosystem stability. Definition: Streams of water vapor carried by air currents, originating from the Amazon rainforest and moving westwards. Mechanism: Moisture evaporates from the Atlantic Ocean. Trade winds push this moist air inland across the Amazon. Trees act like pumps: absorb water through roots → release moisture via transpiration → amplify rainfall inland. This cycle transfers vast amounts of water thousands of kilometers across South America, particularly to the Andes and beyond. Coined: The term was introduced in 2006 by Brazilian climate scientist Carlos Nobre and colleagues. Relevance GS Paper 1 (Geography): Climate systems, rainfall cycles, forest ecosystems. GS Paper 3 (Environment, Disaster Management): Deforestation, climate resilience, carbon sinks, tipping points. Why Flying Rivers Matter Rainfall Dependency: Southern Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, and even agricultural regions in Argentina depend on this transported rainfall. Amazon’s Role: Acts as a continental-scale climate regulator. Prevents regions from extreme droughts by redistributing water. Global Climate Stability: Amazon is a carbon sink, storing billions of tons of CO₂. If destabilized → worsens global warming. Indigenous & Local Communities: Depend on stable rainfall cycles for farming, fishing, and water security. Threats to Flying Rivers Deforestation: Tree loss reduces transpiration → weaker water vapor transport. Southern Amazon (Peru, northern Bolivia, Brazil’s Cerrado borderlands) most affected. Forest Fires: Intensify water cycle disruption. Degradation: Not just clear-cutting, but selective logging also weakens moisture recycling. Tipping Point Risk: Scientists warn the Amazon may shift to a savanna ecosystem (drier, grassland-like). Consequences: biodiversity collapse + carbon release. Implications Regional: Agriculture in Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia threatened by irregular rainfall. Increased risk of drought in southern Amazon, Pampas, and even hydropower-reliant regions. Global: Amazon loses its function as a CO₂ sink → accelerates global climate change. Weather instability far beyond South America (teleconnections in global atmospheric circulation). Socio-political: Indigenous communities face livelihood collapse. Water security crises may trigger migration and conflicts. Scientific Findings & Warnings Matt Finer (MAAP – Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project): Identified hotspots in southern Peru & northern Bolivia. Warns conservation must go beyond land — protect atmospheric flows. Carlos Nobre: Advocates zero deforestation immediately. Calls for restoration of at least 0.5 million sq. km of degraded forest. Research Trend: Shift from looking at land alone → viewing atmosphere-forest interaction as one ecosystem. Solutions Suggested Zero Deforestation Policy: No tolerance for logging, fires, and land degradation. Large-scale Forest Restoration: Half a million sq. km minimum to stabilize cycles. New Conservation Categories: Not just land parks but “atmospheric conservation areas” to protect flying rivers. International Cooperation: Amazon is not just regional → it’s a global climate commons. Requires regional alliances (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia) + global financing (climate funds, carbon credits). Broader Lessons for India & World Forests as Climate Pumps: Reinforces importance of Western Ghats, Himalayas in India’s monsoon dynamics. Tipping Points: Once reached, irreversible ecosystem change (rainforest → savanna) will occur. Governance: Shows limits of conventional conservation — need eco-hydrological approaches that safeguard water-atmosphere systems. SDGs Link: Directly impacts SDG-6 (water), SDG-13 (climate), SDG-15 (life on land). Environmental Surveillance Context Why in News: India’s expansion of environmental pathogen monitoring (wastewater, soil, audio signals) for early detection of infectious diseases and variants. Definition: Monitoring pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) in environmental samples like sewage, soil, hospital effluents, or even audio signatures (cough recordings). Purpose: Detect hidden circulation of infectious agents in a community before clinical cases surge. Approach: Complements traditional clinical surveillance by capturing infections from both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Relevance GS Paper 2 (Health, Governance): Public health systems, disease surveillance, pandemic preparedness. GS Paper 3 (Science & Tech, Environment): Environmental sampling technologies, data science, epidemiology. Why Environmental Surveillance is Important Early Warning System: Pathogen levels in wastewater rise days to weeks before clinical cases peak. Captures Asymptomatic Carriers: Traditional surveillance misses those not tested or with mild symptoms. Real-time Tracking: Enables daily/weekly updates of community infection burden. Variant Detection: Genome sequencing of pathogens in wastewater reveals emerging mutations or new variants (COVID-19 example). Cost-Effective: One sewage sample can represent thousands of people — far cheaper than mass clinical testing. Programmatic Integration: Helps allocate hospital beds, medicines, vaccines, and public health resources in advance. How Wastewater Sampling Works Sources of Samples: Sewage treatment plants Hospital effluents Public toilets, railway stations, airplanes Process: Rigorous collection protocols → lab analysis → PCR tests or sequencing → pathogen load quantified. Pathogens Monitored: Viruses (COVID-19, Polio, Influenza, Hepatitis A/E, Rotavirus), bacteria (Cholera, Typhoid), parasites (hookworm, roundworm). Indian Experience & ICMR’s Initiative Polio Surveillance: First wastewater program in Mumbai, 2001, crucial in polio eradication. COVID-19: Environmental monitoring was initiated in five Indian cities; continued post-pandemic for variant tracking. ICMR 2025 Plan: Surveillance for 10 viruses (includes avian influenza, polio, COVID-19, hepatitis, etc.) Across 50 cities, with standardised protocols. Current Gaps: Limited data sharing across institutions. Lack of national template/framework for surveillance. Mostly project-driven, not integrated into national health surveillance systems. Global Practices & Lessons 40+ years of use: Wastewater-based epidemiology used worldwide for measles, cholera, and polio. COVID-19: Countries like Netherlands, USA, and Australia ran nationwide wastewater monitoring networks to anticipate case surges. Global Health Security: Helps detect imported pathogens (airplane wastewater sampling for SARS-CoV-2). Emerging Frontiers in Environmental Surveillance Audio Surveillance: Using cough recordings in public spaces + AI/ML to predict prevalence of respiratory diseases. Soil & River Sampling: For parasitic infections, AMR (antimicrobial resistance), and zoonotic spillovers. Metagenomics: Identifies novel pathogens from environmental samples before outbreaks occur. Challenges for India Technical: Standardised protocols for collection, storage, sequencing. Institutional: Need a national wastewater surveillance framework, not scattered projects. Data Integration: Must link environmental data with Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP). Funding & Capacity: Sustained investments needed; avoid short-lived project cycles. Privacy & Ethics: Must ensure aggregate data use; no targeting of specific communities. Way Forward Develop National Wastewater Surveillance System (NWSS): On the lines of US CDC’s program. Integrate into IDSP & Health Grid: Combine environmental and clinical surveillance. Open Data Protocols: Standard templates across states/institutions. Expand to Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Tracking: Major emerging health threat. International Collaboration: Share methods and results with WHO’s Global Environmental Surveillance Network. Farmer Suicides in India NCRB Findings (2023) Why in News: NCRB 2023 data shows persistent agrarian distress with over 10,000 farm-related suicides, concentrated in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Total suicides in India: 1,71,418 From farming sector: 10,786 (≈6.3% of total suicides) Farmers/Cultivators: 4,690 (≈43%) Agricultural labourers: 6,096 (≈57%) Gender breakdown: Farmers: 4,553 male, 137 female Agricultural workers: 5,433 male, 663 female State-wise burden: Maharashtra: 38.5% (highest) Karnataka: 22.5% Andhra Pradesh: 8.6% Madhya Pradesh: 7.2% Tamil Nadu: 5.9% States like Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Jharkhand, Himachal, North-East (except Assam) → reported zero farm suicides. Relevance GS Paper 1 (Society): Agrarian distress, social consequences of suicides. GS Paper 2 (Governance, Welfare): Policy gaps in MSP, credit, trade, welfare schemes. GS Paper 3 (Economy, Agriculture): Farm economics, cotton crisis, climate change impacts. Historical Trends & Continuity Farmer suicides have been a persistent crisis since the mid-1990s (post-liberalisation period). NCRB data shows >10,000 farm suicides annually in 2021, 2022, 2023. Concentration in cotton and soybean belts → Vidarbha, Marathwada (Maharashtra), northern Karnataka, Telangana, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Pattern reflects a regional agrarian distress, not uniformly spread across India. Underlying Causes of Farmer Suicides Economic Distress: High input costs (seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, energy). Low and unstable output prices (esp. cotton, soybean). Indebtedness to private moneylenders and microfinance agencies. Policy-Linked Issues: MSP coverage inadequate, procurement limited to rice/wheat → non-MSP crops vulnerable. Waiver of cotton import duty (11%) seen as worsening distress by making Indian cotton less competitive. Trade treaties (FTAs, tariff reductions) viewed as threats to domestic farmers. Environmental Stress: Rainfall variability, drought-prone regions like Marathwada. Climate change intensifies crop failure risk. Social Factors: Debt traps, family obligations, lack of social safety nets. Limited mental health outreach in rural areas. Labour Vulnerability: Agricultural workers face irregular wages, seasonal unemployment, no land ownership, and weaker bargaining power. Structural Dimensions Cotton Crisis: Bt cotton adoption raised costs (seeds, pesticide dependence). Global cotton price fluctuations hurt smallholders. Soybean Belts: Price volatility in global edible oil markets. Competition from cheaper imports. Dual Crisis: Cultivators trapped by debt + labourers trapped in underemployment. State-specific variations: Maharashtra = “epicentre” → Vidarbha/Marathwada termed “farmer graveyards”. Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh face similar rainfed agriculture risks. Political-Economic Criticism Farmer unions (AIKS, others) argue: Union govt. “failed to grasp systemic agrarian crisis”. Policies like import duty cuts on cotton benefit foreign producers (esp. U.S.) while harming Indian farmers. Trade liberalisation (FTAs) → “tariff terrorism” → domestic farm sector undermined. NCRB data itself questioned by farmer leaders (argue undercounting, non-inclusion of landless workers, exclusion of attempted suicides). Possible Solutions & Way Forward Policy & Economic Measures: Expand MSP coverage to non-rice/wheat crops (esp. cotton, soybean, pulses). Strengthen procurement in distress-hit regions. Crop insurance (PMFBY) → needs better implementation and faster claim settlement. Regulate input costs (Bt seeds, fertiliser subsidies). Debt Relief & Credit Reform: Address dependency on private moneylenders. Strengthen rural cooperative credit and Kisan Credit Card outreach. Structural Diversification: Encourage crop diversification, allied activities (livestock, dairy, horticulture). Promote value-addition and agro-processing to buffer market shocks. Social & Mental Health Support: Tele-MANAS (14416) helpline is a start → but rural mental health infrastructure must expand. Community-based counselling and awareness campaigns needed. Long-Term Measures: Rural employment schemes (MGNREGA, PM-KUSUM) to reduce sole dependence on crop income. Resilient agriculture via water management, climate-resilient seeds, watershed development. Cost of convenience: health hazards as a side effect of using digital tools Basics Why in News: India generated 2.2 million tonnes of e-waste in 2025, with informal recycling hubs causing severe health and environmental hazards. Definition: E-waste = discarded electronic products (mobiles, laptops, TVs, circuit boards, batteries, cables, etc.). It is the fastest-growing solid waste stream globally. India’s Position (2025): Generated 2.2 million tonnes of e-waste (3rd largest after China & USA). Growth of 150% since 2017–18 (0.71 MT). At current pace, volumes may double by 2030. Relevance GS3 (Environment & Health): Pollution, Waste management, Urban sustainability. GS2 (Governance & Policy): Implementation challenges of E-waste Rules, federal role in regulation. Current Status in India Geography: Urban epicentres → 60% of e-waste from 65 cities. Hotspots: Seelampur & Mustafabad (Delhi), Moradabad (UP), Bhiwandi (Maharashtra). Recycling ecosystem: 322 formal recycling units with 2.2 MT capacity exist. But >50% e-waste is handled informally by kabadiwalas, scrap dealers, and home-based workshops. Methods used informally: manual dismantling, acid leaching, open burning, unsafe dumping. Toxins released: Heavy metals → lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium. POPs → dioxins, furans, brominated flame retardants. PM2.5/PM10 from burning wires. Air quality impact: Seelampur’s PM2.5 > 300 μg/m³, ~12× WHO safe limit (25 μg/m³). Health Hazards Respiratory illnesses Inhalation of fine particles → chronic bronchitis, asthma, wheezing, chest tightness. 2025 Indian study: 76–80% informal workers showed chronic respiratory symptoms. Neurological & Developmental damage Lead & mercury exposure → cognitive decline, reduced IQ, behavioral issues, endocrine disruption. Children at highest risk → exposure via soil, dust, contaminated water. WHO: millions of children globally exposed to unsafe lead due to e-waste. Skin & Eye Disorders Direct handling of CRTs, acids, metals → rashes, burns, dermatitis, eye irritation. Some clusters report up to 100% prevalence of skin problems among recyclers. Reproductive & Genetic impacts Increased miscarriages & preterm births in contaminated areas. DNA damage, oxidative stress, immune system alterations in children. Syndemic effects Health impacts worsen when combined with poverty, malnutrition, unsafe housing, lack of healthcare. Creates overlapping disease burden among urban poor. Policy Framework E-Waste Management Rules, 2022: Strengthened Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). Mandatory registration of dismantlers/recyclers. Incentives for formal recycling. Gaps: Weak enforcement → only 43% of e-waste formally processed (2023–24). Informal sector dominates. EPR credit price caps → legal disputes with manufacturers. Global Context China (Guiyu): major informal hub with severe pollution & child health crises. West Africa (Benin, Ghana): high respiratory illnesses among informal workers. US & EU: focus on advanced recycling tech + export bans on e-waste to developing countries. Way Forward Formalisation of informal sector Integrate kabadiwalas → skill training, PPE, social security. Provide safe infrastructure & access to healthcare. Regulatory Strengthening Empower Pollution Control Boards. Digital tracking of e-waste. Mandatory audits & penalties for non-compliance. Health Interventions Medical surveillance, regular camps in hotspots. Long-term studies on children’s health. Technology & Innovation Invest in low-cost, decentralised recycling technologies. R&D for eco-friendly dismantling methods. Public Awareness & Education School-level inclusion of e-waste education. Mass campaigns to encourage responsible disposal. How to safeguard India’s digital economy ? Basics Why in News: Rising cybercrime targeting UPI, digital banking, and e-commerce, exposing weaknesses in institutional preparedness and consumer protection. India’s digital leap: Driven by affordable internet, UPI-based digital banking, e-commerce, and digital governance. Impact: Enhanced inclusion, convenience, and growth in financial and social services. Problem: Parallel rise of cybercrime, exploiting system loopholes and human psychology. Relevance GS2 (Governance, Security): Institutional capacity, citizen trust, regulatory reforms. GS3 (Science & Tech, Internal Security): Cybercrime, AI/ML applications in governance. Nature of Cybercrime in India Techniques used: Phishing (fake links/emails to steal data). OTP/UPI frauds (victims unknowingly authorise transfers). Loan scams & job scams (targeting vulnerable groups). Identity theft (misuse of Aadhaar, PAN, bank details). Remote access scams (malicious apps give criminals control of devices). Digital arrests (impersonation of police/customs, fake warrants, psychological coercion). Key Feature: Relies less on hacking skills, more on social engineering (fear, urgency, trust, greed). Vulnerable Groups Elderly → often digitally illiterate but with savings. Rural populations → low awareness, weak cyber literacy. Job seekers & loan applicants → easily lured by fake offers. Even educated urban users → break down under psychological pressure. Case Illustrations Retired banker (78 yrs): lost ₹23 crore across 21 transactions. Lawmaker’s wife: lost ₹14 lakh but recovered due to swift action. Lesson: Delay = irreversible loss, Swift reporting = possible recovery. Institutional Gaps Banks: Limit themselves to advisories. Weak KYC → mule accounts thrive. Fail to detect unusual patterns (multi-crore debits unchecked). Customer data leaks widely. Cyber police: Understaffed, under-skilled, under-equipped. Poor use of the 24-hour golden window. Victims trapped in delays → criminals escape. Systemic apathy: Thousands of daily cases; many unreported due to stigma & lack of trust. Evolving Nature of Fraud Earlier → ATM skimming, small-scale theft. Now → organised, large-scale, tech-enabled, cross-border. Fraud patterns: Abnormally large transfers vs normal profile. Multiple high-value debits in short intervals. Sudden inflows into dormant/fake KYC accounts (mule accounts). Quick layering → money dispersed across small banks, recovery blocked. Possible Interventions AI/ML-based monitoring: Personalised transaction profiles → detect deviations. Anomaly detection for mule accounts & abnormal activity. Temporary holds on suspicious transactions. Cross-institutional cooperation: Real-time fraud intelligence sharing between banks, telecoms, and cyber police. Immediate alerts across the financial ecosystem. Empowering Cyber Police: AI-driven real-time detection tools. 24×7 response teams within the golden 24-hour window. Global data-sharing & cross-border cooperation. Strengthening Banks: Plug KYC loopholes. Blockchain for secure data & tamper-proof records. Proactive, not advisory-only, approach. The Way Forward Shift from reactive complaint-handling → proactive prevention. Adopt protection-first framework: citizen safety & digital trust as foundation of financial stability. Swift compensation to victims (RBI mandate) → restore trust. Tech solutions (AI, ML, Blockchain) exist → what is missing is institutional will & accountability. Accidental Deaths & Natural Hazards Basics Why in News: NCRB 2023 report highlights deaths from natural causes (lightning, heat stroke, floods), showing rising vulnerability due to climate change. Source: NCRB’s 2023 report on Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India. Deaths due to forces of nature: 6,444. Major natural causes: Lightning strikes → 2,560 deaths (39.7%). Heat stroke → 804 deaths (12.5%). Floods, cold exposure, landslides, torrential rains → remaining share. Relevance GS1 (Geography) → Natural disasters, climate patterns (lightning, floods, heatwaves). GS2 (Governance, Welfare) → Public health preparedness, NDMA role, inter-state coordination. GS3 (Disaster Management, Environment) → Impact of climate change on mortality. Other Key Fatalities (2023) Snake bites: 10,144 deaths (major killer among natural/animal causes). Animal attacks: 1,739 deaths (1,172 due to animal attacks, 567 due to snakebite misclassification within this category). Insect/other bites: Also included in natural causes fatalities. Regional Distribution States with highest deaths due to forces of nature: Madhya Pradesh – 397 deaths. Bihar – 345. Odisha – 294. Uttar Pradesh – 287. Jharkhand – 194. Specific observations: Odisha → 1,351 deaths from lightning alone (highest for one state). Telangana → 82% of natural deaths due to heat stroke. Himachal, Mizoram, Arunachal, Meghalaya → highest proportion of landslide-related deaths. Demographic Insights Age group most affected: 30–45 years → 34.8%. 45–60 years → 28.8%. Cause-specific: Lightning victims → 63.6% of total natural deaths. Heat stroke → highest concentration in Telangana. Urban–Rural Patterns Urban centres: Amritsar → highest overall exposure-related deaths (211 total; 196 due to heat). Other high-burden cities → Ludhiana (50), Dhanbad (11). Rural areas: disproportionately affected due to dependence on agriculture and outdoor work. Comparisons & Trends Snake bites (10,144) kill far more than all “forces of nature” combined (6,444). Lightning deaths remain the single largest killer in the “natural forces” category. Heatwave deaths are rising with climate change, especially in central and southern India. NCRB notes under-reporting in states with weaker health and disaster surveillance. Policy & Governance Implications Disaster Preparedness: Strengthen heatwave action plans (early warnings, public cooling shelters). Lightning protection measures (lightning arresters, awareness campaigns for farmers and outdoor workers). Snakebite management → stock antidotes, rural health infrastructure. Urban planning: Heat island mitigation (green cover, water bodies). Rural safety: Training for farmers, construction workers, outdoor labour. Snow Leopard Survey in Himachal Pradesh Basics Why in News: Latest survey (2024) shows snow leopard population in Himachal Pradesh increased from 51 to 83, reflecting conservation success. Species: Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia), apex predator, “indicator species” for high-altitude ecosystems. Location: Himachal Pradesh’s high-altitude habitats (Spiti, Kinnaur, Lahaul, Greater Himalayan & Pin Valley National Parks). Survey Findings: Population increased from 51 (2021) → 83 (2024) (excluding cubs). First comprehensive survey (2018–2021) → second survey completed in 2024. Relevance GS1 (Geography) → Himalayan ecosystems & biodiversity. GS2 (Governance) → Role of state in conservation, cooperative federalism in wildlife management. GS3 (Environment) → Wildlife conservation, climate change impact on fragile ecosystems. Survey Methodology Conducted by Himachal Forest Department + Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF). Techniques Used: 271 camera traps set up across 26,000 sq. km habitat. Use of spatially explicit capture-recapture methods. Identified 44 unique individuals from 262 confirmed detections. Coordinated field efforts ensured reliable results → addresses criticism of past underestimation. Regional Distribution Highest Density: Spiti Valley (core snow leopard landscape). Other strongholds: Kinnaur, Lahaul, Greater Himalayan NP, Pin Valley NP. Additional detections in Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary, Chandratal Sanctuary, Tundah Sanctuary, Kugti Sanctuary, Sechut Sanctuary, Asrang Wildlife Sanctuary. District-level: Upper Kinnaur & Tabo reported highest concentrations. Population