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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 October 2025

Content Public Sector Vacancies in India and its Impacts The UN matters, as a symbol of possibility Public Sector Vacancies in India and its Impacts CONTEXT Theme: Massive vacancies in India’s public sector and their socio-economic and national security implications. Trigger: Youth unemployment at a multi-decade high despite promises of large-scale public sector recruitment. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Efficiency and accountability of public institutions. Policy implementation challenges (Viksit Bharat 2047, employment guarantees). GS-3 (Economy & Security): Employment and labour market dynamics; youth unemployment. National security implications of vacancies in paramilitary forces and investigative agencies. Sectoral productivity: Education, health, transport, and R&D gaps. Practice Questions: “Vacancies in India’s public sector represent not only a governance deficit but also a strategic risk. Examine the causes, consequences, and measures to address this challenge.”(250 Words) MAGNITUDE OF THE CRISIS Youth Unemployment Public sector unemployment: Even the largest employer (Railways) has no new hires recently. Example: 2 crore applicants for 64,000 railway apprenticeships — illustrates mismatch between demand and supply. Vacancies Across Key Sectors Sector Vacancy Statistics Implications Education Kendriya & Navodaya Vidyalayas: 12,000+ vacancies; Central Universities: 25% posts vacant Compromises quality of education, teacher-student ratio, research output. R&D / Science & Technology ISRO, Sriharikota: >25% posts vacant; two-fifths of scientist positions unfilled India lags behind US/China in innovation, patents, scientific output. Medical / Healthcare CHCs: 20% doctor posts vacant; AIIMS: 20% posts vacant Compromises patient welfare, overburdens existing staff. Aviation / DGCA 40% posts vacant in safety & airworthiness; ATC shortages Hampers emergency response and operational safety. Railways / Safety >1.5 lakh safety posts vacant; 6.7% increase in accidents (2023) Risks public safety and transport security. National Security NIA: 3/10 posts vacant; Paramilitary: >1 lakh vacancies Weakens law enforcement, border protection, investigation capacity. Social Justice National Commission for Minorities & Scheduled Castes: multiple vacancies Delays protection of vulnerable groups. Revenue & Tax Administration CBDT: 34% posts vacant; Customs: 26% Impacts tax collection and compliance. Health & Family Welfare Dept. 25% posts vacant Weakens healthcare governance. STRUCTURAL AND GOVERNANCE IMPLICATIONS Quality deficit: Vacancies reduce efficiency and service delivery. Governance gap: Key institutions fail to perform mandated roles. National security risks: Vacancies in paramilitary forces and NIA weaken response capacity. Policy failure: Promises of mass employment (2 crore jobs annually) remain unfulfilled. Overburdened personnel: Leads to fatigue, burnout, and decreased productivity. Economic implications: Inefficient use of resources, hindered growth in education, healthcare, and research sectors. ROOT CAUSES (INFERRED) Recruitment processes are slow, bureaucratic, or politically influenced. Lack of strategic workforce planning in critical sectors. Insufficient focus on skilling and retaining talent in public institutions. Discrepancy between ambitious policy promises (Viksit Bharat 2047) and ground reality. CONSEQUENCES Education: Student-teacher ratio worsens; research output declines. Healthcare: Hospitals and CHCs under-staffed → patient care compromised. Scientific innovation: ISRO, DRDO, and research labs understaffed → reduced global competitiveness. Transport safety: DGCA, ATC, Railways vacancies → accidents, compromised operational safety. National security: NIA, paramilitary shortages → increased vulnerability to internal/external threats. Social justice: Commissions unable to protect vulnerable groups. Economic growth: Vacancies reduce productivity and service efficiency in critical sectors. CRITICAL INSIGHTS Vacancy epidemic = governance deficit: Public institutions are unable to deliver mandates efficiently. Impact on Viksit Bharat 2047: Promises of development undermined by structural workforce gaps. National security at stake: High vacancy in paramilitary and investigative forces is a strategic risk. Policy credibility at risk: Unmet employment promises erode public trust. RECOMMENDATIONS Immediate recruitment drives: Focus on sectors with maximum vacancies (railways, health, education, security). Strategic workforce planning: Align recruitment with long-term national priorities. Modernise HR processes: Reduce bureaucracy, implement digital recruitment platforms. Retention policies: Incentives for scientists, teachers, healthcare professionals, and law enforcement. Periodic audit of vacancies: Ensure transparency and accountability. Policy alignment: Make Viksit Bharat 2047 goals realistic and implementable. KEY TAKEAWAYS Magnitude: 14.5 lakh+ vacancies across central institutions. Multi-sector impact: Education, health, R&D, security, governance, and social justice. Consequences: Governance deficits, quality erosion, strategic vulnerability, loss of public trust. Solution focus: Recruitment, retention, workforce planning, and alignment with national priorities. The UN matters, as a symbol of possibility Historical Context Founded: 24 October 1945 (UN Charter came into force) after World War II. Purpose: Prevent future wars, promote peace, uphold human dignity, and ensure rule of law. Founding Members: 51 nations (now 193). Core Bodies: General Assembly Security Council (UNSC) ECOSOC ICJ Secretariat Trusteeship Council (inactive now) Relevance: GS-2 (International Relations & Global Governance): UN’s role in peacekeeping, humanitarian interventions, and norm-setting. Reform of UNSC: India’s push for permanent membership and reformed multilateralism. Practice Mains Questions: “At 80, the United Nations faces a crisis of relevance. Critically examine its achievements, limitations, and the imperatives for reform in the 21st century.”(250 Words) CONTEXT OF THE EDITORIAL Occasion: 80th anniversary of the UN (2025). Central Thesis: The UN, though indispensable, risks irrelevance without urgent reform — especially in the Security Council, agility in operations, and restoration of its moral authority. CORE ARGUMENTS UN’s Evolution: From Hope to Hindrance and Hope Again Cold War Era: UN was a battleground for ideological confrontation (U.S. vs USSR). Post-Cold War Era: Transitioned to peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions (e.g., Namibia, East Timor). Failures: Rwanda (1994), Srebrenica (1995) — exposed UN’s paralysis under veto politics. Successes: Peacekeeping, humanitarian relief (UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF). → Analytical Point: The UN mirrors global power politics; its efficiency depends on member cooperation, not just institutional design. Changing Global Order 1945: Bipolar (U.S.–USSR). 1990s: Unipolar (U.S. dominance). 2020s: Multipolar/Fragmented (rise of India, China, EU, middle powers). Challenge: Institutions still reflect 1945 realities. Erosion of Multilateralism: Rise of nationalism, populism, and retreat of liberal internationalism. → Analytical Point: This represents a “crisis of multilateralism” — where global institutions lag behind global realities. UN’s Foundational Principles Under Strain Sovereign Equality: Undermined by veto power of P5. Collective Security: Weakened by selective intervention and political vetoes (e.g., Syria, Ukraine). Peaceful Dispute Resolution: Often bypassed by unilateralism and regional blocs. → Example: UNSC paralysis over Russia-Ukraine due to veto. Case for Reform: India and Beyond Permanent Members: U.S., UK, France, Russia, China — unchanged since 1945. G4 Nations (India, Germany, Japan, Brazil) demand reform. India’s Credentials: Largest democracy & most populous nation. Major peacekeeping contributor. Voice of Global South. Founding member of UN. Yet: No permanent seat — undermines legitimacy and equity. → Analytical Point: Reform = legitimacy + efficacy. Without inclusion, UNSC decisions lack global acceptance. UN’s Strengths That Still Matter Humanitarian Reach: UNHCR — 117 million displaced (2024). WFP — feeds ~150 million annually. UNICEF — child health, immunisation, education. Norm-Setting Role: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). SDGs (2015) — global template for sustainability. Gender, climate, and human rights frameworks. Convening Power: Provides neutral platform for diplomacy. → Analytical Note: The UN’s “normative power” often outweighs its coercive power — shaping laws, values, and expectations. Constraints and Structural Weaknesses Veto misuse: Permanent members shield allies (e.g., U.S.–Israel, Russia–Syria). Funding dependence: U.S. contributes ~22% of budget; delays or cuts cripple operations. Bureaucratic inertia: Slow, procedural, resistant to innovation. Politicisation: Human rights and sanctions regimes selectively applied. → Interpretation: UN’s paralysis stems from member-state hypocrisy, not just institutional inefficiency. India’s Strategic Autonomy and Global Governance Policy of Non-Alignment → Multi-alignment: India avoids power bloc dependency. Focus: Regional stability, sovereignty, plural global order. Critique: UNSC structure perpetuates post-war hierarchies. Vision: Global order built on dignity, plurality, and cooperation. → Interpretation: Relates to India’s foreign policy continuity — autonomy, equity, and reform-based leadership (aligns with “Vishwa Bandhutva” and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”). Agenda for Renewal and Reform (Tharoor’s Prescriptions) Reform Area Objective Measures Suggested UNSC Reform Legitimacy & representation Expand permanent seats; include Global South (India, Africa, Latin America) Institutional Agility Speed & responsiveness Streamline decisions, decentralize power, use digital tools Moral Voice Restoration Uphold values & credibility Speak truth to power; defend human rights universally Member Commitment Ensure functionality Regular funding, depoliticized contributions, shared responsibility → Key Idea: UN’s survival depends on reform from within and renewal of collective political will. THEORETICAL INSIGHTS Realist View: UN is a tool of great power politics. Its actions depend on consent of dominant states. Example: U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003) bypassed UN. Liberal Institutionalism: UN fosters cooperation and global norms. Despite failures, it remains the best available platform for global governance. Constructivist View: UN’s true power lies in its ability to shape ideas and values (e.g., human rights, gender equality, climate action). DATA POINTS (2025 Context) UN Peacekeeping: 11 missions; ~70,000 troops from 120 nations (India among top 5 contributors). SDG Progress (UN SDG Report 2024): Only 15% of targets on track. Funding Gap: UN regular budget ~$3.4 billion; humanitarian needs exceed $50 billion annually. U.S. Dues Default: $1 billion outstanding (2025). INDIA-SPECIFIC DIMENSIONS Reform Diplomacy: Active in G4 and L.69 Group. Advocates “Reformed Multilateralism” (as per PM Modi’s 2023 UNGA speech). Soft Power Contribution: Yoga, Ayurveda, Digital Public Goods, Disaster Relief (COVAX, G20). Strategic Relevance: Balancer between North and South, and between West and East. Limitations / Counterpoints: UNSC reform faces P5 resistance — low feasibility. “Moral voice” limited by UN’s dependence on member politics. Overreliance on consensus may paralyze decisive action. CONCLUSION At 80, the UN remains a mirror of global contradictions — indispensable yet insufficient. Reform is existential, not optional: to remain relevant, the UN must reflect today’s realities. India’s case for inclusion embodies the shift toward a plural, equitable order. As Hammarskjöld said, “The UN was not created to take mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell.” Hence, the UN at 80 must become: Representative (inclusive governance) Responsive (crisis agility) Resilient (moral and institutional strength) Only then can it serve as the world’s moral compass and crisis manager in the 21st century.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 October 2025

Content Tamil Nadu Floods and Mullaperiyar Dam: Early Onset of Northeast Monsoon and Compound Flood Risks Is Punjab’s Stubble Burning Problem Really Declining? Why Cloud Seeding is Not a Solution to Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis Sanctuary’ Status for Forests of Saranda: Why This Matters, Case Before SC Government to Issue Commemorative Coin to Mark 200th Anniversary of Rani Channamma’s Victory at Kittur How do monsoons affect Tamil Nadu? Why in News Tamil Nadu is experiencing early and heavy northeast monsoon rains, continuing a trend of above-average rainfall for the second consecutive year. Mullaperiyar Dam releases are exacerbating flood risks in Tamil Nadu, affecting farmland, urban areas, and infrastructure. Policymakers are questioning the conventional notion that “excess rainfall is good” in light of climate change and concentrated rainfall events. Relevance: GS-1: Geography – Monsoon patterns, rainfall variability, river systems (Periyar, Vaigai), flood-prone regions. GS-2: Governance – Disaster management, inter-state water sharing (Tamil Nadu-Kerala coordination), reservoir/dam operation policies. GS-3: Environment & Climate Change – Impact of climate change on rainfall intensity, urban flooding, soil erosion, and disaster preparedness. Early Onset of Northeast Monsoon Arrived at least four days earlier for the second consecutive year. Forecasts suggest rainfall exceeding long-period average by significant margins, similar to 2024 (33% higher). Short, intense bursts of rain are increasingly common due to climate change, causing localized flooding. Urban Impacts Concrete and asphalt surfaces prevent infiltration, causing rapid runoff. Drainage systems overwhelmed, leading to: Flash floods Waterlogging of low-lying areas Property damage Disrupted transportation Overflows from sewage systems release untreated wastewater, creating health hazards. Past events (e.g., Cyclone Michaung, 2023) show that power outages occur due to risk management during floods. Agricultural Impacts Waterlogged soil: Suffocates plant roots and young crops. Topsoil erosion: Loss of fertility and nutrients. Delayed sowing and crop losses reduce long-term agricultural productivity. Role of Mullaperiyar Dam Located in Kerala (Idukki district), operated by Tamil Nadu for irrigation. Heavy rainfall in Kerala catchment fills reservoir rapidly. Tamil Nadu must open all 13 shutters to manage water levels, releasing thousands of cusecs. Resulting flows: Periyar River (Kerala): Flooding low-lying areas, creating inter-State challenges. Vaigai Dam (Tamil Nadu): Compound flood risk when combined with local monsoon rains. Compound Flood Risk Tamil Nadu faces simultaneous inflow from Kerala and its own rainfall, turning excess water into immediate flood risk. Farmland and residential areas, particularly in Theni district, are already submerged. Risk to infrastructure, roads, and critical services increases.  Environmental & Health Risks Standing water promotes vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue). Water contamination from sewage overflows affects human and animal health. Soil erosion and sedimentation harm ecosystems and reduce soil fertility. Climate Change Factor Increasing frequency of intense, short-duration rainfall events complicates traditional water management strategies. Challenges the notion that “excess rainfall is beneficial”, as concentrated rain overwhelms natural and man-made systems. Policy and Planning Implications States need to rethink reservoir management considering upstream rainfall and inter-State coordination. Urban and agricultural planning must adapt to high-intensity rainfall and flood mitigation measures. Emphasis on real-time monitoring, early warning systems, and disaster preparedness. Governance & Inter-State Coordination Tamil Nadu-Kerala coordination critical for dam releases and flood risk mitigation. Mismanagement or delayed communication can amplify flood impact, creating socio-economic and political tensions. Way Forward Integrate climate-resilient infrastructure in urban and rural planning. Adopt holistic water management: reservoir operation, catchment area treatment, and floodplain zoning. Invest in early warning systems and community awareness for flood preparedness and response. Is Punjab’s stubble burning problem really declining? Why in News Paddy harvesting in Punjab has picked up pace, bringing renewed attention to stubble burning, a key contributor to air pollution in North India, including Delhi. 