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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 June 2025

Content : Fire on waters Mind the gap More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Fire on waters Context: The MV Wan Hai 503 Fire Incident Date & Location: June 9, 2025; 44 nautical miles off Azhikkal coast, Kannur, Kerala. Cause: Multiple explosions onboard, leading to a dangerous fire. Cargo Risk: 140 out of 1,754 containers contained hazardous materials. Environmental & Safety Threat: Fire posed a severe threat to coastlines, life, and marine environment. Relevance : GS 3 ( Disaster Management & Maritime Security ) Practice Question : India’s growing maritime footprint necessitates a robust response framework for onboard fires, salvage operations, and oil spills. Examine the challenges and suggest measures to enhance India’s maritime disaster preparedness.(250 Words) Response & Rescue Efforts Initial Challenge: Rough monsoon seas and the vessel drifting towards the coast. Firefighting Coordination: Indian Coast Guard initiated firefighting but tow rope initially snapped. Indian Navy helicopter air-dropped a salvage team and passed a steel wire rope. Ship towed 45 nautical miles away to deeper waters (~1 km depth). Current Status: Fire largely controlled; hot spots remain. Ship owner responsible for final salvage. India’s Maritime Firefighting Capabilities Coast Guard Readiness: Patrol vessels now routinely equipped with firefighting systems. Firefighting has become a core mandate of the Coast Guard. Case Studies Demonstrating Capability: VLCC New Diamond (2020): Carried 2.7 lakh tonnes of crude oil; massive fire off Colombo successfully extinguished by Indian Navy & Coast Guard. Ships remained structurally intact even after week-long infernos, showing both operational and engineering resilience. Persistent Risks in Maritime Zones Three Key Maritime Hazards: Ship sinking: Loss of cargo, traffic disruption, environmental harm. Onboard fires: Risk to human life and property, severe environmental implications. Oil spills: Long-term marine pollution. High-Risk Vessels: Gas carriers: Pose the highest explosion risk, especially at global choke points (e.g., Suez Canal, Strait of Malacca). Way Forward Strengthen Salvage & Spill Response: India needs to develop faster and more coordinated multi-agency frameworks for: Salvaging sunken vessels. Responding to oil spill emergencies. Training & Simulation: Simulated response drills should be expanded to improve preparedness. International Collaboration: Critical given global supply chain dependencies. Conclusion The successful response to recent fires (Wan Hai 503, New Diamond) illustrates growing Indian capabilities in maritime firefighting. However, enhancing capacity for oil spills, salvage, and multi-agency coordination is essential to secure India’s 7,500 km coastline and protect maritime trade routes. Mind the gap India’s Ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index (2025) India ranks 131 out of 148 countries, down by two places from the previous year. Overall gender parity score: 64.1% — among the lowest in South Asia. The Index evaluates four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Relevance : GS 1 ( Indian Society ) , GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice ) Practice Question : India’s rank in the Global Gender Gap Index reveals that political empowerment remains the weakest link in gender parity. Discuss the factors contributing to this gap and measures needed to address it.(250 Words) Category-Wise Performance Economic Participation and Opportunity +0.9% improvement in score. Estimated earned income parity rose from 28.6% to 29.9%. Labour force participation rate remains at 45.9% — India’s best till date. Educational Attainment & Health and Survival Marginal positive shifts improved scores. Indicates better access to education and health outcomes for women. Political Empowerment (Major Weakness) Drop in female representation: Parliament: From 14.7% (2024) to 13.8% (2025). Ministerial roles: From 6.5% to 5.6%. Consecutive yearly decline, pulling down India’s overall ranking. Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) Passed after 27 years since its first introduction in 1996. One-third reservation for women in Parliament and State Assemblies. Implementation delayed till 2029 — pending Census and delimitation. Symbolic legislative win, but actual representation postponed. Core Issues Highlighted Political parties can voluntarily nominate more women candidates even before the law is enforced. Symbolic gestures not enough — genuine political will needed to correct gender imbalance. Women’s under-representation reflects structural and cultural inertia, not lack of competence or interest. Way Forward Consolidate gains in education, health, and employment. Accelerate action on political empowerment through: Timely implementation of reservation. Party-level reforms and quotas. Leadership training and electoral support for women. Treat gender parity as a national development goal, not just an index to improve. Enable inclusive policymaking by ensuring more women in decision-making roles. Conclusion India’s drop in the Gender Gap Index is a reminder that political empowerment is the weakest link. Bridging this gap demands urgent institutional reforms, political courage, and grassroots participation of women, well before 2029. More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination Core Argument India remains underrepresented in elite American academic, intellectual, and philanthropic imagination — not due to lack of merit, but due to persistent perceptual and narrative gaps. There is no flagship academic fellowship (like Schwarzman Scholars for China) for India — a symbolic and structural omission. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations ) , GS 1 (Culture ) , Essay Paper Practice Question : Despite being a strategic partner of the U.S., India remains underrepresented in Western academic and intellectual discourse. Analyze the causes and suggest ways India can project its global narrative effectively.(250 Words) Schwarzman Scholars vs. India Schwarzman Scholars (est. 2016) at Tsinghua University was modelled on the Rhodes Scholarship to create China-aware global leaders. India lacks a similar platform to immerse international youth in its democratic, strategic, and civilizational context. The imbalance reflects decades of intellectual privileging of China over India. Historical Context: ‘Scratches on the Mind’ Harold R. Isaacs’ 1958 study revealed deep-rooted biases in American views: China: revolutionary, seductive, dangerous, promising. India: filtered through colonial lenses — mystical, chaotic, marginal. These stereotypes persist in academic and policymaking circles, leading to India’s underrepresentation in syllabi and fellowships, despite increasing global relevance. Strategic Narrative Gap During the Cold War: China: ideological battleground and later economic partner. India: non-aligned, democratic but strategically ambiguous, didn’t fit into Western geopolitical templates. China actively marketed its rise, while India remained modest, bureaucratic, and reactive in narrative-building. Institutional Deficit China’s rise was supported by state-funded soft power investments (e.g., Confucius Institutes, think tanks). India lacks an equivalent: its premier institutions (IITs, IIMs, Ashoka, Krea) have not yet developed the global strategic pull and policy linkage required. Absence of a Schwarzman-style fellowship is both a symptom and cause of India’s limited intellectual visibility in the West. India-Focused Research in the U.S. China Studies is well-funded and institutionalised. India Studies is fragmented, often reduced to South Asian/Postcolonial Studies — with a focus on religion, anthropology, or classics, not on contemporary strategic and policy relevance. Consequences of Absence American students and leaders are not being trained to understand modern India — leading to diplomatic gaffes (e.g., Trump’s mediation talk). India still appears as “India-Pakistan” rather than as a strategic entity in its own right. The Way Forward Establish a flagship global fellowship (India Scholars Programme?) that: Has state and private backing. Combines academic excellence, international prestige, and strategic training. Attracts both Indian and foreign youth. India must develop institutions with global connectivity, autonomy, and vision — beyond IITs/IIMs. Reclaiming the Narrative India must project its story confidently and strategically. Merely exporting yoga and cuisine is not enough to shape perception or policy. Global leadership in the 21st century requires compelling storytelling, intellectual presence, and cultural engagement. Strategic silence breeds invisibility; the narrative must be assertive and coherent. Conclusion To shift from being a “studied-at-a-distance” country to a thought leader, India must claim space in Western intellectual ecosystems. A Schwarzman-style programme in India would signal that India seeks to be known and understood on its own terms, not just as a counterbalance to China. The “scratches on the mind” can be healed — but only with vision, voice, and strategic presence in the arenas where future leaders are formed. India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Core Argument Despite having the statutory Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), India lacks independent, credible, and transparent aircraft accident investigations. The system protects institutions over people, and pilot error is often used as a scapegoat for broader systemic failures. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ), GS 3 (Internal Security) , GS 4 ( Ethics in Governance) Practice Question : India’s civil aviation accident investigation suffers from structural conflict of interest and lack of institutional transparency. Critically analyze and suggest reforms to ensure credible accident investigations.