Insights Estimated range: 67–103 individuals (with 83 as mean estimate). Density: 0.16 to 0.53 snow leopards per 100 sq. km, comparable with global snow leopard densities in Central Asia. Encouraging trend → indicates stable and possibly recovering population. Conservation Significance Himachal Pradesh → first state in India to complete a scientific snow leopard population estimate. Snow leopard = umbrella species → conservation ensures survival of associated high-altitude biodiversity. Linked with India’s SECURE Himalaya Project (UNDP + MoEFCC + GEF). Survey strengthens India’s international commitments under the Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP, 2013). Challenges Highlighted Habitat fragility: Infrastructure projects (roads, dams, tourism). Human-wildlife conflict: Attacks on livestock → retaliatory killings. Climate change: Shrinking snowline alters prey base (Bharal, ibex). Poaching & illegal wildlife trade: Although reduced, remains a threat. Policy & Governance Implications Wildlife Week 2024 highlight → scientific conservation success. Supports India’s efforts to align biodiversity conservation with SDG 15 (Life on Land). Need for: Expansion of community-based conservation (eco-tourism, compensation for livestock losses). Strengthened monitoring & technology use (drones, AI for camera trap analysis). Cross-border collaboration (snow leopards span India–China–Nepal–Bhutan–Pakistan). Value Addition Scientific Name: Panthera uncia (formerly Uncia uncia), apex predator of the Himalayas. IUCN Status: Vulnerable (IUCN Red List, 2023), population declining globally due to habitat loss and poaching. Global Range: High-altitude regions of 12 countries – India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Indian Distribution: Found in five states – Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Habitat Preference: Alpine and subalpine zones (3,000–5,500 m), rocky cliffs, and steep terrain with sparse vegetation. Diet: Carnivore; preys on bharal (blue sheep), ibex, marmots, pikas, domestic livestock (in conflict zones). Adaptations: Thick fur, wide paws for snow traction, long tail for balance and warmth, camouflaged coat for rocky terrain. Reproduction: Breeding season Feb–Mar, gestation ~90–100 days, litter size 1–5 cubs; cubs remain with mother ~18–22 months. Threats: Poaching (for fur and bones), retaliatory killings due to livestock predation, climate change shrinking alpine habitat, mining/road construction. Conservation Efforts:Project Snow Leopard (MoEFCC, India) – community-based conservation.Global Snow Leopard & Ecosystem Protection Program (GSLEP, 2013) – 12 range countries collaborate.Protected areas: Hemis NP (J&K), Khangchendzonga NP (Sikkim), Pin Valley NP (HP), Great Himalayan NP (HP).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 30 September 2025

Content India’s Dairy Sector Sacred Stages: Traditional Ritual Theatres of India India’s Dairy Sector Basics India’s global position: No. 1 in milk production; contributes ~25% of global supply. Economic weight: Dairy is India’s largest agri-product, ~5% of GDP; supports 8 crore+ farmers. Growth: Milk output rose 63.56% in a decade (146.3 MT in 2014–15 → 239.3 MT in 2023–24). Per capita supply: 471 g/day (2023–24), 48% rise in 10 years; global average = 322 g/day. Artificial insemination (AI): 565.55 lakh AIs done in 2024–25. Relevance GS-3 (Economy, Agriculture & Food Security): Rural livelihoods, Agri-value chains, Livestock productivity, White Revolution 2.0, Nutritional security. GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Cooperative models, Women empowerment, Inclusive growth, Policy implementation (Rashtriya Gokul Mission, NDDB). Nutrition Dimension Milk = near-complete food: proteins, vitamins, minerals, lactose, milk fat. Critical for children’s growth, bone health, and nutrition security. Contributes to reducing malnutrition and undernutrition across all age groups. Socio-Economic Dimension Touches 8 crore+ rural households; majority are small & marginal farmers. Women’s participation: ~70% of dairy workforce; 35% active in cooperatives. 48,000+ women-led cooperatives; 16 fully women-run MPOs under NDDB Dairy Services. Income diversification: steady cash flow compared to seasonal agriculture. Growth in Animal Resources Bovine population: 303.76 million (cattle, buffalo, mithun, yak). Productivity growth: +27.39% (2014–2022), highest globally (vs global avg. 13.97%). Supporting livestock: goats (148.88M), sheep (74.26M). Key schemes: Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM), Livestock Health Disease Control Programme (LHDCP), Mobile Veterinary Units (MVUs). Integration of Ayurveda & Ethno-Veterinary Medicine (EVM) for sustainable livestock health and tackling antibiotic resistance. Cooperative Network 22 milk federations, 241 district unions, 28 marketing dairies, 25 MPOs. Coverage: 2.35 lakh villages; 1.72 crore members. Model: Farmer-owned, decentralized collection, assured market. Recognition: Shreeja MPO (women-led) won International Dairy Federation’s Dairy Innovation Award. Historical Journey 1965: NDDB established at Anand, Gujarat. 1970: Operation Flood launched (Verghese Kurien’s leadership) → India turned from milk-deficient to world’s largest producer. 1987: NDDB declared Institution of National Importance by Parliament. Key Initiatives Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM) Launched 2014, revised 2025 (allocation ₹3400 crore for 2021–26). Focus: indigenous breeds, semen stations, AI expansion, breed improvement (sex-sorted semen). Result: Milk production up 63.56% in 10 years; productivity up 26.34%. Artificial Insemination & Breeding 33% bovines covered under AI (vs 70% still natural service). NAIP: 9.16 crore animals covered, 14.12 crore AIs, 5.54 crore farmers benefited. 22 IVF labs set up; 10.32 million sex-sorted semen doses produced. MAITRIs: 38,736 technicians trained, delivering AI at farmers’ doorsteps. Progeny testing: 3747 bulls tested (2021–24); 132 breed multiplication farms sanctioned. Future Vision – White Revolution 2.0 (2024–29) Goal: Strengthen cooperatives, women empowerment, job creation, sustainability. Milk procurement target: 1007 lakh kg/day by 2028–29. 75,000 new Dairy Cooperative Societies to be formed; 46,422 existing societies to be strengthened. Sustainability push through 3 new Multi-State Cooperative Societies (MSCS): Cattle feed, mineral mixtures, technical inputs. Organic manure, biogas, circular economy (cow dung & agri-waste utilization). Management of hides, bones, horns of fallen animals. Overview Nutrition Security: Dairy addresses protein-energy malnutrition, micronutrient deficiency, complements mid-day meals & ICDS. Income Security: Daily cash flow + women’s participation → stabilizes rural economy. Inclusivity: 70% women workforce makes it one of the most gender-inclusive sectors. Sustainability: Integration of Ayurveda, EVM, organic manure, biogas aligns with SDGs 2 (Zero Hunger), 5 (Gender Equality), 12 (Responsible Consumption), 13 (Climate Action). Challenges: Low AI coverage (only 33%). Climate vulnerability (fodder stress, water scarcity). Need for higher cold-chain and processing capacity. Market volatility & dominance of unorganized sector. Opportunities: Dairy exports (value-added products like cheese, whey, ghee). Agri-tech & digital solutions in dairy value chain. Rural employment multiplier effect (8 crore households). White Revolution 2.0 can replicate Operation Flood’s transformative scale with sustainability focus. Conclusion India’s dairy sector has evolved from a subsistence activity to a global leader, ensuring both nutrition security and rural income stability. Women-led cooperatives, scientific breeding, and sustainability initiatives are shaping White Revolution 2.0 as a driver of inclusive rural transformation. With productivity gains, value addition, and climate-smart practices, India can consolidate its role as the dairy hub of the world. Sacred Stages: Traditional Ritual Theatres of India Basics Ritual Theatre: A form of performance combining sacred ritual and dramatic expression, rooted in temples, festivals, and collective memory. Core Features: Acting, singing, dance, music, narration, puppetry/pantomime. Beyond entertainment → cultural, ethical, spiritual functions. UNESCO Recognition: Classified as Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) for their role in identity, continuity, and social cohesion. ICH in India: 15 elements inscribed in UNESCO list; ritual theatres inscribed include Kutiyattam, Mudiyettu, Ramman, Ramlila. Relevance GS-1 (Art & Culture): Indian theatre traditions, UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage, role of community in cultural preservation. GS-2 (Governance): Role of institutions (Sangeet Natak Akademi, UNESCO collaboration), cultural policy, safeguarding heritage. GS-3 (Economy, Tourism, Social Development): Cultural industries, heritage-based tourism, livelihood generation through traditional arts. UNESCO’s Framework of ICH Five domains under the Convention for Safeguarding ICH: Oral Traditions & Expressions (including language). Performing Arts. Social Practices, Rituals & Festive Events. Knowledge & Practices Concerning Nature & the Universe. Traditional Craftsmanship. Key Ritual Theatres of India 1. Kutiyattam (Kerala) 2000-year-old Sanskrit theatre tradition blending classical + local elements. Features: Abhinaya (eye-hand expressions), long training (10–15 years), performances up to 40 days. Sacred space: Kuttampalams (temple theatres). Themes: Mythology, Sanskrit dramas. Community role: Patronage around temples, ritual audiences. UNESCO ICH: Inscribed in 2008. 2. Mudiyettu (Kerala) Ritual dance-drama depicting Kali vs Darika. Performed annually in Bhagavati Kavus post-harvest. Rituals: Purification, drawing of kalam (image of goddess). Entire village participation: cross-caste roles (mask-making, costumes, performers). Transmission: Oral apprenticeship. Fusion: Dance, music, visual arts, masks. 3. Ramman (Uttarakhand) Annual festival (April) in Saloor-Dungra villages for deity Bhumiyal Devta. Features: Ramayana recitations, masked dances, local legends, ritual theatre. Sacred space: Temple courtyard. Instruments: Dhol, Damau, Manjira, Jhanjhar, Bhankora. Strong caste/community-based role division; collective funding. Transmission: Oral, apprenticeship. 4. Ramlila (North India) Dramatic enactment of the Ramcharitmanas by Tulsidas. Major during Dussehra (Ayodhya, Ramnagar, Varanasi, Vrindavan, etc.). Duration: 10–12 days (Ramnagar version = 1 month). Performed in temple grounds/public squares. Amateur actors from community → values of dharma, bhakti, social cohesion. Thematic Commonalities Divine Storytelling: Mythological epics (Ramayana, Kali legends, Sanskrit dramas). Sacred Space: Temple halls, courtyards, ritual precincts. Community Participation: Collective labour, caste-based roles, village patronage. Transmission of Knowledge: Oral, guru-shishya parampara, long apprenticeships. Fusion of Art Forms: Drama, music, dance, ritual, masks, puppetry, visual arts. Institutional Role – Sangeet Natak Akademi Established: 1953; apex body for performing arts. Functions: Documentation & Archiving (audio-visuals, manuscripts, national archive). Training (guru-shishya programs, workshops, capacity building). Awards (SNA Awards, Fellowships, Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar). Research & Publications (books, journals, monographs). Festivals (National Theatre Festival, Dance Festivals). Collaboration with UNESCO & States (ICH nominations, state funding). Support to Artistes (stipends, grants, costume/training aid). Overview Cultural Identity: Rooted in communities, reinforcing shared memory & ethics. Social Cohesion: Collective participation across caste, class, gender. Heritage Conservation: UNESCO + state efforts safeguard ICH against decline. Challenges: Declining patronage, urban migration, commercialization, high costs of costumes/training. Opportunities: Linking ICH with tourism (cultural circuits). Using digital platforms for wider archiving & outreach. Strengthening community-driven preservation. Expanding ICH education in schools/HEIs for intergenerational transfer. Conclusion Ritual theatres like Kutiyattam, Mudiyettu, Ramman, and Ramlila are living embodiments of India’s sacred traditions, not static relics. They serve as bridges between the divine and the everyday, sustaining continuity through community effort and ritual practice. Preserving them ensures not only cultural pride but also India’s contribution to global heritage safeguarding.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 30 September 2025

