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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 28 September 2024

Contents: Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Keep the Fire of the Self-Respect Movement Going Context: The article commemorates the centenary of the Self-Respect Movement, an emancipatory effort started in 1925. The movement, led by E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar), aimed to empower communities to challenge social hierarchies and advocate for social justice and gender equality. Though associated with the Dravidian Movement, it has broader significance in opposing cultural hegemony and promoting equality. The relevance of this movement persists as it addresses ongoing social and political challenges in India. Relevance: General Studies Paper 1 (Modern Indian History) Mains Question: Discuss the historical significance of the Self-Respect Movement and its role in shaping social and political discourse in Tamil Nadu and India. How is the movement’s ideology relevant in contemporary society? (250 words) Origins of the Movement: The Self-Respect Movement began in 1925 under the leadership of E.V. Ramasamy, popularly known as Periyar. Its key objective was to dismantle the entrenched caste system and empower non-Brahmin communities. It stood against the dominance of Brahminical social norms and aimed to establish social equality. Ideological Basis: The movement advocated radical social reforms, focusing on abolishing caste hierarchies and patriarchal traditions. It opposed the ritualistic dominance in society and promoted rationalism. It also pushed for women’s rights, gender equality, and equal access to education and employment. Women’s Empowerment: Periyar’s emphasis on gender equality led to reforms advocating women’s property rights, equal marital rights, and abolition of oppressive social practices like child marriage. This was revolutionary for its time and became a major focus of the movement. Influence on Political Discourse: The movement laid the groundwork for the formation of the Dravidian political ideology, which shaped the politics of Tamil Nadu. It became a key platform for the Dravidian political parties like the DMK, which later carried forward the agenda of social justice and secularism. Contemporary Relevance (Self-Respect 2.0): The modern iteration of the movement must counter new challenges such as rising cultural homogenization and right-wing cultural assertions. Issues like identity politics, caste-based discrimination, and social justice remain highly relevant. Integrating its principles into modern political and social reforms is crucial. Challenges in Modern India: The current socio-political climate in India has seen a rise in narratives that the movement traditionally opposed. Cultural and ideological pressures from Hindutva forces threaten the secular and rationalist principles of the Self-Respect Movement. The movement’s call for rational thought, social equity, and a secular society must be reinvigorated to counter these trends. Call to Action: The movement needs to focus on youth engagement and education to propagate its ideas. Promoting a rationalist and equality-driven society requires addressing misinformation, ideological propaganda, and caste-based oppression. Latest Data and Numbers: The Self-Respect Movement’s influence led to several progressive reforms in Tamil Nadu, such as the abolition of Devadasi practices and the promotion of widow remarriage. The Dravidian parties, shaped by the Self-Respect Movement, have governed Tamil Nadu for over 50 years, indicating its lasting political impact. Conclusion: As the Self-Respect Movement enters its second century, its values of social equality, rationalism, and empowerment are more critical than ever. The movement must adapt and modernize its approach to address contemporary challenges while staying true to its core values. It remains a potent force in the fight against social injustice and the assertion of individual and community rights. Reviving and modernizing the movement is essential to preserve its legacy and ensure its relevance in promoting social justice and equality in present-day India. Russia’s Geopolitical Pivot to Asia: A New India Chapter Context: After Russia cut its economic ties with Europe in 2022, it pivoted its focus towards Asia, especially India, amidst the geopolitical shifts caused by the Ukraine conflict. The move marks a significant strategic shift in Russia’s foreign policy, reflecting its aim to diversify economic and political engagements and reduce dependence on Western economies. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (International Relations Mains Question: Analyze the geopolitical and economic implications of Russia’s strategic pivot to Asia, with a focus on India-Russia relations. What are the key opportunities and challenges for India in this emerging partnership? (250 words) Russia’s Strategic Shift: The Ukraine crisis in 2022 pushed Russia to pivot from Europe to Asia. This decision was driven by the need to reduce vulnerability to Western sanctions and external shocks. The dependency on European markets and financial systems left Russia exposed to political and economic risks. Focus on India: India has emerged as a crucial partner in Russia’s new strategy. Bilateral trade between India and Russia crossed $35.5 billion in June 2022 and reached $75 billion by May 2024. A significant agreement between Prime Minister Modi and President Putin aims to establish $100 billion in bilateral trade by 2030. Economic Dynamics: India’s neutral stance in the Ukraine conflict has facilitated closer economic cooperation. Russia sees India as a stable economic partner for sectors like energy, defense, technology, and infrastructure. India imports Russian oil at discounted prices, which aligns with its strategic needs. Sectoral Collaboration: The focus is on enhancing cooperation in high-potential sectors like defense production, STEM education, technology, and heavy industry. Investments in power plants, refineries, and mining are also being prioritized. Both countries are exploring joint projects in construction and modernization. Challenges in Bilateral Relations: Several challenges hinder smooth cooperation. Sanctions against Russia limit its access to global technologies, complicating trade logistics and finance. Russia’s focus on import substitution and technological nationalism (similar to India’s ‘Make in India’ agenda) could create barriers in sectors like industrial production. Opportunities for India: The pivot provides an opportunity for India to access Russia’s underutilized manufacturing capabilities. Sectors such as steel, heavy machinery, and defense technology could see joint production initiatives. For example, there is potential for Indian firms to supply automotive and smartphone components to Russia. Strategic Implications: Geopolitically, the shift could reduce India’s over-dependence on Western partners and diversify its trade routes. It also aligns with India’s multipolar world view, where it seeks to balance relations with Russia, the West, and other Asian economies. Technological and Educational Cooperation: The emphasis is also on STEM collaborations. Strengthening science and technology cooperation could help overcome the knowledge gap between the two nations. STEM partnerships would be essential to boost innovation and foster educational exchanges.  Latest Data and Numbers: Bilateral trade between India and Russia: $75 billion in 2024. Trade target: $100 billion by 2030. India’s oil imports from Russia have significantly increased since 2022. Conclusion: Russia’s pivot to Asia opens up a new chapter in India-Russia relations, presenting both opportunities and challenges. The bilateral trade target of $100 billion by 2030 is ambitious but achievable through enhanced sectoral cooperation. Addressing sanctions-related hurdles and aligning technological standards will be crucial for sustaining this momentum. India must leverage this partnership strategically to secure its economic and geopolitical interests while ensuring diversification in its foreign policy engagements. India’s balanced approach and pragmatic policy can help it gain from Russia’s new geopolitical and economic orientation, making it a pivotal partner in the evolving Asian landscape. A Last-Minute Plan Context: Delhi’s Winter Action Plan aims to combat the city’s annual air pollution crisis, which peaks during the winter months. While the government has made efforts like deploying drones for real-time monitoring and setting up task forces, the plan lacks long-term vision and cohesive action. Meanwhile, the burning of paddy stubble in Punjab and Haryana remains a major contributor to winter pollution. Coordination between the Centre, Delhi, and neighbouring states is crucial to effectively address this crisis. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Environment Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by Delhi in managing its winter air pollution. Evaluate the effectiveness of the Winter Action Plan and the role of inter-state coordination in addressing the issue. (250 words) Current Scenario and Need for Action: As in previous years, Delhi has unveiled its Winter Action Plan to tackle pollution that surges during the festival season and continues through the winter. The deployment of drones for real-time monitoring and task forces involving the environment, transport, revenue, and traffic departments are positive steps. However, most of these measures are reactive and short-term. Inadequacies in the Winter Action Plan: The plan lacks integration with an annual, comprehensive strategy. Short-term awareness campaigns, although helpful, are insufficient. Behavioral changes in residents and farmers in surrounding areas are essential to ensure long-term results. Without cohesive implementation and follow-up, the Winter Action Plan risks becoming another ineffective bureaucratic exercise. Role of Neighbouring States and the Stubble Burning Issue: A significant portion of Delhi’s winter pollution stems from stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana. The states generate massive amounts of paddy straw—19.52 million tonnes in Punjab and 8 million tonnes in Haryana. While there have been commitments to eliminate stubble burning, implementation remains weak. Last year, Punjab saw a 59% decrease, Haryana a 40% drop, but Uttar Pradesh experienced a 30% rise. Centre’s Intervention and Role of CAQM: The Centre convened meetings involving Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh to take stock of the pollution control measures. The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) was supposed to mediate, but has been criticized for its infrequent meetings and lack of timely interventions. Long-Term Solutions and Challenges: The existing solutions to stubble burning include in-situ management (using straw as mulch) and ex-situ management (using straw as fuel in power plants). Punjab aims to manage 11.5 million tonnes of its straw through these methods, while Haryana targets 3.3 million tonnes. However, logistical gaps and lack of coordination between the states and the Centre pose significant challenges. Government’s Role in Addressing Pollution Hotspots: The Winter Action Plan also focuses on addressing local pollution sources like road dust, vehicular emissions, and construction activities. Efforts such as deploying anti-smog guns, improving waste management, and enforcing traffic regulations are critical. Yet, enforcement has been sporadic and often lacks data-driven approaches. Need for a Multi-layered Strategy: Delhi’s air pollution is a multi-layered problem that requires a comprehensive, year-round approach. The states and the Centre need to integrate their efforts and move beyond blame games. Economic incentives for farmers to adopt cleaner methods and stricter penalties for stubble burning are essential. Latest Data and Numbers: Punjab: 19.52 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Haryana: 8 million tonnes of paddy straw in 2024. Decrease in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Punjab (-59%), Haryana (-40%). Rise in stubble burning incidents in 2023: Uttar Pradesh (+30%). Conclusion: The Winter Action Plan, though a step in the right direction, needs a robust framework with long-term goals. Delhi’s pollution crisis cannot be solved in isolation. Inter-state collaboration, stronger regulatory mechanisms, and better coordination are crucial. The Centre must play a proactive role, while states like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh need to implement their commitments seriously. Only a cohesive, year-round strategy will effectively combat the complex air pollution crisis plaguing Delhi and the Indo-Gangetic region. A strong multi-state action plan, consistent monitoring, and year-round efforts are needed to ensure clean air for Delhi and the entire region.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 September 2024

CONTENTS Maritime Disputes in East Asia Intensify World Tourism Day 2024: Celebrating Tourism and Peace Global Support for India’s Fisheries Subsidies Proposals at WTO Resolution of Land Dispute by Mao Council in Manipur Infrasound GlobE Network Jivitputrika Festival Maritime Disputes in East Asia Intensify Context: Maritime East Asia, including the East and South China Seas, has emerged as a critical zone of intensified geopolitical tensions. The region involves several nations disputing territorial claims, notably China’s assertive stance on the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, controlled by Japan, and expansive claims in the South China Sea, impacting Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, and Indonesia. These disputes pose significant challenges to regional stability and international maritime norms. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Importance of the Seas to China Significance of the Seas China’s Actions in the Region Rising Tensions with the Philippines Regional Responses to China’s Maritime Assertiveness Importance of the Seas to China Sovereignty and Territorial Integrity: China views the East and South China Seas as vital to its sovereignty, territorial integrity, and national security. The 2019 Chinese Defence White Paper asserts that the South China Sea islands and Diaoyu Islands are integral parts of Chinese territory. National Security: China uses its sovereign right to develop infrastructure and deploy defense mechanisms on the islands and reefs of the South China Sea. It also conducts patrols in the waters around the Diaoyu Islands in the East China Sea, defending what it perceives as its rightful territory. Neighboring countries, however, see these actions as offensive and provocative. Significance of the Seas Maritime Trade: Major maritime trade routes in East Asia pass through the East and South China Seas. The Taiwan Strait is a critical choke point for global maritime trade. Undersea Cables: These seas host undersea cables that are vital to the global digital economy. Natural Resources: In 2023, 10 billion barrels of petroleum and 6.7 trillion cubic feet of liquefied natural gas passed through the South China Sea, making it a crucial energy transit route. The seas also contain vast reserves of untapped oil and natural gas. China’s Actions in the Region East China Sea: China has aggressively pushed its territorial claims by constructing defense-related infrastructure, including ports, military bases, and artificial islands. China has clashed with Japan over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands, resulting in multiple crises, including the arrest of a Chinese fishing boat captain in 2010 and Japan’s nationalization of the islands in 2012. South China Sea: The South China Sea is a hotspot for Chinese naval power projection. China’s Coast Guard and maritime militia have been involved in aggressive actions, such as harassing resupply missions, ramming vessels, and using water cannons in what are known as “grey zone” operations designed to change the status quo without initiating war. Rising Tensions with the Philippines Disputes over EEZ: Since 2022, tensions between China and the Philippines have escalated due to incidents in the Philippines’ Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). China has repeatedly disrupted resupply missions to the Philippines’ BRP Sierra Madre, a grounded ship in the Second Thomas Shoal, leading to multiple confrontations. China’s Tactics: Chinese Coast Guard ships are significantly larger than those of the Philippines, raising the risk of dangerous confrontations. China aims to divide U.S. treaty allies in the region, including the Philippines. China’s Naval Strategy Grey Zone Operations: China uses aggressive but non-warlike tactics to push its claims, including ramming vessels and using military-grade lasers. These operations are designed to avoid war but still alter the geopolitical balance in the region. Military Exercises: In July 2024, China conducted joint naval exercises with Russia in the South China Sea, signaling its strength and international support. Legal Disputes: Despite a 2016 ruling by the Permanent Court of Arbitration that invalidates China’s claims in the South China Sea, China continues to reject