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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 March 2024

CONTENTS India’s Advocacy for Security Council Overhaul: G4 ModelInternational Energy Agency’s Global Methane Tracker 2024Global E-waste Monitor 2024Government Securities (G-Secs)Vote-from-HomeArsenicKrutrim AI India’s Advocacy for Security Council Overhaul: G4 Model Context: Participating in the Intergovernmental Negotiations on Security Council Reform, India has presented a detailed model on behalf of the G4 (Brazil, Germany, India and Japan) nations for United Nations Security Council Reform. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Features of the G4 Proposed Model for UN Security Council ReformUnited Nations Security CouncilReasons for the Reform of the UN Security Council Key Features of the G4 Proposed Model for UN Security Council Reform Representation Concerns: Highlights the significant under-representation and complete lack of representation of certain regions.Stresses that this underrepresentation undermines the Council’s legitimacy and effectiveness. Membership Expansion: Advocates for increasing the Security Council’s membership from 15 to 25-26 members. Composition Breakdown: Permanent Members:Proposes adding 6 new permanent members.Two each from African and Asia Pacific states.One from Latin American and Caribbean states.One from Western European and Other states.Non-Permanent Members:Suggests adding 4 or 5 new non-permanent members. Veto Power: Introduces flexibility regarding the veto issue:New permanent members would initially refrain from using the veto.A decision on veto powers would be deferred until a review process is conducted.Demonstrates a commitment to engaging in constructive negotiations on the veto issue. Selection Process: Emphasizes a democratic and inclusive election process by the UN General Assembly to determine which member states occupy the new permanent seats. United Nations Security Council The Security Council is one of the six main organs of the United Nations.The Permanent Residence of UNSC in the UN Headquarters New York City, USA.Its primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security.While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to member states, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that member states are then obligated to implement under the Charter- Hence, it is the only body of the UN with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states.Resolutions of the Security Council are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. Membership It has 15 Members (5 as Permanent Members and 10 as Non- Permanent Members), and each Member has one vote.The Five permanent members are: China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each of the Permanent Members has Veto Power over every decision of UNSC.The Ten non-permanent members are Elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly.Each year, the General Assembly elects five non-permanent members (out of ten in total) for a two-year term. The ten non-permanent seats are distributed on a regional basis.As per the rules of procedure, a retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election and the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations.The presidency of the Council rotates monthly, going alphabetically among member states. Functions and Powers of UNSC Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are: to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction;to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement;to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments;to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken;to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression;to take military action against an aggressor;to recommend the admission of new Members;to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”;to recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice. Reasons for the Reform of the UN Security Council Global Importance: The Security Council is pivotal in peacekeeping, making binding decisions that impact all member states.Necessity for Legitimacy and Authority: For universal respect and implementation of its decisions, the Council needs enhanced authority and legitimacy.Outdated Composition: The Council’s current composition, established in 1945 and slightly updated in 1963/65, does not reflect today’s global geopolitical realities.Need for Enhanced Representation: With the addition of 142 new countries to the UN since its establishment, significant regions like Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean lack adequate representation.Recognition of Contributions: The UN Charter acknowledges that countries making substantial contributions to the organization should be represented in the Security Council.Countries like India, Germany, and Japan, among others, deserve consideration for new permanent seats due to their meaningful contributions to the UN’s objectives.Risk of Decision-Making Shift: Without reform, decision-making processes could gravitate towards alternative forums, potentially undermining the Council’s effectiveness.Counterproductive Competition: Competition for influence outside the Security Council is not in the collective interest of member states.Criticism of Veto Power: The use of veto power by the P-5 members has been criticized for being undemocratic and obstructive to essential decision-making processes.Need for Inclusive Decision-Making: In today’s interconnected global security landscape, relying on exclusive decision-making frameworks is considered outdated and inappropriate. -Source:  The Hindu International Energy Agency’s Global Methane Tracker 2024 Context: The International Energy Agency’s Global Methane Tracker 2024 indicates that methane emissions from fuel usage in 2023 were nearly at their highest level on record, representing a slight increase compared to 2022. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Major Highlights of Global Methane Tracker 2024What is Methane?What is the Global Methane Pledge? Major Highlights of Global Methane Tracker 2024 Total Methane Emissions (2023): Methane emissions from fossil fuels reached nearly 120 million tonnes (Mt). Bioenergy Contribution: Bioenergy, mainly from biomass use, contributed an additional 10 Mt of methane emissions. This level has remained constant since 2019. Increase in Major Emission Events: Major methane emissions events surged by over 50% in 2023 compared to 2022.These events accounted for more than 5 million metric tons of methane emissions from significant fossil fuel leaks globally. Prominent Incident: A major well blowout in Kazakhstan persisted for over 200 days. Emission Contributors: Nearly 70% of methane emissions from fossil fuels are produced by the top 10 emitting countries.The United States leads in methane emissions from oil and gas operations, followed closely by Russia.China tops the list as the highest emitter of methane in the coal sector. Emission Reduction Goals: Aiming to cut methane emissions from fossil fuels by 75% by 2030 is essential to limit global warming to 1.5 °C. Financial Estimates: Achieving the 75% reduction goal would require approximately USD 170 billion in spending, which is less than 5% of the income generated by the fossil fuel industry in 2023. Potential for Avoidable Emissions: About 40% of the emissions from fossil fuels in 2023 could have been prevented at no net cost. What is Methane? Chemical Composition: Methane (CH4) is the simplest hydrocarbon, composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Characteristics: Odourless, colourless, and tasteless gas.Lighter than air.Burns with a blue flame in complete combustion, yielding carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) in the presence of oxygen. Contribution to Global Warming: Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas (GHG) after carbon dioxide (CO2).It has a 20-year global warming potential (GWP) of 84, indicating that it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than CO2 over a 20-year period.Despite its potency, methane has a shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2, categorizing it as a short-lived GHG.It contributes to about 30% of the rise in global temperatures since the preindustrial era and also aids in the formation of ground-level ozone. Major Sources of Methane Emission: Natural Sources:Wetlands, both natural and human-made, contribute significant methane emissions due to anaerobic decomposition of organic matter.Agricultural Activities:Growing paddy fields release methane due to anaerobic conditions in flooded rice paddies.Enteric fermentation in cattle and other livestock results in methane production as a byproduct.Combustion and Industrial Processes:Burning of fossil fuels, including oil and natural gas, emits methane.Biomass burning, such as wood and agricultural residues, also contributes to methane levels.Industrial activities like landfills and wastewater treatment plants generate methane during organic waste decomposition in anaerobic environments.Fertiliser factories and other industrial processes can release methane during production and transportation. What is the Global Methane Pledge? Introduction and Objectives: Launched at UNFCCC COP26 in November 2021, the Global Methane Pledge aims to drive action towards reducing methane emissions.Spearheaded by the US and the EU, the Pledge now encompasses 111 countries, collectively responsible for 45% of global human-caused methane emissions. Targets: The Pledge seeks a 30% reduction in global methane emissions from 2020 levels by 2030. India’s Stance on the Global Methane Pledge: Primary Climate Change Contributor:India emphasizes that CO2 remains the principal contributor to climate change, possessing a lifespan of 100-1000 years.The Pledge’s focus on methane, with its shorter lifespan of just 12 years, shifts the burden away from reducing CO2 emissions.Methane Emissions and Agriculture:In India, significant methane emissions originate from agricultural activities like enteric fermentation and paddy cultivation.The Pledge could adversely impact small, marginal, and medium farmers, who form the backbone of India’s agricultural sector.This is in contrast to developed countries, where industrial agriculture is more prevalent.Trade and Economic Implications:Being a leading rice producer and exporter, signing the Pledge might pose challenges to India’s trade and economic interests.Livestock and Methane Emissions:India hosts the world’s largest cattle population, vital for the livelihoods of many.However, due to their diet rich in agricultural by-products and unconventional feed materials, Indian livestock’s contribution to global enteric methane remains minimal. -Source: Down To Earth Global E-waste Monitor 2024 Context: Recently, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) has released the Global E-waste Monitor 2024, which states that the world’s generation of electronic waste is rising five times faster than documented e-waste recycling. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the Global E-waste Monitor 2024 ReportStatus of E-Waste Management in IndiaStrategies for Reducing and Recycling E-Waste Effectively in India Key Highlights of the Global E-waste Monitor 2024 Report E-waste Generation Trends: Global e-waste generation surged from 34 bn kg in 2010 to 62 bn kg in 2022.Projections indicate a further rise to 82 bn kg by 2030. E-waste Collection and Recycling: Only 13.8 bn kg of the 62 bn kg e-waste generated was formally collected and recycled in an environmentally sound manner.Composition: 31 bn kg metals, 17 bn kg plastics, and 14 bn kg other materials (minerals, glass, composite materials, etc.) Drivers of E-waste Generation: Technological progress, increased consumption rates, limited repair options, short product life cycles, growing electronification, and insufficient e-waste management infrastructure. Informal E-waste Management: Due to inadequate formal e-waste management infrastructure, a significant portion of e-waste is managed informally in both high-income and low- to middle-income countries. Environmental and Health Impacts: Improper e-waste management releases hazardous substances like mercury and plastics containing brominated flame retardants.A total of 58,000 kg of mercury and 45 million kg of plastics with brominated flame retardants are annually released into the environment. Regional Analysis: Europe: Highest formal collection and recycling rate at 42.8%.Africa: Struggles with a low recycling rate (<1%) despite generating less e-waste.Asia (Including India): Generates nearly half (30 bn kg) of the world’s e-waste but has limited advances in e-waste management. E-waste per Capita and Recycling Rates: Europe (17.6 kg), Oceania (16.1 kg), and the Americas (14.1 kg) had the highest e-waste generation per capita in 2022.Correspondingly, these regions also reported the highest documented per capita collection and recycling rates. Recycling Rates Based on Equipment Type: Heavier equipment like temperature exchange equipment and screens/monitors have the highest collection and recycling rates.Toys, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners, and e-cigarettes constitute a third (20 bn kg) of global e-waste but have a low global recycling rate of 12%.Small IT and telecommunication equipment, such as laptops, mobile phones, GPS devices, and routers, make up 5 bn kg of e-waste, with only 22% being formally collected and recycled. Policy and Legislative Measures: 81 countries have implemented e-waste policies, legislation, or regulations.67 countries have legal provisions on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for e-waste.46 countries have set e-waste collection rate targets, while 36 countries have established e-waste recycling rate targets. Status of E-Waste Management in India: Electronic waste (e-waste) encompasses all old, end-of-life, or discarded electrical and electronic equipment, including household appliances and office information and communications devices.Toxic Components: E-waste contains hazardous chemicals and metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and nickel. E-Waste in India: Global Ranking: India is currently ranked third globally among the largest e-waste generators, following China and the United States.Surge in Volume: The volume of e-waste in India surged significantly to 1.6 million tonnes in 2021-22.Concentration: 65 cities in India generate over 60% of the total e-waste, with 10 states contributing to 70% of the total e-waste generated. E-Waste Management Framework in India: Regulations of 2008: E-waste management in India was initially addressed within the framework of the Environment and Forests Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Regulations of 2008.E-Waste Rules of 2010: In 2011, important regulations known as the E-waste (Management and Handling) Regulations of 2010 were issued under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, featuring Extended Producer’s Responsibility (EPR).E-Waste Rules of 2016: In 2017, the E-waste (Management) Rules, 2016 were enacted, including more than 21 products under their scope, such as Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and other mercury-containing devices.Amendment in 2018: In 2018, the 2016 rules were amended to expand their scope, emphasizing authorization and product stewardship, focusing on the responsibility of producers and stakeholders throughout a product’s life cycle.E-Waste Rules of 2022: The Government of India introduced the E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, with the primary goal of digitizing the e-waste management process and enhancing visibility.Hazardous Substances Restriction: The rules also restrict the use of hazardous substances (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium) in manufacturing electrical and electronic equipment to mitigate their adverse impact on human health and the environment. Strategies for Reducing and Recycling E-Waste Effectively in India: Comprehensive Regulatory Framework: Create a comprehensive regulatory framework for e-waste collection that includes mandatory registration and licensing of collection centers and recyclers to formalize and standardize the process. Tax Credit System for Manufacturers: Implement a tax credit system to incentivize electronics manufacturers to design products with extended lifespans and repairability features.Encourage eco-friendly design practices while discouraging planned obsolescence. E-Waste ATMs: Install E-Waste ATMs in public places, allowing individuals to deposit old electronic devices in exchange for small financial incentives or vouchers for public transportation or essential goods.Incorporate educational displays on these ATMs to raise awareness about e-waste recycling. Blockchain-Based Tracking System: Establish a blockchain-based system to track the entire lifecycle of electronic devices.Assign each device a digital certificate to record its manufacturing, ownership, and disposal history, simplifying traceability and accountability for improper disposal. Promote Awareness Through Art Installations: Encourage artists to create sculptures or exhibits in public spaces using e-waste materials.These art installations visually depict the scale of the e-waste problem and serve as a means to raise awareness about proper disposal and recycling. -Source: Down To Earth Government Securities (G-Secs) Context: State governments have recently raised a record Rs 50,206 crore via the auction of State Development Loan (SDL) Bonds, representing the largest weekly borrowing in history. This significant achievement surpassed the Reserve Bank of India’s indicative borrowing target of Rs 27,810 crore for the period, underscoring robust demand for state government securities in the financial markets. SDLs are a part of Government Securities (G-Sec), allowing state governments to raise loans from the market through dated securities issued in auctions, similar to those conducted for Central Government securities. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Government Securities (G-Secs)Types of Government Securities (G-Secs) Government Securities (G-Secs) Government Securities, often referred to as G-Secs, are tradable instruments issued by the Central Government or State Governments to borrow money from the public and finance their fiscal deficit. They are a type of debt instrument. Debt Instrument: A debt instrument represents a contractual obligation by the issuer (government) to pay the holder a fixed amount of money, known as the principal or face value, on a specified date.G-Secs acknowledge the government’s debt obligation and serve as a means for the government to borrow funds. Short-Term and Long-Term: G-Secs can be categorized as short-term or long-term securities.Short-term securities, known as treasury bills, have original maturities of less than one year, commonly issued in tenors of 91 days, 182 days, and 364 days.Long-term securities, called government bonds or dated securities, have original maturities of one year or more. Central and State Government Issuance: The Central Government in India issues both treasury bills and bonds or dated securities.State Governments, on the other hand, issue bonds or dated securities known as State Development Loans (SDLs). Risk Profile: G-Secs are considered risk-free gilt-edged instruments, meaning they carry minimal risk of default.These securities are considered safe investments due to the backing of the government. Gilt-Edged Securities: Gilt-edged securities are high-grade investment bonds offered by governments and large corporations to borrow funds.G-Secs fall under this category as they are considered secure investments. Role of RBI: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) conducts Open Market Operations (OMOs) involving the sale or purchase of G-Secs to adjust money supply conditions.The RBI sells G-Secs to remove liquidity from the system and buys them back to infuse liquidity. Bond Yield: Bond yield refers to the return an investor realizes on a bond.The yield is calculated by dividing the annual coupon rate (interest paid by bond issuers on the bond’s face value) by the current market price of the bond.Bond prices and yields have an inverse relationship: when bond prices rise, yields fall, and vice versa. Bonds: A bond is an instrument used to borrow money, which can be issued by a government or a company to raise funds.G-Secs are a type of bond issued by the government to raise funds. Coupon Rate: The coupon rate represents the interest rate paid by bond issuers on the bond’s face value. Types of Government Securities (G-Secs) Treasury Bills (T-bills): Treasury bills are short-term government securities with maturities of less than one year (commonly 91 days, 182 days, and 364 days).T-bills are issued at a discount to their face value and do not pay any interest. Instead, they are redeemed at the face value upon maturity. Cash Management Bills (CMBs): CMBs were introduced by the Government of India in 2010 to address temporary cash flow mismatches.Similar to T-bills, CMBs are short-term instruments with maturities of less than 91 days.They serve the purpose of meeting the immediate funding requirements of the government. Dated G-Secs: Dated G-Secs are long-term government securities that carry a fixed or floating coupon (interest rate).These securities pay interest on the face value on a half-yearly basis.The maturity period of dated G-Secs typically ranges from 5 years to 40 years, providing investors with long-term investment options. State Development Loans (SDLs): State Governments also raise funds from the market by issuing securities known as State Development Loans (SDLs).SDLs are similar to dated G-Secs and are issued through auctions conducted by the state governments.These securities help state governments finance their developmental and expenditure requirements. -Source:  The Hindu Vote-from-Home Context: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has, for the first time in the history of the Lok Sabha elections, extended its ‘vote-from-home’ facility to Persons with Disabilities (PwD) and senior citizens aged 85 and above. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Vote-from-HomeProcess to Avail Vote-from-Home Facility Vote-from-Home Eligibility Criteria for Vote-from-Home: Age: Individuals aged 85 and above.Persons with Disabilities: Those with a disability of at least 40% as certified by the relevant authority.Mediapersons: Individuals covering polling day activities, provided they carry authorization letters from the Election Commission.Essential Service Workers: Including personnel from metros, railways, and healthcare.Service Voters: Members of the armed forces stationed away from their hometowns, Central Armed Police Forces personnel on duty away from home, and those assigned to poll duties. Process to Avail Vote-from-Home Facility: Form Requirement: The primary document required is Form 12D, a letter to the Assistant Returning Officer (ARO) explaining the inability to visit the polling station.Form Collection:It can be downloaded from the official website of the Election Commission of India (ECI).Alternatively, it can be obtained from the office of the representative district officer of a parliamentary constituency.Submission Deadline: The completed form must be submitted within five days from the date the polling date is announced.Home Visit:Upon submission of the form, a team comprising two polling officials, a videographer, and a security person will visit the eligible voter’s residence.This team will oversee and facilitate the postal ballot voting process.Notification:The voter will be informed about the scheduled date and approximate time of the team’s visit either via SMS or postal mail.Two attempts will be made to facilitate home voting.Subsequent Visits:If the voter is not present during the first visit, a second visit will be scheduled.However, if the voter is absent during the second attempt, no further visits will be made.Such individuals will become ineligible to vote both at polling stations and through the home voting scheme in that election cycle. -Source:  Indian Express Arsenic Context: A new study underlines the risk of using water contaminated with arsenic to cook rice, a staple food serving more than half the world’s population. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Arsenic: An Overview Origin: Arsenic is a naturally occurring semimetallic element found in the Earth’s crust.Environmental Presence: It can be found in various environmental sources including air, water, and land.Chemical Classification: Arsenic belongs to Group 15 of the periodic table, also known as the nitrogen group. It is found in both gray and yellow crystalline forms. Toxicity: Toxic Form: In its inorganic form, arsenic is highly toxic.Exposure Sources: Elevated levels of inorganic arsenic exposure can occur through:Drinking contaminated water.Using contaminated water for food preparation and irrigation.Industrial processes.Consumption of contaminated food.Smoking tobacco. Health Implications: Chronic Exposure: Long-term exposure to inorganic arsenic, primarily via drinking water and food, can result in chronic arsenic poisoning.Symptoms: Skin lesions and skin cancer are among the most commonly observed health effects of arsenic poisoning. Arsenic Contamination in India: Affected States:West BengalJharkhandBiharUttar PradeshAssamManipurChhattisgarhConcern: These states report arsenic contamination levels in groundwater that exceed permissible limits, posing significant health risks to the population. -Source:  The Hindu Krutrim AI Context: Earlier this year, Indian multinational ridesharing company, Ola, introduced Krutrim AI, claiming it as “India’s own AI”. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Krutrim AI: An Overview Objective and Purpose: Personalised Assistant: Krutrim AI aims to act as a personal assistant that simplifies both personal and professional tasks for users. Cultural Adaptation: Indian Context: This AI model is designed to cater specifically to the needs based on Indian languages and cultural nuances.Language Understanding: Utilizes Natural Language Processing (NLP) to comprehend human language intricacies, including colloquialisms and cultural contexts. Technological Components: Machine Learning: Employs Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to learn from extensive datasets, enhancing its responses and performance over time.Deep Learning: Incorporates Deep Learning, a specialized ML branch, to identify patterns and analyze intricate data structures. Distinctive Features: User Intent Understanding: Unlike many AI models that rely on keyword matching and statistical analysis, Krutrim AI aims to understand the user’s intent more deeply. Capabilities: Task Assistance: Krutrim AI can assist with various tasks including:Writing emails.Information retrieval on diverse topics.Skill learning.Travel planning.Recipe learning and more. -Source:  Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 March 2024

CONTENTS Shanghai Cooperation OrganizationIMT Trilateral Exercise Shanghai Cooperation Organization Context: The fourth edition of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Startup Forum was organized on 19th March 2024 in New Delhi. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: What is the SCO? Organizational structure of SCO What is the SCO?  Founded in June 2001, it was built on the ‘Shanghai Five’, the grouping which consisted of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.They came together in the post-Soviet era in 1996, in order to work on regional security, reduction of border troops and terrorism.They endowed particular focus on ‘conflict resolution’, given its early success between China and Russia, and then within the Central Asian Republics.Some of their prominent outcomes in this arena entail an ‘Agreement on Confidence-Building in the Military Field Along the Border Areas’ (in 1996) between China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, which led to an agreement on the mutual reduction of military forces on their common borders in 1997.It would also pitch in to help the Central Asian countries resolve some of their boundary disputes. In 2001, the ‘Shanghai Five’ inducted Uzbekistan into its fold and named it the SCO, outlining its principles in a charter that promoted what was called the “Shanghai spirit” of cooperation.The precise assertion, combined with some of the member states’ profiles, of building a “new international political and economic order” has often led to it being placed as a counter to treaties and groupings of the West, particularly North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Member states India, Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.The SCO also has four observer states — Afghanistan, Iran, Belarus and Mongolia — of which Iran and Belarus are now moving towards full membership.  