Content An anti-terror role that defies logic SSTC’ is more than a diplomatic phrase An anti-terror role that defies logic Basics Pakistan’s Track Record: Long history of harbouring terrorists (Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad), backing LeT, JeM, etc. Recent Attacks Linked: 2008 Mumbai, 2019 Pulwama, 2025 Pahalgam attack → evidence of Pakistan’s terror infrastructure. India’s Response: Operation Sindoor to dismantle terror launchpads along LoC. Controversial UN Role: Despite terror links, Pakistan made: Chair of UNSC’s Taliban Sanctions Committee. Vice-Chair of UNSC’s Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC). President of UNSC for July 2025. Parallel Cases: Libya (UNHRC Chair), Saudi Arabia (UN Women’s Rights Commission) — show UN’s credibility issues. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): UN reforms, credibility crisis of multilateral institutions. India’s diplomatic challenges, narrative management, counter-terrorism diplomacy. GS-3 (Internal Security, Economy): Cross-border terrorism, asymmetric warfare, cyber threats. Terror financing risks via IMF loans, FATF mechanisms. Practice Question : What do paradoxes like Pakistan’s UNSC counter-terror appointments indicate about the politics of global governance? Evaluate in light of India’s demand for UN reforms.(250 Words) Comprehensive Analysis Pakistan’s Terror Nexus Direct Support: Evidence of ISI + Army providing logistics/tactical backing. Public Glorification: Funerals of terrorists attended by Pakistan’s civil + military officials. State Sponsorship: ₹14 crore compensation announced in May 2025 for families of terrorists, incl. Masood Azhar’s kin. Duplicitous Narrative: Shows “custody” of Hafiz Saeed, but allows public appearances at PoK launchpads. UN’s Credibility Crisis Geopolitical Compromise: Elevation of Pakistan reflects lobbying by powerful states prioritising strategy/economics over moral imperatives. Weak Vetting: FATF grey-list removal (2022) despite concerns on terror financing shows systemic loopholes. Dangerous Precedent: Sends message that state-sponsored terror can be diplomatically whitewashed. Resource Misuse: IMF $1 billion loan (2025) risks terror financing misuse, undermining sanctions regime integrity. Implications for India Diplomatic Challenge: Despite outreach, India couldn’t block Pakistan’s UN appointments → signals limitations. Narrative War: Pakistan can now project itself as “responsible actor”, delegitimise India’s claims, and even blame India for unrest (e.g., Balochistan). Operational Risks: Pakistan shaping UN counter-terrorism policies. Blocking sanctions on Pakistan-based groups. Undermining India’s Taliban engagement. Encouraging more asymmetric warfare (terror, infiltration, cyber-attacks). India’s Counter-Measures Diplomatic Strategy: Leverage alliances in UNSC (U.S., France, UAE, Japan). Push for periodic reviews & accountability in UN committees. Narrative Building: Use global media, academia, diaspora to expose Pakistan’s terror links. Highlight misuse of IMF funds and state glorification of terrorists. Regional Strategy: Engage Taliban regime through humanitarian aid/track-II diplomacy to limit Pakistan’s hold. Strengthen ties with Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia to counter encirclement. National Security: Enhance intelligence, cyber defence, and counter-infiltration capabilities. Scale up asymmetric countermeasures if Pakistan escalates. Conclusion Pakistan’s entry into global counter-terrorism leadership is a paradox and a diplomatic setback for India. The episode exposes UN’s structural weaknesses, where geopolitical interests override ethical imperatives. For India, the path ahead lies in proactive diplomacy, narrative warfare, and national security strengthening. The broader danger: global silence normalises state-sponsored terrorism, eroding the credibility of multilateral institutions. ‘SSTC’ is more than a diplomatic phrase Context UN Day for SSTC: Observed on September 12, marking the 1978 Buenos Aires Plan of Action (BAPA). Core Principles: Solidarity, mutual respect, shared learning among developing nations. Role: Complement to traditional aid → cost-effective, replicable, context-specific solutions. Relevance: Critical amid funding decline, climate crisis, inequalities, and geopolitical tensions. Relevance GS-2 (IR & Governance): India’s role in South-South cooperation, multilateralism, global solidarity, diplomacy for Global South. GS-3 (Economy & Development): Food security, digital public infrastructure, sustainable financing, climate resilience. Practice Question : South-South and Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) has emerged as a transformative development tool. Examine its role in advancing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. (250 Words) South-South Triangular Cooperation (SSTC) Combination: A hybrid model where developing countries cooperate (South-South) but are supported/partnered by developed countries or institutions (Triangular). Why Important: Scales up successful local innovations from Global South. Mobilises finance, technology, expertise from traditional donors or multilateral agencies. Promotes mutual accountability and inclusivity. Examples of SSTC India–UN Development Partnership Fund: Supports projects in Africa, Pacific Islands, with UN agencies as facilitators. India–WFP Rice Fortification Project: India shares expertise in fortified rice distribution → replicated in Nepal & Lao PDR with UN/WFP partnership. Brazil–Japan–Mozambique Agricultural Project: Brazil shares tropical farming know-how, Japan provides technology/finance, Mozambique hosts the project. Overview Evolution & Relevance of SSTC Framework shifted from aid-recipient dynamic → mutual partnership model. Effective in delivering frugal, replicable solutions suited to local contexts. Key instrument for achieving SDGs 2030, esp. Zero Hunger (SDG-2), climate resilience, digital equity. India’s Leadership & Philosophy Guided by Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (world is one family). Major Contributions: Voice of Global South Summits → platform for Global South solidarity. G-20 Presidency → secured African Union’s permanent membership. Development Partnership Administration (MEA) → coordinates Indian aid/partnerships. ITEC Programme → trained professionals in 160+ countries. India-UN Development Partnership Fund (2017) → 75+ projects in 56 countries. Export of Digital Public Infrastructure → Aadhaar, UPI, CoWIN models. India–WFP Collaboration (Over 60 years) Pilot Ground: India as lab for innovations later scaled globally. Examples: Annapurti (Grain ATMs) → automated ration vending. Optimisation of Food Supply Chains → efficiency in PDS. Women-led Take-Home Rations. Rice Fortification Project. Outcome: Strengthened food security + models for replication in other developing nations (Nepal, Lao PDR). Triangular Cooperation Definition: Partnerships linking developing nations + traditional donors + emerging actors. Advantages: Amplifies best practices. Unlocks diverse resources. Enhances mutual accountability. Broadened Partnerships: Beyond states → civil society, private sector, grassroots communities. Financing & Scale UN Fund for SSTC: Contributions from 47 governments, reaching 70+ countries, 155 nations benefited. India-UN Development Fund: Prioritises LDCs & SIDS. 2024 WFP mobilisation: $10.9 million from Global South & private sector. India’s South-South Fund in Action: Rice fortification (Nepal), supply chain optimisation (Lao PDR). Challenges & Way Forward Challenges: Declining development finance. Need for stronger institutions. Gaps in accountability and performance review. Way Forward: Invest in knowledge-sharing platforms. Expand access to concessional finance. Encourage innovation-driven partnerships. Ensure periodic monitoring and peer accountability. Conclusion SSTC has evolved into a transformative development tool, not just a diplomatic phrase. India’s leadership — through philosophy (Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam), innovation (digital public goods), and partnerships (WFP, South Fund) — positions it as a central pillar in Global South solidarity. To meet the 2030 SDGs deadline, scaling up SSTC and fostering a renewed spirit of partnership is vital.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 30 September 2025

Content More Women Employed in Agriculture, but Half of Them Are Unpaid The Wassenaar Arrangement: The Need to Reform Export Control Regimes E-Waste Collection Faces Gaps as Informal Sector Plays Huge Role Suriname Pledges to Protect 90% of Forests India’s Push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) Exploration More women employed in agriculture, but half of them are unpaid Basics Agriculture = backbone of Indian economy; largest employer of women. Women now make up 42% of India’s agricultural workforce. Women’s employment in agriculture surged 135% in past decade, as men moved to non-farm jobs. Yet, participation has not translated into higher incomes or recognition. Relevance GS-1 (Society): ◦ Gender issues, women’s participation in rural economy. ◦ Social inequality, unpaid labour, empowerment gaps. GS-2 (Governance, Social Justice): ◦ Policies for women farmers, FPOs, SHGs, digital inclusion initiatives. ◦ Land rights, credit schemes, gender budgeting, legal recognition of women as farmers. GS-3 (Economy, Agriculture): ◦ Feminisation of agriculture, wage gaps, labour productivity. ◦ Agri-export potential (India–UK FTA), value chains, high-margin crops. Current Situation Unpaid Labour: 1 in 3 working women is unpaid; unpaid women in agriculture rose from 23.6 million to 59.1 million in 8 years. Regional Inequities: Bihar & UP → >80% women in agriculture, >50% unpaid. Systemic Barriers: Only 13–14% landholdings owned by women. 