the ruling and assert its territorial ambitions. Regional Responses to China’s Maritime Assertiveness Strengthening Defence Capabilities Increased Defence Spending: Countries across the Indo-Pacific are boosting their defence budgets in response to China’s growing power. For example, Japan aims to double its defence expenditure by 2027. The Philippines has also been enhancing its defence capabilities, acquiring advanced weapons such as the anti-ship BrahMos missiles from India. Addressing China’s Activities at Sea Philippines’ Pushback: Under President Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022), the Philippines aimed to reduce tensions with China. However, since 2022, under President Ferdinand Marcos Jr., the Philippines has adopted a more assertive stance, actively pushing back against China’s maritime actions. There has been an increase in the frequency of incidents, as the Philippines has been documenting China’s activities and using social media for public diplomacy. International journalists have been brought along for resupply missions in the West Philippine Sea, contributing to a battle of narratives and shaping global perceptions. Strengthening Alliances with the U.S. Trilateral Cooperation: The Philippines, Japan, and South Korea, as treaty allies of the U.S., are strengthening their defence ties with the U.S. in response to China’s maritime assertiveness. The U.S. and the Philippines have raised their cooperation in the South China Sea to “historic levels,” with enhanced collaboration in areas such as base access, joint training, and exercises. Multilateral cooperation has expanded, particularly with Australia and Japan in what is termed “a complex multilateral maritime cooperative activity” or the ‘Squad’. U.S. Commitment: According to U.S. Secretary of Defence Lloyd Austin, the U.S.’ commitment to Japan’s security is “ironclad” and extends to the Senkaku Islands. In 2024, the Defence Ministers of the U.S., Japan, and South Korea met for the first time to discuss security issues, unanimously opposing any attempts to alter the status quo in the Indo-Pacific. The countries emphasized the importance of international law, including the freedom of navigation and overflight. Concerns Regarding U.S. Leadership Despite bolstering alliances in the Indo-Pacific, concerns remain over the credibility of the U.S. due to its internal domestic issues. There is ongoing debate about whether U.S. engagement in East Asia helps balance Chinese power or escalates tensions in the region. -Source: The Hindu World Tourism Day 2024: Celebrating Tourism and Peace Context: The Ministry of Tourism marked World Tourism Day on September 27th, 2024, under the theme “Tourism and Peace.” This theme emphasizes the role of tourism in fostering global peace through the enhancement of cross-cultural interactions and understanding. Relevance: GS III: Inclusive Growth Dimensions of the Article: The Importance of World Tourism Day: How Tourism Promotes Peace India’s Travel and Tourism Industry: Outlook for the Future Challenges Facing India’s Tourism Sector India’s Tourism Strengths The Importance of World Tourism Day: First Celebrated: In 1980, World Tourism Day was first commemorated by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Its purpose is to raise awareness about the societal, cultural, and economic benefits of tourism. Historical Significance: The day also marks the adoption of UNWTO’s statutes in 1975, leading to its official establishment five years later. Global Advocate: UNWTO promotes tourism as a key driver for economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability while helping advance global knowledge and tourism policies. Membership: UNWTO consists of 160 member nations, 6 associate members, 2 observers, and over 500 affiliate members. Location: The UNWTO is based in Madrid, Spain. Annual Themes: Each year, the day is celebrated with a theme, emphasizing the pivotal role tourism plays in different parts of the world. Host for 2024: In 2024, Georgia will host World Tourism Day, focusing on the theme “Tourism and Peace.” Linking Tourism to Sustainable Development: The day emphasizes the role tourism can play in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in eradicating poverty and promoting sustainable resource management. Eco-tourism is highlighted as a key tool for supporting SDG 13 related to climate action. How Tourism Promotes Peace: Cultural Exchange: Tourism fosters understanding and tolerance among different cultures, helping reduce prejudice. Economic Impact: Tourism accounts for 10% of global GDP, contributes 7% of global exports, and provides 1 in every 10 jobs globally. By generating jobs and enhancing local economies, tourism helps reduce poverty and inequality, key factors that often fuel conflicts. Environmental and Cultural Conservation: Responsible tourism helps conserve natural and cultural heritage, building community pride and mitigating resource-related tensions. Governance and Stability: A thriving tourism sector encourages governments to focus on peace-building policies and overall national stability. Empowerment and Engagement: The industry helps empower women and engages local communities. Tribal Home Stays Initiative: Under India’s Swadesh Darshan Program, the Tribal Home Stays initiative offers alternative livelihoods to tribal communities, tapping into their tourism potential while promoting social equity. Post-Conflict Recovery: Tourism can play a crucial role in rebuilding economies and promoting healing in post-conflict nations, as evidenced by Rwanda. Rwanda’s Growth: The country saw its GDP grow by 8.4% in the first three quarters of 2022, following an 11% increase in 2021, driven largely by the revival of tourism, helping restore employment levels. India’s Travel and Tourism Industry: Outlook for the Future Global Ranking: India ranks 39th in the World Economic Forum’s Travel and Tourism Development Index 2024, with its strength derived from its rich natural, cultural, and non-leisure resources, which serve purposes beyond just leisure travel. Economic Contribution: According to the World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), India’s tourism sector contributed USD 199.6 billion to its economy in 2022. Foreign Direct Investment: The total FDI inflow in the hospitality and tourism sectors reached USD 17.2 billion from April 2000 to March 2024, constituting 2.54% of all FDI across sectors. Growth in Domestic Tourism: Domestic Tourist Visits (DTV) in 2023 surged to 250 crore, almost doubling from 128 crore in 2014. Growth Projections: The tourism industry in India is projected to expand at an annual rate of 7.1%. Vision for the Future: The Indian government aims to generate USD 56 billion in foreign exchange and create 140 million jobs in tourism by 2030, focusing on areas like cruise tourism, ecotourism, and adventure tourism. Visitor Spending: Domestic tourist spending grew by 20.4% in 2022, while international tourist spending rose by 81.9%. Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs): FTAs reached 9.24 million in 2023, up from 6.43 million in 2022, with the US, Bangladesh, and the UK being the top sources of tourists. FTAs are forecasted to hit 30.5 million by 2028. Challenges Facing India’s Tourism Sector: Safety Concerns: Reports of crime, such as theft and assault, have led to safety concerns, particularly for women travelers, creating a negative perception. Security Issues: These safety issues can deter tourists from visiting certain areas, affecting India’s reputation as a tourist-friendly destination. Infrastructure Gaps: Many tourist spots, particularly in remote areas like the Northeast, lack critical infrastructure, including reliable air, rail, and road connectivity, limiting accessibility for both domestic and international travelers. Lack of Trained Personnel: The tourism sector faces a shortage of trained manpower, including multilingual guides, which affects the quality of services and experiences for international visitors. Sustainability Challenges: Unregulated tourism in ecologically sensitive regions like the Himalayas has led to issues such as resource depletion, soil erosion, and habitat destruction, which put strain on local ecosystems. Environmental Threats: Iconic tourist sites, like the Taj Mahal, suffer from pollution, and climate change brings additional risks such as natural disasters, further threatening tourism infrastructure and heritage sites India’s Tourism Strengths Cultural and Historical Richness: India is a diverse nation with a rich tapestry of languages, religions, and customs. It is home to renowned UNESCO World Heritage Sites, such as the Taj Mahal, Hampi, and Jaipur’s forts, which draw history and culture enthusiasts. Adventure Opportunities in the Himalayas: India encompasses 70% of the Himalayan range, offering ample adventure sports and trekking possibilities. Vast Coastline: With a coastline stretching 7,000 km, India offers abundant opportunities for water sports and beach tourism, covering both hot and cold deserts. Ecotourism Potential: The country’s extensive forest cover plays a key role in fostering ecotourism. Biodiversity Hotspots: India’s rich biodiversity is reflected in its diverse flora and fauna, with well-known national parks such as Jim Corbett and Kaziranga. Adventure Tourism Hub: With activities like trekking, river rafting, paragliding, and wildlife safaris, India is becoming a top choice for adventure tourism. Affordable Travel Costs: Compared to many Western nations, India offers lower travel costs, making it an attractive option for tourists from various income brackets. Warm Hospitality: The Indian tradition of “Atithi Devo Bhava” (Guest is God) ensures that visitors receive warm and welcoming hospitality. Engaged Locals: Locals are eager to share their rich cultural heritage, making tourists’ experiences more enriching. Culinary Diversity: The country offers a wide variety of culinary experiences, catering to both vegetarian and non-vegetarian preferences. India’s famous street food offers authentic flavors for food lovers. Improving Infrastructure: India is actively enhancing its tourism infrastructure through expansions in airports, improvements in railways, and developments in highways under projects like Bharatmala. Focus on Hospitality and Skill Development: Investments in hospitality and skill development programs aim to raise service standards and meet the needs of increasing tourist numbers. -Source: The Hindu Global Support for India’s Fisheries Subsidies Proposals at WTO Context: India’s initiative to establish regulations on fisheries subsidies at the World Trade Organization (WTO) has received significant support from numerous developing nations and least developed countries (LDCs). These proposals aim to tackle the issues of overcapacity and overfishing by regulating the subsidies that often exacerbate these problems. Currently, efforts are being made to finalize the second phase of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA), which focuses on promoting sustainable fishing practices. This global collaboration highlights a commitment to more responsible fishing practices that could lead to long-term ecological and economic benefits. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) India’s Stand on the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Way Forward Overview of the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Prohibition of Subsidies: The agreement restricts subsidies for Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) fishing as well as fishing activities targeting overexploited fish stocks. High Seas Fishing Ban: It also bans subsidies for fishing activities on the high seas, which fall outside the territorial waters of coastal nations and the jurisdiction of Regional Fisheries Management Organizations. Transition Period for Developing Nations Special Treatment: Developing countries and Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are granted a two-year transition period under Special and Differential Treatment (S&DT) provisions. Exemptions: During this period, these nations are not required to comply with the prohibitions under the agreement. No restrictions apply to providing subsidies for overfished stocks, provided they are used to help rebuild the stocks sustainably. Exempted Areas and Ongoing Negotiations No Restrictions for Non-IUU Activities: There is no prohibition on subsidizing fishing vessels or operators, provided they do not engage in IUU activities. Phase Two Discussions: The second phase of negotiations for the agreement is still underway to resolve remaining issues. Potential Benefits Impact on IUU Fishing: It aims to curtail large-scale IUU fishing, which significantly depletes fisheries resources in coastal nations like India, thereby protecting the livelihoods of local fishing communities. Concerns Surrounding the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement Impact on Small Fishermen and Developing Nations: Large-scale commercial fishing operations lead to stock depletion, making it harder for small-scale fishermen to sustain their catches. Unequal Subsidies: Large fishing corporations often benefit from substantial government subsidies, which small fishermen do not have access to, creating an uneven competitive field. Sustainability Exemption Loophole: The sustainability exemption allows advanced fishing nations with superior monitoring capabilities to continue receiving subsidies, disadvantaging smaller or poorer nations with fewer resources to fish sustainably. Global Overfishing Statistics: An estimated 37.7% of global fish stocks are overfished—a significant rise from 10% in 1974—highlighting the urgent need for effective global regulation. Subsidies Supporting Overfishing: Approximately USD 35 billion in subsidies is allocated to the fishing sector worldwide, with USD 22 billion of this funding contributing to practices that increase the capacity for unsustainable fishing activities. India’s Stand on the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement (FSA) Status of India’s Fisheries Sector Global Ranking: India is the third-largest fish producer globally, following China and Indonesia, accounting for 8% of the world’s total fish production. Production Figures: In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s fish production reached approximately 17.54 million metric tons (MMT). WTO Submissions: India’s position at the WTO highlights critical gaps in the agreement, particularly concerning the perpetuation of unsustainable fishing practices by large industrial fishing nations. Fisheries Subsidies: Despite its large population, India is among the lowest fisheries subsidizers and has demonstrated a disciplined approach to sustainably managing its fisheries resources. Advocacy for Fair Practices: India supports the implementation of the “polluter pays principle” and “common but differentiated responsibilities.” This ensures that countries with significant subsidies and large-scale industrial fishing bear greater responsibilities in reducing harmful fishing practices. Way Forward Balanced Approach in Negotiations: India emphasizes the need for a balanced approach at the WTO to address overcapacity and overfishing while protecting the interests of small-scale fishers, especially in developing nations like India. Coastal Communities’ Interests: The agreement should prioritize the concerns and needs of coastal communities, ensuring that their voices are central to the decision-making process. Opportunity for Growth: India stands to gain from the FSA, particularly in protecting small-scale fishers and local coastal communities that are severely impacted by overfishing. Global Leadership Role: India has the chance to lead the Global South by advocating for coastal nations suffering from the negative effects of foreign industrial fishing fleets. Commitment to Local Fishermen: India’s stance solidifies its commitment to ensuring the welfare of small-scale fishers and coastal communities that are adversely affected by overfishing and declining fish stocks. -Source: The Hindu Resolution of Land Dispute by Mao Council in Manipur Context: The Mao Council, the leading tribal authority of the Mao Nagas in Manipur, has officially endorsed the judgment and order issued by the Tenyimia People’s Organisation (TPO) Presidential Council. This acceptance resolves a longstanding traditional land dispute along the Nagaland-Manipur border, marking a significant step towards regional harmony and cooperation between the neighboring states. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance About Mao Nagas Indigenous Tribe: Mao Nagas are one of the indigenous tribes in Northeast India. Location: They are part of the Naga community and primarily reside in the northern region of Manipur, adjacent to southern Nagaland. Language Their language is known as Mao, which is also the name of the land they inhabit. They refer to themselves as Ememei or Memei in their language. Population and Settlement Based on the 2011 provisional census, the population of the Mao Naga community stands at 97,195. They live in compact, well-protected villages situated on hilltops and mountain ridges. Social Structure The Mao Naga society follows a patriarchal system where lineage is traced through males. Like other Naga communities, they are divided into various clans (referred to as Opfuta), further divided into sub-clans. Economy The Mao Nagas’ economy is agricultural, with rice being their staple food. They practice terraced rice cultivation (both dry and wet) passed down through generations. Cooperative efforts and mutual exchange systems (barter) play a significant role in their traditional economy. Religion Before adopting Christianity, the Mao Nagas practiced a traditional religion called Opfupe Chüna-Chüno, which is regarded as the religion of their forefathers. They believed in a Supreme Being known as Iyi Koki Chüku Kapi Oramei, a benevolent God who protects and nurtures humans. Christianity is now the dominant religion among the Mao Nagas. Festivals The Mao Nagas celebrate four major festivals: Chüthuni Chüjüni Saleni Onuni -Source: The Hindu Infrasound Context: The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is holding a workshop for scientists on using ‘infrasound’ in the coming months. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Infrasound Definition: Infrasound refers to sound waves with very low frequencies, in contrast to more common ultrasound. Sources: It can be generated by a variety of phenomena, including: Meteors Storms Auroras Volcanoes Earthquakes Even nuclear explosions. Effects: Infrasonic waves can create minute changes in atmospheric pressure, which can be detected by instruments such as microbarometers. Travel Distance: These low-frequency sounds can travel over vast distances without significant loss of energy, making them effective for detecting distant nuclear explosions. Global Monitoring: The CTBTO’s International Monitoring System (IMS) uses infrasound to detect nuclear activities. It is the only global monitoring network of its kind, and when complete, it will consist of 60 array stations in 35 countries. Applications of Infrasound Structural Monitoring: Infrasound is employed to assess the structural health of buildings, dams, or bridges. It can detect internal stress, cracks, and defects in dense materials. Aerospace: In the aerospace sector, low-frequency sound waves can provide data on rocket stress and aerodynamic instabilities during rocket launches or flight. Mining: In mining, infrasound is useful for determining the integrity of mine shafts and assessing the success of dynamite blasts. Wildlife Tracking: It has been used in wildlife tracking, particularly for monitoring the movements of animals such as whales. -Source: Indian Express GlobE Network Context: Recently, India was elected to the GlobE Network’s Steering Committee during the plenary session held in Beijing. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About GloBE Network: The Global Operational Network of Anti-Corruption Law Enforcement Authorities (GloBE Network). Initiative: An initiative of the G-20. Launch Date: Officially launched on June 3, 2021, at the UN General Assembly Special Session against Corruption. Membership: Currently, 121 member countries are part of this network (including India), with 219 member authorities. It provides a platform for countries to share best practices, criminal intelligence, and strategies to combat corruption. Steering Committee: Composed of: One chair One vice-chair 13 members who guide the organization’s direction. India’s Involvement: Key Indian agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the Enforcement Directorate (ED) are part of this network. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) acts as India’s central authority for the GloBE Network. Governing Body: The Network is governed by its members and is supported by the United Nations Office against Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which provides secretariat services. India’s G-20 Presidency (2023): During India’s presidency, two high-level principles for combating corruption were adopted, which emphasized leveraging the GloBE Network for these efforts. -Source: The Hindu Jivitputrika Festival Context: At least 46 people, including 37 children, drowned while taking holy dip in rivers and ponds in several Bihar districts during the ‘Jivitputrika’ festival, officials said recently. Relevance: GS I: Festivals About Jivitputrika Festival Jivitputrika (Jitiya Vrat) is a Hindu festival predominantly celebrated in the northern and eastern regions of India, including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and parts of Nepal. It is a festival where mothers observe fasting to pray for the health, longevity, and prosperity of their children. The festival spans three days, with the key ritual being a strict ‘nirjala’ fast, meaning that no water is consumed throughout the fast. The fast is a display of a mother’s devotion and love, done with the belief that it will bring divine blessings upon her children. The festival has its origins in Hindu mythology, specifically commemorating the story of King Jimutavahana, who sacrificed himself for the welfare of others. The festival begins with the ritual called Nahai-Khai, where mothers take a purifying bath and have a nourishing meal. The second day is marked by the intense fasting ritual, and the festival concludes on the third day with Paaran, where the fast is broken with a meal. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 September 2024

CONTENTS Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Scheme Women in Space Leadership Programme Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Scheme Context: The Union Cabinet has recently given its approval to continue the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats (IDWH) for the duration of the 15th Finance Commission cycle, spanning 2021 to 2026. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About IDWH (Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats) About IDWH (Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats) Objective: The scheme focuses on enhancing the protection and management of wildlife habitats across India. Key Activities: Habitat restoration. Community participation in conservation efforts. Addressing human-wildlife conflicts to protect species and local populations. Components of the IDWH Scheme: Support for Protected Areas: Includes National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Conservation Reserves, and Community Reserves. Protection of Wildlife Outside Protected Areas: Expansion of efforts to conserve species outside designated protected areas. Recovery Programs: Initiatives to save critically endangered species and improve their habitats. Subcomponents of IDWH: Project Tiger (launched in 1973): Primary goal: Protecting and conserving tiger populations in their natural habitats to prevent extinction. Project Elephant (launched in 1992): Focuses on addressing the decline of elephant populations caused by habitat loss and poaching. Development of Wildlife Habitat: Focuses on creating and improving habitats to support biodiversity and wildlife conservation. Project Dolphin and Project Lion: Targeting the conservation and protection of these key species. Focus on Keystone Species: The scheme focuses on keystone species such as: Tigers Elephants Cheetahs Lions These species are critical indicators of ecosystem health and biodiversity. Lesser-Known Species: Species Recovery Program under the scheme also supports lesser-known species. A total of 16 terrestrial and 6 aquatic species are identified for protection. Species Listed by IUCN Status: Critically Endangered: Examples: Great Indian Bustard, Hangul, Malabar Civet. Endangered: Examples: Red Panda, Gangetic River Dolphin, Nilgiri Tahr. Vulnerable: Examples: Asiatic Lion, Snow Leopard, Dugong. Near Threatened: Example: Caracal (globally least concern). Least Concern: Example: Edible Nest Swiftlet. Beneficiary Areas: The scheme benefits 55 tiger reserves, 33 elephant reserves, and 718 protected areas with zones of influence. Technological Interventions: M-STrIPES: A mobile application for Monitoring Tigers, providing data on tiger sightings and activities. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Used in the All-India Tiger Estimation process for species identification. Conservation Genetics: Tools such as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) for translocating tigers based on their genetic composition. Specific Animal Projects: Project Dolphin: Proposed use of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and passive acoustic monitoring to track dolphin populations and habitats. Project Lion: Reinforced under the vision “Lion@2047: A Vision for Amrut Kaal”, focusing on long-term conservation of lions. Project Cheetah: A continuation of the Project Tiger initiative, with expanded areas for introducing cheetahs per the Cheetah Action Plan. Livelihood Generation: The continuation of IDWH aims to generate over 50 lakh man-days of employment through engagement in wildlife conservation activities. Women in Space Leadership Programme Context: Women in Space Leadership Programme aims to develop a women’s leadership framework to support institutions in strengthening their gender-inclusive practices and policies, specifically around space sciences and allied areas. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Women in Space Leadership Programme: Goal: This programme is designed to build a framework that promotes women’s leadership and enhances gender-inclusive practices, particularly in space sciences and related fields. Leadership Development: It focuses on fostering leadership qualities among women in space sciences by providing a structured leadership model, with Coventry University as the delivery partner. Key Objectives: Encourage equitable leadership opportunities for women by recognizing their leadership potential. Promote a supportive workplace culture for female leaders, guided by three core principles: Intersectionality: Understanding the varied aspects of women’s identities. Cultural Sensitivity: Approaching challenges in India through culturally responsive frameworks. Leadership Theory: Utilizing theories from both social science and STEM to build female scientists’ confidence in their leadership roles. UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) Introduction: Launched in 2006, UKIERI serves as a flagship collaboration between the UK and India, fostering partnerships in education and research. Objective: The main aim is to strengthen collaboration in education and research between both nations to support their knowledge aspirations. Phases: UKIERI has been implemented over three phases from 2006 to 2022, with the fourth phase launched in 2023. Phase 4 Focus: This phase seeks to deepen the bilateral relationship by focusing on education, research, innovation, and addressing global challenges while promoting sustainable development.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 September 2024

Contents: A Legal Void: India Needs a Dedicated Law to Deal with National Security Risks from FDI and Trade The Elusive Jobs A Legal Void: India Needs a Dedicated Law to Deal with National Security Risks from FDI and Trade Context: The editorial discusses India’s lack of a comprehensive legal framework to address national security risks associated with foreign direct investment (FDI) and international trade. Despite the growing influx of FDI, especially from China, India lacks robust legislation to screen investments on security grounds. The article compares India’s legal shortcomings with measures taken by other countries, like Canada and Australia, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance) and General Studies Paper 3 (Economic Development) Mains Question: Examine the need for a dedicated legal framework to address national security concerns related to foreign direct investment (FDI) in India. Discuss global best practices in this regard. (250 words) The Issue: India faces a gap in legal mechanisms to screen FDI on national security grounds. While FDI brings economic benefits, it also carries potential security risks, particularly when it comes from countries with which India has tense relations, like China. Pandemic and Press Note 3 (PN3): In April 2020, during the pandemic, India issued Press Note 3, requiring government approval for FDI from countries sharing land borders with India, primarily targeting Chinese investments. However, this note did not address security risks but focused on economic concerns like opportunistic takeovers of Indian companies weakened by the pandemic. Comparison with Other Nations: Countries like Canada and Australia enacted specific legal provisions to limit Chinese FDI during the pandemic due to security risks. For example, Canada’s Investment Act allows screening of FDI that could harm national security. India’s Legal Gaps: India lacks explicit provisions to screen FDI for national security concerns. The Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), India’s key FDI regulation, primarily deals with managing foreign exchange and lacks provisions for national security screening. Global Trade and Security Risks: The legal vacuum is not limited to FDI. India also lacks comprehensive legal frameworks to deal with trade issues that may pose security risks. Post-Pulwama, India denounced certain WTO obligations, but these actions remain reactive rather than part of a strategic legal framework. Recommendations: India needs to develop a law that explicitly addresses FDI and trade-related national security risks. This could include screening mechanisms like those in other nations and clearer definitions of what constitutes a national security risk. India could also adopt global best practices and tailor them to its specific geopolitical concerns. Latest Data and Numbers: In 2020, India restricted FDI from neighbouring countries, affecting mainly Chinese investments. Global FDI inflows in India amounted to around $83 billion in 2021, with increasing scrutiny needed for security risks. Conclusion: India’s current legal framework is insufficient to address national security risks from FDI and trade. As foreign investment continues to grow, particularly from adversarial nations, India must develop specific legal provisions to safeguard its national interests. Adopting a dedicated law would align India with global practices and ensure that economic growth does not compromise national security. India should take proactive steps to establish a legal structure addressing national security in FDI and trade, especially in a rapidly globalizing world. The Elusive Jobs Context: Despite India’s strong economic growth projections, concerns over the lack of quality jobs persist. The latest periodic labour force survey highlights the state of employment in India, focusing on labour force participation, informal employment, and the shifting nature of the job market. Relevance: General Studies Paper 3 (Economic Development and Employment) Mains Question: Examine the recent trends in India’s labour market as per the Periodic Labour Force Survey. Discuss the challenges in creating remunerative and productive job opportunities. (250 words) Labour Force Participation: The overall labour force participation rate for people aged 15 and above has increased from 49.8% in 2017-18 to 60.1% in 2023-24. This growth is largely driven by higher female participation, especially in rural areas, where the rate rose from 24.6% to 47.6% during the same period. However, this may reflect economic distress, pushing more women into the workforce without substantial income. Rise in Self-Employment: A significant shift is observed in the nature of employment. The share of women engaged in salaried jobs has decreased, while self-employment has surged. The percentage of self-employed women increased from 51.9% in 2017-18 to 67.4% in 2023-24, mostly as unpaid workers in family businesses or as own-account workers. This indicates a lack of formal job opportunities. Informal Employment: The proportion of workers employed in informal enterprises remains high, with 73.2% of the workforce in informal jobs in 2023-24, slightly down from 74.3% in the previous year but higher than 68.2% in 2017-18. Sectoral Shifts: Employment in the farm sector has declined, from 44.1% in 2017-18 to 46.1% in 2023-24. Manufacturing employment has remained stagnant, with only a marginal increase from 11.6% in 2021-22 to 14.4% in 2023-24. The agricultural sector still dominates, but the industrial sector’s inability to absorb the growing workforce is concerning. Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate has improved, falling from 6% in 2017-18 to 3.2% in 2023-24. However, the youth unemployment rate remains a concern, especially for educated individuals. In 2023-24, unemployment was higher for those with secondary education and above. Conclusion: The data underscores the pressing challenge of creating quality jobs. While labour participation is up, much of the employment remains informal or self-employed. Addressing this requires concerted efforts to create formal, remunerative jobs, particularly in the manufacturing sector. As the India Employment Report 2024 indicates, capital-intensive and labour-saving technologies further complicate the situation. Therefore, job creation needs to be a priority in India’s economic agenda. An Opportunity to Rethink India’s Pension System Context: India’s pension system has evolved through three major schemes: the Old Pension Scheme (OPS), the New Pension Scheme (NPS), and the proposed Unified Pension Scheme (UPS). Each system impacts retirees differently, with the NPS exposing retirees to market risks, while the OPS provided greater financial security. The global shift toward welfare policies amid economic uncertainties brings focus on the need to reform India’s pension system, particularly the UPS, to ensure inclusivity and reduce the financial risks faced by retirees. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2 (Governance, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes) and General Studies Paper 3 (Economic Development, Social Security, and Pension Reforms). Mains Question: Examine the evolution of India’s pension system from the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) to the New Pension Scheme (NPS) and the proposed Unified Pension Scheme (UPS). Discuss the challenges and benefits associated with each scheme.” (250 words) Old Pension Scheme (OPS): The OPS, prevalent before 2004, offered a defined benefit pension to government employees, guaranteeing financial stability by basing pensions on the last drawn salary. Retirees were insulated from market risks, ensuring a steady post-retirement income. The government bore the entire responsibility for disbursing pensions. The OPS was seen as a social security measure that aligned with welfare-oriented policies. Shift to New Pension Scheme (NPS): In 2004, the government introduced the NPS, shifting from a defined-benefit to a defined-contribution model. Employees and the government contributed to a pension fund, which was then invested in financial markets. This shift exposed retirees to market risks and uncertainty, as pension returns were tied to market performance. The NPS was criticized for weakening the social safety net and transferring financial risk to individuals. Proposed Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): The UPS seeks to address some of the shortcomings of the NPS by offering a universal framework for pension security. However, concerns remain about the level of government contribution and its reliance on market forces. The UPS must ensure inclusivity across all sectors, including informal labour, which currently lacks adequate pension coverage. Global Trends Toward Welfare: As the global economic model shifts away from neoliberalism, countries are witnessing a return to welfare-oriented policies, emphasizing social security. The COVID-19 pandemic amplified the need for state intervention to ensure financial stability for retirees. India, facing similar demands, must strike a balance between state-backed pensions and market-driven models. Challenges with the UPS: The UPS may not fully mitigate market risks or provide guaranteed financial security, similar to the OPS. Ensuring wider inclusivity, especially for informal workers, and addressing the need for a guaranteed minimum pension, are key concerns. The UPS also needs to expand beyond government employees to provide pension security for all citizens. Latest Data and Numbers: As of 2024, the NPS covers millions of government and private sector employees. India’s informal sector, comprising nearly 90% of the workforce, lacks pension coverage under both OPS and NPS. Conclusion: India’s pension system needs urgent reform to align with global trends toward social welfare. The UPS, if designed well, could offer a balanced solution that combines market participation with state responsibility. To protect retirees from market volatility and ensure financial security, the government must prioritize pension reforms that guarantee a minimum income, similar to the OPS, while broadening coverage to include all sectors. Reforming the pension system is critical to ensuring financial security for future retirees and addressing India’s evolving economic landscape.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Mandates School Safety Guidelines Implementation Addressing the Plastic Waste Crisis in the Himalayan Region India Joins Minerals Security Finance Network Exostoma sentiyonoae Asia Power Index Dispute Resolution Scheme  Supreme Court Mandates School Safety Guidelines Implementation Context: The Supreme Court has recently mandated the implementation of the Centre’s 2021 Guidelines on School Safety and Security across all schools. This directive follows an unfortunate incident involving the sexual assault of two schoolgirls in Badlapur, Maharashtra. Additionally, the Supreme Court has tasked the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) with overseeing the implementation of these guidelines. Relevance: GS II: Education Dimensions of the Article: Overview of the School Safety and Security Guidelines 2021 Key Features of the Guidelines Role of NCPCR in Ensuring Child Safety Overview of the School Safety and Security Guidelines 2021 Issuing Authority: The Ministry of Education (MoE) introduced these guidelines to ensure that schools are held responsible for ensuring the safety of their students. Key Focus Areas: The guidelines cover essential areas like security protocols, staff duties, and procedures designed to prevent any form of harm or abuse within schools. Applicability: These safety measures apply to all types of schools, including both government and private institutions. Purpose of the Guidelines Collaborative Approach: Aimed at fostering collaboration between students, parents, teachers, and school management to create a secure environment. Legal Awareness: The guidelines are meant to familiarize all stakeholders with the laws, policies, and procedures related to child safety, such as the Juvenile Justice Model Rules, 2016, and the Right to Education Act, 2009. Zero Tolerance Policy: There is a strict no-tolerance policy towards negligence or misconduct. Offenders are to face strict consequences for their actions. Accountability Structure For Government and Aided Schools: Responsibility lies with the school heads, teachers, and administration to ensure safety protocols are enforced. For Private and Unaided Schools: School management, principals, and teachers hold primary responsibility for child safety in these institutions. Holistic Safety Approach Whole School Approach: The guidelines promote integrating safety and security aspects across the school system, ensuring health, physical, socio-emotional, psychosocial, and cognitive safety for a holistic well-being of students. Cross-Sector Collaboration: Inputs from various ministries, including health and hygiene protocols from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, are included to ensure comprehensive student safety. Key Features of the Guidelines Capacity Building: The guidelines emphasize the need for training and sensitizing teachers, heads, parents, and students to effectively manage safety protocols. NISHTHA Program: This program provides elementary school teachers with specialized training modules, such as responses to Covid-19. Cybersecurity Focus: It underlines the importance of promoting online safety and cybersecurity measures among students and teachers. Alignment with Other Policies Disaster Management: The guidelines adhere to the National Disaster Management Guidelines on School Safety Policy, 2016, focusing on physical infrastructure and disaster preparedness. NCPCR Compliance: They also comply with guidelines laid down by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) for residential schools. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aligned with the NEP 2020, these guidelines emphasize forming a State School Standards Authority (SSSA) to ensure professional and quality standards across schools. International and SDG Compliance Child Protection under International Law: These guidelines support the Convention on the Rights of the Child, ensuring children are shielded from all forms of violence. SDG 4 and SDG 16: The guidelines contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 4), ensuring inclusive and quality education, and SDG 16, focusing on reducing violence against children and promoting peaceful societies. Role of NCPCR in Ensuring Child Safety Monitoring Implementation: The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR), along with State Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCRs), is tasked with ensuring the implementation of legal guidelines related to the safety and security of children in schools. Online Complaint Redressal: NCPCR has introduced an Online Complaint System, known as “E-Baal Nidan”, which facilitates the timely resolution of complaints regarding child rights violations and deprivation. POCSO e-Box for Reporting: For direct and easy reporting of sexual offenses against children, the NCPCR has launched the POCSO e-Box, ensuring swift action under the POCSO Act, 2012 against the perpetrators. Role in RTE Act, 2009: Sections 31 and 32 of the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 assign NCPCR and SCPCRs the responsibility of overseeing the implementation of the Act, ensuring that children have access to free and compulsory education. CPCR Act, 2005: As per Section 13(1) of the Commissions for Protection of Child Rights (CPCR) Act, 2005, NCPCR and SCPCRs are entrusted with the authority to inquire into complaints related to child rights violations and monitor child protection laws. Suo-Moto Powers: Both NCPCR and SCPCR have the authority to take suo-moto cognizance of matters involving the deprivation and violation of child rights. Juvenile Justice Act, 2015: Section 109 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 mandates the commissions to monitor the implementation of the Act, ensuring the safety and protection of children under the law. -Source: The Hindu Addressing the Plastic Waste Crisis in the Himalayan Region Context: The Himalayan region, renowned for its unspoiled natural beauty, is currently grappling with an escalating plastic waste problem. In response, the “The Himalayan Cleanup (THC)” initiative was launched in 2018, uniting volunteers annually to collect and analyze waste, aiming to pinpoint its origins. A key strategy to combat this crisis involves implementing Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). EPR mandates that manufacturers take responsibility for the entire lifecycle of their products, urging them to reduce waste and incorporate sustainable practices. This approach not only aims to lessen the environmental impact but also supports ongoing local cleanup efforts, ensuring that the Himalayas remain pristine for future generations. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Extent of the Plastic Waste Crisis in the Himalayan Region Consequences of Poor Plastic Waste Management Challenges of Waste Management in the Himalayas Concerns Regarding EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) in the Himalayan Region Extent of the Plastic Waste Crisis in the Himalayan Region Solid Waste Generation (SWG): Waste generation in the Himalayas fluctuates based on factors like urbanization, tourism, and household income levels. Biodegradable vs. Plastic Waste: While a large portion of the waste is biodegradable, particularly from households, markets, and hotels, plastic waste is dominant in tourist areas. Tourist Hotspots: Tourism-heavy regions generate a substantial amount of plastic waste, and waste management in the Himalayas is highly inadequate despite the significance of these ecosystems. Plastic in Remote Areas: Plastic pollution has made its way to even the most remote mountain regions, with no proper recycling or disposal systems in place. Recyclable vs. Non-Recyclable Plastics: Only 25% of plastic waste comprises recyclable materials such as PET, HDPE, and LDPE, while 75% is non-recyclable. Multi-layered plastics (MLP) pose a major issue as they are difficult to recycle and manage. Microplastic Pollution: Microplastics, created by the breakdown of larger plastic debris, are now found in Himalayan glaciers, rivers, lakes, and even human tissues. Contributing Industries: The main contributors to plastic waste are products from food brands, smoking/tobacco companies, and personal care products. Consequences of Poor Plastic Waste Management Environmental Degradation: Uncontrolled dumping not only mars the natural beauty of the mountains but also leads to air and soil pollution, destabilizing mountain slopes. Water Supply Contamination: The Himalayas are essential for the water supply of major rivers like the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra. Improper disposal of plastic waste is polluting water sources and damaging biodiversity. Wildlife Impact: Wildlife, such as the Greater Adjutant stork in Assam, is consuming plastic waste instead of its natural diet, severely harming its health. Health Risks: Pollution from landfills containing mixed waste poses significant health hazards to local communities and disrupts ecosystems. Challenges of Waste Management in the Himalayas Difficult Terrain and Climate: The rugged landscape and harsh climatic conditions make waste collection and disposal especially challenging in remote Himalayan regions compared to urban areas. Lack of Segregation and Waste Transport Issues: Segregation at source, collection, and transport of waste remain significant obstacles in many Himalayan states, with poor infrastructure exacerbating the problem. Landfill Dumping: A large portion of waste is collected and simply dumped in landfills or rolled downhill, contributing to severe pollution problems. Limited Land and Infrastructure: There is limited land available for waste treatment and disposal, and the infrastructure to handle solid waste is either inadequate or nonexistent. Centralized Dumping and Lack of Recycling: The widespread practice of centralized dumping persists, with minimal infrastructure available for recycling, worsening environmental degradation. Insufficient Data: There is a critical lack of data on the volume and types of waste generated, hindering effective waste management planning. Slow Implementation of Regulations: Despite regulations like the Solid Waste Management Rules (2016) and Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016), implementation has been slow, leaving gaps in addressing the waste crisis. Lack of Awareness: Although local communities are aware of the connection between waste management and environmental health, they lack sufficient knowledge of proper disposal practices. Concerns Regarding EPR (Extended Producer Responsibility) in the Himalayan Region Minimal Implementation: The EPR framework, aimed at addressing plastic pollution, has seen limited implementation in Himalayan states due to low awareness among local bodies. Inadequate Consideration of Local Needs: Current EPR rules do not consider the specific needs and conditions of mountain communities, such as population density, local economies, and the environmental fragility of the region. One-Size-Fits-All Approach: The general approach fails to account for the unique ecological significance and challenges faced in the Himalayas. Difficult Terrain: The mountainous landscape makes waste collection, aggregation, and transportation particularly difficult, complicating the application of traditional EPR models. Accumulation of Litter in Inaccessible Regions: Regions that are difficult to reach are especially prone to waste management issues, leading to the accumulation of litter and waste. Burden on Consumers and Waste Managers: Consumers and waste managers bear the brunt of waste management, while producers are not held sufficiently accountable for the lifecycle of their products. Lack of Mechanisms for Producer Accountability: There is a persistent absence of mechanisms to ensure that producers take responsibility for the waste generated by their products, especially in remote areas. -Source: Down To Earth India Joins Minerals Security Finance Network Context: India has recently formalized its membership in the Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN), a collaborative effort led by the United States to bolster international cooperation and secure supply chains for critical minerals. This announcement came from the US State Department during the UN General Assembly and included a pact signed by 14 countries along with the European Union. The MSFN is a continuation of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), which the US initiated in 2022 and India joined in June 2023. This strategic alliance aims to enhance the stability and security of mineral resources crucial for global economic and technological development. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals? China’s Strategy for Controlling Access to Critical Minerals Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN) What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions. These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines. Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists. However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels. Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change. Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals. But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain. Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions. They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. China’s Strategy for Controlling Access to Critical Minerals Blocking Critical Mineral Exports: On August 15, 2023, China restricted antimony exports, a vital mineral for military use, citing “national security.” These restrictions, effective from September 15, reflect China’s broader strategy to counter efforts by other nations to reduce dependence on Chinese minerals. Dominating Global Supply Chains: China controls around 60% of global rare earth and critical mineral production and 80% of processing, making several countries, such as the U.S., EU, India, and Japan, vulnerable. Weaponizing Its Position: In 2010, China halted rare earth exports to Japan following a maritime dispute. In 2023, China further restricted exports of gallium, germanium, and graphite in retaliation against U.S. technology export controls. This demonstrates China’s willingness to use its dominant position to disrupt supply chains and hinder Western efforts to reduce reliance on its resources. China’s actions indicate a shift from cooperation to coercion in its foreign policy. Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) Overview: Established in August 2022, the MSP is an alliance including the U.S. and 10 other nations. It aims to secure a stable supply of critical minerals essential for a clean energy transition. Focuses on minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, graphite, and rare earth elements required for clean energy technologies. Goals: Sustainable Supply Chains: Build diverse and responsible supply chains for critical minerals. Economic Development: Ensure that mineral production, processing, and recycling promote economic growth. Environmental and Social Governance (ESG): Commit to high ESG standards. Shared Prosperity: Promote prosperity for all involved nations. Members: Countries in the alliance include Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Norway, Republic of Korea, Sweden, the U.S., and the European Union. Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN) Reducing Dependence on China for Critical Minerals: MSFN was created to reduce reliance on countries like China for essential minerals, especially rare earth elements. Global demand for these minerals, crucial for clean energy transitions, necessitates cooperation between the public and private sectors. Initiative Origin: MSFN is an extension of the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP), a framework initiated by the US in 2022. The goal is to bring institutions from the Indo-Pacific region and Europe together, fostering cooperation, information exchange, and co-financing. Development finance institutions (DFIs) and export credit agencies (ECAs) from member countries collaborate to improve production capacity and resilience in mineral supply chains. Countries Participating in MSFN: The initiative includes 14 countries along with the European Commission. The participating nations are: USA, Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden, UK, and the European Union. India’s Participation in MSFN: Objective: India aims to diversify its supply of critical minerals by collaborating with countries like Argentina, Chile, Australia, and select African nations. Exploration in Central Asia: India is also looking at Kazakhstan as a potential source for these essential minerals. India seeks to establish itself in the lithium value chain, while China currently dominates 70% of rare earth production. India’s Dependence on Imports: India relies heavily on importing minerals like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and copper, with a reported import cost of around ₹34,000 crore in FY23. As India’s demand for these minerals continues to grow, the import cost is expected to rise, increasing the country’s vulnerability. Strategic Importance: This collaboration with the US-led MSFN is a crucial move for India to reduce its reliance on China. The goal is to establish a sustainable supply chain to support India’s green energy initiatives and long-term mineral security. -Source: The Hindu Exostoma sentiyonoae Context: Recently, A new species of glyptosternine catfish- Exostoma sentiyonoae, has been discovered in the Dzuleke River, a tributary of the Barak River in Nagaland. Relevance: Species in News Exostoma sentiyonoae Overview: Distinct Characteristics: This species is identified by unique traits, such as an adipose fin attached to the upper caudal-fin rays, tubercles on the dorsal-fin spine, a slender head, a long distance between the dorsal and adipose fins, small eyes, and 41 vertebrae. Comparison with Related Species: Researchers distinguished Exostoma sentiyonoae from related species in Myanmar and Thailand, particularly E. berdmorei and E. gaoligongense. Differs from E. berdmorei with a shorter dorsal-fin base, a longer distance between dorsal and adipose fins, and a smaller eye. Differs from E. gaoligongense by having a shorter pectoral-pelvic distance and smaller eyes. Biodiversity Significance: This species is the fourth of its kind found in the Barak drainage area, emphasizing the rich biodiversity of the region. Discovery Location: It is the first known species of its genus from the Dzuleke River in Nagaland. Barak River System: Geographic Importance: The Barak River is the second largest river in Northeast India, after the Brahmaputra. Origin: The river originates as a small stream in the lofty hills and dense forests of Liyai village, located in the Poumai territory of Manipur. Length: The Barak spans around 900 km, with 564 km flowing through India. Drainage Path: The river flows through Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Assam in India and also passes into Bangladesh. It merges with the Deirii and Makhan streams as it moves south through the Biiso valley. The Khiiri stream joins it before reaching Karong. Flowing southwards, the Barak passes through Zeme, Liangmai, and Rongmei territories in Manipur and Nagaland. Ultimately, it enters Bangladesh and joins the Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers. -Source: The Hindu Asia Power Index Context: India ranked third in the annual Asia Power Index, released by an Australian think tank. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Asia Power Index: Launch: Established by the Lowy Institute in 2018. Purpose: Provides an annual measurement of power dynamics within the Asia-Pacific region. Evaluation Scope: Assesses the capabilities of 27 countries in shaping and responding to regional and global affairs. Focus: Evaluates both the material capabilities of states and their influence on the international stage. 2024 Edition: Features an expanded assessment of power distribution, including Timor-Leste for the first time, underscoring its increasing importance in Southeast Asia. Structure of the Index: The index is divided into two key determinants: Resource-Based Determinants: Assesses the economic strength of a nation using indicators such as GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP), technological advancement, and global economic connectivity. Measures conventional military strength based on factors like defense spending, the size and sophistication of armed forces, and key weapon systems such as long-range power projection. Looks at a country’s ability to manage internal and external threats to state stability, including institutional strength, geopolitical security, and resource security. Projects the future distribution of critical resources (economic, military, and demographic) up to 2035. Influence-Based Determinants: Evaluates a country’s capacity to exert influence through trade, investment, and economic diplomacy. Assesses the strength of alliances and partnerships based on military cooperation and arms transfers. Measures a country’s diplomatic reach, including its involvement in multilateral forums and foreign policy leadership. Focuses on the country’s ability to influence international public opinion through cultural exports, media presence, and people-to-people ties. Power Scoring: Overall Power Score: A nation’s power is measured by a weighted average across eight key metrics, totaling 131 individual indicators. This offers a comprehensive view of a nation’s global and regional influence. -Source: Times of India Dispute Resolution Scheme Context: The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has introduced the Dispute Resolution Scheme (e-DRS), 2022, as a streamlined and efficient platform for taxpayers to resolve their income tax disputes. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dispute Resolution Scheme Objective: To reduce litigation and offer a quicker, more cost-effective way for taxpayers to resolve disputes. Method: Disputes are resolved electronically through Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs). Eligibility Criteria Taxpayers: Must meet specific conditions outlined in section 245MA. Financial Limits: Disputes involving amounts not exceeding Rs. 10 lakh and where the taxpayer’s income for the relevant year does not exceed Rs. 50 lakh. Scope of Disputes: Does not cover disputes involving information from searches or international agreements. Dispute Resolution Committees (DRCs) Location: Established in all 18 regions across India. Powers: Can modify orders, reduce penalties, or waive prosecution. Decision Timeframe: Required to make decisions within six months of receiving the application. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 September 2024

CONTENTS Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya CSIRT-Power  Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Context Recently, Antyodaya Diwas was observed on 25th September, 2024 to commemorate the birth anniversary of Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya. Relevance:  GS I: Personalities in News Dimensions of the Article: About Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Ji About the Ideals of Pandit Ji About Major Schemes in the name of Pandit Ji About Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Ji The Pandit Ji born in Mathura, UP in 1916, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyay is an Indian politician. He was one of the most important leaders of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, the forerunner of the present day Bharatiya Janata Party. He qualified the civil services examination, where he got his nickname as Panditji for appearing in the examination hall wearing traditional dhoti-kurta and cap. He however did not join the service, but became in 1942, a life-time volunteer of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). However, Upadhyaya is seen to have played a larger role in India’s thought process and political life, transcending party lines. About the Ideals of Pandit Ji The concept of Integral Humanism he propounded envisages remedies for the post-globalization maladies of the world. The Upadhyaya Ji conceived a classless, casteless and conflict-free social order.  He stressed on the ancient Indian wisdom of oneness of the human kind. For him, the brotherhood of a shared, common heritage was central to political activism. He emphasized on coexistence and harmony with nature. He conceptualized an alternative approach which was free from the dialectics of competition and envy, a third way from the inertia of Capitalism and Communism. He was a pioneer of many political experiments. He was the architect of the first coalition phase in Indian politics. The Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Ji was an advocate of less government and more governance. He believed in self-sustaining autonomous units, more power to states and decentralized and competitive federalism, solidly cemented on the cultural mosaic of our tradition, heritage and experience of the past. About Major Schemes in the name of Pandit Ji The Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (DAY) – integrating the NULM and NRLM for alleviating poverty. The Deendayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Antyodaya Diwas – to diversify the incomes of rural poor families and to cater to the career aspirations of rural youth. The Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana – to provide electricity to rural homes. The Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Shramev Jayate Karyakram – to create a conducive environment for industrial development primarily through  skill training. The Deendayal Upadhyaya Swaniyojan Yojana (DUSY) – the rural version of the Start Up India scheme. CSIRT-Power Context: Recently, the union Minister for Power inaugurated the Computer Security Incident Response Team for the power sector (CSIRT-Power) in New Delhi. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of CSIRT-Power: Initiated in collaboration with CERT-In, aligning with the National Cyber Security Policy of 2013. Functions as the central agency for managing and coordinating responses to cyber incidents. Objective: Cybersecurity Resilience: Aims to strengthen the cybersecurity resilience of India’s power sector by adopting a structured approach. This includes: Preventing and responding to cybersecurity incidents. Coordinating responses to sector-specific cyber threats. Gathering, analyzing, and sharing threat information. Additional Functions: Awareness and Security: Implements cybersecurity awareness measures, improves the sector’s cyber posture, and promotes best practices and security policies. Expertise and Cooperation: Provides cybersecurity expertise to utilities and encourages stakeholder cooperation for better security management. Oversight: Set up under the Central Electricity Authority. About CERT-In: National Nodal Agency: CERT-In is India’s national agency responsible for managing computer security incidents. Ministry of Information & Technology: Functions under the Ministry of Information and Electronics Technology to secure India’s cyberspace. Operational History: Active since January 2004, dealing with cybersecurity incidents across the nation

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 September 2024

Contents: Who Draws the Red Lines? A Closer Look at Instagram’s Teen Accounts and Online Safety for Minors Terms of Protection: Examining the SC Judgment on Sexual Exploitation of Minors The Misplaced Move of ‘One Nation, One Election’ Who Draws the Red Lines? A Closer Look at Instagram’s Teen Accounts and Online Safety for Minors Context: The introduction of Instagram Teen Accounts, a feature by Meta targeted at users aged 13 to 18, represents a significant step toward addressing the concerns raised around the platform’s impact on minors, especially after whistleblower Frances Haugen’s revelations about Instagram’s harmful effects on teenagers. Relevance: GS Paper II (Governance): Government regulations around digital platforms GS Paper IV (Ethics): Ethical responsibility of social media platforms in protecting vulnerable user groups. Mains Question: Discuss the ethical and regulatory challenges associated with social media platforms in ensuring the safety of minors online. Instagram Teen Accounts: The New Safety Features: Built-in Protections: Instagram Teen Accounts allow parents to control who can contact their teens and the content they can access, particularly for users under 16 years old. Parental Permission: Any significant changes to these settings require parental permission, reinforcing parental oversight over teenagers’ digital interactions. Global Legal Pressures on Social Media: U.S. Lawsuits and Regulatory Measures: Meta’s announcement comes amid increasing pressure from 41 U.S. states, which are pushing for stronger legal action against social media platforms that fail to protect minors. The U.S. Surgeon General has even proposed warning labels for platforms, akin to those seen in tobacco and alcohol industries. Digital Restrictions in Other Countries: Countries like India, where parents may lack the technical know-how to regulate their children’s online activity, present unique challenges. The gap between tech-savvy parents and those with limited access to such tools poses significant issues in ensuring consistent protection across socio-economic classes. Parental Involvement and Limitations: Assumptions of Parental Capability: Meta’s new features rely heavily on the assumption that parents are well-equipped to monitor and regulate their children’s social media use. However, in countries with digital illiteracy and minimal technical support, these tools may exacerbate inequality between families. Workplace Constraints: For working-class parents, particularly in rural areas, managing digital tools amidst their time constraints can be impractical. This reinforces the disparity in access to digital safety features, leaving many children vulnerable. Broader Implications and Systemic Challenges: Advisory-Based Limits: Meta’s new advisory features notify teens when they have spent over one hour online, but there are no hard limits, making it challenging to enforce actual usage caps. This leaves responsibility solely to the parents, who may not be able to effectively monitor usage. Concerns of Ineffective Parental Monitoring: When parents lack the ability or time to engage with digital controls, the likelihood of ineffective supervision increases. This may result in children being further exposed to harmful content, deepening digital divides. Role of Government and Digital Platforms: Government Regulations: Governments must step in to bridge the gap by enforcing stricter online content controls and collaborating with tech companies to ensure the highest safety standards. Ethical Responsibility of Platforms: Meta’s response to growing concerns involves transferring responsibility to parents, but there is an ethical debate about whether this is a sufficient measure. With algorithmic changes and more robust built-in safety nets, platforms like Instagram could play a more direct role in reducing harm to minors online. Additional Data: U.S. Surgeon General’s proposals liken digital platforms to tobacco and alcohol, urging for stronger warnings. 