Main goals Strengthening mutual trust and neighbourliness among the member states;Promoting their effective cooperation in politics, trade, economy, research and technology, and culture. Focus areas: Education, energy, transport, tourism and environmental protection.It also calls for joint efforts to maintain and ensure peace, security and stability in the region; and the establishment of a democratic, fair and rational new international political and economic order. Organizational structure of SCO The SCO secretariat has two permanent bodies — SCO Secretariat based in Beijing Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent. Other than this, the grouping consists of Heads of State Council (HSC): It is the supreme decision-making body of the organisation.It meets annually to adopt decisions and guidelines on all important matters relevant to the organisation. Heads of Government Council (HGC): The HGC (mainly including Prime Ministers) also meets annually to zero in on the organisation’s priority areas and multilateral cooperation strategy.It also endeavours to resolve present economic and cooperation issues alongside approving the organisation’s annual budget.  Foreign Ministers Council: The Foreign Ministers Council considers issues pertaining to the day-to-day activities of the organisation, charting HSC meetings and consultations on international problems within the organisation and if required, makes statements on behalf of the SCO.  IMT Trilateral Exercise Context: INS Tir and INS Sujata will participate in the forthcoming edition of India Mozambique Tanzania (IMT) TriLateral (TRILAT) Exercise. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges IMT Trilateral Exercise: An Overview IMT Trilateral Exercise is a joint maritime exercise.The exercise is scheduled to take place from 21st to 29th March 2024. Historical Context: The inaugural edition of the IMT TRILAT exercise was held in October 2022.The first edition featured participation from INS Tarkash along with the Navies of Tanzania and Mozambique. Current Edition Details: The exercise is divided into two distinct phases.Harbour Phase (21st-24th March 2024):Naval ships Tir and Sujata will interact with the Tanzanian and Mozambique Navies at the ports of Zanzibar and Maputo respectively.Activities during this phase will include a Planning Conference and joint training sessions covering:Damage ControlFire FightingVisit Board Search and Seizure proceduresMedical LecturesCasualty EvacuationDiving operations Sea Phase:This phase focuses on practical training against asymmetric threats.Activities include:Visit Board Search and Seizure proceduresBoat handlingManoeuvresFiring exercisesAdditionally, a joint Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surveillance operation is planned. Conclusion: The exercise will wrap up with a joint debrief session in Nacala, Mozambique. Cultural and Interactional Activities: During their stay in the harbours, Indian Naval ships will be open for public visits.The Indian Navy will also engage in sports and cultural exchanges with the host Navies to foster camaraderie and mutual understanding.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 March 2024

CONTENTS Increase in Complaints Under RBI’s Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS)Low Carbon Action PlanPlastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2024Ebola Virus DiseaseTactical Nuclear WeaponsPIB’s Fact Check Unit Increase in Complaints Under RBI’s Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS) Context: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has observed a significant surge in complaints registered under its Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS) for the financial year 2023. The reported complaints have seen a remarkable rise of 68.2%, totaling to 703,000. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Reasons Behind the Rise in ComplaintsUnderstanding Ombudsman Reasons Behind the Rise in Complaints Enhanced Public Awareness: The central bank’s proactive public awareness campaigns have empowered people to report concerns and grievances regarding banks and non-bank payment systems.Increased awareness of rights and complaint-resolution avenues has prompted more individuals to report encountered issues. Simplified Complaint Process: The introduction of a more straightforward and streamlined process for lodging complaints has facilitated easier reporting for the public.Accessibility and simplicity in the complaint process have encouraged greater engagement and consequently, a surge in complaints. Digital Transaction Challenges: The surge in digital transactions, especially in mobile and electronic banking, has led to more frequent issues like unauthorized or fraudulent transactions.System glitches or disruptions in digital banking can impact a vast number of users at once, resulting in a rise in reported complaints. Understanding Ombudsman Definition and Origin: An Ombudsman is a government-appointed official who addresses complaints from the public against public organizations.The concept of the Ombudsman originated from Sweden.In India, Ombudsmen are appointed to handle grievances in various sectors, including Insurance, Income Tax, and Banking. RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme (RB-IOS) RB-IOS consolidates three existing ombudsman schemes of RBI: the 2006 banking ombudsman scheme, the 2018 NBFC ombudsman scheme, and the 2019 digital transactions ombudsman scheme.The unified scheme aims to address customer complaints regarding services offered by RBI-regulated entities like banks, NBFCs, and prepaid instrument players. If grievances are not resolved satisfactorily within 30 days, they can be escalated.The scheme also covers non-scheduled primary co-operative banks with deposits of Rs 50 crore and above, promoting a “One Nation One Ombudsman” approach. Need for Integration: Initial ombudsman schemes from the 1990s were seen as problematic by consumers due to technical rejections and extended redressal timelines.Integrating the systems and broadening the complaint grounds aims to address these concerns and improve consumer satisfaction. Key Features: The scheme recognizes ‘deficiency in service’ as a valid complaint ground, with clear exclusions to avoid arbitrary rejections.A centralized complaint-handling center has been established in Chandigarh, capable of processing complaints in any language.The use of Artificial Intelligence tools facilitates faster coordination between banks and investigating agencies.Customers can file complaints, track their status, and provide feedback through a single email address and a multilingual toll-free number.Regulated entities cannot appeal against an ombudsman’s decision if found lacking in providing satisfactory and timely information. Appellate Authority: The Appellate Authority for the integrated scheme is the RBI’s Executive Director responsible for the Consumer Education and Protection Department. Significance: The scheme aims to enhance the grievance redress mechanism for customer complaints against RBI-regulated entities.It promises uniformity, streamlined processes, and user-friendly mechanisms, ultimately leading to customer satisfaction and financial inclusion. -Source: The Hindu Low Carbon Action Plan Context: Bihar has initiated a well-designed work plan to strengthen its waste management profile by formulating a Low-Carbon Action Plan (LCAP) for the waste and domestic wastewater sector. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Low Carbon Action Plan (LCAP)Benefits and Challenges of Low Carbon Action Plans (LCAPs) Low Carbon Action Plan (LCAP) The LCAP is a strategic framework designed to tackle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and advance sustainable waste management practices.Specifically crafted for Bihar, the LCAP offers a detailed blueprint to curtail emissions from waste and domestic wastewater sectors. The ultimate aim is to help Bihar achieve carbon neutrality by 2070. Key Components: Assessment: The LCAP commences with a detailed evaluation of Bihar’s existing waste management infrastructure, encompassing both solid waste and domestic wastewater management.Data Collection: This involves gathering data on the volume of waste generated, prevailing treatment methodologies, and associated GHG emissions.Identifying Challenges: The LCAP highlights primary challenges in waste management in Bihar. These encompass issues like insufficient sewage collection and treatment, inadequate waste segregation, and unregulated solid waste disposal.Setting Targets: Based on the evaluation, the LCAP sets ambitious goals for reducing emissions and enhancing waste management by specific milestones: 2030, 2050, and the ultimate target of 2070.Strategies and Recommendations: The LCAP introduces a suite of low-carbon strategies to tackle identified challenges. These strategies encompass:Source-level waste segregation improvements.Upgrades to waste collection and transportation systems.Adoption of efficient treatment technologies.Promotion of methane recovery from wastewater.Stakeholder Engagement: Success of the LCAP hinges on the involvement of diverse stakeholders, including governmental bodies, local communities, and private sector players.Policy Enforcement: For effective implementation and adherence to waste management regulations and sustainable practices, the LCAP underscores the importance of robust policy-driven enforcement mechanisms. Benefits and Challenges of Low Carbon Action Plans (LCAPs) Benefits of LCAPs: Combatting Climate Change: LCAPs play a pivotal role in addressing climate change by curtailing emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect. This proactive approach can mitigate the adverse effects of global warming, such as extreme climatic events, elevated sea levels, and ecological damage. Improving Air Quality: By reducing dependence on fossil fuels, especially coal, LCAPs can significantly enhance air quality. Cleaner air translates to fewer respiratory ailments and improved public health. Promoting Sustainable Transportation: LCAPs often advocate for eco-friendly transportation alternatives like walking, cycling, and public transit. Such initiatives not only reduce carbon footprint but also promote physical activity, benefiting public health. Economic Opportunities: Embracing renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies can stimulate job growth in these burgeoning sectors. Furthermore, reduced dependence on imported fossil fuels can lead to substantial long-term savings. Challenges of LCAPs: Initial Investment Requirements: Transitioning to renewable energy and adopting energy-efficient technologies often necessitates significant initial capital outlay, which can be a deterrent for some stakeholders. Resistance to Lifestyle Changes: Implementing low carbon plans might necessitate alterations in lifestyle choices, such as increased reliance on public transport or reduced vehicular usage. Such changes can meet resistance from individuals accustomed to existing norms. Time and Persistence: Realizing tangible outcomes from LCAPs demands sustained effort and patience. Moreover, political opposition, especially from industries likely to be impacted, can impede progress. Equitable Transition: It is imperative to manage the shift towards a low carbon economy equitably to ensure that the benefits are evenly distributed and vulnerable or disadvantaged groups are not disproportionately burdened. -Source: The Hindu Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2024 Context: The Environment Ministry has rolled out the Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2024, amending the existing Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016. Under these revised regulations, stricter guidelines have been put in place for manufacturers of disposable plastic items. Notably, the rules tighten the criteria for labeling products as ‘biodegradable’, aiming to prevent misleading environmental claims. Additionally, manufacturers are now mandated to ensure that their disposable plastic products do not leave behind any microplastics, emphasizing the government’s commitment to addressing the pervasive issue of plastic pollution. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: MicroplasticsObjectives of the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016Need for Amendments to Plastic Waste Management RulesPlastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2024: Key Highlights Microplastics Definition: Microplastics are minute solid plastic particles that are insoluble in water.They typically range in size from 1 µm to 1,000 µm (1 µm is equivalent to one-thousandth of a millimetre). Environmental Impact: Over recent years, microplastics have emerged as a significant source of pollution, posing threats to rivers and oceans globally. Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016: Objectives and Amendments Objectives of the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016: Enhanced Thickness Standards: Increase the minimum thickness of plastic carry bags from 40 to 50 microns.Mandate a minimum thickness of 50 microns for plastic sheets to facilitate effective collection and recycling of plastic waste. Expanded Applicability: Extend the rules’ jurisdiction from municipal to rural areas due to the pervasive spread of plastic waste in rural regions. Producers and Generators Responsibilities: Introduce obligations for both producers and waste generators within the plastic waste management system. Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR): Implement a collect-back system for plastic waste by producers and brand owners as part of their extended responsibility. Promotion of Recycling: Encourage the utilization of plastic waste in road construction as per Indian Road Congress guidelines, energy recovery, waste-to-oil processes, and other environmentally-friendly methods. Need for Amendments to Plastic Waste Management Rules: Biodegradable vs. Compostable Plastics: Biodegradable plastic involves pre-treatment of plastic products before sale.Upon disposal, it is anticipated to degrade naturally over time. However, there aren’t definitive tests to ascertain the complete degradation of such plastics.Compostable plastics, on the contrary, do degrade but necessitate specialized industrial or large municipal waste management facilities. Ambiguity in Biodegradable Definitions: In 2022, the Union government prohibited the use of single-use plastic and endorsed the adoption of biodegradable alternatives.The term “biodegradable plastic” remained undefined, creating confusion and challenges for manufacturers.The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) declined to issue ‘provisional certificates’ for products labeled as biodegradable, citing the absence of clear criteria for degradation levels required for certification. Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules 2024: Key Highlights Definition of Biodegradable Plastics: Biodegradable plastics are defined as materials that can degrade through biological processes in specific environments such as soil and landfills.These plastics should not leave any microplastics behind after degradation. Ambiguity in Microplastics Criteria: While the amendment mentions the absence of microplastics, it lacks clarity on:The specific chemical tests to determine the absence of microplastics.The threshold for microplastic reduction in a sample to be deemed eliminated. Permitted Materials for Manufacturing: Manufacturers are allowed to produce carry bags and commodities using compostable or biodegradable plastics.Such products must adhere to mandatory marking and labelling requirements set by the rules and the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), especially for items intended for food contact. Certification Requirement: Manufacturers of compostable or biodegradable plastic carry bags or commodities must obtain a certification from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) prior to marketing or selling their products. Responsibilities of Manufacturers: Manufacturers are mandated to:Process pre-consumer plastic waste, such as reject or discard material, generated during the manufacturing stage.Report these processes and related activities to the respective State Pollution Control Board or Pollution Control Committee. -Source: The Hindu Ebola Virus Disease Context: Scientists recently found a new way in which Ebola reproduces in the human body, identifying a potential target for drugs to prevent the viral disease. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: About Ebola Virus DiseaseHow does it spread?What are the symptoms?How can it be diagnosed?Treatment About Ebola Virus Disease The first instances of the disease, formerly known as Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, were discovered in Guinea in December 2013.Later, the illness spread to the nearby countries of Sierra Leone and Liberia.Bundibugyo, Sudan, and Zaire are three of the six strains that have historically caused significant outbreaks. How does it spread? The Pteropodidae family of fruit bats is regarded to be a natural host for the Ebola virus.The virus travels from human to human and is acquired by people from wild animals (through broken skin or mucous membranes). What are the symptoms? FeverFatigueMuscle painHeadacheSore throat This is followed by: VomitingDiarrhoeaRash How can it be diagnosed? Clinically separating EVD from other infectious disorders such malaria, typhoid fever, and meningitis can be challenging.Numerous pregnancy symptoms and Ebola disease symptoms are remarkably similar.The following diagnostic techniques are used to confirm that symptoms are brought on by Ebola virus infection:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody capture (ELISA)RT-PCR assay (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) Treatment: The Ervebo vaccine has been shown to be effective in protecting people from the species Zaire ebolavirusTwo monoclonal antibodies (Inmazeb and Ebanga) were approved for the treatment of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebolavirus) infection in adultsRemdesivir was also tested as an Ebola treatment. -Source: Indian Express Tactical Nuclear Weapons Context: Western officials recently confirmed that Russia has moved tactical nuclear weapons from its own borders into neighboring Belarus, several hundred miles closer to NATO territory. Relevance: GS III: Security challenges Tactical Nuclear Weapons: An Overview Types of Nuclear Weapons: Strategic Nuclear Weapons:Designed for larger objectives like destroying cities or larger enemy targets.Aimed at fulfilling larger war-waging objectives. Tactical Nuclear Weapons (TNWs):Designed for specific tactical gains on the battlefield.Aimed at devastating specific enemy targets without causing extensive destruction or radioactive fallout.Used in conjunction with conventional weapon forces during battle.Delivery Methods:Can be deployed via missiles, torpedoes, gravity bombs, or even manually driven and detonated.Explosive Yield:Typically ranges from less than one kiloton to about 100 kilotons.In contrast, strategic nuclear weapons can yield up to one thousand kilotons.Range of Delivery Systems:Generally under 310 miles (500 kilometres).Strategic nuclear weapons are designed for longer-range missions, potentially spanning continents.Regulation:Least-regulated category among nuclear weapons under arms control agreements. Countries with Tactical Nuclear Weapons: According to the Federation of American Scientists, nine countries possess TNWs:RussiaUnited StatesChinaFranceUnited KingdomPakistanIndiaIsraelNorth Korea Stockpile Estimates: Russia:Holds an estimated 2,000 tactical nuclear missiles.United States:Possesses an estimated 200 tactical nuclear bombs, with approximately half stationed at bases in Europe. -Source: The Hindu PIB’s Fact Check Unit Context: Recently, the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology notified the Press Information Bureau’s Fact Check Unit under IT Rules of 2021. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions PIB’s Fact Check Unit: An Overview Establishment: The Fact Check Unit (FCU) was set up in November 2019. Objective: The primary goal is to deter the spread of fake news and misinformation.It offers a platform for people to report dubious information related to the Government of India. Mandate: The FCU is tasked with debunking misinformation concerning Government policies, initiatives, and schemes.It can initiate fact-checking either proactively (suo motu) or based on complaints received. Operational Functions: The FCU actively monitors, detects, and counters disinformation campaigns to ensure the timely exposure and correction of false narratives about the Government. Organisational Structure: Headed by a senior DG/ADG level officer from the Indian Information Service (IIS).Day-to-day activities are managed by IIS officers at various hierarchical levels.The FCU reports to the Principal Director General of the Press Information Bureau (PIB), who also serves as the Principal Spokesperson for the Government of India. Fact-Checking Process: Requests can be submitted via WhatsApp, email, or a dedicated web portal.Each received request is termed as a ‘Query’ and is categorized based on its relevance to the Government of India.Only queries directly related to the Government of India are processed and treated as actionable, while others are considered non-actionable. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 March 2024

CONTENTS Launch of Digital Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) and ‘Sankalan’ AppWorld Forest Day Launch of Digital Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) and ‘Sankalan’ App Context: The Ministry of Home Affairs has taken a significant step forward in bolstering India’s capabilities against terrorism and organized crime. In New Delhi, they inaugurated a digital Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) developed by the National Investigation Agency (NIA). This system aims to streamline and enhance the management of criminal cases. Alongside the CCMS, the Ministry also launched a mobile app named ‘Sankalan’. This app, curated by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), serves as a comprehensive compendium of New Criminal Laws. These initiatives reflect the government’s commitment to leveraging technology for more efficient law enforcement and criminal justice administration. Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Criminal Case Management System (CCMS)Sankalan AppNational Investigation Agency (NIA) Criminal Case Management System (CCMS) Definition and Purpose: Digital Platform: CCMS is a digital platform designed to streamline the management of criminal cases.Focus Areas: It particularly emphasizes cases related to terrorism and organised crime. Key Features: Standardization: Aims to standardise investigations and compile terrorism-related data across India.User-Friendly Interface: CCMS is a browser-based software that is customizable and easy to use.Data Integration: Enables the integration, organisation, and digitalisation of data from investigations.Enhanced Coordination: Facilitates better coordination among law enforcement agencies.Efficiency and Justice: Designed to improve the efficiency of investigations and enhance the delivery of justice. Benefits: Information Sharing: Promotes seamless sharing of information between central and state agencies.Comprehensive Tool: Provides a comprehensive tool for investigators, prosecutors, and other stakeholders in the criminal justice process. Sankalan App Purpose and Overview: Bridge Between Laws: The Sankalan app serves as a bridge between old and new criminal laws, helping users navigate through the changes. Key Features: Comprehensive Guide: Acts as a comprehensive guide for all stakeholders involved in criminal laws.Offline Mode: The app is accessible in offline mode, ensuring availability even in areas with limited connectivity.Accessibility: Ensures availability in remote areas, allowing stakeholders to access information around the clock. National Investigation Agency (NIA) It is a central agency mandated to investigate all the offences affecting the sovereignty, security and integrity of India, friendly relations with foreign states, and the offences under the statutory laws enacted to implement international treaties, agreements, conventions and resolutions of the United Nations, its agencies and other international organisations.These include terror acts and their possible links with crimes like smuggling of arms, drugs and fake Indian currency and infiltration from across the borders.The agency has the power to search, seize, arrest and prosecute those involved in such offences.Headquartered in Delhi, the NIA has its branches in Hyderabad, Guwahati, Kochi, Lucknow, Mumbai, Kolkata, Raipur, Jammu, Chandigarh, Ranchi, Chennai, Imphal, Bengaluru and Patna. When did the NIA come into being? In the wake of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack in November 2008, which shocked the entire world, the then United Progressive Alliance government decided to establish the NIA.In December 2008, former Union Home Minister P. Chidambaram introduced the National Investigation Agency Bill.The Home Minister had then said the agency would deal with only eight laws mentioned in the schedule and that a balance had been struck between the right of the State and duties of the Central government to investigate the more important cases.The Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.The agency came into existence on December 31, 2008, and started its functioning in 2009.Till date, the NIA has registered 447 cases. What are the scheduled offences? The list includes the Explosive Substances Act, Atomic Energy Act, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, Anti-Hijacking Act, Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act, SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act, Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Safety of Maritime Navigation and Fixed Platforms on Continental Shelf Act, Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act and relevant offences under the Indian Penal Code, Arms Act and the Information Technology Act.In September 2020, the Centre empowered the NIA to also probe offences under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act that are connected to terror cases. How wide is NIA’s jurisdiction? The law under which the agency operates extends to the whole of India and also applies to Indian citizens outside the country; persons in the service of the government wherever they are posted; persons on ships and aircraft registered in India wherever they may be; persons who commit a scheduled offence beyond India against the Indian citizen or affecting the interest of India. How does the NIA take up a probe? As provided under Section 6 of the Act, State governments can refer the cases pertaining to the scheduled offences registered at any police station to the Central government (Union Home Ministry) for NIA investigation.After assessing the details made available, the Centre can then direct the agency to take over the case.State governments are required to extend all assistance to the NIA.Even when the Central government is of the opinion that a scheduled offence has been committed which is required to be investigated under the Act, it may, suo motu, direct the agency to take up/over the probe.Where the Central government finds that a scheduled offence has been committed at any place outside India to which this Act extends, it can also direct the NIA to register the case and take up investigation.While investigating any scheduled offence, the agency can also investigate any other offence which the accused is alleged to have committed if the offence is connected to the scheduled offence. -Source: The Hindu World Forest Day Context: World Forest Day, also known as International Day of Forests, is celebrated on March 21 each year. Relevance: Facts for Prelims World Forest Day Significance: Celebrated annually to emphasize the importance of forests and trees in our ecosystem and daily lives.Objective: To raise awareness about the value of diverse forests and promote global, regional, and local initiatives, such as tree planting campaigns.Coordinating Organizations: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the United Nations Forum on Forests oversee the International Day of Forests.Date: March 21st of each year. Historical Background: Proposal: The General Assembly of the European Confederation of Agriculture first suggested the idea of a day dedicated to forests in 1971.Selection of Date: The United Nations chose March 21st as World Forestry Day to coincide with both the Vernal Equinox (northern hemisphere) and Autumn Equinox (southern hemisphere). Theme for Current Year: 2024 Theme: “Forests and Innovation: New Solutions for a Better World.”