20–30% wage gap vis-à-vis men. Limited asset ownership, credit, decision-making power. Macroeconomic Picture: Despite rising participation, agriculture’s GVA share fell from 15.3% (2017-18) to 14.4% (2024-25) → feminisation reinforced inequities. Opportunities Global Trade Shifts India–UK FTA → projected 20% boost in agri exports in 3 years; >95% products duty-free. Women-heavy value chains: rice, spices, dairy, ready-to-eat foods. Export-oriented growth can transition women from labourers → entrepreneurs. Value-Addition & Premium Markets High-margin areas: processing, packaging, branding, exporting. Growth sectors: tea, spices, millets, organics, superfoods. Tools: Geographical Indications (GI), branding, export standards. Digital Innovations Platforms: e-NAM, mobile advisories, precision farming apps, voice-assisted tech. Formalises women’s labour + expands credit, schemes, pricing access. Examples: BHASHINI, Jugalbandi → multilingual, voice-first government access. L&T Digital Sakhi → digital literacy training for rural women. Odisha’s Swayam Sampurna FPOs, Rajasthan’s Mahila Kisan Producer Company, Assam tea-sector training. Challenges Structural: Low digital literacy, language barriers, lack of devices. Institutional: Weak recognition of women as farmers → exclusion from schemes/loans. Economic: Wage gap, landlessness, invisibility of unpaid work. Cultural: Male dominance in decision-making, gendered stereotypes in farming roles. Reforms & Solutions Land & Labour Reforms Joint/individual land ownership for women. Legal recognition as “farmers” → eligibility for credit, insurance, government support. Institutional Support Expand women-centric FPOs/SHGs with export orientation. Credit schemes, gender-responsive budgeting, targeted subsidies. Digital Inclusion Subsidised smartphones/devices, local language interfaces, AI-powered advisory systems. Scale up models like Digital Sakhi, BHASHINI, Jugalbandi. Trade & Value Chain Integration Embed gender provisions in FTAs (training, credit, market linkages). Promote women-led branding & GI-tagged exports. Implications Structural Game-Changer: Women-led agricultural development can address both economic growth and social equity. Economic Potential: Unlocking women’s contributions in high-value agri chains can add significantly to exports, GVA, and rural incomes. Global Context: With climate change and shifting trade, resilient, inclusive, and sustainable agriculture needs women at the core. Governance Dimension: Recognition, legal empowerment, and digital inclusion are critical for sustainable transformation. Social Impact: Enhances food security, reduces poverty, empowers households, and improves child welfare (education, nutrition). Conclusion Women’s rising presence in agriculture must not reinforce invisibility but instead unlock transformative potential. Path forward: recognition, ownership, digital access, and trade-linked empowerment. A women-led agri model is not just about social justice; it is a strategic economic imperative for India’s global ambitions. The Wassenaar Arrangement: the need to reform export control regimes Basics Wassenaar Arrangement (WA): Multilateral export control regime (est. 1996). Members: 42 states (India joined in 2017). Aim: prevent proliferation of conventional arms and dual-use goods/technologies. Operates via voluntary coordination: states adopt common control lists, but implementation depends on domestic laws. Traditional focus: Physical exports → devices, chips, hardware, software modules. Military and WMD-use technologies. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): ◦ India’s multilateral commitments, export control regimes. ◦ Cybersecurity diplomacy, human rights in tech governance. GS-3 (Security, Science & Technology): ◦ Dual-use technologies, AI/cloud exports, intrusion software, surveillance risks. ◦ Strategic implications for national and global security. Contemporary Challenge Cloud & AI realities: “Export” ≠ physical transfer anymore → remote access, API calls, SaaS, cloud hosting. Example: Microsoft Azure, AWS — global backbones where a user in one country can access sensitive capabilities hosted elsewhere. Digital surveillance & intrusion tools now used in repression, profiling, and cyber warfare. Gap: WA control lists don’t clearly treat cloud services, SaaS, AI models as “exports.” Result: grey zones → states exploit loopholes; surveillance tech proliferates without oversight. Why Reform is Needed ? Human Rights Risks Cloud-based surveillance → mass profiling, repression (e.g., Israel–Palestine debates, authoritarian regimes). Dual-use: “intrusion software” could aid both cyber defence & authoritarian crackdowns. Geopolitical Stakes Some states benefit from surveillance exports → resist reform. National laws differ → fragmented enforcement. Structural Weakness of WA Voluntary nature → uneven application. Consensus requirement → one state can block updates. Patchy coverage: e.g., EU has dual-use rules, U.S. EAR stricter, others laxer. Proposed Reforms Expand Scope Explicitly include cloud infrastructure, SaaS, AI systems, biometric databases, cross-border data transfers in control lists. Binding Obligations Move beyond voluntary → mandatory treaty with minimum standards, export denial in atrocity-prone regions. End-Use Controls Licensing based not only on tech specs but on user identity, jurisdiction, human rights risk. Agility & Oversight Create a technical committee/secretariat to fast-track updates. Sunset clauses: periodic review & removal/addition of items. Global Information-Sharing Shared watchlists of flagged customers/entities. Real-time red alerts on misuse. Accountability Mechanisms Corporate human rights duties, procurement restrictions on violators. Peer review to check national implementation. India’s Position Joined WA in 2017; incorporated lists into domestic framework. Engagement has been legitimacy-driven, not reformist. Opportunity for India: Position itself as advocate of human rights–sensitive tech governance. Push for inclusion of AI, cloud, and surveillance exports. Balance innovation and sovereignty concerns with global responsibility. Implications WA relevance eroding → designed for hardware era, now facing cloud/AI surveillance. Risks of inaction → authoritarian regimes exploit loopholes, global human rights abuses. Reform obstacles → geopolitical rivalries, innovation fears, sovereignty claims. Pragmatic path: Incremental expansion of control lists. Align with EU’s dual-use regulation. Build coalitions of like-minded states (EU, India, Japan) to press reform. Conclusion WA must evolve from hardware-centric export controls to cloud & AI governance. Without reform, it risks irrelevance in an era where surveillance, digital repression, and cross-border data exploitation are primary threats. For India, engaging proactively in reform debates offers strategic leverage as both a tech hub and a responsible democracy. E-waste collection faces gaps as informal sector plays huge role Basics Definition: E-waste = discarded electronic & electrical equipment (EEE) like mobiles, laptops, fridges, batteries. India’s Position: World’s 3rd largest generator of e-waste (after China & USA). Quantum: 4.17 million metric tonnes in 2022 → surged 73% by 2023-24 to 7.23 MMT approx (official + unofficial). Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Ecology, Economy): ◦ E-waste management, circular economy, sustainable resource recovery. ◦ Strategic materials (rare earths), reducing import dependency, domestic recycling potential. GS-2 (Governance): ◦ E-Waste Management Rules, Extended Producer Responsibility, policy compliance and audits. Policy Framework Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Manufacturers responsible for collection & recycling of end-of-life products. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2022): Formalized collection targets, introduced EPR certificates, banned unscientific dismantling. ₹1,500 crore mineral recycling scheme (2025): To boost rare earths & strategic metals recovery. CPCB Portal: Tracks EPR compliance & audits. Current Challenges Informal Sector Dominance: Handles 90–95% of e-waste via unsafe methods (open burning, acid leaching). Low Formal Recycling: Only ~43% of e-waste recycled formally despite growth in facilities. Health Hazards: Informal workers exposed to lead, cadmium, mercury, brominated plastics. Data Gaps: No uniform inventory system; mismatch in national vs global estimates. Paper Trading under EPR: Fake reporting of recycling for incentives. Traceability Issues: Lack of downstream tracking of recovered materials → leakage back into informal streams. Economic & Strategic Dimensions Resource Value: E-waste contains copper, aluminum, gold, silver, palladium, rare earth elements (REEs). Supply Chain Risks: Global fragility + China’s curbs on REE exports heighten India’s strategic vulnerability. Potential: India could meet 70% of REE demand in 18 months with strong policy & industry integration (Attero). Circular Economy Gap: Repair-focused informal operations prevent materials recovery → undermines resource security. Social Dimensions Livelihoods: Informal sector employs ~95% of workforce in e-waste handling. Integration Need: Skilling, EPR floor pricing, and cooperative models needed for inclusion. Best Practice: “Mandi-style” aggregation models by firms like Attero to link informal collectors with formal recyclers. Way Forward Inventory & Audits: Standardized national inventory; third-party audits for EPR compliance. Technology Scale-up: Investment in hydrometallurgical & pyrometallurgical recycling facilities. Integration of Informal Sector: Training, social security, microcredit, buy-back systems. EPR Reform: Floor pricing for EPR credits; strict penalties for paper trading. Policy Push: Incentivize domestic rare-earth recycling to reduce import dependence. Awareness & Consumer Role: Incentives for take-back, deposit-refund systems, repair-to-recycle pipelines. Suriname pledges to protect 90% of forests Basics Country: Suriname, small South American nation, ~93% forest cover. Recent Pledge: Commit to permanently protect 90% of its tropical forests. Context: Announced during Climate Week, New York, ahead of COP30 (Belem, Brazil). Significance: Surpasses the global 30×30 target (protect 30% of land and oceans by 2030). Relevance GS-1 (Environment & Ecology): ◦ Forest conservation, biodiversity protection, carbon sinks, climate change mitigation. GS-2 (International Relations, Governance): ◦ Global climate commitments, COP30, 30×30 target, international funding & cooperation. Forest & Climate Context Forest Coverage: 93% of land heavily forested → one of the highest in the world. Carbon Sink Status: Suriname is one of only three countries worldwide absorbing more CO₂ than it emits. Biodiversity: Jaguars, tapirs, giant river otters 700+ bird species Blue poison dart frog Role in Climate Mitigation: Preserving intact forests stabilizes global climate, prevents CO₂ emissions. Policy & Legal Measures Conservation Law Updates: Expected by end of 2025 to strengthen forest protection. Indigenous & Maroon Land Rights: Potential recognition of ancestral lands to empower local forest stewardship. Forest Management: Expansion of eco-tourism opportunities Participation in carbon credit markets Financial & International Support Donor Commitment: $20 million from environmental coalitions to support forest protection & local jobs. Global Leadership: Sets a benchmark for Amazonian countries struggling with deforestation (e.g., Brazil, Peru). Challenges Land Rights Issues: Suriname does not legally recognize Indigenous & tribal land rights. Local communities crucial for forest protection but currently lack formal authority. Illegal Activities: Mining, logging, and roadbuilding threaten forests. Past international court rulings have been ineffective in halting concessions. Implementation Needs: Sustainable economic alternatives to extraction for local communities. International technical and financial support. Environmental & Socio-Economic Implications Biodiversity Conservation: Protects key species and preserves ecosystem services. Climate Mitigation: Maintains a significant carbon sink. Local Livelihoods: Supports eco-tourism, carbon markets, and sustainable forestry jobs. Global Example: Provides a model for forest-rich nations with high deforestation pressure. Way Forward Legal Recognition: Granting Indigenous and tribal land rights to enable community-led conservation. Enforcement: Strengthen monitoring, anti-illegal logging, and mining measures. Financial & Technical Support: International funding for alternative livelihoods, monitoring tech, carbon credit integration. Integrated Conservation Strategy: Balance biodiversity protection, climate goals, and socio-economic development. India’s push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) exploration Basics Topic: India’s push for Polymetallic Sulphides (PMS) exploration in the Indian Ocean. Significance: PMS are rich in strategic and critical metals (copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver) essential for renewable energy, green technology, and electronics. Historic First: India is the first country to secure two International Seabed Authority (ISA) contracts for PMS exploration, covering the largest area in the world. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology, Economy, Security): ◦ Deep-sea exploration, hydrothermal vents, ROV/AUV technology. ◦ Strategic minerals for renewable energy, electronics, EV batteries. ◦ Critical minerals security, reducing import dependence, supply chain resilience. GS-2 (International Relations): ◦ UNCLOS, International Seabed Authority, maritime law, global positioning of India in seabed mining. Geographical Context Carlsberg Ridge: Location: Indian Ocean, between Indian Plate and Somali Plate. Features: Rough topography, high mineralization, hydrothermal vents. Role: Major source of Polymetallic Sulphides. Other key locations: Central Ridge, Mid-Indian Ridge, Madagascar Ridge. Phases of India’s PMS Exploration Phase I – Reconnaissance Surveys: Goal: Identify promising PMS sites via seabed surveys and remote sensing. Phase II – Targeted Exploration: Methods: Conduct near-seabed surveys and ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) to assess resource potential. Phase III – Resource Evaluation: Goal: Estimate extractable quantities and assess economic viability. India’s Previous PMS Exploration 2016: NCOPR conducted exploration in Indian Ocean and Southwest Indian Ocean. Achievements: Developed expertise in deep-ocean mining, hydrothermal vent mapping, and resource characterization. Ongoing research: Ocean Mission programme to enhance deep-ocean exploration capabilities. Significance of the Carlsberg Ridge Geology: High topography, mineralized hydrothermal vent systems. Minerals: Rich in copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver. Strategic importance: Supports renewable energy, electronics, and green technologies. Hydrothermal Activity: Deposits formed by hot fluids interacting with basaltic ocean crust, creating metal-rich chimneys. How PMS Exploration Differs from Other Underwater Minerals Seabed complexity: PMS deposits concentrated near hydrothermal vents; irregular and uneven seafloor makes extraction challenging. Dynamic positioning required: Unlike sand or nodules, PMS mining requires precise navigation and site-specific systems. Advanced techniques: Geophysical and hydrographic surveys, autonomous vehicles (AUVs and ROVs), sampling, and lab analysis. Economic & Strategic Importance Critical metals: PMS contain copper, zinc, lead, gold, silver essential for EV batteries, electronics, and renewable energy. Geopolitical significance: Reduces dependence on China for critical metals. Positions India as a leader in deep-sea resource exploration. Renewable energy transition: Metals support solar, wind, and electric mobility sectors. International Seabed Authority (ISA) Role: Governs resource exploration beyond national jurisdictions. India’s position: Submitted two PMS exploration applications. Follows UNCLOS framework and deep-sea mining protocols. Approval process: Requires ISA review and compliance with environmental safeguards. Challenges Technical: Deep-sea exploration at ~4000–5000 meters depth. Difficult terrain with active hydrothermal vents. Environmental: Potential disturbance to fragile ocean ecosystems. Need for sustainable extraction techniques. Financial: High capital and operational costs. Uncertain global market prices for metals. Way Forward Strengthen domestic capabilities: Advanced ROVs, AUVs, remote sensing, and deep-sea mapping. International collaboration: Partner with ISA, research institutes, and technology providers. Environmental safeguards: Develop sustainable extraction and monitoring protocols. Strategic stockpiling: Use PMS metals to support India’s renewable energy and tech industries.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 29 September 2025

Content The Indian Ports Act, 2025 NAVYA The Indian Ports Act, 2025 What the Act Is ? Nature: Replaces the Indian Ports Act, 1908 → now modern, consolidated legislation for port governance. Scope: Covers both major ports (12 under Union) and 200+ non-major ports (under States). Objective: Create a forward-looking framework for efficiency, sustainability, and cooperative federalism in maritime governance. Relevance : GS-3 (Economy ): Infrastructure & Trade , Blue Economy , EoDB & Digitalisation . GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Cooperative Federalism ,Modernisation of Colonial Laws ,Institutional strengthening. Why Ports Matter ? Economic Significance: Handle ~95% of India’s EXIM cargo by volume and ~70% by value. Ports serve as gateways for trade, industrial corridors, and employment generation. Geography: 7,500 km coastline → 12 major ports + 200+ non-major ports (only ~65 are cargo-handling). Strategic: Ports are nodes in global supply chains, critical for India’s trade competitiveness. Global Vision: Aligns India’s maritime law with international conventions (MARPOL, Ballast Water Management, etc.). Institutional Innovations Port Officers (Conservator): Expanded authority → vessel movement, fee recovery, penalties, disease control, damage assessment. State Maritime Boards (SMBs): Statutory recognition, empowered to manage non-major ports. Functions: port planning, licensing, tariff regulation, safety, and environmental compliance. Maritime State Development Council (MSDC): Now statutory. Role: Data collection, national planning, legislative reforms, Centre–State coordination. Key Functional Reforms Dispute Resolution: Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) at state level for port-user conflicts. Appeals → High Court (not civil courts). ADR (arbitration/conciliation) permitted → faster, business-friendly. Tariff Regulation: Major Ports → decided by Board of Major Port Authority / Board of Directors. Non-major Ports → decided by State Maritime Boards/concessionaires. Mandatory electronic publication of tariffs for transparency. Digitalisation: Maritime Single Window, Advanced Vessel Traffic Systems → ease congestion, lower operational cost. Sustainability & Safety Mandates Environmental Alignment: Compliance with MARPOL, Ballast Water Management conventions. Pollution Control: Central Govt. audits for waste handling, oil spill prevention, disaster preparedness. Safety: Penalties for mishandling combustibles, damaging navigational aids (buoys, beacons, etc.). Disaster Readiness: Mandates for emergency response and climate-resilient port infrastructure. Data-Driven Performance (2013–14 vs 2024–25) (Source: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways) Cargo Growth: 972 MMT → 1,594 MMT (+64%). Port Capacity: Expanded by 87%. Efficiency: Ship turnaround time halved to 48 hours (now comparable to global benchmarks). Coastal Shipping: Volumes +118% → stronger domestic maritime logistics. Inland Waterways: Cargo movement grew 7x → new logistics corridors unlocked. Global Recognition: 9 Indian ports ranked in World Bank’s Container Port Performance Index. Strategic Significance Economic: Boosts Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) in maritime trade. Geopolitical: Strengthens India’s role as a maritime power in the Indo-Pacific. Cooperative Federalism: Empowers States via statutory State Maritime Boards & MSDC. Sustainability: Integrates ports with India’s climate commitments (net-zero 2070, SDG 14 – Life below Water). Vision 2047 (Viksit Bharat): Ports as engines of regional growth, connectivity, and global competitiveness. Comparative Edge (Pre-2025 vs Post-2025 Framework) Dimension Indian Ports Act, 1908 (Old) Indian Ports Act, 2025 (New) Legal Basis Colonial, outdated, fragmented Integrated, forward-looking Institutions Weak coordination MSDC + SMBs statutory Tariffs Ad hoc, less transparent Structured, e-published Dispute Resolution Lengthy litigation DRCs + ADR, High Court appeal Environmental Norms Minimal Global green norms (MARPOL, BWM) Tech Adoption Limited Digitalisation, Single Window, VTS Federal Role Centre-heavy Cooperative federalism Other Dimensions Polity: Strengthens cooperative federalism → statutory role to States. Economy: Enhances logistics competitiveness → aligns with Gati Shakti & PM Gati Shakti NMP. Environment: Port sustainability → aligns with SDGs & Paris Agreement. IR/Maritime Security: Supports SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision. Governance: Example of modernising colonial-era laws (similar to labour codes, farm law repeal debates). Trade Competitiveness: Reducing turnaround time (to 48 hrs) improves India’s position in global supply chains. FDI & Investment: Transparent tariff systems + dispute resolution attract private players & global investors. Regional Growth: SMBs → empower coastal states to attract investments in port-led industrial clusters. Blue Economy: Inland waterways expansion (7x cargo growth) shows potential for greener, cheaper logistics. Global Benchmarks: With 9 ports already in World Bank’s global rankings, India can target top-20 placements consistently. Value additions Major Ports (12 under Union List, Ministry of Ports, Shipping & Waterways) Names & Locations: Kolkata (including Haldia) – West Bengal Paradip – Odisha Visakhapatnam – Andhra Pradesh Chennai – Tamil Nadu Kamarajar (Ennore) – Tamil Nadu V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) – Tamil Nadu Cochin – Kerala New Mangalore – Karnataka Mormugao – Goa Mumbai – Maharashtra Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT/Nhava Sheva) – Maharashtra Deendayal (Kandla) – Gujarat Significance: Handle ~55% of India’s total cargo traffic. JNPT → India’s largest container port (over 5.5 million TEUs annually). Deendayal (Kandla) → biggest cargo volume handler (oil, fertilizers, coal). Paradip & Vizag → energy hubs (coal, crude). Kolkata → only riverine major port, gateway to NE and Bhutan. Chennai, Cochin → vital for cruise & passenger traffic. Modernisation: All operate under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 → more autonomy, corporate-style boards. Integration with Sagarmala & Bharatmala projects for logistics connectivity. Non-Major (Minor) Ports (200+ under States) Governance: Managed by State Maritime Boards/State Govts. (post-Indian Ports Act, 2025 → statutory recognition). Operational: ~65 of these handle cargo; the rest are limited to fishing, ferrying, or port limits. Key Cargo-Handling Non-Major Ports (examples): Gujarat: Mundra, Pipavav, Dahej, Hazira → privately developed, highly efficient; Mundra is India’s largest commercial port (run by Adani). Andhra Pradesh: Krishnapatnam, Gangavaram → deep draft, bulk cargo. Odisha: Dhamra, Gopalpur. Tamil Nadu: Karaikal, Cuddalore. Importance: Gujarat alone handles >40% of India’s minor port cargo. Private sector investment dominates → Mundra alone handles more cargo than any single major port. Complementary role to major ports → reduce congestion, increase regional trade. Additional Points Legal Framework: Major Ports → Union List, regulated by Major Port Authorities Act, 2021. Non-Major Ports → State List, now empowered under Indian Ports Act, 2025. Economic Role: Major ports = bulk of national/international trade. Minor ports = regional connectivity, private-led efficiency, feeders to major hubs. Recent Data (2024–25): Major Ports cargo: ~780 MMT (out of 1,594 MMT total). Non-Major Ports cargo: ~814 MMT (slightly higher, driven by private ports like Mundra, Pipavav). Trend: Non-major ports now handle >50% of India’s cargo, reversing earlier dominance of major ports. Strategic Angle: Minor ports support coastal shipping & inland waterways, reducing logistics cost (~14% of GDP currently vs 8–9% global benchmark). Major + minor ports integration → key to achieving India’s Maritime Vision 2047. NAVYA What is NAVYA? Full Form: Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls. Launch: 24 June 2025, Sonbhadra (Uttar Pradesh). Ministries Involved: Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) + Ministry of Women & Child Development (MWCD). Target Group: Girls aged 16–18 years, minimum Class 10 pass. Coverage: 3,850 girls in 27 Aspirational & North-Eastern districts across 19 States. Pilot: 9 districts in 9 states (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab, UP, Bihar, MP, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh). Relevance GS-1 (Society): Women empowerment, challenges of adolescent girls, regional disparities. GS-2 (Governance): Centre–State collaboration, Aspirational Districts Programme, legal awareness (POSH/POCSO). GS-3 (Economy): Skill development, digital economy workforce, women’s labour force participation. Why NAVYA? Demographic Dividend: India has ~253 million adolescents (10–19 yrs, Census 2011). Girls form nearly half. Skill Gap: Female labour force participation in India is ~24% (PLFS 2022–23), among the lowest globally. Education-Livelihood Gap: Many adolescent girls drop out post-secondary school due to lack of job-oriented skills. SDGs Alignment: SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 8 (Decent Work). Viksit Bharat 2047: Empowering adolescent girls is critical for inclusive growth and women-led development. Key Features of NAVYA Skill Training: Conducted under PMKVY 4.0. Focus on non-traditional & emerging sectors: AI-enabled services, cybersecurity, digital marketing, drone assembly, solar PV installation, CCTV installation, graphic design, professional makeup artistry. Holistic Development (7-hour module): Interpersonal skills: hygiene, conflict management, self-presentation. Communication skills: listening, workplace interaction. Workplace safety: POSH, POCSO laws awareness. Financial literacy: budgeting, earnings management. Forward Linkages: Internships, apprenticeships, entrepreneurial mentorship. Institutional Linkages PMKVY (Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana): Launched 2015 → short-term training, monetary rewards. NAVYA runs under PMKVY 4.0 (with demand-driven, industry-aligned skilling). PM Vishwakarma (2023–28, ₹13,000 crore outlay): Focus on artisans/craftsmen → synergy with NAVYA for blending traditional & modern job roles. NITI Aayog Aspirational Districts Programme: NAVYA targets underserved regions for maximum impact. Data-Driven Significance Coverage: 3,850 girls → concentrated in tribal, aspirational, and NE districts. Pilot Impact (9 states, 9 districts): Proof of concept before nationwide rollout. Women in Workforce: At ~24%, far below global average (47%, World Bank). India’s Skill Gap: By 2030, India needs ~70 million additional skilled workers (ILO estimates). Sectoral Demand: Cybersecurity alone projected to create 1 million+ jobs in India by 2026 (NASSCOM). Comparative Edge of NAVYA Dimension Earlier Schemes NAVYA Advantage Target Group Youth (18–35 yrs) Younger girls (16–18 yrs) Sector Focus Traditional + some modern Non-traditional, emerging (AI, cyber, drones) Holistic Training Limited Life skills + legal + financial literacy Gender Lens Generic skilling Gender-inclusive, safe spaces Geography National Focus on aspirational & NE districts Strategic Significance Social Empowerment: Prevents early marriage/dropouts → prepares girls for economic independence. Economic Impact: Early skilling = smoother entry into labour force = higher female LFPR. Gender Inclusion: Encourages girls to break stereotypes (cybersecurity, drone tech). Safety & Legal Awareness: Awareness of POSH/POCSO → safer workplaces, assertion of rights. Entrepreneurship: Financial literacy + mentorship → push towards self-employment, startups. Challenges Ahead Scaling from 3,850 girls → millions. Ensuring industry linkages for placements/apprenticeships. Tackling social barriers: patriarchy, early marriage, safety concerns. Need for monitoring & evaluation → track outcomes, not just enrolments. Conclusion NAVYA is more than a skilling programme — it is a social transformation initiative. By targeting adolescent girls in underserved regions and aligning with future job markets, it strengthens India’s human capital for Viksit Bharat@2047. Its focus on digital skills, gender safety, and financial literacy makes it a model of inclusive and future-ready policy intervention.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 29 September 2025

Content An avoidable tragedy An Engels’ pause in an AI-shaped world What an Empty Plate of Food Should Symbolize An avoidable tragedy What happened? Incident: At a roadshow in Karur, Tamil Nadu, by actor-politician C. Joseph Vijay, overcrowding led to a stampede-like situation, killing 40 people (including children). Cause: Mismatch between expected turnout (10,000) and actual turnout (27,000+), inadequate crowd control, lack of police enforcement, and unsafe practices (climbing poles, carrying children in crowds). Immediate Response: State government arranged medical aid, swift autopsies, and CM M.K. Stalin avoided politicisation by ordering a commission of inquiry. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Role of state in public safety, police accountability, law & order, freedom of assembly (Art. 19(1)(b)) vs right to life (Art. 21). GS-3 (Disaster Management & Security): Man-made disasters, crowd management, NDMA guidelines, public safety infrastructure. Practice Questions: Critically analyse India’s preparedness for crowd management in large-scale public events; suggest reforms in line with NDMA guidelines.(250 Words) Core Issues Identified Crowd Management Failure: Organisers and police underestimated numbers, failed to regulate inflow, and allowed unsafe practices. Political Star Power vs Public Safety: Actor-politicians rely on fan-based charisma but roadshows create bottlenecks in dense areas. Institutional Weakness: High Court warned about property damage, even suggested deposits from political parties, but enforcement remained weak. Cultural Factor: Celebrity mystique in Tamil Nadu politics → fans take extreme risks for a glimpse, leading to heightened vulnerabilities. Editorial’s Stand Against Roadshows in Dense Areas: Such venues inherently unsafe; large open grounds are better. Responsibility of Leaders: Vijay did little to restrain supporters; could have managed crowd behaviour by frequent appearances to reduce frenzy. Police Role: Must not succumb to political pressure or celebrity status; enforce restrictions independently. Institutional Learning: Commission must examine not only the party’s lapses but also systemic failures in policing and regulation. Counter-Arguments Freedom of Assembly: Political roadshows are part of democratic rights (Article 19(1)(b)); excessive restrictions can be framed as politically motivated. Spontaneity of Crowds: Even with planning, celebrity charisma makes turnout unpredictable. Police can’t always anticipate real numbers. Responsibility of Attendees: Citizens knowingly take risks; overburdening organisers or police ignores personal accountability. Political Competition Angle: Over-regulation of new parties’ rallies may be seen as incumbents suppressing challengers. Broader Dimensions Governance & Institutional Trust: Courts intervene when state machinery fails (e.g., Madras HC requiring deposits). But judicial solutions are piecemeal. Need a codified National Policy on Crowd Management (as recommended by NDMA 2014 guidelines post Kedarnath tragedy). Democracy vs Populism: Actor-politicians depend on spectacle to mobilise first-time supporters. This creates tension between mass mobilisation as democratic expression and public safety as governance obligation. Political Culture in Tamil Nadu: Legacy of M.G. Ramachandran, Jayalalithaa, Rajinikanth’s near-entry into politics → fan clubs are quasi-political bodies. Fan-politics creates emotion-driven gatherings with weak institutional control. Ethical Dimension: Leaders must balance ambition with safety. State has a duty of care under Article 21 (right to life) to prevent foreseeable tragedies. Way Forward Structural: Mandatory risk assessment before granting rally permissions. Use of digital registration & crowd caps for political events. Stronger coordination between organisers, police, health services. Political: Leaders must consciously discourage unsafe practices. Regulatory: Enforce NDMA crowd management guidelines. Make organisers legally liable for negligence. Technological: Use of drones, surveillance, real-time crowd density monitoring. SMS alerts or online live streams to reduce physical rush. Major Stampede Incidents in India (2025) Karur, Tamil Nadu – Political Rally (September 27) Fatalities: 40 (including 9 children) Injuries: 83–124 Cause: Overcrowding due to underestimation of crowd size; official estimate was 10,000, but actual turnout was over 27,000. Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh – Maha Kumbh Mela (January 29) Fatalities: Officially 37; unofficial reports suggest more. Injuries: 60–200 Cause: Crowd surge caused by broken barriers and inadequate crowd control during the holy dip at the confluence of Ganges, Yamuna, and Saraswati rivers. New Delhi Railway Station (February 15) Fatalities: 18 Injuries: 15 Cause: Overcrowding on a narrow footbridge between platforms 14 and 15, exacerbated by sudden train platform changes and overbooking during the Maha Kumbh festival. Bengaluru – RCB IPL 2025 Trophy Parade (June 4) Fatalities: 11 Injuries: 56 Cause: Overcrowding during celebrations of Royal Challengers Bengaluru’s maiden Indian Premier League title win. Contributing Factors: Underestimation of crowd size; stadium capacity was 35,000, but attendance was estimated to be between 200,000 and 300,000. An Engels’ pause in an AI-shaped world Context : AI Revolution: Geoffrey Hinton, Nobel laureate, warns that AI may disproportionately enrich a few while leaving the majority behind. Historical Analogy: The concept of an Engels’ pause originates from 19th-century Britain where industrial output surged, but wages and living standards stagnated. Named after Friedrich Engels and formalized by Robert Allen, it reflects a period of rapid productivity gains without broad-based welfare improvement. Modern Relevance: With AI as a general-purpose technology (GPT)—like electricity or the steam engine—there’s concern that current technological growth may repeat historical inequities. Relevance: GS-3 (Economy & Technology): Artificial Intelligence, general-purpose technologies, labor market impact, economic inequality, productivity vs wages. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Policy interventions for reskilling, social safety nets (UBI, robot taxes), equitable AI deployment. Practice Questions: Explain the concept of “Engels’ pause” and analyse its relevance in the age of AI, citing examples from IT and service sectors.