2024 saw fewer fire incidents due to flooded farmland, but total burnt area remains high, highlighting persistent challenges in crop residue management. Recent studies and satellite data reveal discrepancies in reporting, prompting calls for more accurate monitoring and integrated policy interventions. Relevance: GS-1: Geography – Agricultural practices, seasonal crop cycles, regional climate impacts. GS-2: Governance – Policy interventions, state and central coordination, crop residue management schemes, enforcement measures. GS-3: Environment – Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10), greenhouse gas emissions, public health impacts, satellite monitoring of fires. Context of Stubble Burning Post-paddy harvest, farmers burn crop residue (stubble) to prepare fields for wheat sowing within a short window (~3 weeks). Burning is considered quick and cost-effective, especially when mechanized alternatives are unavailable. Seasonal stubble burning contributes to air pollution spikes in post-monsoon and winter months. Recent Trends Punjab government data (2024): 10,909 farm fires, down 70% from 36,663 in 2023. Despite fewer fire counts, area under burning: 19.17 lakh hectares (2024) vs 19.14 lakh hectares (2023). Indicates that smaller, low-intensity, or partial burns are harder to detect but still contribute to pollution. Data Discrepancies Satellite limitations: MODIS and VIIRS pass a few times daily, missing late-afternoon/evening burns. Cloud cover, haze, fragmented landholdings, and deliberate concealment reduce detection accuracy. Optical sensors (e.g., Sentinel-2) can detect post-fire discoloration and burn scars, giving more precise burnt-area estimates. Scientific Insights Not all burnt area implies high emissions; low-intensity, short-duration fires release less particulate matter. Accurate emissions assessment requires fire intensity, fuel load, and duration, not burnt area alone. Floods & Weather Impacts 2024 floods in Punjab reduced stubble burning but caused waterlogging and crop damage, affecting sowing schedules. Early northeast monsoon and excessive rains exacerbate agriculture, urban infrastructure, and health risks. Environmental & Health Impacts Stubble burning emits particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide, and greenhouse gases. Major contributor to Delhi’s winter smog, respiratory diseases, and regional air pollution crises. Compound effect with vehicular and industrial emissions worsens public health burden. Policy Measures Subsidized crop residue management machinery provided to farmers. Stricter enforcement and awareness campaigns to reduce burning. Crop diversification and alternative residue utilization promoted (bioenergy, compost, mulching). Technological Solutions Integrated satellite monitoring: thermal + optical imagery for better burnt-area assessment. Ground verification to validate satellite data and assess emissions per fire intensity. Socio-Economic Considerations Small landholdings and time pressure between crops make burning attractive. Any policy must balance farmers’ livelihoods, cost of machinery, and environmental targets. Way Forward Evidence-based approach: quantify emissions, not just burnt area. Promote mechanized residue management, incentives for biofuel use, and crop rotation practices. Coordinate state and central policies, focusing on both short-term mitigation and long-term structural solutions to reduce air pollution sustainably. Why cloud seeding is not a solution to Delhi’s air pollution crisis  Why in News Delhi government is exploring cloud seeding as a solution to air pollution during post-monsoon and winter months. Experts argue it is scientifically weak, ethically questionable, and a temporary fix, diverting attention from structural solutions. Public and scientific debate has intensified following media reports and policy announcements. Relevance: GS-3: Environment – Air pollution management, mitigation strategies, atmospheric science (Western Disturbances, moisture patterns). GS-2: Governance – Policy critique, ethical implications, accountability in technological interventions. GS-3: Science & Technology – Cloud seeding mechanisms, limitations, environmental risks, and feasibility. Seasonal Air Pollution in Delhi & North India Air quality is poor year-round, but spikes post-monsoon and in winter. Meteorological causes: Dry continental air masses from the northwest dominate after monsoon withdrawal. Weak winds and stagnant air trap pollutants. Cooler, stable high-pressure systems suppress cloud formation. Result: Hazy skies are trapped pollution, not clouds capable of producing rain. Natural Rainfall Limitations Rain in winter occurs via Western Disturbances (Mediterranean-origin systems) or interaction with moisture from seas. Such events are sporadic, short-lived, and unpredictable, insufficient to consistently reduce pollution. Cloud Seeding Basics Mechanism: Introduces compounds like silver iodide or sodium chloride into existing clouds to trigger condensation and ice formation. Requirement: Cannot generate clouds from thin air; depends on natural cloud presence. Evidence: Global studies show weak and contested results on effectiveness. Limitations in Air Pollution Context Even if rainfall occurs, temporary reduction in particulate matter is short-lived (1–2 days). Does not address root causes: emissions from vehicles, industry, power plants, construction, waste burning, and stubble burning. Environmental Risks Chemical accumulation: Silver iodide can persist in soils and water bodies over repeated use. Unknown long-term effects: Potential impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and human health remain poorly understood. Ethical & Governance Concerns Accountability questions if cloud seeding coincides with: Flooding Crop or infrastructure damage Loss of life Public perception may misattribute disasters to cloud seeding, eroding trust in science and governance. Scientific Critique Cloud seeding is a “snake–oil” solution that creates spectacular but ineffective interventions. Diverts resources and attention from long-term, evidence-based measures. Scientific credibility is at risk when institutions endorse unproven fixes. Root Causes of Air Pollution Anthropogenic sources: Vehicle emissions, industrial activity, construction dust, power plants, municipal waste burning. Seasonal agricultural stubble burning. Meteorology: Stable air, low moisture, and stagnant winds exacerbate pollution. Real Solutions Structural interventions include: Cleaner transport: EVs, improved public transport Sustainable energy: Shift from coal-based power Waste management: Reduce open burning Urban planning: Reduce dust, increase green cover Agricultural measures: Stubble management, alternative crop residue use Key Takeaways Cloud seeding: temporary, risky, ethically ambiguous, and scientifically weak. True mitigation requires systemic, evidence-based policies addressing sources of pollution rather than relying on flashy, ineffective interventions. Emphasis: patient, sustained action over spectacle; ‘Sanctuary’ status for forests of Saranda: why this matters, case before SC  Why in News The Supreme Court/NGT is hearing a case on declaring Saranda forests in Jharkhand as a wildlife sanctuary. The issue arose because the Jharkhand government has not implemented earlier NGT orders despite the forest being notified as a game sanctuary in 1968. Petitioners argue the region requires legal protection to prevent biodiversity loss and habitat degradation. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Implementation of NGT orders, inter-agency coordination, legal enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act. GS-3: Environment – Biodiversity conservation, forest management, human-wildlife conflict, mining vs ecological protection. Background Location: West Singhbhum, Jharkhand; 85 sq km notified area, part of the “Seven Hundred Hills”. Previous Notifications: 1968: Declared a game sanctuary. 2002: NGT ordered the government to declare it a wildlife sanctuary under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Current Issue: Jharkhand government claims the forest department was not officially notified, preventing formal sanctuary status. Government Concern: Revenue from mining (~23% of India’s iron ore) funds regional development and tribal welfare (~₹140 crores reported by B S Bhatt Commission). Ecological Significance Saranda forests contain India’s finest Sal forests. Rich biodiversity: Elephants, four-horned antelopes, tigers (historically) Other flora and fauna threatened due to mining, deforestation, and human activity. Wildlife Institute of India (WII) reports: Anthropogenic pressures necessitate sanctuary status to protect wildlife and biodiversity. Contributes ~23% of India’s iron ore production, essential for steel, infrastructure, and industrial growth. Legal/Policy Context Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Provides for creation of sanctuaries and protection of flora and fauna. NGT orders: Directed immediate notification as a wildlife sanctuary to curb habitat destruction. Government Draft (Oct 17, 2025): Proposed immediate action for sanctuary notification, signaling compliance. Conflict: Development vs. conservation – revenue generation vs. ecological sustainability. Significance Environmental: Protects biodiversity, prevents habitat fragmentation, and sustains Sal forest ecosystem. Socio-economic: Balances tribal welfare and revenue from natural resources with ecological conservation. Legal/Policy: Test case for implementation of NGT orders and enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act. National Importance: Preserving forests vital for climate resilience and ecological balance in mineral-rich regions. Govt to issue commemorative coin to mark 200th anniversary of Rani Channamma’s victory at Kittur  Why in News The Government of India will issue a ₹200 commemorative coin to mark 200 years of Rani Channamma’s victory at Kittur (1824–2024). Purpose: Honouring one of the earliest armed resistances against the British East India Company, predating the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. Significance: Symbolizes recognition of regional heroes and promotion of historical consciousness. Legal Status: Legal tender, but not for general circulation (commemorative in nature) Relevance: GS-1: History – Early resistance against British East India Company, pre-1857 revolts, regional freedom movements, role of women in history. Historical Background Birth & Early Life: Born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati village, Karnataka. Marriage & Ascendancy: Married Raja Mallasarja of Kittur; became queen after his death. Succession Conflict: Adopted Shivalingappa as heir after her son’s death; British East India Company refused to recognize him. Kittur Rebellion: First Battle (1824): Channamma successfully resisted the British, showcasing strategic acumen and valour. Second Attack (1824–1829): British launched a renewed assault; she was captured and imprisoned, dying in February 1829. Legacy: Early freedom fighter; symbol of resistance against colonial annexation policies. Significance Historical: Highlights pre-1857 anti-colonial resistance, emphasizing regional contributions to India’s freedom struggle. Cultural: Promotes women’s leadership in history and inspires gender-inclusive narratives in freedom movements. Economic & Numismatic: Commemorative coins generate collector interest, contributing to numismatic awareness. Reflects India’s policy of honoring historical figures through currency. National Identity: Reinforces cultural memory and pride; aligns with Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav initiatives.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 October 2025

Content 7nm Processor SOAR: Skilling for AI Readiness 7nm Processor Context and Significance Announcement: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw (18 Oct 2025) unveiled India’s indigenous 7 nm processor — marking a strategic milestone in India’s semiconductor journey. Institutional Anchor: Developed by IIT Madras under the SHAKTI initiative (since 2013), aligned with MeitY and the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM). Strategic Context: Reinforces Atmanirbhar Bharat by building indigenous capability in advanced semiconductor design — a domain long dominated by the US, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan. Relevance: GS 3 (Science & Technology): Indigenous R&D, semiconductor innovation, electronics manufacturing ecosystem, digital infrastructure. GS 3 (Economy): Boost to high-value manufacturing, job creation, and technology-driven GDP growth under PLI schemes. Semiconductor Basics and India’s Current Standing Understanding the Semiconductor Node Nanometre (nm) denotes transistor size — smaller nodes = more transistors, lower power use, higher performance. 7 nm node is considered advanced technology (used in Apple A13, AMD Ryzen 3000 series). Global leaders: TSMC, Samsung, and Intel. India’s leap to 7 nm design capability places it among advanced design nations, even without full fabrication capacity yet. India’s Semiconductor Landscape (as of 2025) Parameter Status / Data Mission ₹76,000 crore India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) Total Investments Approved ₹1.6 lakh crore across 6 states Projects Approved 10 semiconductor projects Chip Design Projects Sanctioned 24 Design Companies Using Advanced Tools 87 Academic Institutions Supported (DLI Scheme) 288 Estimated Job Creation Thousands of high-skill jobs (MeitY projection) The SHAKTI Initiative – India’s Processor Backbone Feature Description Launched 2013 by IIT Madras’ RISE Lab Architecture Based on open-source RISC-V Instruction Set Goal Develop indigenous microprocessor IPs free from foreign licensing restrictions Variants Target IoT, mobile, embedded, and high-performance computing Advantage Startups and academia can build upon open-source designs, enabling distributed innovation The Indigenous 7 nm Processor — Technical and Strategic Value Technical Features Node: 7 nanometres – high transistor density & energy efficiency. Applications: Servers, defence, communications, and strategic computing. Performance Goals: High throughput, low power consumption, scalable across devices. Strategic Importance Self-Reliance: Reduces dependency on imported chips. AI & 5G Integration: Enables computing infrastructure for 5G, AI, IoT, and supercomputing. National Security: Indigenous processors for defence, space, and intelligence systems. Digital India Alignment: Core infrastructure for digital transformation. Institutional & Policy Framework India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) Launched: 2021 under MeitY. Objectives: Establish semiconductor & display fabs. Develop design, packaging, and testing ecosystem. Attract global partnerships & domestic investments. Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme Aim: Support fabless startups and academia-led innovation. Coverage: Over 288 academic institutions. Semicon India Programme (2022–2030) Roadmap to sub-7 nm design, domestic testing and packaging facilities. Encourages PPP model and industry-academia collaboration. Comparative Global Context Country Advanced Node Capability Notable Companies Relevance USA 3 nm & below Intel, NVIDIA Advanced design & fabrication Taiwan 3 nm TSMC Global fabrication leader South Korea 3 nm Samsung Advanced fab + design China 7 nm (SMIC) SMIC, Huawei Indigenous despite export controls India 7 nm (design) IIT Madras (SHAKTI) Design breakthrough; fab yet to come Inference: India joins the second-tier semiconductor innovators (design capability without domestic fabs), but the roadmap points toward full-stack ecosystem development. Economic and Strategic Impact Economic Impact Semiconductor market projected to reach $80 billion by 2028 (from $23 billion in 2023). Expected to generate over 200,000 jobs directly & indirectly in design, testing, and manufacturing. Attracts high-value global investments under the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) framework. Strategic Impact Enhances technological sovereignty in defence and critical digital infrastructure. Strengthens India’s position in global supply chain diversification (trusted design partner). Reduces exposure to geopolitical chip vulnerabilities (e.g., Taiwan Strait tensions). Challenges and Next Steps Challenge Policy/Action Needed No domestic advanced fabrication Accelerate partnerships with TSMC, Intel, or GlobalFoundries. High CapEx (>$10 bn per fab) Viable PPP + long-term fiscal incentives. Talent shortage in VLSI design Expand semiconductor design courses in IITs/NITs under ISM. Supply chain dependence Build indigenous material & component ecosystem (e.g., silicon wafers, photolithography tools). Sustainability Focus on water & energy-efficient fabrication models. The Road Ahead Short-Term (2025–27): Operationalize 10 sanctioned projects. Begin pilot production in 28 nm and 14 nm fabs (expected in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu). Medium-Term (2028–32): Progress to sub-7 nm R&D. Launch advanced packaging and testing hubs. Integrate chips into India’s AI and 5G hardware stack. Long-Term (by 2047): Achieve end-to-end semiconductor autonomy — design, fab, and export. Position India as a trusted semiconductor partner for the Global South. Conclusion The indigenous 7 nm processor represents a technological assertion of sovereignty, not merely an academic milestone. It marks the convergence of innovation, policy, and strategic foresight — where India transitions from consumer to creator in advanced electronics. Sustained R&D, industry-academia synergy, and global collaboration will determine whether India can convert this “design breakthrough” into manufacturing dominance by the early 2030s. SOAR: Skilling for AI Readiness Context and Background Global Context: The AI economy is projected to add $15.7 trillion to global GDP by 2030 (PwC). Demand for AI, ML, and data-related skills is growing at >40% CAGR. National Context: India’s AI market is expected to reach $17 billion by 2027 (NASSCOM). However, only 3% of India’s workforce currently possesses AI-ready skills — revealing a significant skill gap. Policy Frameworks Linked: National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 – Introduced AI in curricula to foster innovation. Skill India Mission (2015–) – Skilling over 1.3 crore youth; now pivoting toward “future skills.” Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0 (2023–24) – Focus on emerging tech: AI, robotics, IoT. Digital India Mission and Viksit Bharat 2047 – Enabling digital inclusion and innovation. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance): Implementation of NEP 2020; role of Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship; public–private partnerships in education. GS 3 (Science & Technology): AI literacy, ethical AI use, and integration of emerging technologies in skilling ecosystem. GS 3 (Economy): Human capital development for AI-based industries; employment generation in tech-driven sectors.   About SOAR: Skilling for AI Readiness (Launched July 2025) Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) Target Groups: Students: Classes 6–12 Educators: Across government and private schools Objective: To create a future-ready, AI-literate generation and empower educators to integrate AI-driven learning into pedagogy. Program Structure Category Modules Duration Focus Areas Students (Class 6–12) 3 modules 15 hours each Basics of AI, ML, data handling, ethical AI, and applications Educators 1 module 45 hours Integrating AI in teaching, curriculum design, and ethics Mode of Delivery: Blended learning via Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH) and school-based workshops. Union Budget 2025–26 allocation: ₹500 crore for establishing the Centre of Excellence in AI for Education. Integration within National Skill Ecosystem Skill India Mission (SIM): AI incorporated into short-term skilling and apprenticeship tracks. Focus: youth employability and entrepreneurship in high-demand AI sectors. Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) 4.0: AI-based modules under “Future Skills Prime” initiative. Introduced specialized training for AI Data Engineers, ML Engineers, and AI Trainers. National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS-2): As of June 2025, 1,480 apprentices trained (FY 2022–26) in AI-related roles. Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH): A digital platform integrating all skilling programs and AI courses for equitable access. Institutional and Policy Synergy Institution / Policy Contribution to AI Education CBSE Introduced AI as a subject in Class IX (2019–20) and Class XI (2020–21). AICTE Mandated AI electives across technical and engineering institutions. IITs Advanced courses in Deep Learning, Predictive Analytics, and Applied AI. Centre for Excellence in AI (CoE-AI) Research hub for AI in education, Indian languages, and pedagogy innovation. NEP 2020 Encouraged integration of contemporary tech into school curricula. Strategic Significance Fostering AI Awareness Builds digital curiosity from school level. Promotes understanding of ethical AI use and algorithmic fairness. Supporting Atmanirbhar Bharat Creates a domestic talent pool for AI-based industries and startups. Reduces dependence on imported tech skills and foreign experts. Bridging the Digital Divide SOAR leverages SIDH and government schools to ensure rural inclusion. Facilitates AI literacy in vernacular languages, strengthening inclusivity. Enhancing Employability and Innovation AI skill integration can add $1 trillion to India’s economy by 2035 (Accenture). Empowers educators to create AI-infused pedagogy, fostering personalized learning. Alignment with Viksit Bharat @2047 Aims for a tech-driven, innovation-led economy. Ensures AI-trained youth participation in India’s demographic dividend window (till ~2040). Challenges and Way Forward Challenges Way Forward Limited AI faculty and infrastructure in schools Teacher training through SOAR educator module; CoE-AI support Urban-rural digital gap Leverage SIDH; integrate AI courses in ITIs and rural digital labs Low female participation in tech Gender-inclusive AI skilling drives; partnerships with Skill India’s “Nari Shakti” initiatives Ethical and privacy concerns Emphasize ethics modules; collaborate with MeitY for AI governance norms Scalability of program Public-private partnerships (e.g., with NASSCOM, Google India, Intel India) Quantitative Highlights (as of mid-2025) Indicator Data Apprentices trained in AI (FY 2022–26) 1,480 Budget allocation (2025–26) ₹500 crore Schools introducing AI in CBSE ~25,000+ Students covered under AI elective (since 2019) ~12 lakh Skill India-trained workforce (since 2015) ~1.3 crore Target of SOAR (initial phase) 10 lakh students, 50,000 educators (2025–27) Broader National and Global Linkages Global Benchmarks: Finland’s “Elements of AI” program — open-access AI literacy for all citizens. Singapore’s AI for Everyone (AI4E) — community-level AI readiness. India’s Comparative Edge: Largest youth base (65% below 35 years). Emerging as a hub for AI innovation, with over 400 AI startups (NASSCOM 2025). Conclusion The SOAR program embodies a forward-looking strategy to integrate AI learning into India’s education and skilling architecture. It connects school-level literacy, teacher empowerment, and industrial employability — building the human capital essential for India’s AI economy. With strong fiscal backing (₹500 crore), institutional partnerships (CBSE, AICTE, IITs), and alignment with NEP 2020 and Viksit Bharat 2047, SOAR not only democratizes AI access but ensures India’s leadership in ethical, inclusive, and innovation-driven digital transformation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 October 2025

Content A path for a battered and broken Himachal Pradesh India’s Brain Gain Strategy: From Drain to Circulation A path for a battered and broken Himachal Pradesh  Context and Trigger Trigger: Supreme Court (Justices J.B. Pardiwala & R. Mahadevan) expressed alarm (July 28, 2025) during hearing of SLP(C) No.19426/2025 – M/s Pristine Hotels and Resorts Pvt. Ltd. vs State of Himachal Pradesh, concerning addition of a green belt in Shimla’s Development Plan. Court Observation: “Revenue cannot be earned at the cost of environment and ecology… if things proceed this way, Himachal Pradesh may vanish from the map.” Action: Court ordered suo motu registration of a writ petition in public interest — a landmark intervention into Himachal’s unsustainable development model. Relevance GS 1 (Geography): Disaster vulnerability and ecological fragility of the Himalayas. GS 2 (Governance): Role of judiciary and federal institutions in environmental accountability. GS 3 (Environment & Disaster Management): Sustainable development, EIA process, hydropower and road project governance, climate resilience. Practice Question Critically examine the Supreme Court’s 2025 suo motu intervention in Himachal Pradesh’s environmental governance. How does it reflect the constitutional principle of sustainable development and the limitations of policy implementation in ecologically fragile regions?(250 Words) Ecological Fragility of Himachal Pradesh Geophysical context: • 97% area mountainous; ~90% population lives in rural hill terrain. • Located in seismic zone IV & V (high risk). • Average elevation: 350–6975 m; terrain prone to landslides, flash floods, erosion. River systems: Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Yamuna, Chenab — critical for North India’s hydrology. Forest cover: ~66% (ISFR 2023) — but degrading due to linear projects and tourism pressure. Rainfall (2025): 122% above normal (IMD, Aug–Sep 2025), causing flash floods and over 300 deaths. Current Ecological Situation Natural Disasters: • 2023 floods: 400+ deaths, ₹10,000+ crore damage. • 2025 floods/landslides: 300+ deaths, major infrastructure collapse. Drivers: • Road widening and slope cutting without scientific planning. • Hydropower projects fragmenting river ecosystems. • Unregulated tourism, illegal constructions, deforestation, debris dumping in rivers. Result: Frequent landslides, flash floods, slope instability, and urban flooding (esp. Shimla & Kullu-Manali). Legal and Institutional Mandate (on Paper) Constitutional Basis: • Article 48A – Protection and improvement of environment. • Article 51A(g) – Duty of citizens to protect nature. State’s claims: • 1st State to ban plastic (2009). • Policy for buyback of non-recyclable plastic waste. • Policy on Environmental Flows (e-flows) in rivers. • Hydropower Policy, Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), Sustainable Tourism Policy, Integrated Master Plan, and Stringent Building Regulations. • AGiSAC (2011): Repository for geo-environmental data and climate impacts. Problem: Excellent policy framework — poor implementation and weak accountability. Critical Issues Highlighted by the Supreme Court Hydropower Mismanagement Basin-level Cumulative Impact Assessments (CIA) either absent or symbolic. “Run-of-the-river” projects (≤2 MW) even allowed in eco-sensitive zones, fragmenting river ecosystems. Impacts include: • Sediment disruption, nutrient imbalance. • Aquatic biodiversity loss. • Socio-economic displacement of riparian communities. Faulty Highway Construction (Bilaspur–Manali–Leh NH Project) DPRs allegedly made without field-level geological surveys. March 2018 MoRTH circular capped hill-road width at 5.5 metres, ignored in practice. Projects split to bypass EIA, violating Environmental Protection Act, 1986. Slope cutting, tunnelling, and debris dumping accelerating landslide frequency. NHAI failed to consult Landslide Hazard, Vulnerability & Risk Atlas (GSI–NDMA, 2022). Lack of Disaster-Resilient Planning HVRCA (Hazard, Vulnerability, Risk & Capability Assessment) studies not done scientifically. Floodplain zoning absent — despite NDMA guidelines (2008). Over-construction near rivers and nullahs in violation of the River Regulation Zone principles. Data-Based Evidence of Environmental Degradation Indicator Data / Status Source Landslides (2015–2024) >12,000 incidents Geological Survey of India Annual average rainfall (2025) 122% above normal IMD Deforestation (2011–2021) 700 sq. km forest loss FSI Hydropower projects operational/proposed ~170+ HP Energy Dept. Tourist arrivals (2023) 1.6 crore (vs. 75 lakh population) HP Tourism Dept. Disaster losses (2023) ₹10,000+ crore NDMA Deaths (2023–25) 700+ in two years HP Govt. & NDMA Governance Failures Identified Box-ticking EIA culture – superficial assessments without ecosystem evaluation. Institutional fragmentation – lack of coordination between MoEFCC, NHAI, CWC, HP State Govt., NDMA. Political economy of projects – prioritising revenue & connectivity over sustainability. Lack of data-driven decisions – AGiSAC underutilised despite mandate. Weak compliance and monitoring – absence of penal accountability for violations. Judicial and Policy Implications The Supreme Court’s suo motu intervention may lead to: • Statewide environmental audit under judicial monitoring. • Mandatory cumulative impact assessments for basins and highway corridors. • Accountability fixing for NHAI, HP PWD, and State departments. • Revisiting hydropower and tourism policies to integrate disaster resilience. • Strengthening local governance under the HP Town & Country Planning Act, 1977. Broader Governance & Climate Lessons Climate Change Amplifier: Extreme rainfall events rising in Western Himalayas (IMD, 2023: +50% increase in 30 years). Once-in-century disasters now annual: Reflects maladaptation and non-resilient infrastructure. Revenue vs. Resilience: GDP-centric growth ignoring ecological costs leads to loss–loss outcomes (revenue + resilience). Need for Risk-Informed Development: Integrate climate projections, slope stability, and hazard maps into planning. Way Forward Institutional Establish Himachal Pradesh Climate & Disaster Risk Authority under SDMA for unified oversight. Strengthen AGiSAC with open-access environmental dashboards. Legal & Policy Enforce Flood Plain Zoning Act (pending since 1975). Strict implementation of 2018 MoRTH circular for hill roads. Mandatory Cumulative EIA & CIA for hydropower clusters. Introduce Eco-Corridor Policy for fragile mountain stretches. Technical Adopt bioengineering for slope stabilization instead of explosives and concrete. Mandate debris recycling and geo-tagging of muck disposal sites. Apply nature-based solutions (afforestation, wetland buffers, slope vegetation). Social & Economic Promote community-based disaster preparedness under NDMA framework. Diversify local economy beyond tourism & hydropower — agroforestry, ecotourism, crafts. Ensure payment for ecosystem services (PES) reaches local custodians. Balancing Development & Ecology Himachal’s crisis symbolizes “development without diagnosis” — economic ambition overpowering ecological prudence. The Court’s remarks highlight a constitutional morality of sustainable development, embedded in Article 21 (Right to Life) and Article 48A. Long-term sustainability demands climate-proof infrastructure, integrated land-use planning, and citizen accountability — not mere policy proliferation. The 2025 Supreme Court intervention may redefine judicial environmental governance in the Himalayas, akin to MC Mehta’s Ganga and Taj Trapezium cases. India’s Brain Gain Strategy: From Drain to Circulation Context and Background Global Knowledge Economy: 21st century competition is driven by STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) innovation. Nations like China, South Korea, and Israel have used targeted academic repatriation policies to transform from brain-drain to brain-gain economies. India’s Context: India produces ~2.6 million STEM graduates annually (AISHE 2023), the largest pool globally, yet only a small share contribute to high-impact research or global innovation. Persistent brain drain: Nearly 1.3 lakh Indian students pursued STEM PhDs abroad (mainly US, UK, Canada, Australia) in 2023 (UNESCO UIS). New government plan (2025) aims to attract top Indian-origin academics through incentives — reversing the decades-long outflow of intellectual capital. Relevance GS 2 (Governance): Higher education reforms, institutional autonomy, diaspora engagement. GS 3 (Economy): Transition to a knowledge-based economy and human capital mobilization. GS 1 (Society): Intellectual migration patterns and socio-cultural drivers of brain drain. Practice Question India’s challenge is not just to bring talent back, but to build conditions that make talent stay. Discuss this statement in light of the government’s recent efforts to repatriate Indian-origin researchers and strengthen the domestic research ecosystem.