(250 Words) Structural Conflict of Interest The AAIB is not truly independent; it functions under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), which: Regulates aviation via DGCA, Oversees airlines, Appoints heads of DGCA and AAIB. This creates a conflict of interest: those responsible for oversight are also investigating failures. In contrast, railway accidents are probed independently (e.g., by Commissioner of Railway Safety or judicial authorities). Recent Safety Lapses The June 12, 2025 Ahmedabad accident, recent helicopter crashes, flying school incidents, and weather-related emergencies signal a broader safety crisis. India’s aviation growth is outpacing its safety framework. Ground-handling failures (e.g., Çelebi permit cancellation) point to regulatory and operational vulnerabilities. Superficial Investigations and Buried Truths The 1997 Air Marshal J.K. Seth Committee exposed systemic flaws but was sidelined due to its inconvenient truths. Accident reports often contain internal contradictions or omissions: E.g., weather discrepancies (2001), overloading (IC491, 1993), and data denial (IX611, 2018). There’s a pattern of obscuring the truth rather than reforming the system. Misuse of AAIB Reports Per Aircraft (Investigation of Accidents and Incidents) Rules, 2017: Reports are for learning and prevention, not blame. But law enforcement and courts misuse AAIB reports as evidence for prosecution. Leads to legal distortions and pilots being unfairly blamed. Convenient Blame on Pilots Pilot error is often the default conclusion because: It simplifies legal processes, Aids in quick insurance payouts, Protects airlines, maintenance crews, and ATC from scrutiny. Dead pilots become scapegoats, shielding deeper system failures. Institutional Protection over Accountability MoCA retains absolute control over: Policy, Regulation, Investigation, and Appointments. This centralisation suppresses transparency and erodes public trust. Kozhikode air crash (2020) killed 21 people; investigation recommendations remain unimplemented — no accountability, only silence. Key Reforms Proposed Make AAIB and DGCA fully independent, accountable to Parliament. Ban parallel committees that dilute AAIB’s role. Prohibit legal use of AAIB reports unless independently validated. Amend Aircraft Rule 19(3) to protect pilots from punitive action unless gross negligence is proven. Appoint an independent aviation ombudsman to audit past investigations. Final Message India has the talent and tools, but not the institutional courage to pursue truth in aviation accident probes. Without truth, transparency, and systemic reform, India’s aviation leadership claims ring hollow. A sincere, independent investigation mechanism must be India’s tribute to lives lost — both in crashes and in the silence that follows. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 June 2025

Content : An FIR and an angry High Court What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? How do black boxes work? Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? An FIR and an angry High Court Background of the Case On May 14, the Madhya Pradesh High Court directed the State Police to register an FIR against Cabinet Minister Vijay Shah. Allegation: He made inflammatory remarks against Colonel Sofiya Qureshi, an Army officer. The FIR invoked Sections 152, 196(1)(b), and 197(1)(c) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which relate to: Acts endangering national unity, Promoting enmity between groups. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Governance) Court’s Concerns Though an FIR was registered the same day, the High Court criticized it for being deficient in material particulars. Concern: FIR lacked specific details of the alleged actions that would constitute each offence. The Court feared that such an FIR could be quashed later due to vagueness. Judicial Response The Court: Directed that the entire court order of May 14 be treated as part of the FIR. Stated its intent to monitor the investigation to ensure fairness and impartiality. Essentials of FIR Writing As per Section 171(1) of BNS, any information on a cognisable offence must be written and recorded properly. Best practice: Include the elements of the offence in the FIR to: Justify the legal sections applied. Allow the accused to seek bail or other remedies. Often, the original written complaint is copied into the FIR in entirety, especially after a preliminary inquiry. Examples of FIR Quashing Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021): SC quashed FIR as no offence was made out. Arnab Goswami v. State of Maharashtra (2020): Bail granted; SC held FIR lacked prima facie ingredients for abetment of suicide. Principles for Quashing FIR (Bhajan Lal Guidelines, 1992) FIR can be quashed if: Allegations do not prima facie constitute any offence. Allegations do not disclose a cognisable offence under Section 156(1) (investigation without magistrate’s permission). FIR is absurd, improbable, or has mala fide intentions. Application to Current Case FIR includes the High Court’s full order, which details the speech and context. If challenged, this order becomes part of the FIR, bolstering its legal standing. The police should have included excerpts from the minister’s speech, but omission isn’t fatal. Author’s Critique Though FIR drafting could’ve been better, police acted within legal norms. High Court’s harsh remarks against the police were unwarranted and premature. Monitoring the investigation is welcome, but overreaching criticism undermines procedural fairness. Conclusion The case underscores the importance of: Proper FIR drafting, Judicial restraint, Adherence to procedural justice, And the balancing of free speech vs public order. What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Introduction: FGDs are pollution control devices used in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gas. SO₂ is produced during the combustion of sulphur-rich fossil fuels like coal. FGD units neutralise acidic SO₂ using basic compounds like limestone. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Common Types of FGD Technologies Dry Sorbent Injection: Uses powdered limestone or other sorbents. Reacts with SO₂ in flue gas and is filtered out using fabric filters or electrostatic precipitators. Wet Limestone Scrubbing (most common): Uses limestone slurry to absorb SO₂, forming gypsum as a byproduct. High efficiency; gypsum has commercial uses. Seawater FGD: Used in coastal plants. SO₂ is absorbed by seawater, which is then treated before being discharged. Why are SO₂ Emissions Harmful? Greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Causes respiratory illnesses and worsens air quality. Converts into secondary PM2.5, a major pollutant. ~15% of India’s ambient PM2.5 is from coal combustion. Of that, 80% is from SO₂-derived secondary particles. Status of FGD Compliance in India 2015: Government mandated FGDs in all 537 coal-fired TPPs. Deadlines were repeatedly postponed (2018 → 2027–29). As of April 2025, only 39 out of 537 plants had installed FGDs. December 2024: Deadline further extended by three years. April 2025: Committee led by PSA Ajay Sood recommended rollback of the FGD mandate. Why is FGD Implementation Contentious? High capital cost: ₹1.2 crore/MW → ₹97,000 crore for planned 97,000 MW addition. Potential tariff hike of ₹0.72 per kWh (mostly fixed costs). Government concerns: balancing health, affordability, and energy expansion. Expert Opinions on FGD Rollback Critics warn that skipping FGD: Compromises clean air goals. Undermines public health. FGDs are essential for reducing SO₂ and indirectly PM2.5. Tariff impact is manageable and largely predictable. Is There Any Alternative to FGDs? No effective alternative exists for SO₂ removal from flue gases. Dr. Ganesan: FGDs are urgent and unavoidable for compliance. Conclusion FGDs are technically essential but financially challenging. India must weigh short-term costs against long-term health and environmental gains. Delay in FGD installation risks worsening air pollution, especially from coal-based power generation. Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? Why Are Semiconductors Important? Semiconductors are essential components in all modern electronic devices — smartphones, laptops, TVs, cars, etc. They power AI, machine learning, digitisation, and automation. Global supply chain disruption (esp. due to COVID-19) exposed overdependence on countries like China (which produced ~35% of semiconductors in 2021). Strategic significance: Semiconductor self-reliance is now critical for national security, economic resilience, and technological leadership. Relevance : GS 3(Economy)   Why Were SEZ Rules Relaxed? To boost domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and electronic components. Part of broader efforts under the Semicon India programme (₹76,000 crore outlay). Key Relaxations in SEZ Rules (June 2024) Reduction in Minimum Land Area (Rule 5): From 50 hectares to 10 hectares for SEZs exclusively for semiconductor/electronics. Enables smaller-scale investments with full SEZ benefits. Relaxation of “Encumbrance-Free” Land Requirement (Rule 7): Earlier requirement: land had to be free of legal disputes or liens. Relaxed now due to India’s complex land records and slow legal systems. Will accelerate SEZ setup by allowing flexibility in land acquisition. Permission for Domestic Sales (Rule 18): SEZ units can now sell in the domestic market (after paying duties). Earlier: SEZs were export-only. Shields investors from global trade disruptions, supports domestic tech ecosystem. Impact So Far Too early to assess long-term impact, but signs of positive momentum: Micron Semiconductor Technology India: ₹13,000 crore investment. 37.64-hectare SEZ in Sanand, Gujarat. Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster (Aequs Group):₹100 crore investment.11.55-hectare SEZ in Dharwad, Karnataka. Total new SEZ-linked investment: ₹13,100 crore. Strategic Significance for India Enhances domestic capacity in a sector central to the digital economy. Reduces import dependence, especially from geopolitically sensitive nations. Supports Make in India, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to be a global electronics hub. Conclusion The relaxation of SEZ rules is a targeted regulatory reform to promote investment in semiconductors. It aligns with India’s strategic and economic priorities, especially in a post-COVID, tech-driven world. Initial investments signal positive industry response, but sustained momentum will depend on policy consistency, infrastructure support, and ease of doing business. How do black boxes work? What Are Black Boxes? Despite the name, black boxes are painted bright orange for high visibility at crash sites. Modern aircraft black boxes include: Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) – captures crew conversations, alarms, and ambient cockpit sounds. Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) – records technical flight data such as altitude, speed, engine performance, etc. In many aircraft, CVR and DFDR are integrated into a single unit. Relevance : GS 3(Technology, Disaster Management) How Do They Work? Black boxes record data continuously during flight. Use solid-state memory chips for high durability and long recording duration. Are shock-resistant, fire-resistant, and often waterproof. Equipped with underwater locator beacons that emit signals to help locate them after a crash. Positioned typically at the rear of the aircraft, where survival chances are higher during a crash. Technical Features Coated in bright orange with reflective materials. Designed to withstand extreme conditions: Temperatures up to 1,100°C for 1 hour Water pressure at depths up to 20,000 feet High-impact crashes (forces of 3,400 Gs or more) CVRs usually record last 2 hours of cockpit audio. DFDRs record data on hundreds of parameters for 25 hours or more. Historical Timeline 1950s: Flight recorders used metal foils. 1953: First commercial sale by General Mills; device used spherical shell. 1954: Invented by David Warren (Australia) while investigating the de Havilland Comet crash. 1960: FDRs and CVRs made mandatory in aircraft. 1965: Regulation to paint them orange or yellow for visibility. 1990: Magnetic tapes replaced by solid-state memory. Use in Accident Investigation Investigated by agencies like India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB). AAIB has a dedicated flight recorders lab (established in New Delhi). Flight data + cockpit voice insights help reconstruct: Pre-crash aircraft behaviour Crew reactions, errors, or communication failures External interference like radio disruptions Helps refine safety protocols, pilot training, and aircraft design. Recent Context Used in ongoing probe into Air India Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner crash near Ahmedabad. Remains a critical tool in global civil aviation safety infrastructure. Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women What is the Cash Plus Model? India’s first State-led pilot combining: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for pregnant and lactating women. Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), including: Home-based counselling Group sessions on nutrition and health Community engagement Use of digital media for outreach Augments the national PMMVY scheme, which provides cash support for the first child. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance ,Social Justice) Key Outcomes (2021–2024 study findings) Early initiation of breastfeeding rose by 49%, now reaching 90% of newborns. 49% improvement in dietary diversity among pregnant women. 54% of women reported using cash benefits specifically for nutrition. 44% more women became receptive to counselling and home visits. 80% of women cited improved affordability and access to nutritious food. Implementation Timeline Launched in 2020 as a pilot in 5 districts: Udaipur, Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Baran. Scaled statewide in 2022 with a budget of ₹210 crore. Target: ~3.5 lakh second-time pregnant women per year. Total beneficiaries to date: Over 3.3 million women. Unique Features Includes second-time mothers, unlike PMMVY. Uses anganwadi network for registration, checkups, anemia detection, and counselling. Digital and social media outreach targets male members and youth for wider behavioural change. Reported Benefits (Case Example) Early detection and treatment of anemia. Timely vaccinations and institutional delivery. Healthier birth outcomes — e.g., baby weight > 3 kg. Challenges Data gaps in maternal mortality reporting. Disparities in service access across rural and tribal areas. Persistent poverty and low education hinder full behaviour change. Need for better monitoring and digital record-keeping. Significance Sets a national precedent for integrating financial aid with behavioural interventions. Demonstrates a holistic approach to maternal and child health — not just money, but awareness and community support. Model may be replicable in other states to strengthen India’s nutrition and maternal health outcomes. AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? India’s Biomanufacturing Context India is already a global leader in generic drugs and vaccines. The next leap: combining AI with biotechnology for biomanufacturing, drug discovery, and healthcare delivery. Modern Indian biomanufacturing uses robots, biosensors, and AI to improve precision and efficiency. Relevance : GS 3 (Science and Technology) AI in Biomanufacturing: Transformative Potential Biocon: Using AI for fermentation optimisation, drug screening, and cost-effective biologics. Strand Life Sciences: Employs AI for genomics and personalised medicine. Wipro & TCS: Developing AI tools for drug discovery, clinical trials, and treatment outcome prediction. AI-driven tools enable: Predictive monitoring (e.g., pH, temperature shifts) Reduced batch failures and waste Digital twins for simulating and improving manufacturing processes Faster, more efficient drug development pipelines Policy Push: India’s Bold Initiatives BioE3 Policy (2024): Envisions state-of-the-art biofoundries, AI-biotech hubs, and manufacturing infrastructure. Significant funding support for startups and companies. IndiaAI Mission: Focuses on ethical, explainable, and responsible AI. Encourages standards for bias reduction, algorithm transparency, and AI safety in biotech applications. Regulatory and Safety Challenges Current Indian drug/manufacturing laws are outdated and not tailored for AI systems. No clear process to ensure: Data representativeness for India’s diverse conditions AI model reliability under real-world disruptions Example risk: AI trained in urban labs may fail in rural setups due to infrastructure or environmental variability. Global Best Practices EU AI Act (2024): Classifies AI tools into four risk categories, strict audits for high-risk tools. US FDA (2025): Seven-step AI credibility framework Allows predetermined model updates for evolving healthcare tech India currently lacks: Risk-based evaluation Context-aware regulation Dynamic oversight mechanisms Emerging Legal and Ethical Issues Data governance: Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) is insufficient for biotech-specific data needs. Bias and dataset quality: Clean, diverse, and unbiased datasets are essential — yet not mandated. Intellectual property: Ambiguity over AI-invented molecules and processes Risk of legal conflicts and stifled innovation Path Ahead: Recommendations Regulatory reform: Introduce risk-based, adaptive laws for AI in biomanufacturing. Define AI tool context and validation norms. Nationwide investment: Infrastructure and talent development beyond metro cities. Collaborative ecosystem: Involve industry, regulators, academia, and international partners. Promote innovation over imitation: Transition from “copying generics” to AI-driven creation of novel drugs and processes

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 June 2025

Content : Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 Context : India’s inland fisheries sector has emerged as a vital driver of rural livelihoods, food security, and export potential. The Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Meet 2025 aimed to catalyze innovation, investment, and coordinated action to unlock its full growth potential. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Fisheries) Importance of the Fisheries Sector The sector is growing at an impressive 9% annual rate, the highest among all agri-allied sectors. Supports ~3 crore livelihoods, especially among rural and coastal communities. India has become the second-largest fish producer globally, with inland fish production increasing by 142% since 2013–14. Government Interventions & Funding Major schemes include PMMSY, FIDF, PM-MKSSY, and Blue Revolution. ₹38,572 crore invested towards modernization, infrastructure, credit access (KCC), and inclusive growth. These efforts aim to promote sustainable development, self-reliance, and export readiness. Focus Areas Identified in the Meet Expanding culture area from 55 to 70 lakh hectares. Doubling productivity from 5 to 10 tonnes/ha through technology and quality inputs. Promoting coldwater fisheries, saline aquaculture, ornamental fishery, and value addition. Boosting export potential of shrimp, trout, and processed fish products. Technology and Innovation Promotion of RAS (Recirculatory Aquaculture System) and Biofloc for sustainable, high-yield aquaculture. Drone-based monitoring, use of digital tools, and data-driven decision-making encouraged. Highlighted the role of 300+ start-ups in tech innovation, processing, and post-harvest value chains. Institutional and Policy Reforms Emphasis on brood banks and quality seed availability in collaboration with ICAR. Call for reforms in leasing and licensing policies for reservoirs, wetlands, and riverine fisheries. Adoption of a cluster-based approach to cover the entire value chain: from seed to market. State-Level Coordination and Federal Synergy Participation from 15+ inland states and UTs. Encouraged alignment of state action plans with national objectives. Need for customized implementation, based on local aquatic resources and priorities. Infrastructure and Market Connectivity Strengthening of cold storage, transport chains, and market linkages emphasized. Focus on balancing supply-demand, especially in high-value species like Rohu and Catla. Potential use of Amrit Sarovar reservoirs for inland aquaculture. Social and Economic Impacts Inland fisheries seen as a lever for: Nutritional security (especially protein for the poor). Doubling farmer incomes. Rural entrepreneurship and economic diversification. Encouragement for integrating traditional knowledge with scientific innovation. Challenges Highlighted Underutilization of central funding mechanisms. Gaps in cold chain infrastructure and export pathways. Need for better coordination between research bodies and implementing agencies. Skilling and capacity-building for traditional fishers still limited in many states. Broader Takeaways Inland fisheries represent a promising model of sustainable, technology-driven, inclusive development. Reflects strong Centre-State cooperation, local participation, and integration of innovation with traditional livelihoods. Key to achieving goals of employment generation, rural resilience, and national food security. National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Context & Objectives Organized by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare to assess the progress and challenges of Agri Stack under the Digital Agriculture Mission. Aimed at promoting farmer-centric, transparent, and data-driven governance by integrating digital infrastructure with agricultural schemes. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture),GS 2(Governance) Key Highlights Secretary (Agriculture) emphasized: Urgent need for States to link Farmer Registries with updated Records of Rights (RoR). Use of digital datasets for personalized scheme delivery. Secretary (DoLR) stressed: Aadhaar seeding and digital land records as critical for accurate farmer identification. Rural issues like declining land value and income demand better targeting of schemes. Digital Infrastructure Push Integration of Farmer ID with PM-KISAN, PMFBY, KCC, etc. Launch of: Digitally Verifiable Credentials (DVCs) or Kisan Pehchan Patra for authenticated land/crop verification. Farmer Authorization Systems for secure data sharing. Unified grievance redressal portal (with OTP, multilingual, audio features). Major Announcements MoUs signed with Maharashtra, Kerala, Bihar, and Odisha to boost State-level adoption. ₹6,000 crore SCA package: ₹4,000 crore for Farmer Registry & legal heir systems. ₹2,000 crore for Digital Crop Survey (DCS), disbursed on a first-come-first-served basis. State Innovations Showcased Maharashtra: AI sandbox (Mahavistaar AI), Farmer Registry-DPE integration, MahaDBT enrolment. Uttar Pradesh: Integration of Agri Stack with MSP e-procurement, DCS implementation insights. Karnataka: Use of FRUITS with banks, disaster relief support, soil health-linked advisories. Technology & AI Integration Use of remote sensing, AI/ML tools, and automated data validation to enhance accuracy. Launch of AI chatbot using Agri Stack and Google Gemini, supporting multilingual farmer interaction. AI for crop ID, facial authentication of surveyors, and backend optimization. Challenges Identified Outdated tribal land records and RoR data gaps. Errors in crop survey geotagging/photos. Non-compliance with Digital Crop Survey (DCS) standards. Long-Term Vision Build a Unified Farmer Service Interface (UFSI) to streamline service delivery. Enhance digital access to credit, crop insurance, subsidies, and advisory services. Ensure inclusive participation, especially for small & marginal farmers, through digital empowerment. Broader Significance Agri Stack marks a shift toward evidence-based, precision agriculture governance. Facilitates faster, more transparent, and better-targeted interventions in rural and farm economies. Strengthens Centre-State digital federalism in agricultural reform implementation.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 June 2025

Content: Rogue Nation The Rot Starts at the Top of the Aviation Ladder Endgame of a 2,611-Year-Old Jewish-Persian Enmity Rogue nation Context Israel launched strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, including the Natanz nuclear plant, missile factories, and homes of nuclear scientists. The attacks occurred during ongoing U.S.–Iran dialogue, undermining diplomatic efforts. Iran retaliated with drone attacks; further escalation is anticipated. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : “Israel’s recent unilateral strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities poses grave risks to international law, regional peace, and global economic stability.” Critically examine in the context of current West Asian geopolitics. (250 words)   Key Issues Highlighted Violation of International Norms: Israel’s unilateral military action is labeled illegal, reckless, and dangerous. Undermines the diplomatic space for resolving Iran’s nuclear issue. U.S. Complicity or Powerlessness: Despite warnings, Trump failed to stop Israel. Suggests either U.S. weakness or silent endorsement of Israeli aggression. Risk of Escalation: Iran’s harsh response likely, possibly using ballistic missiles. Israel may retaliate, creating a cycle of prolonged conflict. Iran’s Nuclear Programme – Nuances Iran has enriched uranium to 60% purity, beyond civilian need. IAEA confirms highly enriched uranium presence, but no definitive evidence of weaponization. Iran previously agreed to suspend its nuclear program under the 2015 JCPOA, later abandoned by the U.S. under Trump. Israel’s Recent Pattern of Militarism Post October 7 Hamas attack, Israel faces genocide allegations due to massive destruction in Gaza. Continues strikes in Lebanon (despite ceasefire) and territorial gains in Syria. The Iran strike fits a larger pattern of unchecked aggression. Broader Geopolitical Implications Destabilization of West Asia: Risk of a wider regional war involving Lebanon, Syria, Iran, and the Gulf. Heightened sectarian and geopolitical tensions. Global Economic Risk: Escalation could disrupt Gulf trade routes and oil supplies. Particularly dangerous for India, with large expatriate population and heavy economic interests in the region. Call to Action Urgent need for a coordinated global diplomatic intervention. The international community must rein in Israel and revive negotiations to prevent a regional catastrophe. The rot starts at the top of the aviation ladder Context The Air India Flight AI171 crash in Ahmedabad (June 2025) is analyzed as a result of systemic failures, not just pilot error. It highlights deep-rooted issues in India’s aviation safety ecosystem, regulatory framework, and accountability culture. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : “Air safety in India is not just a technical concern but a reflection of deeper governance and regulatory failures.” Discuss in light of the Air India AI171 crash. (250 words)   Systemic Failures and Regulatory Complacency Pattern of negligence: Past accidents (e.g., Mangaluru 2010, Kozhikode 2020) did not lead to systemic reform. No accountability beyond pilots: Top officials, MoCA, DGCA, AAI, and airlines consistently evade responsibility. Politicization and corruption in aviation governance weaken safety oversight. Complacency post-crashes: Safety lapses are repeated, and investigation integrity is compromised. Deficiencies in Oversight and Professionalism Unqualified leadership: Key posts at DGCA and AAI often held by bureaucrats, not domain experts. Violation of ICAO norms: DGCA naming pilots publicly breaches international safety protocols. Judicial indifference: Supreme Court passing PILs back to MoCA instead of judicial review reflects institutional apathy. Technical and Operational Red Flags in AI171 Crash Suspected bird ingestion due to grass overgrowth — pointing to airport management lapses. Possible compressor stall or foreign object damage during takeoff led to partial thrust loss. Landing gear remained extended throughout — possibly due to startle effect, missed procedure, or training issues. Questions over training status of flight — was it a regular flight or one involving a co-pilot under training? Infrastructure and Obstacle Concerns The aircraft crashed into a multi-storey building near the take-off funnel. Raises concerns about No Objection Certificates (NOCs) being granted under political or commercial pressure, compromising airspace safety. Implications for Aviation Safety Governance India’s aviation safety suffers from institutional rot at the top — not merely operational flaws. Urgent need for: Professional regulatory leadership Accountable safety investigations Independent judicial oversight Strict adherence to ICAO norms Conclusion / Call to Action The crash is a grave wake-up call: Without systemic overhaul in safety governance, training, and accountability, Future tragedies are likely. Learning from such incidents is essential for public trust, global credibility, and passenger safety. Endgame of a 2,611-year-old Jewish-Persian enmity Historical & Symbolic Context Date of significance: June 13, 2025 — Israel launched “Operation Rising Lion” targeting Iran’s nuclear and missile assets. Historical arc: The conflict is framed as the culmination of a 2,611-year-old antagonism, dating back to 586 BCE (destruction of the Jewish temple by Babylon). Leaders’ rhetoric: Netanyahu and Khamenei both framed the operation in epochal, existential terms — signaling irreversible confrontation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The Israeli offensive against Iran in 2025 marks a significant inflection point in the Jewish-Persian conflict, but the long-term regional consequences remain deeply uncertain.” Analyze. (250 words)   Israeli Military Offensive Scale and scope: Over 200 Israeli jets attacked 100+ targets in Iran. Targets included nuclear infrastructure, missile factories, and key military and scientific leadership. Strategic aims: Decapitation of Iran’s nuclear and command infrastructure in a short, high-tech blitzkrieg. Preparedness: Israel had upgraded its air defences and acquired bunker-busting capability. Systematic neutralization of Iranian proxies since Hamas’s October 2023 attack. Precursor Events & Global Alignments Iran geopolitically cornered: Fall of pro-Iran Assad regime in Syria cut Iran’s first defence line. Assassinations and provocations escalated tensions. Western role: IAEA passed a resolution condemning Iran (possibly to give Israel legal cover). U.S. pressured Saudi to increase oil supply — weakening Iran’s oil revenues. Renewed U.S. engagement with Pakistan possibly aimed at strategic containment of Iran. U.S. airstrikes on Houthis disrupted Iran’s regional leverage. Arab World’s Apprehensions Sunni Arab states distrust both Israel and Iran. Primary concerns: Strait of Hormuz disruption (affecting global oil supply). Retaliatory attacks on Gulf infrastructure. Shia unrest in Sunni-majority nations. Terror resurgence via non-state actors like ISIS and al-Qaeda. Global and Regional Fallout Unforeseen risks: Israel aims for a quick, surgical strike. But Iran may survive and regroup — undercutting Israeli objectives. Risk of Iranian public rallying behind regime, due to external threat perception. Potential consequences: Radiological fallout if nuclear facilities leak. Escalation into wider war involving U.S., affecting Third World solidarity. Disruption in oil markets → global inflation, recession, and supply chain stress. Strategic Ironies Trump’s inconsistency: Claimed to end “endless wars,” yet set the stage for escalation by killing the 2015 nuclear deal. Cost of nuclear ambition: Iran’s nuclear quest may have cost $100 billion — but may now jeopardize its very security. Diplomatic isolation of Israel: Unilateral strike may alienate Global South and fuel anti-Israel sentiment. Scenarios Ahead Short surgical strike: Iran’s strategic depth is neutralized; regime is weakened like post-Gulf War Iraq. Protracted retaliation: Iran expands conflict, targets pro-West allies, drags U.S. into direct combat. Wider redraw of geopolitics: Iran may retaliate unconventionally — proxy warfare, cyberattacks, and destabilizing neighbours. Could lead to forced regime change or escalation into a regional war. Conclusion While Israel’s operations aim to decapitate Iran’s strategic threat, the long-term implications are deeply uncertain. The legacy of this operation may be shaped not by initial success, but by how Iran responds — and how the region and world absorb the shock.