(250 Words) Key dynamics identified: Productivity vs. Wages: Example: AI copilots in Philippines call centers increased productivity by 30–50%, but worker wages remained stagnant or workload increased. Indian IT sector: 12,000 jobs shed amid AI pivot, illustrating early displacement. MIT study: 95% of AI pilots fail to generate visible organizational gains due to frictions in complementary capabilities. Capital and Skill Displacement: GPTs often benefit owners of capital and early adopters disproportionately. Prof. Nicholas Crafts and Bojan Jovanović’s studies show that historical pauses emerge when technology enhances capital returns but fails to benefit labor immediately. Complementary Needs: AI productivity gains require complements: cloud computing, data access, cybersecurity, reskilling programs. Rising costs of staying relevant: coding bootcamps, certifications, continuous learning—paralleling 19th-century rising food costs. Unequal Distribution of Gains: PwC: AI could add $15.7 trillion to global GDP by 2030, concentrated in US, China, UAE. IMF 2024: 40% of jobs globally exposed to AI; high-skilled economies see faster substitution, deepening inequality. Empirical Markers of a Modern Pause Stagnant Wages Despite Productivity: Evidence from call centers, IT sector layoffs. Rising Costs of Complements: Investment in AI infrastructure, training, and cybersecurity. Job Displacement & Task Transformation: Examples: Tsinghua University: AI-powered hospital transforming healthcare delivery. GMR Airports: AI-driven automation impacting workforce tasks. Education, finance, and public administration witnessing early displacement. Concentration of Gains: Dominance of a few firms controlling foundational AI models. Arguments Presented For Engels’ Pause Analogy: Early productivity gains benefit capital, not labor. Skills mismatch delays broad-based adoption. Historical precedent: Gilded Age US—high productivity, rising inequality, labor unrest. Against/Counterarguments: Modern welfare systems, democratic institutions, and technology diffusion are stronger than 19th century. AI’s potential in healthcare, education, and energy may deliver immediate welfare benefits. Rapid adoption of smartphones shows potential for fast technology-driven welfare improvements. Engels’ pause might be shorter and avoid prolonged stagnation if governance and reskilling keep pace with AI adoption. Policy Implications Skilling & Reskilling Programs: Singapore’s SkillsFuture and Abu Dhabi’s MBZUAI as global examples of continuous AI education. Policies must target AI-specific human capital to reduce labor displacement. Redistribution of AI Gains: Robot taxes, Universal Basic Income experiments (UK, EU), and philanthropic interventions like Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative. Public Infrastructure: Treat compute and data as public goods to ensure equitable access. Support open AI models (K2Think.ai, Apertus) to democratize productivity benefits. Governance and Regulation: Monitor AI deployment to prevent oligopolistic concentration of benefits. Encourage sectoral adoption strategies ensuring labor is not excluded from gains. Other Dimensions Historical Resonance: Engels’ pause shows macro gains without micro-level welfare improvements. Political economy teaches that outcomes depend on policy, institutions, and social structures. Global Perspective: Emerging economies (India, Philippines) may experience intensified pauses due to global tech races and IP regimes that favor developed nations. AI as a GPT: Full benefits require complementary innovations, task restructuring, and institutional adaptation—delays in these amplify inequality. Political Economy Lesson: AI gains must translate into human welfare, not just shareholder returns. Progress delayed for large labor segments risks social and political instability. Conclusion Takeaway: The AI Engels’ pause is not inevitable but requires proactive governance, reskilling, redistribution, and infrastructure access. Policy Challenge: Transform AI from a productivity revolution into a human welfare revolution. Historical Warning: As Friedrich Engels’ analysis showed, delayed progress disproportionately harms the majority. The modern pause can be shortened or avoided if policymakers act decisively. What an Empty Plate of Food Should Symbolize Introduction Context: September 29 is observed as the International Day of Awareness of Food Loss and Waste (IDAFLW), highlighting the global challenge of food wastage, which undermines both food security and climate goals. Global Magnitude: Roughly one-third of all food produced worldwide is lost or wasted annually. India’s Situation: As one of the largest producers, India faces substantial post-harvest losses across crops, with significant economic, nutritional, and environmental consequences. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Agriculture): Food security, post-harvest losses, climate change, SDG 12.3, GHG emissions, sustainable agriculture. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Policy initiatives for food loss reduction (PMKSY), multi-stakeholder coordination, circular economy. Practice Questions: Examine the economic and environmental impact of food loss in India; suggest policy and technological interventions to reduce it.(250Words) Scale of the Problem in India Economic Cost: NABCONS (2022) estimates ₹1.5 trillion annually, roughly 3.7% of agricultural GDP, lost due to post-harvest wastage. Crop-wise Losses: Fruits & vegetables: 10–15% Paddy: 4.8% Wheat: 4.2% Environmental Cost: Wasted food also represents lost water, energy, and labor, while contributing to GHG emissions. National Impact: Millions of tonnes of food lost annually affect farmer incomes, food availability, and environmental sustainability. Food Loss & Climate Connection GHG Emissions: FAO-NIFTEM study with Green Climate Fund (GCF) support shows: 30 major crops and livestock products analyzed 10+ million tonnes CO₂-equivalent emissions from rice alone due to methane intensity Total losses: 33 million tonnes CO₂-e per year—a preventable environmental burden Location of Losses: Predominantly early in the supply chain (handling, processing, transport), unlike high-income countries where consumer-level waste dominates. Significance: Reducing food loss directly supports India’s climate commitments and aligns with SDG 12.3.1 for food loss and waste reduction. Drivers & Challenges Infrastructure Gaps: Weak cold chains, inadequate storage, and fragmented logistics increase spoilage. Technology Gaps: Limited adoption of IoT, AI, and other digital tools for monitoring and forecasting. Smallholder Constraints: High capital costs, lack of affordable storage solutions, and low access to modern tools. Systemic Challenges: Dispersed production, variable quality, and inadequate market linkages. Proposed Solutions Infrastructure Strengthening: Cold storage modernization, refrigerated transport, pre-cooling units PMKSY (Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana) to develop agro-processing clusters Moisture-proof silos for grains, low-cost cooling chambers for perishables Technology & Innovation: IoT sensors, AI-driven demand forecasting FAO Food Loss App (FLAPP) tracks losses across value chains, now in 30+ countries Solar-powered cold storage for smallholders Circular Economy Approaches: Surplus food redirected to food banks/community kitchens Unavoidable waste converted to compost, feed, bioenergy Policy & Governance: Subsidies, low-interest loans, and credit guarantees to incentivize infrastructure investments Integration of loss reduction into climate strategies and SDGs Shared Responsibility: Government: Invest in resilient logistics and policy frameworks Private Sector: Adopt circular models, scale innovations Civil Society/Academia: Drive research, awareness campaigns Consumers: Mindful purchasing and consumption practices Arguments in the Editorial Economic Argument: Post-harvest losses cost ₹1.5 trillion/year; addressing it boosts agricultural GDP, farmer incomes, and food security. Environmental Argument: Food wastage contributes 33 million tonnes CO₂-e annually, undermining climate targets. Social Argument: Reducing losses improves nutrition, particularly for vulnerable populations. Technological Argument: Adoption of cold chains, AI, IoT, and circular economy solutions can drastically reduce waste. Moral Argument: An empty plate should symbolize conscious consumption and resource preservation, not inefficiency. Counterarguments & Challenges Implementation Gap: Large-scale infrastructure and tech adoption requires significant capital and coordination. Behavioral Barriers: Consumer-level waste and lack of awareness remain challenges. Fragmented Policy Execution: Coordination across central ministries, states, and private players is complex. Climate Uncertainty: Extreme weather events may continue to exacerbate pre- and post-harvest losses. Data & Facts Summary Parameter Data/Facts Implication Economic loss ₹1.5 trillion/year (~3.7% of agri GDP) Major economic inefficiency Crop loss rates Fruits/veg 10–15%, paddy 4.8%, wheat 4.2% Vulnerable commodities identified for targeted interventions GHG emissions 33 million tonnes CO₂-e/year Environmental footprint of losses FAO/NIFTEM study 30 crops/livestock products analyzed Evidence-based policymaking possible Supply chain location Mostly pre-consumer (handling, processing, distribution) Focus infrastructure improvements on early stages Advanced Overview Economic Efficiency: Reducing food loss improves resource productivity—water, labor, and energy—across the agricultural sector. Climate Co-benefits: Lower emissions from reduced waste, better energy use, and circular economy solutions. Strategic Opportunity: India can emerge as a global leader in food loss reduction, integrating innovation, finance, and policy frameworks. Long-term Vision: Aligns with Net Zero, SDGs, and India’s climate-resilient agriculture goals, making food systems more sustainable and equitable. Conclusion Editorial Takeaway: Food loss is a silent crisis with economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Actionable Insight: Solutions exist—cold chains, AI/IoT, circular economy, policy support, and consumer behavior changes. Symbolism: An empty plate should represent responsible consumption and resource preservation, not inefficiency or waste. Value Addition Global Food Wastage Annual Wastage: Nearly one-third of all food produced globally is lost or wasted each year, amounting to about 1.05 billion tonnes. Source: FAO, 2021, “Food Loss and Waste Facts” Per Capita Waste: On average, 79 kg of food is wasted per person per year globally. Source: FAO, 2021 Household Contribution: Households account for about 60% of global food waste. Source: The Guardian, 2024, “A fifth of food wasted globally” Economic Impact: Global food wastage costs roughly USD 1 trillion annually. Source: The Guardian, 2024 Environmental Impact: Food loss and waste contribute 8–10% of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Source: UNFCCC, 2023 Food Wastage in India Annual Loss: India loses about 74 million tonnes of food annually, roughly 22% of its foodgrain output. Economic Cost: Post-harvest losses cost India approximately ₹1.5 trillion per year, about 3.7% of agricultural GDP. Source: NABARD Consultancy Services (NABCONS), 2022, report commissioned by MoFPI Per Capita Waste: Average Indian household wastes 55 kg of food per person per year. Source: FCAI Report, 2023 Sectoral Losses: Fruits and vegetables: 10–15% loss Paddy: 4.8% loss Wheat: 4.2% loss Source: DowntoEarth, 2024 Climate Impact: Losses from 30 major commodities (cereals, fruits, vegetables, livestock) generate over 33 million tonnes of CO₂-equivalent emissions annually. Source: FAO-NIFTEM study with Green Climate Fund support, 2023 Supply Chain Challenge: Most food losses in India occur early in the supply chain—during handling, storage, processing, and distribution—unlike in high-income countries where consumer-level waste predominates. Source: FAO-NIFTEM study, 2023 Key Takeaways for Policy and Governance Infrastructure Gaps: Poor cold chains, inadequate storage, and fragmented logistics contribute to early-stage losses. Source: FAO-NIFTEM, 2023 Technological Solutions: Solar cold storage, low-cost silos, IoT-based monitoring, and AI forecasting can reduce spoilage. Source: FAO, 2023; FLAPP, 2023 Government Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY): Modernizes agro-processing and cold chain infrastructure. Source: MoFPI, Government of India, 2023 Circular Economy Practices: Food banks, redistribution, composting, and bioenergy conversion help minimize losses at retail and consumer levels. Source: FAO, 2023 Climate & SDG Linkage: Reducing food wastage contributes directly to SDG 12.3 (halving global food loss and waste) and India’s climate commitments. Source: NITI Aayog, 2023; FAO, 2023

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