41 U.S. states have initiated legal action against Meta for the harm done to minors through social media. Conclusion: While Instagram Teen Accounts offer a positive step forward in online safety for minors, the assumption that parents can effectively manage their children’s digital habits remains problematic, especially in developing nations. The need for collective responsibility, involving both governments and platforms, is critical. Regulatory frameworks that prioritize both parental involvement and system-wide controls will ensure more effective safety measures for minors in the evolving digital landscape. Terms of Protection: Examining the SC Judgment on Sexual Exploitation of Minors Context: The recent Supreme Court ruling has expanded the interpretation of child sexual exploitation laws in India. In a landmark decision, the court ruled that viewing, possessing, and storing sexually explicit material involving minors is now a crime under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and Information Technology (IT) Act, even if the content is not shared or transmitted. Relevance: GS Paper II (Governance and Constitution): Legal frameworks and judicial interventions for the protection of vulnerable groups. GS Paper IV (Ethics): Ethical dimensions of legal responses to child exploitation and protection. Mains Question: Discuss the recent Supreme Court ruling on child sexual exploitation under POCSO and IT Acts in India. How does this judgment align with the legal and ethical protection of minors? Supreme Court’s Expanded Interpretation of the Law: The ruling overrides an earlier Madras High Court judgment, which had interpreted that merely possessing or storing such material was not a crime under Section 67-B of the IT Act. This new interpretation broadens the scope of the law, now making the possession of child sexual exploitative content illegal, even without transmission. Tightening of Legal Guardrails: The Supreme Court emphasized that child sexual exploitation is one of the most heinous crimes imaginable, recognizing the need to address the offense even at the level of possession. The judgment raises concerns about balancing legal protections while ensuring that harsh laws do not infringe on fundamental freedoms. A More Holistic Approach to Child Protection: The court suggested avoiding the term child pornography and instead adopting Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM) to more accurately reflect the severity and victimization involved. This shift in terminology aims to capture the emotional and psychological trauma of children involved, emphasizing the continuing violations they face. Ethical Dilemmas and Deterrent Effects: Ethical questions arise about the effectiveness of harsher punitive measures in reducing child exploitation. The expansion of legal scope could potentially lead to unintended consequences like increasing false accusations and stigmatization of adolescent behavior. The court also highlighted the importance of consent education, urging schools and parents to play a proactive role in educating children about the dangers of online exploitation. Implementation and Due Process Concerns: Reporting mechanisms need to be stronger, ensuring that the burden of reporting abuse does not lead to victim-blaming or delays in justice. The ruling stressed the importance of police procedures, due process, and institutional infrastructure to ensure that the law remains a deterrent while protecting the rights of the accused. Data Points: Section 67-B of the IT Act: Makes possession of child exploitative material a punishable offense. POCSO Act: Expands the scope of offenses to include possession without transmission. Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s expanded interpretation of child protection laws under POCSO and the IT Act is a necessary intervention in an era of rising online exploitation. While the ruling reflects the severity of the crime, it also calls for better implementation mechanisms and ethical considerations in balancing harsh punitive measures with rights protection. The judgment offers a holistic view of child exploitation but underscores the need for infrastructure, education, and guardrails to ensure that these protections do not lead to misuse. The Misplaced Move of ‘One Nation, One Election’ Context: The idea of simultaneous elections emerged from concerns about frequent elections, which often distract leaders from governance. A high-level committee, headed by Ram Nath Kovind, was formed to explore this possibility. The proposal aims to streamline elections, reduce costs, and alleviate administrative burdens. Relevance: General Studies Paper 2: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Electoral Reforms, and Federalism. Mains Question: “Examine the feasibility of implementing ‘One Nation, One Election’ in India. Discuss the constitutional, logistical, and democratic challenges associated with this proposal. (250 words)” Trigger for Simultaneous Elections: Frequent elections, spanning Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and local bodies, prompted this idea. These elections consume time, energy, and resources, hindering governance. Constitutional Challenges: A constitutional amendment is required to implement simultaneous elections, especially altering Article 324. It demands a special majority in Parliament. Currently, the ruling NDA lacks the two-thirds majority needed to pass the bill. The Opposition is widely against this proposal. Cost Savings Argument: Proponents argue that simultaneous elections would save expenses. However, the total election budget for 2023-24 was ₹466 crores out of ₹45 lakh crore. Savings would be minimal and do not justify the effort needed to bring this reform. Impact on Federalism: Simultaneous elections might undermine the federal structure. States currently have independent election cycles based on regional needs. Forcing synchronization would disrupt this balance. Moreover, the Supreme Court has upheld the independent tenure of State Assemblies. Logistical Concerns: The logistics of simultaneous elections are massive. Coordinating over 8,500 constituencies, managing personnel, voting machines, and security would be overwhelming. The Election Commission would face immense pressure. Political Consequences: There is concern that national issues may overshadow regional matters. This could compromise representation in state-level governance. Regional issues might be drowned out by national narratives. Democracy and Electoral Accountability: Frequent elections ensure continuous accountability. Elections allow voters to hold leaders responsible at both national and state levels. Reducing election frequency could weaken this democratic function. Financial Misuse During Elections: The editorial highlights that political parties often misuse funds during elections, making populist promises. This pattern might continue, even with synchronized elections. There is no guarantee that simultaneous elections would curb this practice. Latest Data and Numbers: ₹466 crore allocated for elections in 2023-24. India’s total budget for 2023-24 is ₹45 lakh crore. Over 8,500 legislative constituencies across Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Conclusion: While ‘One Nation, One Election’ may seem appealing, it presents severe challenges. The constitutional hurdles, threat to federalism, and logistical concerns are significant. Cost savings are marginal, and the democratic process could suffer. Rather than pursuing simultaneous elections, the focus should be on enhancing the electoral process. Simultaneous elections are not the solution to the underlying issues in India’s democracy. The idea, while cost-effective on paper, needs a detailed examination of its broader implications on governance and democracy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 September 2024

CONTENTS The Rising Concern Over Methane Emissions in Climate Goals Legal Setback for CM Siddaramaiah in MUDA Scam Case ISRO’s Venus Mission Bombay High Court Strikes Down IT Rules on Fact Checking Nagar Van Yojana Mankidia Tribe MAPCIS Crater The Rising Concern Over Methane Emissions in Climate Goals Context: Methane (CH4) emissions are currently on the rise, posing a significant threat to achieving the global climate targets established by the Paris Agreement. Historically, carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been the primary focus of climate discussions; however, methane, which is a much more potent greenhouse gas (GHG), is now receiving increased attention. Addressing methane emissions is crucial because of its strong impact on global warming, and targeting reductions in methane could lead to swift and significant progress in global climate action efforts. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Impact of Methane on Climate Change Initiatives to Tackle Methane Emissions Why Did India Decline the Global Methane Pledge? Impact of Methane on Climate Change: Methane Potency: Methane is 80 times more potent than CO₂ as a greenhouse gas. It has contributed to 30% of global warming since the Industrial Revolution. Atmospheric Lifespan: Methane stays in the atmosphere for only 7 to 12 years. Reducing emissions or increasing sinks of methane can provide a short-term impact on climate while allowing time to address long-term CO₂ reduction. Climate Action Goals: Reducing methane emissions by 45% by 2030 could help meet the Paris Agreement target of limiting warming to 1.5°C. Benefits of Reducing Methane: Immediate Climate Benefits: Methane reduction or removal can help mitigate global warming quickly, turning methane into an essential ally in maintaining safe global temperatures. Air Quality Improvement: Lower methane emissions improve air quality by reducing the formation of ground-level ozone, which is harmful to respiratory health. Methane Emission Sources: Primary Sectors: Energy Sector: Oil, gas, and coal production. Agriculture: Primarily from livestock and rice cultivation. Waste Management: Emissions from landfills. Global Methane Emission Statistics: Annual Emissions: Global methane emissions are around 580 million tonnes per year. 40% of these emissions come from natural sources, while 60% are due to human activities. Largest Sources: Agriculture is the largest human-induced source, responsible for 25% of emissions. The energy sector follows closely, with significant emissions from coal, oil, natural gas, and biofuels. Initiatives to Tackle Methane Emissions Indian Initiatives: Harit Dhara (HD): Developed by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), it’s an anti-methanogenic feed supplement. Reduces cattle methane emissions by 17-20% and enhances milk production. National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA): Implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, it promotes climate-resilient practices, including methane reduction in rice cultivation. National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA): Developed by ICAR under NICRA project. Technologies to mitigate methane emissions from rice cultivation: System for Rice Intensification: Increases rice yield by 36-49% with 22-35% less water. Direct Seeded Rice: Reduces methane emissions by eliminating traditional methods. Crop Diversification Programme: Shifts from paddy cultivation to alternative crops, minimizing methane emissions. Bharat Stage-VI Norms: India transitioned from Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI) emission norms to reduce vehicular methane emissions. Global Initiatives: Methane Alert and Response System (MARS): Integrates data from satellites to detect methane emission events worldwide and notifies stakeholders for action. Global Methane Pledge: A voluntary commitment by nearly 100 countries, established at the Glasgow climate conference (UNFCCC COP 26) in 2021. Aims to cut methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030 from 2020 levels. India is not part of the Global Methane Pledge. Global Methane Initiative (GMI): An international public-private partnership focused on overcoming barriers to recovering and using methane as a clean energy source. Why Did India Decline the Global Methane Pledge? Main Methane Sources in India: India’s methane emissions primarily come from enteric fermentation in livestock and paddy cultivation. These practices are essential for small and marginal farmers, forming the core of the nation’s agricultural economy. Survival Emissions: Methane emissions from agriculture are considered “survival” emissions as they directly impact food production and farmers’ livelihoods, rather than being linked to luxury or excessive consumption. Rice Cultivation and Food Security: India, as one of the largest producers and exporters of rice, argues that reducing methane emissions from rice fields could harm food security, affecting both domestic supply and export potential. Impact on Farmers and Rural Economy: Any reduction in agricultural production, due to methane mitigation, could threaten farmers’ incomes and subsequently disrupt rural economies. CO₂ vs. Methane: India believes that CO₂, which has a longer lifespan (100-1000 years), is the main driver of climate change, while the Global Methane Pledge places undue emphasis on methane reduction, a gas with a shorter lifespan, potentially shifting the burden away from CO₂ mitigation. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): India’s climate actions under the Paris Agreement are not tied to sector-specific emission reduction targets, allowing the country flexibility to address emissions based on national priorities. Alignment with National Interests: After evaluation, the Indian government concluded that signing the Global Methane Pledge would not be in alignment with the country’s national interests. -Source: Down To Earth Legal Setback for CM Siddaramaiah in MUDA Scam Case Context: Chief Minister Siddaramaiah of Karnataka faced a significant legal setback when the Karnataka High Court dismissed his petition challenging the sanction for investigation granted by Governor Thaawar Chand Gehlot. This decision pertains to the allegations involving the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) scam case. The court’s ruling allows for the continuation of the investigation, marking a critical moment in the ongoing legal proceedings related to this high-profile case. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Background of the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) Scam Case Karnataka High Court’s Decision Impact of HC’s Decision on Karnataka Politics Background of the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) Scam Case Origin of the Case: Three anti-corruption activists sought the Karnataka governor’s permission to file a complaint against the state’s Chief Minister (CM). They claimed that the CM’s wife had received 14 housing plots from MUDA in exchange for 3.16 acres of land that MUDA acquired illegally in 2021, during the tenure of the previous BJP-led government. This allegedly caused a loss of ₹55.80 crore to the state treasury. Governor’s Action: The Governor of Karnataka issued a show-cause notice to the CM, initiating proceedings under the Prevention of Corruption Act (PCA), 1988, and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. The CM contested the governor’s sanction on the grounds that the governor must act upon the advice of the Council of Ministers. As a result, the Karnataka High Court placed a hold on the trial. Karnataka High Court’s Decision Issue Before the Court: The main question was the interpretation of Section 17A of the PCA, which concerns the requirement for sanction before investigating a public official. It raised the issue of whether sanction can be granted when a private individual is the complainant. Court’s Ruling: The PCA does not limit the authority to seek approval for investigations to police officers. Even private citizens are required to get approval. After evaluating the facts, the court found that an investigation into the alleged scam and the involvement of the CM’s family was necessary. The governor’s sanction was deemed valid and did not suffer from any flaws. Impact of the Ruling: The ruling allows the three activists to approach an anti-corruption body, such as the Karnataka Lokayukta, to investigate the MUDA scam case. Impact of HC’s Decision on Karnataka Politics Options for the Chief Minister: Siddaramaiah, a prominent Backward Class leader, is expected to defend himself legally. The Congress party may adopt an ethical position, potentially asking the CM to step down if an FIR is filed. There is precedent for this— in 2010, Maharashtra’s CM Ashok Chavan was asked to resign over the Adarsh housing scam allegations involving his relatives. Political Implications: The current political discourse favors the CM, as it portrays investigative bodies as being used to target opponents or force them to join the BJP. Congress has framed this case as part of a broader conspiracy by the BJP to unseat non-BJP Chief Ministers across India. -Source: The Hindu ISRO’s Venus Mission Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet had approved India’s first mission to Venus, which ISRO plans to launch in March 2028. This will be India’s second interplanetary mission, following the 2013 Mars Orbiter Mission. Relevance: GS-III: Science and Technology (Space Technology and advancements in Space Technology) Dimensions of the Article: About Venus Observations and explorations of Venus What does the Shukrayaan-I Mission entail? About Venus Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is the brightest natural object in Earth’s night sky after the Moon. It can cast shadows and can be seen with the naked eye on rare occasions, even during daylight. Venus has a unique rotation pattern, where the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. This is because it rotates in the opposite direction (East to West/Clockwise) to all but Uranus. Venus has the densest atmosphere of the four terrestrial planets, consisting of more than 96% carbon dioxide. This causes a strong greenhouse effect, making Venus the hottest planet in the Solar System despite being farther from the Sun than Mercury. The atmospheric pressure at the planet’s surface is about 92 times that of Earth’s sea level pressure. Venus is covered by an opaque layer of highly reflective clouds made of sulfuric acid, which prevents its surface from being seen in visible light. The planet lacks a planetary magnetic field, which caused the water to photo dissociate and the free hydrogen to be swept into interplanetary space by the solar wind. Venus has been a significant fixture in human culture for as long as records have existed. Observations and explorations of Venus Early Exploration: Due to its proximity to Earth, Venus has been a prime target for early interplanetary exploration. It was the first planet beyond Earth visited by a spacecraft (Mariner 2 in 1962), and the first to be successfully landed on (by Venera 7 in 1970). Venus’s thick clouds render observation of its surface impossible in visible light, and the first detailed maps did not emerge until the arrival of the Magellan orbiter in 1991. Plans have been proposed for rovers or more complex missions, but they are hindered by Venus’s hostile surface conditions. Methods of Observation: Observations of the planet Venus include those in antiquity, telescopic observations, and from visiting spacecraft. Spacecraft have performed various flybys, orbits, and landings on Venus, including balloon probes that floated in the atmosphere of Venus. After the Moon, Venus was the second object in the Solar System to be explored by radar from the Earth. Missions to Venus: Ten Soviet probes have achieved a soft landing on the surface, with up to 110 minutes of communication from the surface, all without return. U.S.’s missions to Venus: Mariner series 1962-1974, Pioneer Venus 1 and Pioneer Venus 2 in 1978, Magellan in 1989. Russia’s mission to Venus: Venera series of space crafts 1967-1983, Vegas 1 and 2 in 1985. Japan’s Akatsuki was launched in 2010, however, the orbital insertion maneuver failed and the spacecraft was left in heliocentric orbit. Venus Express was a mission by the European Space Agency to study the atmosphere and surface characteristics of Venus from orbit. Significance of Exploring Venus It will help to learn how Earth-like planets evolve and what conditions exist on Earth-sized exoplanets (planets that orbit a star other than our sun). It will help in modelling Earth’s climate, and serves as a cautionary tale on how dramatically a planet’s climate can change. What does the Shukrayaan-I Mission entail? After dispatching similar missions to the Moon and Mars, Shukrayaan will be India’s first orbiter mission to Venus. The mission’s goal is to investigate the surface of our solar system’s hottest planet and decipher the mysteries hidden beneath the Sulphuric Acid clouds that surround it. The orbiter is the third mission to Venus, following NASA’s announcement of two probes and the European Space Agency’s announcement of a spacecraft. The probes will travel the globe in search of clues to the destructive past of Earth’s strange twin, which scientists believe previously had massive water reserves similar to our own. The ISRO plans to launch in December 2024, with orbital manoeuvres scheduled for the following year. When the earth and Venus are perfectly aligned, the spaceship can be placed in the orbit of the neighbouring planet with the least quantity of propellant. Objectives Investigation of the surface processes and shallow sub-surface stratigraphy, including active volcanic hotspots and lava flows Studying the structure, composition, and dynamics of the atmosphere Investigation of solar wind interaction with the Venusian Ionosphere -Source: Indian Express Bombay High Court Strikes Down IT Rules on Fact Checking Context: The Bombay High Court recently invalidated the Amended Information Technology Rules, 2023, which had enabled the central government to establish a Fact Check Unit (FCU). This unit was intended to detect and address fake, false, and misleading information about the government on social media platforms. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: High Court’s Observation on the Fact Check Unit (FCU) What is the Fact Check Unit (FCU)? About Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 Concerns regarding IT Rules, 2023 High Court’s Observation on the Fact Check Unit (FCU): Violation of Constitutional Rights: The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023 were deemed in violation of Article 14 (right to equality), Article 19 (freedom of speech and expression), and 19(1)(g) (freedom of profession) as per the Indian Constitution. Ambiguity in Definition: The terms “fake” or “misleading” news remain unclear, lacking precise definitions. Absence of a “Right to Truth”: Since no legally recognized “right to the truth” exists, the state isn’t mandated to ensure that only information verified by the FCU is shared with citizens. Proportionality Standard: The court noted that the measures proposed by the FCU do not meet the necessary standard of proportionality. What is the Fact Check Unit (FCU)? Purpose: The FCU is tasked with combating misinformation, especially content related to the Indian government. Main Function: The FCU’s primary role is to verify facts and ensure that accurate information is disseminated in public discourse. Establishment: In April 2023, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) established the FCU by modifying the Information Technology Rules, 2021. Supreme Court Stay: In March 2024, the Supreme Court issued a stay on the establishment of the FCU under the Press Information Bureau. Government’s Stance: The government defended the creation of the FCU, arguing that it serves to curb the spread of misinformation and is one of the least restrictive approaches. Enforcement: The FCU will oversee content adjudication, and non-compliance by intermediaries with its guidelines may lead to legal action under Section 79 of the IT Act, 2000, which addresses the violation of safe harbour provisions. About Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 The Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 have several provisions aimed at regulating online content and activities. These rules include: No platform can allow harmful unapproved online games and their advertisements. Sharing false information about the Indian government is prohibited as confirmed by a fact-checking unit. Platforms should make reasonable efforts to not host content related to the Central Government that is identified as fake or misleading by a fact-check unit. Online gaming platforms will have to register with a Self-Regulatory Body (SRB) to ensure the games are permissible. Online games should not involve gambling or betting elements and should comply with legal requirements, standards, and safety precautions such as parental controls. If any information is marked as fake, intermediaries will be required to take it down, or they risk losing their safe harbour protection. Social media sites will have to take down such posts, and internet service providers will have to block URLs of such content. Key IT Rules of 2021: Social media platforms must exercise greater diligence with respect to the content on their platforms. Intermediaries must remove or disable access within 24 hours of receipt of complaints of content that exposes private areas of individuals, shows individuals in full or partial nudity or in sexual act, or is in the nature of impersonation including morphed images, etc. Social media platforms must ensure that their privacy policies educate users about not circulating copyrighted material and anything that can be construed as defamatory, racially or ethnically objectionable, paedophilic, threatening the unity, integrity, defence, security or sovereignty of India or friendly relations with foreign states, or violative of any contemporary law. Concerns regarding IT Rules, 2023 The Information Technology Amendment Rules, 2023 have raised concerns about the potential for government censorship and arbitrary exercise of power. Lack of clear definition of “fake news” The amendment fails to define “fake news”, leaving room for arbitrary determination by the government’s fact-check unit. The phrase “in respect of any business” gives the government unchecked power to decide what content can be accessed online. Concerns about arbitrary power and censorship Intermediaries are required to remove information deemed false by the Fact Check Unit, effectively leaving the state as the sole determiner of what is true or false. The IT Rules give the government the power to decide what information is bogus and exercise censorship by compelling intermediaries to take down posts deemed fake or false. Shreya Singhal vs Union of India (2015) case The Supreme Court held that a law that limits speech cannot be vague or over-broad. The lack of clear definitions and guidelines in the IT Rules, 2023 raises concerns about potential violations of free speech and expression. -Source: The Hindu Nagar Van Yojana Context: Recently, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India achieved a 100-Day Target of 100 Nagar Vans under Nagar Van Yojana (NVY) with the objective to Enhance Urban Greenery. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Nagar Van Yojana (NVY): Launch and Purpose: Initiated in 2020, NVY focuses on enhancing urban greenery to improve the quality of life and foster social cohesion in urban areas. Financial Assistance: The scheme offers Rs. 4 lakh per hectare for the development and upkeep of urban forests, encouraging the participation of local communities, students, and other stakeholders in managing green spaces. Area Coverage: The size of each Nagar Van varies, covering areas from 10 to 50 hectares. Target Cities: NVY is applicable in all cities governed by Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). Biodiversity and Engagement: A key focus is on biodiversity by planting fruit-bearing, medicinal, and native species to promote ecological balance and attract wildlife. The scheme promotes community engagement through tree planting, educational initiatives, and sustainable management practices. Forest Design: Each Nagar Van must dedicate two-thirds of its area to tree cover and incorporate elements like Biodiversity Parks, Smriti Vans, Butterfly Conservatories, and Herbal Gardens. The initiative also includes Matri Van, created as part of the Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam campaign. Goal by 2027: The scheme aims to establish 1,000 Nagar Vans by 2027 with financial backing from the National Fund for National Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (National CAMPA). -Source: Indian Express Mankidia Tribe Context: Recently, the Mankidia community became the 6th particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) PVTG to get habitat rights over forests in Odisha. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Mankidia Tribe The Mankidia tribe belongs to the Austro-Asiatic ethnic group and primarily depends on forest resources for survival. They form a semi-nomadic subsection of the Birhor tribe, moving frequently in search of sustenance. The tribe is designated as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) in Odisha, highlighting their marginalized status. Livelihood and Occupation The Mankidia tribe’s main source of livelihood comes from food gathering and hunting. They are among the lesser-known forest-dwelling and nomadic communities in both Odisha and India. They roam in small groups within forest areas and set up temporary settlements called Kumbhas, characterized by dome-shaped leaf huts. Language and Spiritual Beliefs The Mankidia tribe speaks a dialect derived from the Munda language, with some members also fluent in Odia. Their spiritual beliefs encompass both benevolent and malevolent deities. Logobir and Budhimai are their principal gods. They honor their ancestors to ensure health and success in hunting and gathering forest produce. Geographical Distribution The Mankidia tribe predominantly inhabits Odisha, but they are also found in the states of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. -Source: Indian Express MAPCIS Crater Context: Recently, Australian researchers have uncovered evidence of a massive impact crater which is named as MAPCIS, which could revolutionise our understanding of Earth’s geological history. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology MAPCIS Crater Overview: MAPCIS is a nonconcentric complex crater that may offer crucial insights into Earth’s geological and biological history. It spans an impressive 600 kilometers across central Australia. Referred to as the Massive Australian Precambrian-Cambrian Impact Structure (MAPCIS). The event that caused the crater is believed to have occurred towards the end of the Ediacaran period. It contains pseudotachylite breccia (melt rock) deposits, lonsdaleite (shocked diamonds), and notable concentrations of iridium—all indicative of a high-impact event. Key Facts About the Ediacaran Period: Geological Timeline: The Ediacaran period spans from 635 to 541 million years ago, marking the end of the Proterozoic Eon. Significance: This period saw the earliest known development of multicellular life. Biological Transition: It represents a time of major geological and biological transformation, transitioning from a world dominated by microscopic life to one teeming with Cambrian animals. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 September 2024