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 June 2025

Content : Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Background: Flight Details: Air India Flight AI-171 was operating on an international route when it crashed during descent near Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad. Aircraft Type: The flight was operated using a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, a long-haul wide-body aircraft. Crash Timing: The crash occurred shortly before landing, with early reports suggesting a possible technical failure or structural malfunction. Mayday Signal: Reports indicate the crew issued a Mayday distress call, hinting at a rapid emergency or system failure. First Major Crash Involving 787 in India: This incident marks the first fatal crash involving a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner in Indian aviation history. High Casualty Event: With over 240 onboard fatalities, it ranks among the deadliest air crashes in Indian civil aviation in recent years. Survivor: Only one onboard survivor, Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, has been confirmed so far, currently undergoing treatment. Crash & Investigation Status Crash Incident: Air India flight AI-171 crashed in Ahmedabad, killing at least 241 people on board. Ground Casualties: No confirmed data yet on casualties on the ground. Black Box Recovered: Found on the roof of a hostel; will aid in determining the cause of the crash. AAIB Action: Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau has launched a formal probe. Police FIR: Ahmedabad police registered a case of accidental death. Political & Administrative Response PM Modi’s Visit: Visited the crash site and chaired a review meeting at Ahmedabad airport. Public Statement: Expressed grief, calling the devastation “saddening”. Interaction with Victims: PM spoke to Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, the only onboard survivor, and met other injured individuals. UK-India Coordination: British High Commissioner Lindy Cameron met PM; both countries collaborating to establish crash facts. Casualty Management Bodies Retrieved: 265 bodies sent to Ahmedabad Civil Hospital. Identifications Made: Only 6 bodies identified so far and handed over to families. DNA Profiling Underway: Due to severe charring, DNA matching is being used. Process expected to take 72 hours. Remaining bodies will be released post-confirmation. Security & Surveillance Central Agency Involvement: NIA and other central agencies visited the crash site, indicating deeper investigation angles (security/sabotage not ruled out). India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire India’s UNGA Abstention: Context & Implications India abstained from a UNGA resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza on June 13, 2025 — 4th abstention in 3 years. Marks a shift from India’s earlier vote in favour of ceasefire (December 2024), indicating a changing diplomatic posture. India cited consistency with past votes (Dec 2022, Oct 2023, early 2024) where it abstained on resolutions critical of Israel. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Diplomatic Significance India was the only abstaining country among BRICS, SCO, and South Asia, isolating it from its traditional groupings. Abstention came while EAM Jaishankar was in Paris; France and Saudi Arabia are hosting a conference on the two-state solution (June 17–20). Uncertainty over India’s participation in this upcoming conference; MEA has not yet confirmed delegation. UNGA Vote Details Resolution title: “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”. Introduced by Spain, passed with 149 in favour, 11 against, and 19 abstentions. India abstained along with countries like Albania, Malawi, Kiribati, Ecuador, and Dominica. The US and Israel opposed the resolution, citing lack of criticism toward Hamas. India’s Stated Reason India’s UN envoy Parvathaneni Harish stated that India remains “deeply concerned” about Gaza but abstained to promote dialogue and diplomacy. Maintained that only peaceful negotiations can resolve the conflict. Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza Death toll in Gaza stands at ~55,000, with half the population facing catastrophic hunger and health crises. WHO and other UN bodies report dozens of child deaths from malnutrition since the ceasefire collapse. Resolution called for: Immediate and permanent humanitarian aid access. Return of hostages. Compliance with international humanitarian law by both Israel and Hamas. Global Responses US criticism: Resolution doesn’t condemn Hamas directly. Russia’s stance: Ceasefire is essential; Israel’s blockade is leading to mass starvation and death. Broader international consensus coalescing around need for humanitarian ceasefire and revival of peace talks. In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs Background Context Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Recognizes rights of Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) over forest land and resources. Responsibility till now: Implementation has been the responsibility of State and UT governments. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Development First-ever Central Structural Support: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has sanctioned 324 district-level FRA cells and 17 State-level cells in 18 States/UTs. Under DAJGUA Scheme: The initiative is part of the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan, launched in October 2024, aimed at tribal welfare. Purpose and Role of FRA Cells Supportive Role Only: Assist Gram Sabhas and claimants in paperwork for FRA claims. Help in data management and documentation. Aid in “quick disposal” of pending claims, especially post-DLC approval. No decision-making power: Cells will not interfere with decisions of Gram Sabhas, SDLCs, DLCs, or State departments. Concerns Raised Activists’ Criticism: Fears of a “parallel mechanism” being created outside the statutory framework of FRA. Risk of undermining community-based structures like Gram Sabhas. Governance Conflict: Cells are framed under DAJGUA rules, not under FRA 2006, raising questions about legal sanctity and overlap. Funding and Structure Funding by Centre: Through Grants-in-aid General. ₹8.67 lakh per district FRA cell. ₹25.85 lakh per State-level cell. Operational Control: FRA cells are expected to function within State government systems. Current Status of FRA Claims Total claims filed: ~51.11 lakh across 21 States/UTs (as of March 2025). Claims disposed: ~43 lakh. Rejected claims: Over 42%. Pending claims: 14.45% overall. High pendency in Assam (60%+) and Telangana (~50.27%). State-wise FRA Cell Sanctions (Top States) State District FRA Cells Madhya Pradesh 55 Chhattisgarh 30 Telangana 29 Maharashtra 26 Assam 25 Jharkhand 24 Significance Policy Shift: Marks a departure from earlier Union stance of passive encouragement to States. Potential Impact: Could improve speed and quality of claim processing. May help tackle persistent pendency and high rejection rates. Caution Required: Must not bypass or dilute democratic community institutions enshrined under FRA. Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs Macro-Economic Risks for India Oil Dependency: India imports ~80% of its crude oil needs. A global oil price spike (~8% in a single day) due to the Israel-Iran conflict poses inflationary risks. Even though India does not directly import much from Iran, supply chain disruptions can raise overall crude import costs. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Trade Route at Risk: Strait of Hormuz: ~20% of global oil trade passes through it. Disruption could affect supply from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE — all major suppliers to India. Suez Canal & Red Sea:Conflict escalation could restrict access.Exports may be forced to reroute via the Cape of Good Hope, increasing travel time by 15–20 days and cost by $500–$1,000 per container.Leads to 40–50% rise in export shipping costs. Sectoral Impacts Fuel & Inflation: Higher crude costs = Higher fuel prices, transport costs, and CPI inflation. Impacts household budgets and may affect RBI’s monetary stance. Export Sector: Engineering exports and others could suffer due to delayed timelines and higher freight costs. India’s competitiveness in global markets may reduce. Precious Metals: Gold prices surged past ₹1 lakh/10 grams amid uncertainty. Reflects its role as a safe-haven asset in geopolitical crises. Central bank gold accumulation and inflation concerns further driving demand. Expert Insights Amit Kumar (Grant Thornton): Even indirect effects from the Strait of Hormuz could impact India’s oil imports due to interlinked global supply chains. Pankaj Chadha (EEPC India): Closure of Suez Canal = serious blow to export sector, especially time-sensitive or heavy goods. Norbert Rücker (Julius Baer): Views oil price surge as temporary; expects prices to stabilize, following past patterns of conflict. Amit Jain (Ashika Global): Rise in gold demand part of a long-term structural trend, not merely a reactionary spike. Overall Implications for India Short-term risks: Inflation, rising current account deficit (CAD), and fiscal pressure on oil subsidies. Medium-term: Export sector may lose margins. Potential need to reassess strategic oil reserves and diversify energy sources. Geopolitical dimension: Underscores India’s strategic vulnerability due to heavy oil dependence and trade route reliance. Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities  Nature and Scale of the Attack June 13, 2025: Israel carried out massive airstrikes targeting: Iranian nuclear facilities (e.g., Natanz). Ballistic missile sites. Residences of top Generals. Over two dozen nuclear scientists. Heaviest military strike on Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Seen as culmination of years of clandestine operations, including the 2020 assassination of nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh and the 2014 bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)’ Strategic Shifts Enabling the Attack Long-standing Israeli objective: Neutralize Iran’s nuclear programme, deemed an “existential threat.” Earlier, U.S. administrations vetoed direct strikes due to fear of escalation. However, the regional and global strategic context has changed: Collapse of Iran’s regional deterrent post-October 7, 2023 (Hamas attack on Israel). Fall of Assad’s regime in Syria (Dec 2024): Broke Iran–Hezbollah–Syria connectivity, weakening Iran’s regional “axis of resistance.” Israel exploited this vacuum to increase pressure on Iran.  Israel’s Escalatory Trajectory Launched a “mini regional war” targeting: Hamas in Gaza. Hezbollah in Lebanon. Syrian regime positions. Follow-up attacks in October 2024 targeted Iran’s missile defense systems, exposing nuclear sites to future strikes.  Role of the U.S. & Trump’s Diplomacy Donald Trump, now President, initially signaled interest in diplomacy, stalling an Israeli strike in May 2025. Trump’s diplomacy was coercive: Pressuring Iran to completely dismantle its nuclear programme (beyond the 2015 deal). After failed talks, Trump appeared to greenlight Israeli strikes as pressure tactics. Trump’s Truth Social posts suggested: More attacks are “already planned”. Iran must accept the deal or face destruction. Talks could still resume in Muscat, implying diplomacy under duress.  Iran’s Strategic Dilemma Three stark choices before Tehran: Escalate militarily: Risks full-scale war and possible U.S. intervention. Accept U.S. deal under pressure: Politically humiliating; undermines sovereignty and strategic leverage. Continue limited engagement/deterrence: May not deter future Israeli strikes; could be perceived as weak. Implications for the Region and the World Risk of wider war: Any misstep could drag the U.S., Gulf states, and global powers into direct confrontation. Global economic fallout: Especially through oil supply disruptions (via Strait of Hormuz). Possible surge in commodity prices and increased geopolitical uncertainty. Diplomatic vacuum: Absence of effective international mediation risks prolonged conflict and regional instability.  Conclusion The Israel-Iran clash has moved from proxy battles to direct confrontation. The collapse of Iran’s regional alliances, U.S. backing under Trump, and internal Iranian vulnerabilities have emboldened Israel. Iran’s response will define the course of West Asian geopolitics — whether through diplomacy, deterrence, or escalation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 June 2025

  BRINGING POSITIVE TRANSFORMATION IN PEOPLE’S LIVES SHOULD BE THE GUIDING SPIRIT FOR CIVIL SERVANTS: LOK SABHA SPEAKER Core Message Guiding principle for civil servants: Bring positive transformation in people’s lives. Officers should act with compassion, fairness, and a strong sense of duty. Emphasis on innovation and transparency as tools of effective governance. Relevance : GS 4(Ethics , Aptitude , Integrity) Role of Civil Servants Public looks to civil servants, especially marginalised communities, with hope. Officers must be empathetic change-makers, not just implementers of policies. Every grievance addressed adds meaning to service; “no work is too small.” Duty extends beyond administration—officers should uplift communities during crises. Democracy and Administration India has built a robust democratic and administrative system through collective participation and cooperation. Among three pillars of democracy, the executive (bureaucracy) plays a crucial role in implementation. Officers are “karmayogis” expected to uphold democratic ideals with humility and commitment. LBSNAA’s Significance LBSNAA is a symbol of simplicity, integrity, and democratic values. The Academy’s training widens perspectives and inspires innovative governance approaches. Sharing experiences with peers during training encourages adaptive learning. Ethics and Leadership True leadership lies in: Sincerity Impartiality Consistent public service Officers working with integrity build deep public trust, remembered even post-transfers. Real happiness and fulfilment in civil service come from solving people’s problems, not personal gains. Evolving Governance Context Officers must adapt to: Technological advancements Changing societal expectations Global shifts Continuous learning and self-reflection are essential for modern governance. Concluding Vision Administrative success means people don’t need to run to elected representatives. Officers should own citizen problems as personal responsibility. Civil servants are agents of social transformation, expected to deliver justice, compassion, and inclusion.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 June 2025

Content : Trump’s Tariffs and a U.S.-India Trade Agreement Urbanisation and the Challenge of Ideal Transit Solutions Trump’s tariffs and a U.S.-India trade agreement Context : Trump’s Tariffs implications Imposed sweeping tariffs (10%-135%) on over 100 countries, including uninhabited regions like Heard and McDonald Islands, highlighting their indiscriminate nature. Justified as addressing a “national emergency” due to U.S. trade deficits, but ignored U.S. service exports, e.g., the U.S. has a $35B-$40B surplus with India when services are included. Violated trade agreement tariff bindings, undermining predictability for businesses and global trade rules. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question : Discuss the implications of unilateral tariff measures such as those imposed by the U.S. under the Trump administration on India’s trade policy and strategic autonomy.(15 marks, 250 words) Legal and Constitutional Challenges: Five U.S. small businesses (wines, plastics, bicycles, musical circuits, fishing equipment) challenged tariffs at the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) for harming their operations. CIT ruled on May 28, 2025, that tariffs exceeded legal authority, criticizing the misuse of “national emergency” powers as unconstitutional. Ruling stayed by an appeals court, leaving tariffs in place and highlighting unchecked executive power in the U.S. Impact on U.S.-India Trade: U.S. increased tariffs on Indian steel (25% to 50%) and aluminum (10% to 50%), despite a 2023 “mutually agreed solution” to avoid escalation. India withdrew its WTO dispute against U.S. tariffs but now faces new punitive measures, limiting retaliation options. U.S.-China tariff truce and threats against Apple manufacturing in India reduce India’s strategic leverage in U.S.-China trade dynamics. Proposed U.S.-India Trade Agreement: Negotiations aim for conclusion before a U.S.-imposed July 8 deadline, but face challenges due to U.S. tariff escalation. India must secure removal of additional tariffs, protect against retaliatory measures on U.S. investments (e.g., Apple), and exempt Indian remittances from the proposed 3.5% tax under Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill (OBBB). Key Indian priorities: safeguarding digital services taxes, addressing H-1B visa restrictions, and ensuring smooth cross-border service trade, including data flow regulations. Strategic Considerations for India: Align any agreement with WTO commitments to maintain multilateral trade safeguards, especially given U.S. disregard for WTO rules. Avoid sub-optimal deals, as Trump’s tariffs face domestic legal challenges and may have a limited lifespan. No guarantee of U.S. support in India-China military tensions, given Trump’s transactional approach. Broader Implications: Trump’s tariffs and OBBB threaten separation of powers, risking further executive overreach in U.S. policy. WTO rulings (e.g., by Switzerland, Norway, China, Türkiye) against U.S. tariffs reinforce their illegality, but enforcement remains weak. India should strengthen multilateral institutions like the WTO to counter unilateral U.S. actions, as pledged during its G-20 presidency. Conclusion: India must negotiate cautiously, prioritizing its economic and strategic interests while resisting pressure for a rushed, unfavorable deal. Domestic U.S. challenges to Trump’s tariffs may limit their longevity, supporting India’s option to hold firm. Urbanisation and the challenge of ideal transit solutions Urbanisation as a Growth Engine India’s path to becoming Viksit Bharat by 2047 hinges on urbanisation. By the 2060s, 60%+ of India’s population will migrate to urban areas seeking higher productivity. This urban shift places immense pressure on intra-city mobility and transit systems. Relevance : GS 1 ( Urbanization),GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : Urban mobility in India is at a crossroads between smart, sustainable planning and reactive expansion. Examine this statement in the context of current transport policies and their long-term viability.