(250 Words) Core Idea of the Editorial The Centre’s initiative to bring back “star faculty” — Indian-origin scholars working at global universities — is a strategic and timely intervention. However, repatriation alone is insufficient; success depends on domestic ecosystem reforms — funding, autonomy, research infrastructure, and intellectual freedom. Goal: Build an ecosystem that retains, empowers, and inspires both returnees and homegrown scholars. India’s Current Academic Landscape (with Data) Indicator Data (2024–25) Global Comparison GER in Higher Education 28.4% (AISHE 2023) China: 61%; OECD Avg: 77% R&D expenditure 0.64% of GDP (DST 2023) Global avg: 1.9%; China: 2.4%; US: 3.5% QS World Rankings 2025 54 Indian universities listed China: 72; US: 197; UK: 84 Top-ranked Indian University IIT Delhi (Rank 123) China’s Tsinghua (14), Singapore’s NUS (8) Researchers per million population ~253 China: 1,300; South Korea: 7,200 Brain drain intensity 30% of India’s top STEM PhDs work abroad Global avg: ~10% Inference: India’s talent generation is strong, but retention and research output lag significantly due to low investment, bureaucratic rigidity, and limited academic autonomy. Government’s Repatriation Plan: Features Objective: Reverse brain drain by attracting Indian-origin academics from top global universities. Key Features: Substantial grants and startup funding for research labs. Operational flexibility in project selection and staffing. Integration with existing research hubs (IITs, IISc, IISERs, CMI). Collaboration with industry-led R&D ecosystems. Example of Global Collaboration: Google’s $15 billion AI data hub in Andhra Pradesh (2025) signifies synergy between foreign capital and Indian-origin leadership in frontier technology. Learning from China: The Thousand Talents Programme Parameter China’s Approach Lessons for India Launch Year 2008 – Objective Repatriate Chinese researchers, attract global experts Same goal Complementary Reforms Major funding boost, university autonomy, infrastructure overhaul India must pair incentives with systemic reforms Outcomes 5 universities in global top 100; 72 in QS Top 500 India: None in Top 100 yet Result Transformed China into a knowledge powerhouse within 15 years India can replicate with sustained policy consistency Data Point: Between 2008–2023, China attracted over 7,000 high-impact researchers through the programme, boosting its publication share to 27% of global STEM output (Scopus 2023). Domestic Foundations to Build Upon Existing Institutions of Excellence: IITs, IISc, IISERs, and CMI have produced globally recognized research despite resource constraints. IIT Madras ranks among top 50 in engineering citations per faculty (QS 2025). Emerging Policy Initiatives: PM Research Fellowship (PMRF) — 3,000 PhD fellowships in frontier areas. National Research Foundation (NRF) — ₹50,000 crore (2023–28) to fund interdisciplinary research. National Deep Tech Startup Policy (2024) — integrates academia–industry collaboration in AI, quantum, biotech. Beyond STEM Nationalism: Building a Holistic Knowledge Ecosystem Interdisciplinary Innovation: True innovation arises from intersections — e.g., AI ethics, environmental law, digital sociology. NEP 2020’s emphasis on multidisciplinary universities is crucial for long-term intellectual vibrancy. Humanities and Social Sciences: Underfunded areas (only 3% of total research spending). Need parity and integration with STEM to ensure technology serves society ethically. Freedom of Inquiry: Incidents like the deportation of UK scholar Francesca Orsini (SOAS) reflect discomfort with critical scholarship. Intellectual freedom is non-negotiable for research excellence and global credibility. Challenges in Building a World-Class Research Ecosystem Challenge Data/Explanation Low Public R&D Spend India spends <1% of GDP on R&D; over 55% comes from the government, unlike OECD norm of 70% from industry. Bureaucratic Control Faculty hiring, fund release, and project autonomy remain rigid. Limited Industry–Academia Linkages Only ~10% of industrial R&D is university-linked (DST 2024). Brain Drain Continuity 70% of IIT graduates pursue higher education abroad annually. Global Perception Gap No Indian university in global Top 100 limits appeal for diaspora return. Way Forward: From Brain Drain to Brain Circulation Create a World-Class Academic Environment Implement NRF-driven merit-based funding and streamline grant procedures. Strengthen IISERs, IITs, and new research parks with cutting-edge facilities. Enhance Academic Autonomy Grant financial and administrative independence to public universities. Adopt transparent evaluation systems free from bureaucratic interference. Foster Global Collaboration Strategic partnerships with top 200 global universities for joint PhDs and research fellowships. Develop India Global Chairs for diaspora engagement. Diversify Research Focus Invest in humanities–tech interfaces: ethics in AI, sustainable design, cultural AI. Increase R&D Spending to 1.5% of GDP by 2030 Encourage private sector R&D tax incentives; adopt PPP models like China’s tech clusters. Promote Academic Freedom & Openness Protect intellectual dissent and global academic exchange — the foundation of innovation.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 October 2025

Content Women are disproportionately exposed to ambient air pollution in India Great Green Wall in Andhra Pradesh to save coastline from degradation Centre proposes labelling of AI-generated and deepfake content on social media India’s roadmap in solar and space physics: Aditya-L1 and ground-based observatories What EPFO numbers reveal: Premature withdrawals and retirement security in India Women and ambient air pollution in India Context Studies show that women in India are disproportionately exposed to ambient and indoor air pollution compared to men.( The Lancet Planetary Health in December 2024 titled Estimating the effect of annual PM2·5 exposure on mortality in India) Causes: Household chores (cooking with firewood, coal, biomass), higher dependence on non-motorized transport, and more time spent near pollution sources. Health impact: Long-term respiratory issues, tuberculosis, stillbirths, and mortality. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Air pollution, PM2.5, indoor/outdoor pollution sources. GS-2 (Social Justice & Governance): Gender-sensitive environmental policy, health equity, public health interventions. Basics Term Explanation Ambient Air Pollution Outdoor air pollution from vehicles, industries, power plants, dust, and other sources. Indoor Air Pollution Pollution inside homes due to burning of biomass, coal, and firewood, commonly in rural areas. PM2.5 Fine particulate matter (<2.5 μm) that penetrates lungs and bloodstream, causing cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Vulnerable Groups Women (due to household and transport exposure) and children (respiratory vulnerability). Key Data & Findings Indicator Data / Fact PM2.5 exposure population 1.1 billion of 1.4 billion Indians (81.9%) live above the Indian National Ambient Air Quality Standard (annual mean ≤ 40 μg/m³). Mortality impact 10 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 → ~9% increase in mortality. Deaths due to PM2.5 (2009–2019) ~17 million deaths attributed to PM2.5 exposure. Indoor pollution impact on women Women exposed to biomass fuels >20 years → 3x higher TB risk. Pregnancy outcomes In Ahmedabad, women exposed to biomass fuels during pregnancy → 50% higher stillbirth risk. Women walking to work 45% of women walk vs. 27% of men; majority over public/non-motorized transport → higher ambient exposure. Children’s risk Deaths from lower respiratory infections: 23–44 per 100,000 children (State of Air 2024). Broader Societal Implications Women and children as vulnerable populations require gender-sensitive environmental policies. Exposure has long-term economic and social costs: healthcare burden, lost productivity, reduced life expectancy. Need for more clean cooking fuel programs, urban planning, and public transport improvements. Existing Initiatives: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) – promoting LPG for clean cooking. National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) – reducing ambient PM2.5 and PM10. Key Takeaways Women bear disproportionate air pollution exposure due to traditional household roles and transport patterns. Indoor air pollution remains a critical yet under-addressed contributor to mortality and morbidity among women. Children are highly susceptible to long-term respiratory illnesses, linking air pollution to intergenerational health risks. Urgent need for holistic action integrating gender, health, and environmental policy. Great Green Wall in A.P. to save coastline from degradation  Context Andhra Pradesh government plans to build a “Great Green Wall” along its 1,053 km coastline by 2030. Objective: Protect coastal communities, biodiversity, and livelihoods from increasing coastal degradation, climate change, and extreme weather events. The initiative aligns with India’s climate resilience and sustainable development goals. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Coastal resilience, climate adaptation, biodiversity, carbon sequestration. GS-2 (Governance & Policy): Sustainable development initiatives, disaster management, local livelihood protection. Basics Term Explanation Great Green Wall A linear or contiguous forestation belt acting as an ecological shield against natural hazards. Coastal Degradation Loss of coastal land, soil erosion, salinization, and habitat destruction due to human activity, sea-level rise, and extreme events. Ecological Shield A natural barrier (trees, mangroves, vegetation) that reduces wind, wave, and storm surge impacts. Biodiversity Variety of plant and animal species in coastal ecosystems; crucial for ecosystem services. Key Project Details Feature Details / Data Length of coastline covered 1,053 km Width of green wall 5 km Target completion 2030 Population protected 3 million+ people Key objectives – Protect livelihoods and property – Promote biodiversity – Enhance climate resilience – Support sustainable development Vegetation type Likely coastal forests, mangroves, and salt-tolerant species (not specified yet, inferred from coastal protection norms) Rationale and Significance Climate Resilience: Coastal Andhra Pradesh faces cyclones, storm surges, and sea-level rise. The green wall will act as a buffer reducing disaster impact. Livelihood Protection: Fisheries, agriculture, and coastal communities will be shielded from erosion and saline intrusion. Biodiversity Conservation: Coastal forests and mangroves provide habitat for birds, fish, and invertebrates, supporting ecosystem services. Carbon Sequestration: Trees along the coast will absorb CO₂, contributing to climate mitigation targets. Sustainable Development: Integration with local livelihoods, eco-tourism, and ecosystem services supports SDGs 13 (Climate Action), 14 (Life Below Water), 15 (Life on Land). Comparative Context Inspired by initiatives like Africa’s Great Green Wall, which combats desertification and land degradation. Coastal green walls are a recognized nature-based solution in climate adaptation globally (e.g., Japan, Vietnam, Netherlands). Implementation Challenges Species Selection: Salt-tolerant, cyclone-resistant species needed. Maintenance: Survival of saplings under storm, salinity, and human pressure. Land Acquisition & Community Participation: Securing 5 km wide continuous stretches along densely populated areas. Monitoring & Data Management: Need for satellite and GIS-based monitoring of growth, biodiversity, and coastal erosion. Centre proposes labelling of AI-generated and deepfake content on social media Context The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has proposed draft amendments to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021. Objective: Tackle deepfakes and AI-generated content on social media platforms, ensuring users are aware of algorithmically generated content and misinformation is controlled. The amendments will also increase government accountability when issuing content notices to social media platforms. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Technology): Regulation of social media, IT Act, administrative accountability. GS-3 (Science & Technology): AI governance, digital ethics, misinformation control, cyber policy. GS-4 (Ethics): Transparency, accountability, ethical oversight in governance. Key Provisions of the Draft Amendments Accountability of Government Officers Notices under Rule 3(1)(d) will now require reasoned intimation. Senior officials only: Central government: Joint Secretary and above State level: Deputy Inspector-General and above Notices must clarify: Safe harbour does not apply It is a warning, not an immediate takedown order Significance: Reduces arbitrary or unconstitutional use of content takedown powers; improves transparency and legal safeguards. AI Content Labelling Platforms allowing AI-generated content (e.g., X, Instagram, YouTube, ChatGPT, Sora, Google Gemini) must: Identify AI-generated content Label deepfake content Attach permanent metadata/unique identifiers Two labels proposed: AI-generated content Deepfake content Objective: Prevent misinformation, manipulation, and user deception, especially during elections or communal tensions. Compliance and Enforcement Platforms may lose legal immunity under Section 79 of the IT Act if non-compliant. Obligations for platforms: Identify and label AI/deepfake content Take down flagged content within 24 hours Publish monthly compliance reports Enable user complaints and voluntary labelling Expert Oversight An expert committee is constituted to finalize rules. Consultation includes government officials, tech experts, and academics. Significance: Brings technical expertise to governance, ensuring rules are implementable and future-ready. Background and Challenges Deepfakes are digitally manipulated media that appear authentic, creating risks to: Personal privacy Political processes Public trust in information Social media firms previously challenged Rule 3(1)(d) as arbitrary and unconstitutional, but courts upheld government authority. Challenges in enforcement: Accurately detecting AI-generated content Fast-moving content spread Balancing freedom of expression with misinformation control Key Data & Facts Feature Provision / Requirement Rule impacted Rule 3(1)(d) of IT Rules 2021 Seniority of officials issuing notice Joint Secretary+ (Central), DIG+ (State) Platforms in scope X, Instagram, YouTube, ChatGPT, Sora, Google Gemini AI/deepfake labelling Mandatory with permanent metadata Compliance timeline 24 hours for flagged content Reports Monthly compliance reports by platforms User participation Option to label own content as AI-generated Policy Implications Strengthens governance: Senior officials accountable for content notices. Mitigates misinformation: Labels and metadata improve user awareness. Technological oversight: Ensures AI/deepfake detection becomes a standard responsibility of platforms. Democracy protection: Reduces risk of election manipulation and communal disinformation. Private sector collaboration: Platforms need to deploy algorithmic detection and reporting systems, boosting innovation in AI for social good. India’s roadmap in solar and space physics: Aditya-L1 and ground-based observatories Context Indian astronomers recently published an overview of current solar and space physics in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. The paper highlights key challenges in solar research and India’s roadmap for the next decade, including ground- and space-based initiatives. India’s Aditya-L1 mission and upcoming facilities like the National Large Solar Telescope are central to this effort. Emphasis on developing prediction models for solar flares and CMEs to protect space assets and terrestrial infrastructure. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology): Space research, solar physics, CME prediction, technological self-reliance. GS-3 (Infrastructure & National Security): Protection of satellites, communication, power grids, and defense assets. Basics of Solar Phenomena Term Definition Key Fact Solar Flare Sudden massive explosion on sun; energy release from twisted magnetic fields Emits across radio, X-ray, gamma rays Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Large plasma discharge from sun’s corona Can disrupt satellites, power grids Solar Wind Continuous outflow of charged particles from corona Interacts with Earth’s magnetosphere Coronal Loops Plasma constrained along magnetic field lines Visible in solar imaging, indicate magnetic activity Importance: Space weather affects satellites, communication, navigation, astronauts, and power grids. Understanding these phenomena is critical for technological and national security. Indian Initiatives Space-Based Observatories Aditya-L1 (ISRO, Sep 2023): Positioned at Lagrange Point 1 (L1), 1.5 million km from Earth. L1: Sun–Earth line; detects CMEs moving toward Earth. High-resolution imaging & spectra of solar atmosphere. Proposed expansion: spacecraft at L4 and L5 points for triangulated 3D tracking of solar eruptions. L4: 60° ahead, L5: 60° behind Earth in orbit. Challenge: Data transmission over 30 million km. Significance: Dual/multiple spacecraft network allows accurate prediction of CME trajectories and improved space weather forecasting. Ground-Based Facilities National Large Solar Telescope (2-meter class): To observe lower solar atmosphere at high resolution. Cannot be deployed in space due to size. Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and other institutions lead these efforts. Human Resource and Community Development 229 early-career Indian researchers involved globally; 65 faculty/scientists in India. Initiatives: ISRO + ARIES workshops for students and researchers. Goals: Train young talent in data analysis & simulation. Develop national supercomputing facilities for computational astrophysics. Expand academic programs, faculty, public engagement, and industry partnerships. Technological and Strategic Significance Private sector involvement encouraged in India’s space sector. Satellites, rockets, space weather modeling. Innovation in predictive models for solar storms. Self-reliance (Aatmanirbhar Bharat) in understanding solar-terrestrial relationships. National security and infrastructure protection: Accurate CME predictions can safeguard power grids, communication networks, and satellite-based defense assets. Key Data & Figures Lagrange Points in Sun-Earth System: 5 points (L1 to L5). Aditya-L1 distance: 1.5 million km from Earth (L1). L4 & L5 distance from Earth: ~30 million km. Community involvement: 229 early-career researchers + 65 faculty. Challenges in Solar Physics Incomplete understanding of CME-solar wind interaction. Poorly defined magnetic structures of CMEs → affects trajectory prediction. Emergence of magnetic fields under sunspots → complicates solar flare prediction. Data-heavy modeling requires supercomputing resources. Future Vision (10–15 Years) Development of state-of-the-art prediction models for solar flares and CME arrival times. Expansion of triangulated space observatories (L1, L4, L5). Strengthened ground-based solar research infrastructure. Integration of private sector and industry partnerships. Focus on training next-generation solar physicists and computational astrophysicists. What EPFO Numbers Reveal Why in News ? The Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) has proposed easing withdrawal norms to make it simpler for workers to access funds for essential needs (like illness, education, or unemployment). However, high withdrawal rates during employment are depleting what should serve as post-retirement security, prompting EPFO to propose changes in 2025–26. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Social Policy): Social security, EPFO regulations, labour welfare. GS-3 (Economy): Pension architecture, financial literacy, informal workforce challenges, policy reforms. Key Issue Frequent premature withdrawals erode the retirement corpus meant for long-term financial security. EPFO data (FY 2017–2025) shows a sharp rise in withdrawals for illness, education, marriage, and unemployment. Data Insights from EPFO (2017–2025) 1. Withdrawals for Essential Needs Trend: 16-fold increase in illness-related withdrawals (2017–25). 3.5x increase in marriage/education-related withdrawals. Indicates withdrawals are becoming routine rather than emergency-based. Overview Steady increase in final settlements shows rising job exits or migration. Nearly 95% of settlements are due to unemployment, not retirement. Employment Profile & Structural Concerns 65% of EPFO members earn less than ₹15,000/month. Average member balance < ₹20,000; nearly 75% have < ₹50,000. Indicates a low-wage, informalized workforce with poor long-term savings capacity. Over 3 crore contributing members; 7 crore accounts but only ~2.6 crore active. Implication: Large proportion of accounts remain dormant. Low-income earners withdraw repeatedly for short-term needs, eroding pension benefits. Causes for Frequent Withdrawals Health emergencies (especially post-COVID-19). Marriage and education expenses (cultural and social priorities). Unemployment spells and job insecurity. Lack of financial literacy—workers view EPF as savings, not as pension. Ease of partial withdrawal norms post-2017 reforms. EPFO’s 2025 Proposal Current rule: Minimum 2 months unemployment required before settlement. Proposed change: Cut to 1 month, but limit withdrawal to 25% of balance to preserve long-term savings. Aims to balance liquidity needs vs. pension protection. Broader Socio-Economic Implications Financial insecurity in old age: Early withdrawals deplete pension corpus. Labour market fragility: Reflects short job tenures, retrenchments, and informal transitions. Policy challenge: Need to design instruments combining liquidity + longevity protection (e.g., NPS-EPFO convergence). Women and low-income workers particularly vulnerable due to intermittent employment. Conclusion India’s retirement savings architecture is weak — less than 10% of workforce has formal social security. EPFO withdrawals ≈ financial stress index — spikes correspond with economic disruptions (e.g., COVID-19, layoffs, inflation). The 2025 reform proposal aligns with ILO’s Decent Work Agenda and SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) by promoting financial resilience and social protection.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 October 2025

Content Flight of self-reliance: Inauguration of 3rd Production Line of LCA Mk1A & 2nd Production Line of HTT-40 at HAL Nashik Flight of self-reliance: Inauguration of 3rd Production Line of LCA Mk1A & 2nd Production Line of HTT-40 at HAL Nashik Why in News ? Raksha Mantri Rajnath Singh inaugurated: 3rd Production Line of Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas Mk1A 2nd Production Line of Hindustan Turbo Trainer (HTT)-40 At HAL Nashik, on 17 October 2025. First LCA Mk1A produced at Nashik was flagged off. Relevance: GS 3 (Defence & Indigenisation): Illustrates India’s progress in self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Connect with initiatives like Aatmanirbhar Bharat, Make in India, and iDEX. GS 2 (Governance & Policy): Public–Private–Academia synergy in high-tech manufacturing. Context Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) — a Navratna Defence PSU, India’s primary aerospace manufacturer. Objective: Boost domestic aircraft production capacity and reduce import dependence under Aatmanirbhar Bharat in Defence. Marks a shift from import-based to indigenous defence ecosystem.   Significance of LCA Mk1A LCA Tejas Mk1A: Upgraded variant of Tejas Mk1, developed by HAL and Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under DRDO. Key Features: Enhanced radar, electronic warfare, and air-to-air refuelling systems. Incorporates 75% indigenous content (target: 85%). Equipped with GE F404 engine (U.S. origin; Indian co-production to start under ToT). Cost-effective and agile — suited for replacing aging MiG-21s. Production capacity (post-expansion): 24 aircraft/year across 3 lines (Bengaluru + Nashik). Strategic Impact: Strengthens IAF’s light fighter fleet and promotes Make in India for export markets. Significance of HTT-40 HTT-40: Basic turboprop trainer aircraft for IAF pilot training, fully designed and developed by HAL. Role: Replaces imported Pilatus PC-7 MkII trainers. Key Specs: Indigenous engine, avionics, and ejection seat systems. Excellent handling, maintainability, and low life-cycle cost. Production capacity (new line): Estimated 20–24 aircraft/year. Symbolism: First fully indigenous basic trainer in India’s aviation history. Defence Self-Reliance: Data & Achievements Import dependence in 2014: 65–70%. Indigenous production share (2025): ~65%. Defence production value: 2014–15: ₹46,429 crore 2024–25: ₹1.50 lakh crore (record high) Defence exports: 2014–15: < ₹1,000 crore 2024–25: ₹25,000 crore Target (2029): ₹50,000 crore exports; ₹3 lakh crore domestic manufacturing. Reflects India’s growing industrial base, export capability, and technological maturity. Strategic and Technological Context Modern Warfare Relevance: Integration of AI, cyber warfare, drones, and next-gen aircraft. India’s aim: stay ahead of the curve in aerospace innovation. HAL’s expanded role: Beyond Tejas → Next-gen aircraft, unmanned systems, civil aviation. Joint MRO (Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul) facility for civil + military aviation → boosts job creation and skill ecosystem. Digital & Sustainable HAL Nashik: Paperless, green, and fully digitalised → aligns with Digital India & Green Defence. Operational Context – “Operation Sindoor” HAL provided 24×7 maintenance and logistics support during Operation Sindoor (2025), ensuring: IAF operational readiness. Integration of BrahMos missile on Su-30 MKI, used to strike terrorist hideouts. Validates combat reliability of indigenously maintained systems. HAL Nashik Division: Legacy and Capabilities Established: 1964; for MiG-21 license production. Production Record: 900+ aircraft produced. 1,900+ overhauled (MiG-21, MiG-27, Su-30 MKI). BrahMos Integration: Landmark in indigenous weapon-aircraft integration. Employment & Industry Base: ~1,000 jobs created. 40+ MSME partners developed around Nashik. Broader Defence Industrial Policy Context Linked Policy Reforms: Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020 → “Buy (Indian-IDDM)” prioritised. Positive Indigenisation Lists → 500+ items banned for import. Innovation for Defence Excellence (iDEX) → start-up participation. Defence Production & Export Promotion Policy (DPEPP) 2020. SRIJAN Portal → local vendor sourcing. Private Sector Integration: Growing participation of firms like Tata, L&T, Bharat Forge, and MSMEs in HAL’s supply chain. Way Forward HAL’s future roadmap: Accelerate LCA Mk2, AMCA, and CATS Warrior (Unmanned Wingman) projects. Expand civil aircraft manufacturing and export-oriented defence production. Policy needs: Continued R&D investment, private sector integration, and export facilitation. Faster testing & certification ecosystems for indigenous systems. Conclusion Core Message: The inauguration of new LCA Mk1A & HTT-40 production lines marks a decisive leap in India’s defence industrial capability. Transformational Outcome: India evolving from an import-dependent to a design-driven aerospace power. Strategic Symbolism: The “Flight of Self-Reliance” — HAL Nashik embodies Aatmanirbhar Bharat in action.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 October 2025

Content From Deep Tech to Knowledge Power: India’s Path to Strategic Autonomy The Gift of Athena: Building India as a Knowledge Power From Deep Tech to Knowledge Power: India’s Path to Strategic Autonomy Why in News ? India’s deep-tech ambitions — in AI, semiconductors, quantum computing, green tech — cannot be realised through government efforts alone. National leadership emphasises Aatmanirbharta in frontier technologies as a pillar of national security and strategic autonomy. Greater private sector participation, higher R&D spending, and whole-of-nation coordination are critical for success. Relevance : GS Paper 3: Science & Technology, Industrial Policy, R&D, Innovation Systems, Indigenisation. GS Paper 2: Governance, Institutional Reform, Public–Private Partnerships, Policy Incentives. Practice Question : India aims to become a global leader in deep technology and knowledge-based innovation. Critically examine the role of government, private sector, and institutional networks in achieving this vision. Suggest reforms required to bridge the R&D and innovation gap.(250 Words) Understanding Deep Tech Definition: Advanced scientific and engineering innovations with long gestation periods and transformative impact. Examples: AI, Quantum Computing, Semiconductors, Green Hydrogen, Biotechnology, Space Tech, Advanced Materials. Significance: Drives economic competitiveness in Industry 5.0. Underpins national security and strategic autonomy. Enables dual-use innovations for civil and defence applications. India’s Deep-Tech Vision Target Year: 2035 → Among Top 5 global deep-tech powers. Key Initiatives: India Semiconductor Mission (2022): $10B incentives for chip fabs. IndiaAI Mission (2024): ₹10,300 crore for foundational AI ecosystem. Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF): ₹50,000 crore for academia–industry research. Deep-Tech Fund of Funds (2025): ₹10,000 crore to support deep-tech startups. Vision: Move from “import and integrate” to “innovate and export”. India’s R&D Investment Gap Indicator India China USA South Korea Japan R&D expenditure (% of GDP) 0.65% 2.4% 3.4% 4.9% 3.3% Annual R&D spend (approx.) $15B $600B+ $1T+ $110B $170B Private sector share in R&D ~30% ~75% ~70% ~80% ~75%   India’s private R&D ≈ $5B, while NVIDIA/Intel spend $7–10B each annually. Gap highlights the need for private sector scaling. Structural Challenges Low Private Sector R&D: Reliance on public labs (CSIR, DRDO, ISRO); corporate risk aversion. Weak Academia–Industry Linkages: Fragmented collaboration; limited tech transfer. Limited Deep-Tech Venture Capital: Deep-tech startups < 1% of India’s 1 lakh+ startups (NASSCOM 2024). Talent Constraints: ~2.5 lakh STEM PhDs/year; few in quantum, AI hardware, chip design. Import Dependence: Solar modules 80%, inverters 60%, battery cells 100%, lithium & cobalt ~70% imports (mostly China). Sectoral Overview Quantum Computing India’s first quantum computer: 25-qubit (developmental). Global benchmark: IBM Kookaburra → 1,536-qubit multi-chip (2025). Significant capacity and commercialisation gap. Artificial Intelligence Vast linguistic datasets, but no global-standard native LLM. Minor efforts (Bhashini, BharatGPT) exist but are limited in scale and efficiency. Semiconductors $10B India Semiconductor Mission launched; no operational commercial fab yet. Proposals: Micron (assembly), Tata (Gujarat fab in progress). Challenges: IP access, advanced lithography dependency. Renewable Energy 50% of installed power capacity (2025) from renewables. Import dependency: solar 80%, battery cells 100%. Critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, nickel) almost entirely imported. Government Role: Successes & Limits Achievements: National missions with large funding pools. Startup incentives: iDEX, Startup India, PLI schemes. Institutions: IN-SPACe, NRF, IndiaAI. Limits: Fiscal constraints limit high-end R&D funding. Public sector research remains bureaucratic, risk-averse. Slow technology diffusion and commercialisation. Case for Private Sector Leadership Global experience: private-led innovation drives breakthroughs (US, China, South Korea, Israel). India needs: Corporate R&D allocation ≥2–3% of revenue (current <0.5%). Deep-tech venture funds and corporate labs. Academia-industry partnerships (IITs, IISc, DRDO, ISRO). Tax incentives and strong IP protection. Policy & Ecosystem Reforms Needed Raise national R&D to 1.5% of GDP by 2030. Triple private sector R&D share via grants and incentives. Swiftly implement Anusandhan NRF to link academia–industry. Establish Deep-Tech Manufacturing Zones with shared labs. Simplify patent and tech licensing systems. Secure critical minerals (lithium, cobalt) via global alliances. Develop 100 new Deep–Tech Centres of Excellence for STEM talent. Global Benchmarks US (DARPA): Government funds high-risk research; private industry commercialises. China: 70% R&D from corporates; guided by 5-year plans. South Korea: Chaebol-public institute collaborations. Israel: Military-industry innovation loop (e.g., Iron Dome). Model: “Public seed – private scale” integrating state vision with corporate execution. Strategic Implications Deep tech defines 21st-century power hierarchy → countries that design and innovate dominate. Dependence on foreign tech undermines: data sovereignty, cybersecurity, defence autonomy, energy resilience. Deep tech is existential for Viksit Bharat 2047, not a luxury. Takeaway Core Thesis: India’s deep-tech revolution cannot rely on government alone; private sector investment and innovation are essential. Economic Reality: $15B vs. $600B (China), $1T (US) → urgent scaling needed. Strategic Imperative: Without private push, India risks being an “also-ran” in global tech. Way Forward: Whole-of-nation effort: Government (policy), Industry (execution), Academia (innovation). The Gift of Athena: Building India as a Knowledge Power Why in News ? The discussion is inspired by Joel Mokyr’s The Gifts of Athena and The Lever of Riches, which explore how knowledge drives economic and technological transformation. India’s quest to become a knowledge power requires understanding the interplay between propositional (how things work) and prescriptive knowledge (how to apply knowledge). This highlights gaps in India’s knowledge systems, particularly integration of science, engineering, and productive application. Relevance : GS 3: Science & Technology, Innovation Systems, R&D, Industrial Policy, Knowledge Economy. GS 2: Governance, Institutional Reforms, Public–Private Partnerships, Policy Incentives. Practice Question : Drawing on the framework of knowledge economies, critically analyse India’s challenges and opportunities in becoming a global knowledge power. Suggest institutional and policy measures to create productive feedback loops between research and industry.(250 Words) Understanding Knowledge Economies Definition: Economies where innovation, knowledge creation, and diffusion are central drivers of productivity, growth, and technological leadership. Types of Knowledge (Mokyr): Propositional Knowledge: Understanding principles, laws of nature, scientific facts. Prescriptive Knowledge: Techniques and methods to apply principles to create inventions, tools, and technologies. Key Takeaway: Necessity alone does not drive innovation; it requires knowledge as a midwife to convert needs into productive inventions. Mokyr’s Thesis on Industrial Revolution Critical Factors for sustained innovation: Accumulation and interaction of propositional and prescriptive knowledge. Elite culture with scientific temperament embedded in institutions, networks, and epistemic norms. Diffusion mechanisms: Institutions, social conditions, and cross-border communication (e.g., trans-European “republic of letters”). Paradoxical conditions: Political fragmentation allowed ideas to circulate freely. Social and institutional conditions spot talent and allow it to flourish. Contrast with India: India historically had political fragmentation and intellectual vibrancy, with widespread dissemination of texts and knowledge networks. Despite this, India did not experience an industrial revolution, highlighting missing links in productive feedback loops between science and application. Lessons for India’s Knowledge Economy Elite Culture Matters: Innovation requires a culture of curiosity, scientific temperament, and openness in leadership and institutions. Individual genius is insufficient; institutional and networked support is critical. Integration of Knowledge Types: India must bridge the gap between scientific discovery (propositional) and industrial/technological application (prescriptive). Institutional Networks: Need robust networks for diffusion of ideas, collaboration between academia, industry, and public research institutions. Trans-Political Knowledge Sharing: India’s historic “republic of letters” model of open, cross-regional intellectual exchange can be leveraged to foster modern innovation ecosystems. State Role vs. Market Role: Mokyr downplays state intervention in sustained innovation. Contemporary examples (China, EU) show state-led policies can complement elite and private innovation networks. Structural Gaps in India’s Knowledge Systems Weak integration of science, engineering, and industrial production. Limited culture of risk-taking, experimentation, and failure tolerance in institutions. R&D intensity: ~0.65% of GDP, far below advanced economies (US 3.4%, China 2.4%). Low private-sector participation in deep-tech innovation (~30% of India’s total R&D). Historical institutions did not create sufficient mechanisms for scaling knowledge into industrial output. Contemporary Implications Innovation Ecosystem Building: Develop institutions that encourage translational research. Promote startups and tech ventures that apply scientific knowledge. Policy Design: Incentivise private sector participation in R&D. Support centres of excellence, collaborative labs, and tech parks. Human Capital: Cultivate scientific literacy, curiosity, and experimentation culture among elites and students. Encourage interdisciplinary research bridging STEM, design, and business applications. Global Learning: Leverage lessons from European industrialization, US DARPA model, and Chinese state-private innovation partnerships. Strategic Takeaways Core Takeaway: Knowledge power arises not from raw resources or necessity alone but from sustained accumulation, diffusion, and institutional application of knowledge. India’s Path Forward: Create productive feedback loops between research and industry. Foster elite and institutional culture valuing curiosity, experimentation, and risk-taking. Leverage historical intellectual networks to build modern innovation ecosystems. Vision: By integrating Mokyr’s principles with modern policy and market mechanisms, India can emerge as a global knowledge power and drive long-term technological sovereignty.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 October 2025

Content SC expresses ‘grave concern’ over rising digital arrest scams Nashik unit open; HAL can roll out 24 Tejas jets a year Rotavirus vaccine effective against gastroenteritis in children: study Curb on use of ‘ORS’ term brings to light a doctor’s 8-year battle WMO: Record rise in global CO2 concentrations Where springs once sang, silence now echoes across the Eastern Himalayas SC expresses ‘grave concern’ over rising digital arrest scams  Why in News ? What happened: Supreme Court (SC) took suo motu cognisance of rising digital arrest scams. Trigger: A septuagenarian couple from Ambala, Haryana, lost ₹1.5 crore to conmen impersonating CBI, Enforcement Directorate, and judicial officers. SC’s stance: Described it as a matter of “grave concern”; emphasized coordinated national action. Entities involved for response: Union Government, Haryana Government, and CBI. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Cybercrime management, Inter-agency coordination, Supreme Court suo motu interventions. GS-3: Science & Technology – Cyber fraud trends, Digital financial crimes, Use of technology in scams. GS-4: Ethics – Public awareness, Protection of vulnerable citizens, Responsibility of institutions. Understanding Digital Arrest Scams Definition: Cyber frauds where criminals impersonate law enforcement, judiciary, or government officials. Modus Operandi: Sending fake court orders, warrants, or summons digitally (email, WhatsApp, SMS). Threatening immediate arrest or legal action to extort money. Using forged documents from multiple judicial or investigative agencies to increase authenticity. Victims targeted: Often elderly or less tech-savvy individuals. Financial impact: Losses can range from lakhs to crores of rupees per victim. Scope and Magnitude Nationwide concern: SC noted this is not a solitary instance; reported across multiple states. Digital crime trends in India: Cybercrime complaints reported to National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP): ~ 5.5 lakh in 2024 (all categories). Financial frauds and impersonation cases are growing at ~20–25% per year. Elderly and urban professionals are high-risk targets due to perceived wealth. Technology exploitation: Fraudsters increasingly use deepfakes, official seals, and realistic document templates. Legal & Institutional Framework Existing laws applicable: IPC Sections 420, 467, 468, 471 – cheating, forgery, and fraud. Information Technology Act 2000 – cyber fraud, identity theft, digital impersonation. Investigating agencies: CBI: Handles large-scale interstate scams. State Cyber Cells: Investigate local digital frauds. Enforcement Directorate: Investigates if money laundering or cross-border transfer involved. Challenges: Jurisdictional issues across states. Difficulty in tracking digital transactions and fraudsters. Lack of awareness among victims. Supreme Court’s Observations & Implications Key observations: Fabrication of multiple judicial documents to dupe victims. Fraud is a well-organized criminal enterprise, not isolated incidents. Calls for pan-India stern action to uncover and prevent such scams. Implications: Likely directives to Union & State Governments to issue public advisories. Possible strengthening of cybercrime cells and coordination between central and state agencies. Courts may consider fast-tracking cybercrime cases. Preventive & Citizen Measures Awareness campaigns: Government advisories on digital impersonation scams. Verification: Always verify court notices with official portals or through local police. Reporting: Register complaints via NCRP, local police, or CBI helplines. Technology safeguards: Use official apps and secure banking channels, avoid sharing OTPs or banking credentials. Data / Facts to Highlight ₹1.5 crore lost by the Ambala couple – SC cited as illustrative case. Cybercrime complaints in India: ~5.5 lakh in 2024 (uptrend). Financial frauds growing 20–25% per year. Elderly victims increasingly targeted. Nashik unit open; HAL can roll out 24 Tejas jets a year Why in News ? Event: Defence Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated: Third production line of Light Combat Aircraft Tejas Mk1A. Second production line of HTT–40 trainer aircraft at HAL Nashik facility. Significance: Flagged off first LCA Mk1A produced at Nashik, symbolizing India’s growing self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Context: Part of ongoing defence sector transformation under PM Modi since 2014, emphasizing Make in India and indigenisation. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Defence policy implementation, Make in India, Public sector reforms. GS-3: Economy – Defence manufacturing, Employment generation, Strategic industrial capacity. GS-3: Science & Technology – Indigenous aircraft production, Technological self-reliance, Aerospace innovations. Basics LCA Tejas Mk1A: Indigenous lightweight multirole fighter aircraft. Upgraded version of LCA Mk1; includes advanced avionics, radar, EW capabilities. Current Nashik line capacity: 8 aircraft/year, total HAL capacity with three lines: 24 aircraft/year. HTT-40: Indigenous basic trainer aircraft for IAF pilot training. Second production line at Nashik complements first line in Bengaluru. HAL (Hindustan Aeronautics Limited): Backbone of India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem, integrating government, industry, and academia. Defence Manufacturing Transformation (2014–Present) Import vs domestic production: 2014: India imported 65–70% of military hardware. Present: ~65% domestically manufactured. Goal: 100% self-reliance. Policy reforms: Encouraged private sector participation. Focus on planning, advanced technology, and innovation to reduce strategic vulnerabilities. Operational proof: HAL integrated BrahMos missile on Su-30 aircraft during Operation Sindoor, ensuring timely destruction of terrorist hideouts. Demonstrates India’s design, production, and deployment capabilities. HAL Production & Expansion Production lines in India: LCA Mk1A: First two lines in Bengaluru; third in Nashik. HTT-40: First line in Bengaluru; second in Nashik. Capacity & expansion: Current Nashik line: 8 aircraft/year; total LCA Mk1A capacity: 24 aircraft/year. Planned expansion in 2 years: up to 10 aircraft/year at Nashik with additional assembly jig line, tooling, and pre-installation check facilities. Economic impact: Creation of ~1,000 jobs in Nashik. Development of 40+ industry partners in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh. Strategic Significance Reduces import dependence on fighter jets, missiles, engines, and electronic warfare systems. Strengthens national security and operational readiness of Indian Air Force. Enhances Make in India initiative credibility in high-tech defence manufacturing. Demonstrates synergy among government, HAL, private industry, and academia. Key Data / Facts LCA Mk1A production capacity: 24 aircraft/year (with three lines). Nashik line: 8 aircraft/year, expansion to 10/year planned. Jobs created: ~1,000; 40+ industry partners developed. India’s domestic defence manufacturing: ~65% currently, up from <35% in 2014. HAL key achievements: BrahMos integration on Su-30 during Operation Sindoor. Rotavirus vaccine effective against gastroenteritis in children: study  Why in News ? Event: Publication of a multi–centre observational study on the effectiveness of India’s indigenous Rotavac vaccine under the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) 2016–2020. Source: Study led by Gagandeep Kang, Nayana P. Nair, and Samarasimha N. Reddy; published in Nature Medicine. Context: Evaluates real-world impact of Rotavac, India’s first indigenous oral rotavirus vaccine. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Universal Immunisation Programme, Public health policy, Evidence-based decision-making. GS-3: Economy – Domestic vaccine production, Atmanirbhar Bharat in healthcare, Cost-effective health interventions. GS-1: Society – Reduction in child mortality, Strengthening societal health outcomes. Basics Rotavirus: Major cause of severe gastroenteritis and diarrhoealdeaths in children under 5. Global burden: ~128,500 deaths annually in India among under-five children. Rotavac vaccine: Oral, indigenous, developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with DBT, Indian govt., and international partners. Administration schedule: 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age under UIP. Publicly available and free to all eligible children under UIP. Study Design & Coverage Type: Observational, multi-centre, real-world effectiveness study. Timeframe: 2016–2020, covering introduction of Rotavac in UIP. Scope: 31 hospitals across 9 Indian states. Compared proportion of paediatric rotavirus hospitalisations before and after vaccine introduction. Objective: Assess real-world vaccine effectiveness outside controlled clinical trials. Key Findings Overall effectiveness:54% reduction in rotavirus-based gastroenteritis among vaccinated children. Comparable to phase 3 clinical trial efficacy (54%), confirming effectiveness in routine conditions. Age-specific impact: Effectiveness sustained in first two years of life, when disease burden is highest. Hospitalisation impact: Significant decline in rotavirus hospitalisations across study sites. Broader implication: Confirms indigenous vaccines can be effective in real-world settings, not just clinical trials. Strategic & Operational Significance Indigenous development: Reduces reliance on foreign vaccines; aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat in healthcare. Evidence-based policy: Provides data for scaling up Rotavac coverage and planning future vaccination campaigns. Global relevance: Adds India’s experience to rotavirus vaccine effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries. Key Data / Facts Vaccine efficacy: 54% (both in trial and real-world). UIP introduction: 2016. Hospitals studied: 31 across 9 states. Burden: 128,500 under-five deaths annually from rotavirus in India. Administration schedule: 6, 10, 14 weeks. Curb on use of ‘ORS’ term brings to light a doctor’s 8-year battle Why in News ? Event: FSSAI issued an order banning all beverages from using the term ‘ORS’ in their trademarked names. Background: Earlier, companies were allowed to use the term with disclaimers, which misled consumers. Trigger: Misuse of ORS branding led to children becoming critically dehydrated despite caregivers administering “store–bought ORS” products. Champion: Hyderabad paediatrician Dr Sivarangini Santhosh led an eight-year advocacy to prevent misuse of the ORS term. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Regulatory oversight by FSSAI, Consumer protection, Long-term advocacy in health policy. GS-3: Economy – Preventing economic burden from hospitalisations, Ensuring safe medical consumption. GS-1: Society – Child health protection, Public awareness on correct ORS usage. GS-4: Ethics – Ethical responsibility in medical communication and product labelling. Understanding ORS Definition: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is a medical solution containing precise ratios of glucose, sodium chloride, and potassium chloride. Purpose: Rehydrates patients by facilitating water absorption in the gut; prevents death from diarrhoea. Global significance: ORS is a landmark medical discovery by Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, saving millions of lives worldwide. Child mortality context in India: 13% of deaths in children under five are due to diarrhoea. Improper ORS use or substitutes can worsen dehydration and diarrhoea. Problem with Flavoured/Packaged ‘ORS’ Products Entered market over the last decade without adhering to correct sugar-salt ratios. Excess sugar can draw water out of the gut, worsening diarrhoea. Even with disclaimers, branding misleads caregivers, leading to critical dehydration. Case examples: Children in Hyderabad and Madhya Pradesh became critically ill after consuming such beverages. Regulatory Journey Initial confusion: ORS products are medical; assumed regulated by CDSCO (drug regulator). Correct authority: FSSAI (food regulator). Timeline: April 2022: FSSAI restricted ORS use with some limitations. Later reversed to allow ORS in names with disclaimers. October 2025: FSSAI finally bans use of ORS in beverage names. Advocacy: Dr Santhosh approached Telangana High Court, Health Minister, Prime Minister, and medical associations. Faced opposition from industry and social isolation. Health & Scientific Significance ORS works by osmosis: glucose and electrolytes pull water into the body, rehydrating effectively. Improper substitutes can: Increase severity of diarrhoea. Cause hospitalisations and deaths. Highlights the importance of correct labelling and public awareness of medical products. Key Facts & Data ORS prevents 13% of under-five deaths from diarrhoea in India. Misbranded ORS-like drinks caused critical dehydration and hospitalisations. Advocacy duration: 8 years by Dr Sivarangini Santhosh. Regulatory outcome: FSSAI bans the term ‘ORS’ in beverage names. Scientific fact: Proper ORS contains fixed glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride ratios; deviations can worsen dehydration. WMO: Record rise in global CO2 concentrations Why in News ? Event: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) released data showing a record rise in global CO2 concentrations between 2022 and 2024. Key highlights: Global average CO2: 423.1 ppm in 2024, up 2.9 ppm from 2023. Increase since 1990: +51.4 ppm. Global temperature: 2024 was the warmest year on record, 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels. First time the 1.5°C annual average threshold was crossed, a key climate benchmark. Relevance: GS-3: Environment – Climate change trends, GHG emissions, Global warming, Renewable energy imperatives. GS-2: Governance – International climate governance, Policy responses, Multilateral coordination (UNFCCC, WMO). GS-1: Society – Impact on livelihoods, Migration, and human security. Understanding CO2 and Greenhouse Gases ? CO2 as a greenhouse gas (GHG): Primary driver of climate change, contributing ~66% of global warming since pre-industrial times. Sources: Natural: respiration, decomposition, wildfires, ocean releases, volcanic eruptions. Anthropogenic: fossil fuel burning, industry, land-use change. Natural sinks (forests, oceans) absorb roughly half of human CO2 emissions. Other GHGs: Methane (CH4): 16% of warming; increased to 1,942 ppb in 2024. Lifetime ~12 years. Nitrous oxide (N2O): 6% of warming; increased to 338 ppb in 2024. Lifetime 100–120 years. Trends and Record Increase Long-term trend: CO2 has never declined in last 40 years; annual average increase: 0.8 ppm/year since 1957. Acceleration: 1960s: 0.8 ppm/year. 2011–2020: 2.4 ppm/year. 2023–2024: record jump of 3.5 ppm/year, unprecedented. Relative to pre-industrial levels (278.3 ppm): Current CO2 152% higher. Causes Behind Record Rise Anthropogenic emissions: Continued fossil fuel burning. Natural feedbacks reducing CO2 absorption: Oceans: reduced solubility due to higher temperatures. Forests and land sinks: extreme droughts, wildfires, deforestation reduced CO2 uptake. Exceptional events: Large-scale forest fires in 2024 added extra emissions. Feedback loops: Higher temperatures → less CO2 absorption → more warming → more emissions. Global Temperature Context 2024: Warmest year recorded, 1.55°C above pre-industrial levels. Significance: Breaching 1.5°C threshold increases risks of: Irreversible climate impacts (sea-level rise, ice melt). Extreme weather events (heatwaves, floods, droughts). GHG contribution: CO2: ~75% of warming in last decade. CH4: shorter-term impact but potent GHG. N2O: long-term atmospheric persistence. Implications and Challenges Rapid CO2 accumulation signals failure to slow emissions meaningfully despite global efforts. Climate feedbacks exacerbate warming: higher CO2 → reduced absorption → higher temperatures → more CO2 release. Urgency for action: Need enhanced mitigation, renewable energy adoption, forest protection, and global cooperation. Key Data / Facts Parameter 2024 Value Trend / Notes CO2 concentration 423.1 ppm +2.9 ppm from 2023, +51.4 ppm since 1990 Global temp above pre-industrial 1.55°C First annual average >1.5°C Methane (CH4) 1,942 ppb +8 ppb from 2023; avg 10.6 ppb/year last decade Nitrous oxide (N2O) 338 ppb +1 ppb from 2023; avg 1.07 ppb/year last decade CO2 contribution to warming ~66% since pre-industrial; ~75% in last decade Primary driver of climate change Where springs once sang, silence now echoes across the Eastern Himalayas Why in News ? Event: Report highlighting the drying of Himalayan springs and its impact on livelihoods, women, and local culture in Darjeeling Hills. Source: Field reportage and research by Kabindra Sharma, IUCN India Fellow, supported by NITI Aayog data. Context: Nearly 50% of springs in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) are drying up, threatening water security, agriculture, and traditional lifestyles. Relevance: GS-1: Society – Livelihoods, Gendered burden, Cultural impacts of water scarcity. GS-2: Governance – Water security policy, Spring revival initiatives, Climate-resilient local governance. GS-3: Environment – Hydrology, Deforestation, Ecosystem services, Agriculture dependency. Understanding Himalayan Springs ? Definition: Springs are natural groundwater outlets, providing freshwater for drinking, irrigation, and livestock. Significance: Source of water for 200 million people across ecologically fragile mountain systems in India (Himalayas, Western/Eastern Ghats, Aravallis). Sustain agriculture, livestock, and local livelihoods. Cultural and social importance; tied to traditional practices and local knowledge. Historical self-reliance: Villages like Kolbong Khasmahal were once self-sufficient in vegetables and milk, relying on local water sources. Causes of Drying Springs Climate shifts: Changing rainfall patterns, unpredictable monsoons, and prolonged dry periods. Deforestation & unsustainable land-use: Reduced soil water retention, increased runoff, and diminished aquifer recharge. Anthropogenic neglect: Limited recognition in national water governance frameworks prior to 2018; National Water Policies of 1987, 2002, 2012 made no mention of springs. Local impacts: Excessive withdrawal, lack of spring recharge practices, and encroachment. Socio-Economic Impacts Water access burden on women: Average of 2 hours/day spent fetching water from distant springs. Physical strain, health risks, and impact on household management. Livelihood loss: Decline in local vegetable production and dairy products like churpi. Dependence on imported vegetables and packaged milk from towns like Dhupguri and Maynaguri. Migration: Youth move to cities due to declining local economic opportunities. Pandemic effect: Returning migrants found parched lands and dry springs, compounding livelihood challenges. Environmental and Ecological Implications Water stress: Springs drying → reduced soil moisture → declining crop productivity. Forest degradation: Feedback loop with deforestation and drought further reduces natural recharge of springs. Biodiversity: Reduced water availability affects flora, fauna, and livestock dependent on spring-fed ecosystems. Ecological crisis: Combined hydrological, agricultural, and biodiversity loss threatens the Himalayan ecosystem. Policy & Governance Context NITI Aayog 2018 Report: First formal acknowledgment of spring degradation; launched Inventory and Revival of Springs for Water Security in the Himalayas. Gap in policy: Prior national water policies ignored mountain spring systems, reflecting institutional neglect. Regional water governance: Ongoing initiatives by SaciWATERs and IUCN India focus on climate resilience, water management, and revival of springs. Cultural and Human Security Implications Springs are intertwined with traditions, local knowledge, and community identity. Drying springs are a non-traditional security threat: Threat to livelihoods and food security. Gendered burden on women’s labor and time. Potential migration and social disruption. Key Facts / Data Parameter Value / Observation Himalayan springs dried ~50% of total springs in IHR People dependent on spring water ~200 million across India Daily water fetching time (women) ~2 hours/day in Darjeeling villages Economic shift From locally produced vegetables/milk to imported vegetables and packaged milk Recognition in policy NITI Aayog 2018 report on Inventory & Revival of Springs

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 October 2025

Content State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) 2025 National Consumer Helpline State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) 2025 Why in News The Ministry of Mines (16 Oct 2025) released the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) and State Rankings — a first-of-its-kind initiative to encourage mining sector reforms at the State level. This fulfills a key Union Budget 2025–26 announcement aimed at enhancing transparency, competitiveness, and sustainability in non-coal mineral development. Relevance: GS 1 (Geography): Resource distribution, regional disparities. GS 2 (Governance): Cooperative & competitive federalism; Centre-State coordination. GS 3 (Economy/Environment): Mining policy reforms, sustainable resource use, data-driven governance. Context Mining in India is governed by a federal structure — States play a major role in granting mineral concessions and ensuring operational efficiency. Yet, performance varies widely across States in exploration, auctioning, and environmental compliance. Hence, the SMRI was developed to: Evaluate readiness, efficiency, and reform orientation of States, and Encourage best-practice sharing and competitive federalism. About the State Mining Readiness Index (SMRI) Feature Description Launched by Ministry of Mines, Government of India Purpose To assess and rank States on their readiness for mining sector reforms and operational efficiency Coverage Focus on non-coal minerals Structure of Index Comprises indicators under four key dimensions:  Auction Performance Timeliness and transparency of auctioning mining leases  Early Mine Operationalization Speed of converting auctioned mines into production  Exploration Thrust Investment, technology adoption, and survey activity for new mineral resources  Sustainable Mining Practices Compliance with environment, safety, and community engagement norms Categorization of States States are grouped into three categories based on mineral endowment (extent and diversity of mineral resources): Category Description Top 3 States (2025) Category A Mineral-rich States  Madhya Pradesh  Rajasthan  Gujarat Category B Moderately endowed States  Goa  Uttar Pradesh  Assam Category C Lesser-endowed States  Punjab  Uttarakhand  Tripura Significance Promotes Cooperative & Competitive Federalism Encourages States to benchmark and improve their mining governance. Policy Feedback Tool Identifies bottlenecks in auctioning, approvals, or sustainability compliance. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat Goals Enhances domestic mineral availability for industries (steel, cement, electronics, etc.). Transparency & Accountability Publicly ranking States creates pressure for reforms and faster operationalization. Data-driven Governance Introduces measurable indicators to track State-level progress. Sustainability and Environmental Focus SMRI includes sustainable mining parameters: Land reclamation, water use efficiency, waste management, and CSR outreach. Aligns with India’s Vision 2047 for Responsible Mining. Wider Policy Context Union Budget 2025–26: Announced creation of SMRI to enhance States’ participation in mineral value chain. Reforms Complementing SMRI: Amendments to MMDR Act (2021) — greater private exploration participation. District Mineral Foundation (DMF) strengthening for local development. National Mineral Exploration Policy (NMEP) update for advanced exploration. Critical Minerals Mission (2024) — ensures strategic mineral security. Implications SMRI bridges the policy-to-performance gap by ranking States on measurable outcomes rather than intent. It could reshape India’s mineral federalism, shifting from resource dependency to resource efficiency. Future integration with critical minerals strategy and digital mine monitoring (e.g., TAMRA portal) can make it a central tool for governance reform. National Consumer Helpline Why in News On 16 October 2025, the Department of Consumer Affairs highlighted major progress of the National Consumer Helpline (NCH) — its growing digital reach, refund facilitation, corporate partnerships, and new integration with the Next-Gen GST Reforms 2025. The NCH has emerged as a tech-enabled grievance redressal system empowering citizens, improving accountability, and reinforcing India’s consumer protection ecosystem. Context The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 expanded India’s consumer rights architecture — including e-filing, product liability, and misleading advertisement regulation. Within this framework, the National Consumer Helpline (NCH) serves as a frontline mechanism for grievance redressal before litigation, strengthening consumer trust in governance. Relevance: GS 2: Governance, e-Governance initiatives, citizen-centric services. GS 3: Consumer protection, ethical business practices, technology in governance. About the National Consumer Helpline Feature Description Launched by Department of Consumer Affairs, Government of India Platform consumerhelpline.gov.in Nature Integrated Grievance Redress Mechanism (INGRAM) Objective To guide consumers, resolve complaints, and create awareness about their rights and responsibilities Coverage All consumer-related sectors including e-commerce, banking, travel, telecom, and FMCG Languages Supported 17 Indian languages Helpline Numbers 1800-11-4000 or 1915 (toll-free) Digital Transformation and Growth Indicator 2015 2024–25 Growth Monthly Calls 12,553 (Dec 2015) 1,55,138 (Dec 2024) 10x Increase Avg. Monthly Complaints 37,062 (2017) 1,70,585 (2025) ~4.6x Increase Digital Mode Complaints — 65% (2025) Major Shift WhatsApp Complaints Share 3% (Mar 2023) 20% (Mar 2025) Rapid Digitization This surge reflects increased citizen awareness, greater digital access, and trust in online redressal systems. Consumer Refund Facilitation (July 2025 Snapshot) Sector Complaints Resolved Refunds Facilitated E-commerce 3,594 ₹1.34 crore Travel & Tourism — ₹31 lakh Total (27 sectors) 7,256 grievances ₹2.72 crore refunds Compared to April 2025: only 1,079 grievances with ₹62 lakh refunds — showing a 4x rise in refunds and 6x rise in cases resolved within three months. Convergence Initiative (Corporate Collaboration) Year Number of Partner Companies 2017 263 2025 1,142 Purpose: Enables real-time complaint forwarding to companies for direct resolution within 30 days. Builds corporate accountability, consumer trust, and social responsibility. Benefits for Companies: Resolve disputes before escalation. Improve customer retention & brand loyalty. Demonstrate good governance & transparency. Empowering Students – Refund Disputes (Feb 2025) Refunds worth ₹1.56 crore secured for 600+ students from coaching centres (Civil Services, Engineering, etc.). Enabled through NCH, ensuring transparency and student protection. Coaching institutes directed to adopt student-friendly refund policies. Integration with Next-Gen GST Reforms 2025 Event Details Context Integration aligned with GST Council’s 56th meeting (Sep 2025) post GST rate revisions (from 22 Sep 2025). New NCH Category Dedicated “GST-related complaints” section on INGRAM portal. Calls Received (till 2 Oct 2025) 3,981 GST-related calls — 31% queries, 69% formal grievances. Forwarded Cases 1,992 → CBIC, 761 → Convergence partner companies Major Complaint Themes: Misconception over milk & milk product GST exemptions. E-commerce firms not passing GST rate benefits (TVs, ACs, etc.). Confusion over LPG and petrol pricing. Outcome: Consumers actively engaging → shows rising awareness and system trust post-GST reforms. Significance Strengthens Consumer Protection Framework under CPA 2019. Pre-litigation Redressal: Saves time and legal costs for citizens. Tech-driven Governance: Multi-channel access with AI-based tracking. Transparency & Corporate Accountability: Via convergence partnerships. Empowered Citizenry: Educates people on rights, duties, and processes. Policy Synergy: Integrates with GST reforms, Digital India, and UMANG. Implications Governance Innovation: NCH exemplifies India’s “preventive justice” model — resolving disputes before escalation. Data-Driven Administration: Analytics from NCH feed into policy feedback loops on consumer behavior and sectoral malpractices. Social Equity Lens: Accessible in 17 languages, ensuring inclusivity in grievance redress. Next Step: Integration with AI chatbots and predictive grievance analytics can enhance real-time policy corrections. Conclusion The National Consumer Helpline has evolved into a pillar of citizen-centric governance, combining technology, transparency, and trust. By facilitating quick refunds, resolving GST-linked issues, and promoting cooperative accountability between the State, citizens, and industry, NCH is not just a grievance platform — it is the digital backbone of India’s consumer protection ecosystem.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 October 2025

Content A reading of a revisionism in constitutional history Ensure safeguards for India’s carbon market A reading of a revisionism in constitutional history  Why in News ? A section of scholars has recently argued that Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, the Constitutional Adviser to the Constituent Assembly, was the real architect of the Indian Constitution, while Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Chairman of the Drafting Committee, merely refined Rau’s draft. This view has sparked discussions on the historical interpretation of both figures’ contributions. Basic Context Sir B.N. Rau: A distinguished civil servant, jurist, and scholar, appointed as Constitutional Adviser in July 1946. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Eminent jurist, economist, and social reformer, appointed as Chairman of the Drafting Committee in August 1947. Both were key contributors to the framing of India’s Constitution but with distinct roles and mandates. Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance: Constitutional history, evolution of constitutional thought, contributions of key figures. Practice Question The making of India’s Constitution was as much a moral and social enterprise as a legal one. In this context, critically examine the distinct yet complementary roles of B.N. Rau and B.R. Ambedkar in shaping India’s constitutional vision. (250 words) Roles and Contributions Sir B.N. Rau Mandate: To prepare a working draft of the Constitution based on the Assembly’s committee reports and comparative constitutional studies. Methodology: Studied constitutions of USA, UK, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and Weimar Germany; consulted scholars like Felix Frankfurter and Harold Laski. Output: Submitted a draft Constitution (Oct 1947) with 243 Articles and 13 Schedules. Nature of work: Technical and preparatory — provided the framework for deliberations. Limitations: Not a member of the Constituent Assembly; no political or representative authority. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mandate: To convert Rau’s legal draft into a political and moral covenant through the Drafting Committee and the Constituent Assembly. Leadership: Defended every clause amidst challenges like Partition, communal tensions, and ideological divides. Vision: Ensured that the Constitution reflected the principles of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Distinct contribution: Provided the moral and social dimension — transforming a legal document into a living social manifesto. Key Imprints: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and affirmative action provisions. Mutual Acknowledgment Ambedkar explicitly credited Rau in his concluding speech (Nov 25, 1949), calling his draft a “rough draft”. Also acknowledged S.N. Mukherjee, the Chief Draftsman, for exceptional legal articulation. Rau’s correspondence with Ambedkar and Nehru reflected mutual respect and cooperation; he never claimed authorship. Gandhi’s Role in Ambedkar’s Inclusion After Partition, Ambedkar lost his Assembly seat from Bengal. Despite prior disagreements, Mahatma Gandhi insisted that Ambedkar be re-elected (from Bombay Presidency). Gandhi believed no Constitution could be legitimate without Scheduled Caste representation. This inclusion helped ensure social legitimacy and national unity during a fragile period. Scholarly and Political Dimensions The current revisionist narrative challenges Ambedkar’s primacy and, according to critics, seeks to recast constitutional authorship along caste lines. However, a neutral interpretation suggests that: Rau was the constitutional engineer — providing structure, coherence, and comparative depth. Ambedkar was the constitutional architect — infusing justice, social equality, and democratic values. Enduring Legacy Ambedkar’s warnings about social and economic inequality endangering political democracy remain central to constitutional discourse. The Constitution’s legitimacy arises not just from technical precision but from its social and moral vision. Both Rau and Ambedkar contributed indispensably — one through scholarship, the other through statesmanship. Takeaway The making of India’s Constitution was a collaborative enterprise, not the creation of one individual. Rau’s draft served as the skeleton; Ambedkar’s leadership gave it life and legitimacy. Recognizing both without distortion safeguards the Constitution’s historical integrity and inclusive spirit. Constituent Assembly: Value Addition Composition and Representation Original Strength: 389 members (later 299 at adoption in 1950). Electoral Basis: Members were elected by provincial assemblies (indirectly) under the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946. Minority & Special Groups Representation: Included Scheduled Castes, Muslims, Sikhs, Anglo-Indians, and princely state representatives. Ensured inclusive deliberation, though not universal adult franchise. Key Functions Beyond Drafting Framing the Constitution: Drafting committees, sub-committees, and technical advisers translated diverse demands into a unified text. Legislative Function: Served as the provisional Parliament of India (1947–1950), enacting essential laws. Debate on Social Justice: Addressed minority rights, land reforms, and caste equity, laying the foundation for affirmative action. Consensus-Building: Negotiated conflicts across regions, religions, and ideologies, especially after Partition. Influence of Advisors Sir B.N. Rau: Prepared the working draft; introduced comparative constitutional methods. K.M. Munshi, Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer: Contributed regional perspectives and legal expertise. B.R. Ambedkar: Translated the draft into a politically and morally legitimate document, defended Fundamental Rights and social justice clauses. Ensure safeguards for India’s carbon market  Why in News As India builds its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) to align economic growth with sustainability, debates have emerged over ethical, social, and environmental safeguards in carbon markets. Global experiences, such as the Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project, show that without protection for local communities, such initiatives risk replicating exploitative structures under the banner of climate action. Relevance GS Paper 3 – Environment, Economy, Ethics: Climate governance, carbon markets, sustainable growth, and community rights. Practice Question As India develops its Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS), discuss how equity, transparency, and community participation can be ensured to prevent the emergence of “modern plantations” under the guise of climate action. (250 words) Growth vs. Planetary Limits The growth-driven model since the Industrial Revolution has pushed planetary boundaries beyond safe limits — causing climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. While “degrowth” (reducing production and consumption) is proposed by some as a solution, it is neither feasible nor equitable for developing countries still battling poverty and hunger. The alternative path: “decoupling growth from environmental harm” — achieving economic expansion while reducing ecological footprints through clean technologies, renewable energy, and sustainable practices. India’s examples: Rapid solar energy expansion Micro-irrigation adoption improving water-use efficiency Concept of Carbon Credits Definition: A carbon credit represents a certified reduction or removal of greenhouse gases (GHGs), measured in CO₂-equivalents. Generation: Through mitigation or sequestration activities such as: Renewable energy (solar, wind) Reforestation and afforestation Agroforestry and biochar Purpose: Allow firms to offset emissions while transitioning to cleaner operations. Reward developing nations for low-carbon practices. Global Carbon Credit Trends 175–180 million credits are retired annually. Major sources: Renewable energy projects Nature-based projects (REDD+, afforestation) However, agriculture-based carbon projects remain underdeveloped despite high potential. Of 64 Indian agricultural projects listed under Verra, only four are registered and none have issued credits — due to weak farmer engagement, lack of training, and low participation of marginalised groups. India’s Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) Launched under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022. Objective: Build a domestic carbon market to help meet India’s Net Zero 2070 target. Key features: Sets emission-intensity benchmarks for energy-intensive sectors. Allows voluntary offsets. Establishes a national registry and trading platform. Draft methodologies for sectors like biomass, compressed biogas, and low-emission rice cultivation already released. Challenge: The current focus is on procedural compliance, not community safeguards. Global Cautionary Tales: Kenya’s Experience Northern Kenya Rangelands Carbon Project Launched: 2012; covered 1.9 million hectares. Goal: Remove 50 million tonnes of CO₂ in 30 years. Issues identified: Weak community consent and land rights. Allegations of forced conservancies and armed enforcement. Verra suspended credit issuance in 2023 and again in 2025 after a Kenyan court found violations of public participation laws. Lesson: Community-led initiatives can fail if decentralised institutions are captured or excluded from governance. Lake Turkana Wind Power Project (Kenya) Fenced 1,50,000 acres of community land, cutting herders off from grazing and water routes. Highlighted the dilemma: sustainability achieved at the expense of livelihoods. Potential Risks for India Customary land-use conflicts: Afforestation and reforestation projects may encroach on village commons and forest fringes. Marginalisation risks: Caste and class inequalities could result in benefits bypassing small and marginal farmers. Opaque governance: Developers not mandated to disclose benefit-sharing arrangements. Top-down approach: Limited Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) and community participation. These factors could turn carbon projects into “modern plantations”, repeating colonial patterns of control. Why Carbon Projects Are Vulnerable Vulnerability Description Power asymmetry Companies/developers hold more information and resources than local communities. Lack of transparency No legal requirement for benefit-sharing disclosure. Weak institutional safeguards Land rights and FPIC often overlooked. Compliance focus Regulatory design emphasises carbon accounting over social justice. The Way Forward for India A. Balanced Regulatory Architecture Avoid overregulation that deters private actors. Build “lightweight yet protective” frameworks ensuring: Transparency in benefit-sharing. Formalised community consent mechanisms. Independent verification of social and environmental safeguards. B. Empowering Local Communities Strengthen land tenure rights and FPIC processes. Ensure inclusive participation of smallholders, women, and marginalised groups. Use capacity-building and extension programs to engage farmers effectively. C. Institutional Mechanisms Create grievance redressal bodies and community audit systems. Involve Panchayati Raj institutions and forest rights committees for local oversight. Align carbon projects with SDGs and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Takeaway Degrowth is not a viable option for developing nations like India; sustainable growth through decoupling is. Carbon markets, if designed equitably, can drive green development. However, without justice, transparency, and participation, they risk becoming extractive climate capitalism. The Kenyan experience underscores that climate action without community consent undermines both equity and credibility.

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