CONTENTS Gingee Fort Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site SPICED Scheme Gingee Fort Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Site Context: Gingee Fort, located in Tamil Nadu’s Villupuram district, has been officially nominated for inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage Site list. This nomination is part of a larger initiative titled the “Maratha Military Landscapes,” which aims to recognize and preserve 12 significant forts that highlight the historical military architecture influenced by the Maratha Empire. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts Regarding Gingee Fort What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? Key Facts Regarding Gingee Fort: Location: Gingee Fort is strategically located atop three hillocks: Rajagiri, Krishnagiri, and Chandragiri, making it a prominent fort in Tamil Nadu. Historical Importance: Known as the “Troy of the East”, Gingee Fort is considered one of the most impregnable fortresses in South India. Its strong defences, including a 60-foot-wide rampart and an 80-foot-wide moat, made it crucial during the Carnatic Wars between the French and British. Historical Overview: The fort was originally constructed in 1200 CE by Ananta Kon of the Konar Dynasty and named Krishnagiri. Significant renovations were made under the Vijayanagar Empire. In 1677, the fort was captured by Chhatrapati Shivaji, and it remained under Maratha control until it was taken by the Mughals in 1698. The fort served as the last stronghold for the Marathas, led by Rajaram I (Shivaji’s son), in their resistance against the Mughal forces. After briefly being ruled by Raja Desingh (Tej Singh), the fort was taken over by the Nawabs of Arcot in 1714 and stayed under their dominion until 1749. From 1750 to 1770, the fort was under French control, after which it passed into British hands. Architectural Features: The fort complex includes multiple temples and shrines along with significant structures such as a stepped well, Kalyana Mahal, durbar hall, cannon, clock tower, armory, elephant tank, stable, granary, gymnasium, Venkataramana temple, and Sadathtulla mosque. Water Supply Systems: The fort is equipped with two advanced water supply systems that ensured water availability even at the fort’s highest points. Rajagiri Hill: Rajagiri is the tallest hill at 800 meters, with a citadel and the temple of Ranganatha located on it. Krishnagiri Citadel: The Krishnagiri Citadel is noted for its Indo-Islamic architecture, featuring an audience hall with a domed roof. Venkataramana Swamy Temple: Situated in the Lower Fort complex, this temple features intricate carvings from Hindu epics. Kalyana Mahal: A remarkable eight-storey structure, the Kalyana Mahal was used as the royal ladies’ quarters. What are UNESCO World Heritage Sites? UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of distinctive cultural or physical importance which is considered of outstanding value to humanity. It may be a building, a city, a complex, a desert, a forest, an island, a lake, a monument, or a mountain. They have been inscribed on the World Heritage List to be protected for future generations to appreciate and enjoy as they have a special cultural or physical significance and outstanding universal value to the humanity. Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites. At present, India has 38 World Heritage Properties. All the sites under the Ministry are conserved as per ASI’s Conservation Policy and are in good shape.   More about selection and protection of World Heritage Sites The sites are judged to be important for the collective and preservative interests of humanity. To be selected, a WHS must be an already-classified landmark, unique in some respect as a geographically and historically identifiable place having special cultural or physical significance (such as an ancient ruin or historical structure, building, city, complex, desert, forest, island, lake, monument, mountain, or wilderness area). It may signify a remarkable accomplishment of humanity, and serve as evidence of our intellectual history on the planet. The sites are intended for practical conservation for posterity, which otherwise would be subject to risk from human or animal trespassing, unmonitored/uncontrolled/unrestricted access, or threat from local administrative negligence. The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Program administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 “states parties” that are elected by their General Assembly. UNESCO World Heritage Committee The World Heritage Committee selects the sites to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger. It monitors the state of conservation of the World Heritage properties, defines the use of the World Heritage Fund and allocates financial assistance upon requests from States Parties. It is composed of 21 states parties that are elected by the General Assembly of States Parties for a four-year term. India is NOT a member of this Committee. SPICED Scheme Context: Recently, the Union Ministry of Commerce and Industry has approved a Spices Board scheme, ‘Sustainability in spice sector through progressive, innovative and collaborative interventions for export development’ (SPICED) scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions About the SPICED Scheme: Purpose: The SPICED Scheme is focused on enhancing the export of spices and value-added spice products, improving productivity of cardamoms, and upgrading the post-harvest quality of spices across India for export. Implementation: The scheme is being implemented until the end of the 15th Finance Commission term, which runs up to 2025-26. Key Highlights of the Scheme: The scheme aims to promote value addition, foster innovation, and encourage sustainability in the spice sector through various initiatives: Mission Value Addition. Mission Clean and Safe Spices. Promotion of GI spices. Support for entrepreneurship through Spice Incubation Centres. Focus Groups: The scheme places emphasis on farmers’ groups, FPOs, farmers’ clusters identified under ODOP and DEH, as well as the SC/ST community, exporters from the Northeast, and SMEs. Eligibility: Exporters with a valid Certificate of Registration as Exporter of Spices (CRES) are eligible for assistance. Preference will be given to first-time applicants and SMEs. Program Focus: Programs under the scheme aim to improve the productivity of cardamoms and upgrade the post-harvest quality of spices. These initiatives target farmer groups, including Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs), and Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in key spice-growing regions. Post-Harvest Improvement: The scheme prioritizes post-harvest improvements to create an exportable surplus of spices, ensuring compliance with food safety and quality standards. Transparency: Scheme activities will be geo-tagged, and information regarding fund availability, application status, and list of beneficiaries will be available on the Board’s website to ensure transparency

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 September 2024

Contents: The NCrF as a Framework for well-rounded education The Supreme Court’s Stance on Child Sexual Exploitation Online The Modi-U.S. Visit: Key Announcements and Challenges Ahead The NCrF as a Framework for well-rounded education Context: The National Credit Framework (NCrF) is a transformative initiative under India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aimed at modernizing the education system. It emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, the flexibility of learning, and vocational training to equip students with the necessary skills for a rapidly evolving job market. This approach moves away from the conventional focus on academics alone, encouraging institutions to integrate knowledge production with skill development to meet contemporary challenges. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Education and Policies) and GS Paper III (Economic Development and Employment) Mains Question: How does the National Credit Framework (NCrF) proposed under NEP 2020 aim to enhance flexibility in higher education? Discuss its potential to balance vocational training and knowledge generation. Flexibility in Education: The NCrF offers a unified accumulation and transfer of credits across disciplines, including school, vocational, and higher education, ensuring students benefit from a broad-based and flexible learning experience. Students can earn credits through a variety of activities such as: Classroom learning, Research projects, Internships, and Apprenticeships. This flexibility enables learners to engage in multidisciplinary fields, gain on-the-job training, and participate in experiential learning, bridging the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills. Vocational and Skill Training: The NCrF emphasizes vocational education along with traditional academic learning. This approach aims to enhance employability by focusing on fundamental research and innovation alongside vocational skills. Institutions are encouraged to integrate vocational training with knowledge production, ensuring that both areas are treated as essential for developing a dynamic workforce. This helps in addressing the skills mismatch in various industries. Adapting to Technological and Social Changes: The framework acknowledges the rapid changes in technology and the economy, urging Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to continually update their curricula to keep pace with evolving job requirements. Institutions must remain relevant by revising their syllabi and ensuring that students acquire the skills necessary for emerging sectors like artificial intelligence, data science, and biotechnology. Democratizing Education and Social Equity: The NCrF is a critical component of the broader NEP 2020, which seeks to democratize education and ensure that learning is accessible to students from all socio-economic backgrounds. By providing options for vocational education and skill-based training, it aims to reduce inequalities in higher education, making it possible for students to transition from education to self-employment or skilled jobs. Addressing Criticism: Critics who argue that vocational training undermines the intellectual pursuits of higher education are reminded that the modern world requires both knowledge creators and skilled professionals. The NCrF provides a dual approach, allowing students to pursue academic excellence while also acquiring employability skills. This balance is crucial for India’s economic growth and global competitiveness. Additional Data: Multidisciplinary Credit System: The NCrF ensures that students from all fields can earn and transfer credits across disciplines, enhancing their academic journey. NEP Vision: The NEP 2020 envisions a complete overhaul of India’s educational structure, aiming to align it with 21st-century demands. Conclusion: The National Credit Framework (NCrF) is a vital reform under the NEP 2020, designed to ensure that India’s education system produces well-rounded graduates equipped with both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The flexibility offered by the NCrF will allow students to adapt to changing job markets, enhance social mobility, and contribute meaningfully to the country’s economic development. The Supreme Court’s Stance on Child Sexual Exploitation Online Context: The Supreme Court of India has provided a comprehensive legal interpretation of the penal consequences concerning online content that depicts child sexual exploitation. This clarification aligns with the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act and addresses the Information Technology Act, 2000, aiming to curb the proliferation of such heinous content in the digital space. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Governance and Social Justice) and GS Paper III (Internal Security) Mains Question: Discuss the legal framework in India concerning the viewing, accessing, and distribution of child sexual exploitation material online. How does the Supreme Court’s clarification strengthen the protection of children under Indian law? Clarification under POCSO: The POCSO Act, enacted to protect children from sexual offenses, includes provisions to penalize those involved in creating, accessing, or storing child sexual exploitation content. The recent Supreme Court verdict broadens the scope of Section 15 of POCSO, which deals with the possession and sharing of Child Sexual Exploitative and Abuse Material (CSEAM). The Court has clarified that viewing or displaying such content, even without physically possessing it, falls under the legal definition of constructive possession. Tackling the Definition: A significant part of the judgment advocates against the use of the term “child pornography” due to its tendency to trivialize the seriousness of the offense. Instead, the Court suggested the use of the term CSEAM, which better reflects the gravity of exploiting children for sexual content. This clarification removes ambiguity in the application of the Information Technology Act, 2000 and aligns it with POCSO to ensure that individuals who consume, even passively, such exploitative content are held accountable. Constructive Possession and Control: The Court also explained the doctrine of constructive possession, stating that any individual who views, controls, or displays such material, even without downloading or storing it, can be penalized. Section 67B of the IT Act has been referenced in the judgment to penalize various electronic forms of exploitation. This extends the liability beyond creators and distributors of the content to include those who intentionally fail to remove or report such content to authorities. Legal Precedent and Harmonization: The ruling also harmonizes discrepancies in High Court verdicts concerning child sexual abuse material. For instance, a Madras High Court decision that quashed a case of viewing child sexual content on the basis that only creators of such content could be penalized has now been set aside. By advocating comprehensive sex education and emphasizing legal and ethical responsibilities, the Supreme Court aims to enhance the broader legal and social mechanisms for protecting children from online exploitation. Platforms and Intermediary Liability: The Court has reiterated that online platforms and intermediaries have a duty to promptly remove exploitative content involving children and report it to law enforcement agencies. Failing to comply with these responsibilities could also bring legal consequences under the amended Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules. Additional Data: Section 67B of the IT Act: Provides penalties for the transmission of child sexual exploitation material online. POCSO Act, Section 15: Deals with punishment for storing or possessing child pornography content, with extensions for constructive possession. Conclusion: The Supreme Court’s detailed clarification of laws related to online child sexual exploitation strengthens India’s legal framework under POCSO and the Information Technology Act, 2000. It holds individuals accountable for viewing and disseminating such content, closes legal loopholes, and enhances the protection of children’s rights in the digital age. This landmark ruling provides critical legal backing to India’s efforts to combat cyber-crimes related to child sexual abuse, ensuring that perpetrators face legal consequences, even for the mere viewing or control of exploitative material. The Modi-U.S. Visit: Key Announcements and Challenges Ahead Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s three-day visit to the United States marked a significant moment in India-U.S. relations, featuring bilateral talks, Quad Summit deliberations, and meetings at the UN General Assembly. This visit, with its focus on strategic partnerships and geopolitical challenges, also set the stage for India’s upcoming Quad presidency. Relevance: GS Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the strategic outcomes of Prime Minister Modi’s recent visit to the United States, focusing on India’s role in the Quad and bilateral progress with the U.S. How do these developments impact India’s geopolitical positioning? Key Focus Areas: PM Modi’s visit centered on three pivotal areas: Quad engagements with leaders from the U.S., Japan, and Australia, Bilateral meetings with President Joe Biden, UN meetings, where global issues such as the Ukraine conflict were discussed. Strategic Outcomes of the Quad Summit: Countering China: The Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission and Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI) were highlights, aimed at upholding the rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific. However, India’s caution in joining other Quad members in contested waters is a point of interest. Health and Technology: The commitment to a “Cancer Moonshot” and progress on the Quad Vaccine Initiative were crucial. Both reflect the Quad’s effort to address global challenges beyond security. India-U.S. Bilateral Progress: Semiconductor Manufacturing and Drone Acquisition: Agreements on semiconductors and Predator drones enhance the defense and technology partnership between India and the U.S. Challenges in the Bilateral Relationship: The visit was shadowed by tensions, particularly the Pannun case involving India’s National Security Advisor Ajit Doval, and a White House meeting with Sikh activists critical of India. This underscores the complexity of India-U.S. relations, where strategic cooperation exists alongside domestic and diaspora tensions. UN Diplomacy and Peace Talks: At the UN General Assembly, PM Modi’s bilateral interactions, particularly with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, were of interest. Modi reiterated India’s role as a “strong voice” of the Global South, advocating for the concerns of developing nations regarding the Ukraine conflict. Discussions included hints of India’s potential role in future peace initiatives, though without definitive announcements. India’s Role in the Quad and Global South: The Quad Presidency in 2025 will test India’s ability to navigate geopolitical tensions, especially with China. India’s reluctance to engage militarily in the Indo-Pacific waters could come under scrutiny, though the rules-based order and economic engagement remain central to its approach. Modi’s emphasis on India being a “strong voice” of the Global South highlights India’s leadership aspirations in multilateral fora, especially in peacebuilding and global development. Additional Data: Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission and MAITRI initiatives target China’s aggression in the South China Sea. U.S.-India semiconductor deal: Strengthening India’s role in the global technology supply chain. Conclusion: PM Modi’s visit to the U.S. yielded strategic advancements in areas like technology and defense, particularly regarding semiconductors and drones. However, challenges such as the Pannun case and Sikh activism have added layers of complexity to bilateral relations. India’s upcoming Quad presidency will be a crucial test of its ability to navigate these challenges while asserting its global role, both within the Indo-Pacific region and at multilateral platforms like the UN. India’s diplomatic balancing act, both within the Quad and on the global stage, will be crucial as it navigates the next phase of its international relations strategy.

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