(15 marks, 250 words) Challenges with Smart Cities vs. Tier-I Expansion While India aspires to build smart cities to reduce commute needs, progress is slow. In contrast, existing Tier-I cities are expanding rapidly, exacerbating congestion and urban transport stress. Public Transport Push: Recent Measures Budget Initiatives: PM e-Bus Sewa and PM e-Drive schemes aim to boost electric vehicle deployment: 14,000 e-buses 1,10,000 e-rickshaws, e-trucks, e-ambulances Gap remains wide: Only 35,000 urban buses are operational versus the required 2,00,000. Metro network expansion is being funded heavily but remains limited in reach and cost recovery. Public Transport Access and Utilisation Only 37% of urban Indians have easy access to public transport (Economic Survey, 2024). Comparatively, China and Brazil offer over 50% access to urban mass transit. Metro systems in India are underperforming: Actual ridership is often lower than projected. Highly fare-sensitive users avoid metros when prices rise. Last-mile connectivity gaps reduce metro usage effectiveness. Subsidy Limitations India lacks the fiscal capacity to sustain large transport subsidies like in developed countries. Reliance on fare revenue makes it harder for metros to remain financially viable. Rethinking Road-Based Transit Budget allocations for urban bus systems have increased to improve last-mile solutions. Private sector participation remains weak due to uncertain returns and high costs (especially for e-buses). India is investing in electric, CNG, hydrogen, biofuel buses, but lacks focus on alternatives like: Trams Trolleybuses Cost-Benefit Insights: E-Buses vs. Trams Life Cycle Profitability: Trams: 45% profit over 70 years E-buses: 82% net loss due to high replacement & operational costs Trolleybuses: Marginal loss, but better than e-buses Trams outperform in terms of sustainability, scalability, and financial return. Future Outlook and Policy Considerations India must question whether it is chasing trend-driven tech (e-buses) or long-term, viable modes (trams). Planned tram revival in Kochi could be a turning point for sustainable transit. A return to trams is not nostalgia but a strategic move aligned with climate and fiscal goals. Conclusion: Strategic Rethink Needed Urban planners must re-evaluate current investments and prioritise scalable, cost-effective solutions. A comprehensive P&L-based approach is needed for future transit policy. India must choose wisely today to avoid costly course corrections in the future urban mobility landscape.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 June 2025

Content : AI flight with 242 on board crashes in Ahmedabad Retail inflation eases to six-year low Central schemes must pass ‘effectiveness’ test to continue IAEA board censures Iran for not complying with nuclear obligations Science behind right AC temperature AI flight with 242 on board crashes in Ahmedabad Incident Overview An Air India London-bound Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner (Flight AI 171) crashed shortly after take-off from Ahmedabad. Crash site: Into a medical college hostel in Meghani Nagar, 5 km from the airport. Time of crash: Within 40 seconds of take-off at 1:38 p.m., as captured on CISF CCTV footage. Fatalities: All 242 on board (230 passengers + 12 crew) feared dead; 1 survivor identified — British national Viswashkumar Ramesh. Ground casualties: At least 24 people killed at the crash site (students and residents), per local police. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ) Emergency Signals & Communication Pilots issued a ‘Mayday’ alert immediately after take-off — indicating a life-threatening emergency. No further communication was received from the cockpit post-Mayday, suggesting a rapid systems failure or incapacitation. Passenger Demographics 169 Indians, 53 British, 7 Portuguese, and 1 Canadian among the passengers. Former Gujarat Chief Minister Vijay Rupani was confirmed among the deceased. Aircraft Details Aircraft: Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, known for its advanced safety systems. This is the first-ever crash involving a 787 Dreamliner variant, raising serious concerns for Boeing. Investigation & Response Authorities are searching for the black box (Flight Data Recorder & Cockpit Voice Recorder) to determine the cause. Potential cause: Still under investigation, with fuel explosion (1.25 lakh litres) contributing to the inability to rescue. Official & Humanitarian Response Union Home Minister Amit Shah visited the survivor and assured a detailed inquiry. Air India & Tata Sons Chairman N. Chandrasekaran announced: ₹1 crore compensation to each victim’s family. Relief flights from Delhi & Mumbai for kin of victims. Broader Implications Raises aviation safety concerns in India and globally regarding the Dreamliner fleet. May lead to grounding and technical review of Boeing 787s in India and abroad. Highlights the need for improved emergency response protocols and urban planning near airports. Retail inflation eases to six-year low Headline Trend: Retail Inflation at 6-Year Low Retail inflation (CPI) dropped to 2.8% in May 2025, the lowest in 75 months (since February 2019). Marks a major disinflationary trend — average retail inflation in FY 2025–26 (so far) stands at 2.99%, lowest for the first two months since 2017–18. Relevance : GS 3 (Inflations) Food Inflation Drives Decline Food and beverages inflation eased to 1.5% in May, down from 2.1% in April. This is the 7th straight month of slowing food inflation. Deflation in: Vegetables Pulses Spices Meat Offset by: Double-digit inflation in edible oils and fruits, showing uneven food price movements. RBI Policy Implication Recent RBI interest rate cuts have supported economic activity. Given the current low inflation, further rate cuts are unlikely in the near term — a pause in the monetary easing cycle is expected. Signals price stability, giving the central bank more flexibility but also caution due to uneven food trends. Economic Implications Positive for consumers, improving real incomes and consumption demand. Eases input cost pressure for businesses, especially in food processing and FMCG sectors. May allow fiscal space for the government to sustain growth-oriented spending without inflation risks. Broader Economic Context Low inflation aligns with global disinflationary trends, especially in oil and commodity markets. Supports macroeconomic stability, attracting foreign investment. Helps maintain the inflation target band (4% ± 2%) under the RBI’s Monetary Policy Framework. Central schemes must pass ‘effectiveness’ test to continue Core Directive from Finance Ministry Only schemes with proven effectiveness via evaluation reports will be allowed to continue beyond FY 2025–26. All Central (54) and Centrally Sponsored Schemes (260) expiring by March 31, 2026, will undergo reappraisal. Evaluation conducted by: Third parties (for Central Schemes) NITI Aayog (for Centrally Sponsored Schemes) Relevance  : GS 2(Governance) Sunset Clause Mandated Every scheme must have a defined sunset date — discourages indefinite continuation. Ensures fiscal prudence and accountability for outcomes. Objective: Improve the quality of government expenditure by ending unproductive schemes. Caps on Funding & New Outlay Norms Future outlays restricted to 5.5 times the annual average expenditure between 2021–22 and 2024–25. Fund-limited approach: Sanctions and disbursals over Finance Commission cycle must not exceed approved outlay. Ministries can propose new schemes with lesser expenditure or seek trade-offs with existing ones. Impact on Demand-Driven Schemes like MGNREGS Even MGNREGS, a flagship rural employment scheme, will face financial limits. Projected beneficiary numbers will cap the fund allocation for each Finance Commission cycle. Ministries must seek explicit approval to exceed the cap if beneficiary numbers increase unexpectedly. Sectors Affected Wide-ranging schemes across: Social sectors: health, education, women and child development, tribal welfare Infrastructure: rural/urban development, water, sanitation Agriculture, environment, scientific research Strategic Implications Promotes results-based budgeting and performance-linked funding. Encourages rationalisation of schemes and elimination of redundancies. Could cause social pushback if popular schemes face curtailment or stricter funding norms. IAEA board censures Iran for not complying with nuclear obligations IAEA Censure: First in 20 Years The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has formally censured Iran for non-compliance with nuclear safeguards — first such censure since 2005. Resolution passed by 19 countries, led by U.S., France, U.K., and Germany. Russia, China, Burkina Faso opposed; 11 abstained, and 2 didn’t vote. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Iran’s Immediate Retaliatory Measures Iran announced plans to: Establish a new uranium enrichment facility in a more secure location. Consider “other measures” in response to the “political resolution.” Iran’s Atomic Energy Organization and Foreign Ministry jointly condemned the resolution, citing unfair pressure. Escalating Regional Tensions The U.S. and Israel have historically warned of military strikes if Iran’s nuclear program escalates. U.S. Embassy in Jerusalem imposed movement restrictions on staff due to security concerns. U.S. personnel and families in West Asia are reportedly being relocated as a precaution. Diplomatic Divide The resolution reflects deepening geopolitical divides: Western bloc pushing for compliance and accountability. Russia-China bloc defending Iran or resisting Western pressure. The vote may be a precursor to efforts for reimposing UN sanctions on Iran later in 2025. Implications for U.S.-Iran Talks Comes just days before Iran-U.S. talks in Oman, casting a shadow over potential diplomatic progress. Could harden Iran’s position, reducing chances of a revived nuclear agreement. Strategic Significance Sets up a potential confrontation at the UN Security Council over sanctions. Indicates shrinking space for nuclear diplomacy in a region already on edge. Could derail broader West Asia stability, especially given concurrent crises in Gaza, Lebanon, and Syria. Science behind right AC temperature Policy Proposal: Temperature Restriction for ACs The Union Ministry of Power is considering mandating air conditioner temperature limits between 20°C and 28°C for new ACs in households, hotels, and vehicles. Follows earlier attempts (2018, 2021) to fix default AC temperature at 24°C after consultations and awareness drives. Relevance : GS 3(Science),GS 2(Governance) Energy Efficiency Benefits According to the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE): Each 1°C increase in AC setting saves 6% electricity. If all consumers adopt 24°C, India could save 20 billion units/year. AC load in India projected to be 200 GW by 2030. ACs work on vapor-compression cycle: Major power is consumed in the compressor. Efficiency depends on operating within optimal refrigerant temperature range. Health Risks of Lower Temperatures Temperatures below 18°C can: Increase blood pressure (by 6–8 mm Hg due to vasoconstriction and sympathetic activation). Raise risk of hypertension, asthma, and respiratory infections. WHO (2018) recommends 18°C as minimum safe temperature in temperate climates. Vulnerable Populations Affected Children, elderly, and infants have impaired thermoregulation: Children in Japan, NZ, and UK studies slept and breathed better at >18°C. Older adults (50+ years) in cold homes faced higher BP, lower vitamin D, and lung function decline. A 2013 study showed lung function in children worsened with each 1°C drop below 14–16°C. Comfort Science and Global Standards Comfort = balance between core (37°C) and skin temperature without sweating/shivering. Standards: ASHRAE-55 & ISO 7730: Comfort range adjusted by region, clothing, cultural context. Typical human heat dissipation at rest: ~100 W via radiation/convection around 20–24°C. Mental Health Implications U.K. 2022 study found: People in “cold homes” were at 2x higher risk of depression and anxiety. Association remained even after controlling for income and prior mental distress. Global Context & Demand As of 2022, 2 billion ACs in use worldwide; 1.5 billion in residences (tripled since 2000). Asia-Pacific region still faces a large cooling gap — 43% lack sufficient cooling. Conclusion: Case for Temperature Standardisation The proposed temperature cap ensures: Public health protection Energy conservation Sustainable load management Reinforces India’s move toward climate-conscious, health-aligned cooling policies.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 June 2025

Content: India Hosts ITU FG-AINN Meeting to Advance AI-Native Telecom Networks India Hosts ITU FG-AINN Meeting to Advance AI-Native Telecom Networks Context : Event: 3rd meeting of ITU-T Focus Group on AI-Native for Telecommunication Networks (FG-AINN). Host: Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC), under DoT. Dates: June 11–13, 2025. Location: New Delhi. Key Initiative Launched: Build-a-Thon 2025 for AI-native network solutions. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) Core Objectives Advance integration of AI-native architecture in telecom networks. Enable intelligent automation, self-management, and real-time optimization. Discuss federated learning, 6G use cases, and AI/ML-driven innovations in telecom. Facilitate standard-setting discussions for future intelligent networks. India’s Role & Proposals India’s Proactive Role: Showcased national projects like Bharat Gen (India’s 1st govt-funded multimodal LLM). Global Aspirations: Bid to host ITU Plenipotentiary Conference 2030 (PP-30). Nominated Ms. M. Revathi as first woman & regional candidate for Director, ITU Radiocommunication Bureau. Seeks continued ITU Council Membership (2027–2031). Build-a-Thon 2025 Date: June 13, 2025. Format: Crowdsourced, collaborative coding and design challenge. Participants: Industry, startups, academia. Aim: Co-create real-world AI-native telecom solutions. Key Technical Themes AI/ML for next-gen wireless systems. AI in 6G communication and smart services. Autonomous AI agents and disaster-aware networks. Ethical concerns: Explainability, digital sovereignty, and security. Novel applications: Facial recognition-based SIM verification. Significance of FG-AINN Established: July 2024 under ITU-T Study Group 13. Mandate: Redesign network architecture to natively embed AI at core. Expected Impact: Self-optimizing, resilient networks for both urban and remote users. Use Cases: Smart cities, connected mobility, responsive public services. Strategic Importance for India Positions India as a thought leader in AI-telecom convergence. Strengthens India’s pitch for global regulatory and standard-setting roles. Enhances global visibility of indigenous innovations like Bharat Gen and CDOT AI initiatives.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 June 2025

Content : Recounting Velpur’s story in ending child labour It is profit first, life and safety second Recounting Velpur’s story in ending child labour Global & National Context World Day Against Child Labour (June 12): Observed globally under the ILO to highlight the urgency of ending child labour. SDG Target 8.7: Aims to end all forms of child labour by 2025 — the goal remains unmet. Global Reality: ~160 million children are in child labour globally; ~90% are from Africa, Asia, and the Pacific. India’s Burden: As per Census 2011, 43.53 lakh children (5–14 yrs) were engaged in child labour. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : “Velpur’s success in eradicating child labour underscores the transformative potential of community ownership and moral persuasion.” Critically examine the role of local governance and civil society in combating child labour in India. (250 words) Policy and Legal Framework in India CLPRA 1986 & Amendment 2016: Prohibits child labour below 14 years. Bans hazardous work for adolescents (14–18 years). National Policy on Child Labour (1987): Gradual rehabilitation + enforcement + implementation of NCLP. RTE Act: Ensures free & compulsory education for all children aged 6–14 years. Velpur Mandal’s Transformation Background: Velpur (in present-day Telangana) was once notorious for widespread child labour. Community Campaign Launch: Initiated in June 2001 with the goal of universal school enrolment and zero child labour. Declared Child Labour Free: October 2, 2001, after a 100-day intensive campaign. Key Features of the Velpur Model Initial Resistance: Rumours of child kidnapping hindered officials. Hotel owners resisted, fearing loss of cheap labour. Breakthrough via Dialogue: Persistent engagement changed public perception. Shift from official drive to people’s movement. Role of Employers: Publicly acknowledged and released children from debt bondage. Wrote off ₹35 lakh worth of debts. Distributed stationery and supported schooling. Institutional Anchoring Village-Government MoUs: Sarpanchs signed formal MoUs with District Education Officer under A.P. Compulsory Primary Education Rules (1982). Govt ensured infrastructure, teachers, and access. Visual Affirmation: Signboards in all villages stating: “There is no child labour in our village.” Recognition Institutional Study: Velpur hj12n’model now part of VVGNLI training modules. National Acknowledgement: Appreciated by ILO, President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, and NHRC. Presented before Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour (Nov 2022) and praised. Lessons from Velpur Community Participation = Sustainability: Success came only when the issue became a mass movement. Peer pressure and public accountability played critical roles in eliminating bonded child labour. Model for Replication: Velpur proves that local ownership, transparency, and moral persuasion are powerful tools in social reform. It is profit first, life and safety second Trigger Event: Bengaluru Stampede (June 4, 2025) 11 lives lost in a stampede during RCB’s IPL victory celebration near M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. Reflects systemic failures in: Public safety planning Over-hyped public enthusiasm Lack of personal risk perception Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Governance ) , GS 4(Ethics and Integrity) Practice Question : In light of the Bengaluru stampede during a sports celebration, critically examine the adequacy of public safety mechanisms in India. Discuss institutional reforms needed to prioritize safety in public spaces. (250 words) Profit Over People: Commercialization of Public Events Cricket as Industry: IPL and similar events are profit-driven ventures. Crowds are encouraged to swell beyond venue capacity for revenue maximization. Licensing Loopholes: Approvals often not based on genuine compliance but influence and favours. VIP Culture: Elite dominance over best stadium seats. Example: RCB vs CSK match dispute between IPS and IRS families over free VIP seating. Insensitive Compensation and Inequality Meagre solatium offered to victims’ families despite massive profits. Value of life undermined—those lost are treated as statistics, not humans. Disproportionate impact: The poor and daily wage earners suffer, while elites benefit.  Neglected Safety Norms Event Licensing for Small Venues: Strict norms for hall size, exits, medical staff, etc. Large Public Events: Often violate safety protocols—unchecked crowds, poor infrastructure. Examples of negligence: Amusement park ride failure in Chennai—visitors stranded. Food fairs with open wiring, fire hazards, and no crowd control. Everyday Public Space Hazards Road safety crisis: No pedestrian infrastructure or lanes for slow vehicles. Stray animals, broken pavements, reckless drivers add to citizen vulnerability. Lack of accountability: Tragedies dismissed as karma or fate. Usual pattern: suspensions, transfers, and eventual reinstatement. Need for Systemic Reform Scientific crowd management audits must be institutionalised. Safety measures should be mandatorily implemented, not discretionary. With a population of 146.39 crore, India cannot afford such recurring disasters. Recommendations & Way Forward Introduce crowd management audits for large public events. Mandatory caution deposit by organisers to ensure crowd security and state preparedness. Public safety in urban planning—pedestrian zones, slow vehicle tracks, and hazard-proof event designs. Cultural change needed: Safety must be viewed as a right, not a privilege. Conclusion: A Call for Accountability and Equity Tragedies like the Bengaluru stampede must serve as a wake-up call. Without structural reform and respect for human life, the rich-poor divide in safety access will only worsen. “Profit first, safety second” is an unacceptable national ethos for a democratic society. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

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