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 March 2024

CONTENTS World Air Quality Report 2023Forced Labour and its Economic Implications: ILO’s Recent FindingsArrests Made for Supplying Snake Venom for Rave PartyWorld Inequality LabAsbestosEarth HourProject GR00T World Air Quality Report 2023 Context: India has been identified as the world’s third most polluted country, as per the World Air Quality Report 2023 by Swiss organisation IQAir. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the World Air Quality Report 2023WHO Air Quality GuidelinesParticulate Matter (PM) Key Highlights of the World Air Quality Report 2023: India’s Pollution Ranking: India is ranked as the world’s third most polluted country, with an average annual PM2.5 concentration of 54.4 micrograms per cubic meter.Bangladesh and Pakistan’s Pollution Levels: Both Bangladesh and Pakistan surpassed India in pollution levels, becoming the most and second most polluted countries, respectively.Top Polluted Cities: Nine out of the top 10 most polluted cities globally are located in India.Air Quality in Delhi: Delhi emerged as the world’s most polluted capital city for the fourth consecutive time.Pollution in Begusarai: Begusarai in Bihar is identified as the world’s most polluted metropolitan area, recording an average PM2.5 concentration of 118.9 micrograms per cubic meter.High Exposure Levels: Approximately 136 million Indians, which is 96% of the population, face PM2.5 concentrations that are seven times higher than the World Health Organization’s recommended levels.City Pollution Levels: Over 66% of Indian cities reported annual average PM2.5 concentrations higher than 35 micrograms per cubic meter.Health Implications: PM2.5 pollution, primarily from burning fossil fuels, is associated with increased risks of heart attack, stroke, oxidative stress, asthma, cancer, and mental health complications.Countries Meeting WHO Guidelines: Only seven countries met the WHO annual PM2.5 guideline of 5 µg/m3 or less, which includes Australia, Estonia, Finland, Grenada, Iceland, Mauritius, and New Zealand.Air Quality Data in Africa: Africa remains the most underrepresented continent in air quality data, with a third of its population lacking access to such information.Progress in Pollution Reduction: Some countries, like China and Chile, reported reductions in PM2.5 pollution levels, indicating efforts to combat air pollution.Global Impact of Air Pollution: Air pollution contributes to approximately seven million premature deaths annually worldwide, accounting for about one in every nine deaths.Health Risks: Exposure to elevated levels of fine particles can impair cognitive development in children, exacerbate existing illnesses such as diabetes, and lead to mental health issues. WHO Air Quality Guidelines: Pollutants Covered: The World Health Organization (WHO) updates its air quality guidelines to protect public health from the detrimental effects of air pollution. The latest revision was in 2021, succeeding the 2005 guidelines.The guidelines encompass both particulate matter (PM) and gaseous pollutants. These include:PM2.5 and PM10Ozone (O3)Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)Sulfur dioxide (SO2)Carbon monoxide (CO) Particulate Matter (PM): Definition: Particulate matter comprises tiny particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air. This mixture consists of various sizes and is composed of numerous compounds.PM10 (Coarse Particles): These are particles with a diameter of 10 micrometres or less.PM2.5 (Fine Particles): These are particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less. -Source: The Hindu Forced Labour and its Economic Implications: ILO’s Recent Findings Context: The International Labour Organization (ILO) recently unveiled a report titled ‘Profits and poverty: The economics of forced labour’, shedding light on the dire economic implications of forced labour globally. According to the report, forced labour is responsible for generating illegal profits amounting to a staggering USD 36 billion annually. This alarming revelation underscores the pressing need for concerted international efforts to combat and eradicate forced labour, ensuring the protection of vulnerable individuals and upholding fundamental human rights worldwide. Relevance: GS I: Issues Related to Children Dimensions of the Article: Forced Labour Defined by ILOKey Highlights from the ReportRecommendations from the Report on Forced LabourInternational Labour Organisation (ILO): Overview Forced Labour Defined by ILO: Forced or compulsory labour is described by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as any work or service extracted from an individual under the threat of a penalty, where the person has not offered themselves voluntarily. Involuntary Work: This refers to work carried out without the worker’s free and informed consent.Coercion: This denotes the methods employed to force an individual into work against their will and without their consent. Key Highlights from the Report: Illegal Profits: Forced labour results in illegal gains amounting to USD 36 billion annually, marking a 37% surge since 2014.Regional Illegal Profits: Europe and Central Asia lead with annual illegal profits of USD 84 billion, trailed by Asia and the Pacific at USD 62 billion, the Americas at USD 52 billion, Africa at USD 20 billion, and the Arab States at USD 18 billion.Profit per Victim: Traffickers and criminals now make approximately USD 10,000 per victim, up from USD 8,269 ten years prior.Commercial Sexual Exploitation: This form accounts for 73% of the total illegal profits, despite constituting only 27% of the victims in privately imposed labour.Sectors Profiting from Forced Labour:Industry: Leads with illegal profits of USD 35 billion, which includes mining, quarrying, manufacturing, construction, and utilities.Services: Follows with USD 20.8 billion, covering wholesale and trade, accommodation and food services, art and entertainment, personal services, administrative and support services, education, health and social services, and transport and storage.Agriculture: Contributes USD 5.0 billion, including forestry, hunting, crop cultivation, livestock production, and fishing.Domestic Work: Yields USD 2.6 billion and is performed in third-party households.Increase in Forced Labour Population: In 2021, 27.6 million people were subjected to forced labour on any given day, indicating a rise of 2.7 million since 2016. Recommendations from the Report on Forced Labour: Investment in Enforcement: There is an urgent call to invest in robust enforcement measures to disrupt illegal profit flows and ensure those responsible face consequences.Strengthening Legal Frameworks: Enhancing and reinforcing legal frameworks is pivotal to effectively combat forced labour. This includes drafting and implementing stricter laws and regulations against forced labour practices.Training for Enforcement Officials: Continuous training and capacity-building initiatives should be provided to law enforcement officials. This will equip them with the necessary skills and knowledge to identify, investigate, and prosecute cases of forced labour effectively.Expansion of Labour Inspection: Extending labour inspection activities to high-risk sectors is crucial. This proactive approach can help identify and address forced labour practices in industries where exploitation is prevalent.Coordination Between Law Enforcement Agencies: There is a need for improved coordination and collaboration between labour and criminal law enforcement agencies. This synergy will facilitate a more cohesive and efficient response to forced labour cases.Addressing Root Causes: While enforcement actions are vital, addressing the root causes of forced labour is equally important. Efforts should focus on tackling issues such as poverty, inequality, lack of education, and limited access to decent work opportunities.Safeguarding Victims: Victims of forced labour must be provided with adequate support, protection, and rehabilitation services. It is essential to prioritize their well-being and ensure they have access to justice, compensation, and redress.Promotion of Fair Recruitment: To prevent forced labour at its source, there is a need to promote fair recruitment practices. This involves establishing and enforcing regulations that safeguard workers from exploitative recruitment practices and ensuring transparency throughout the recruitment process.Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining: Upholding and protecting the rights of workers to associate freely and bargain collectively is crucial. Empowering workers to voice their concerns, negotiate better working conditions, and participate in decision-making processes can significantly contribute to the prevention and elimination of forced labour. International Labour Organisation (ILO): Overview Establishment: Founded in 1919 under the Treaty of Versailles post-World War I.Established to promote universal and lasting peace through social justice. UN Specialized Agency: Became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1946. Tripartite Structure: Unique tripartite organization involving representatives of governments, employers, and workers in its executive bodies. Membership: India is a founding member, and the ILO has a total of 187 member states. Leadership Role: In 2020, India assumed the Chairmanship of the Governing Body of ILO. Headquarters: Located in Geneva, Switzerland. Awards and Recognition: Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1969 for efforts in improving fraternity and peace among nations.Recognized for pursuing decent work, justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to developing nations. -Source: The Hindu Arrests Made for Supplying Snake Venom for Rave Party Context: In a recent development, the police have arrested several individuals for allegedly supplying snake venom for a rave party. The arrests were made under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, and the Indian Penal Code (Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita, 2023). Such incidents highlight the illicit and dangerous practices that can endanger both wildlife and human lives. Authorities are conducting further investigations to uncover the extent of this illegal trade and to ensure that those responsible face appropriate legal consequences. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About Snake Venom and its Use: Key Facts About Snake Venom and its Use: Snake Diversity in India: India is home to approximately 300 out of nearly 3400 snake species globally, spanning diverse habitats across the country.Snake Families: The snake species in India are categorized into four main families – Colubridae, Elapidae, Hydrophiidae, and Viperidae.Venomous Snakes in India: Of the 300 snake species in India, over 60 are venomous, more than 40 are mildly venomous, and approximately 180 are non-venomous.Composition of Snake Venom: Snake venom is a complex cocktail of enzymes, peptides, proteins, and other bioactive compounds. These include neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, cytotoxins, nerve growth factors, lectins, disintegrins, and enzymes with various properties.Medicinal Uses: Snake venom has been traditionally used in Ayurveda, homoeopathy, and folk medicine to treat various conditions like thrombosis, arthritis, and cancer. It is also a critical component in the production of antivenom.Recreational Use: Certain snake venoms, especially from species like cobras and Black mambas, are sought after for recreational purposes due to their psychoactive effects. This illicit trade is a lucrative industry, despite the associated health risks.Effects of Snake Venom: The neurotoxins present in snake venom bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the human brain, leading to euphoria and a rewarding experience. However, this can also result in muscular paralysis, analgesia (loss of pain sensation), and drowsiness.Regulation in India: While the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act of 1985 governs the trade and use of most psychoactive substances, snake venom falls under the Wildlife Protection Act in India. Additionally, crimes related to the illicit use and trade of snake venom can be prosecuted under Section 120A (criminal conspiracy) of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). -Source: Down To Earth World Inequality Lab Context: According to a paper released by the World Inequality Lab, the shares of income and wealth of India’s top 1% at 22.6% and 40.1% respectively is at their highest historical levels in 2022-23. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: World Inequality Lab (WIL): An OverviewKey Recommendations from the “Billionaire Raj” Working Paper World Inequality Lab (WIL): An Overview Establishment and Location: The World Inequality Lab (WIL) is housed within the Paris School of Economics.Objective: The primary objective of WIL is to foster research on the dynamics of global inequality.Collaboration: WIL collaborates with an extensive international network comprising over a hundred researchers spanning nearly seventy countries to maintain and update its database. Key Findings from WIL’s Working Paper: “Billionaire Raj” Authors: The working paper titled “Billionaire Raj” was authored by Nitin Kumar Bharti, Lucas Chancel, Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi.Inequality in India: The paper posits that India’s current level of inequality surpasses that observed during the British colonial era. Income and Wealth Inequality: In the fiscal year 2022-23, the share of income and wealth held by the top 1% in India reached unprecedented levels: 22.6% and 40.1%, respectively.India’s top 1% income share ranks among the highest globally, surpassing even countries like South Africa, Brazil, and the US. However, in terms of wealth share, India lags behind South Africa and Brazil. Disparity Among Income Groups: The top 1% of income earners in India possess an average wealth of Rs 5.4 crore, which is 40 times the national average.In contrast, the bottom 50% and the middle 40% of the population hold significantly lower amounts of wealth, with averages of Rs 1.7 lakh (0.1 times the national average) and Rs 9.6 lakh (0.7 times the national average), respectively. Ultra-Wealthy in India: The wealthiest segment, approximately 10,000 individuals out of 92 million Indian adults, boasts an average wealth of Rs 2,260 crore. This staggering figure is 16,763 times the national average wealth. Key Recommendations from the “Billionaire Raj” Working Paper Data Sources: The paper utilized various sources to construct its estimates on income and wealth inequality in India.Notably, India lacks official income estimates and relies on survey-based official statistics for wealth, which may not provide a comprehensive view. Policy Measures to Address Inequality: Tax Restructuring: The paper advocates for a restructured tax code that addresses both income and wealth. This could potentially help in redistributing wealth more equitably.Public Investments: Broad-based investments in crucial sectors such as health, education, and nutrition are recommended. Such investments can play a pivotal role in reducing inequality by providing opportunities and improving the living standards of the less privileged. Proposal for a “Super Tax”: A suggested “super tax” of 2% on the net wealth of the 167 wealthiest families for the fiscal year 2022-23 could yield revenues equivalent to 0.5% of the national income.This tax proposal not only offers a potential revenue stream but also aims to create fiscal room for essential public investments.Implementing such a tax could act as an effective tool in combating the rising inequality in India by redistributing wealth and ensuring a fairer distribution of resources. -Source: Indian Express Asbestos Context: Recently, the United States’ Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a comprehensive ban on all forms of the deadly carcinogen asbestos. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Asbestos Definition and Types: Asbestos is a collective term for a group of six naturally occurring silicate minerals known for their unique properties.These minerals are broadly classified into two categories: serpentine and amphiboles. Among these, chrysotile or white asbestos belongs to the serpentine group and has been the most commonly used type. Key Properties: Heat and Corrosion Resistance: Asbestos exhibits high resistance to heat and corrosion, making it suitable for various applications in industries.Non-flammable: Even at extremely high temperatures, asbestos remains non-flammable.Flexibility and Durability: Its flexibility and durability make it an ideal material for construction and insulation.Tensile Strength: Asbestos possesses a good tensile strength.Thermal and Electrical Properties: It has low heat conductivity and offers high resistance to electricity. Historical Use: Asbestos has been widely used in various industries, including construction, insulation, and the production of consumer goods due to its unique properties. Global Trade: India predominantly relies on imports from countries like Russia, Kazakhstan, Brazil, and China to meet its asbestos demand. Recent Developments: The USA has recently banned chrysotile asbestos, primarily used by the chlor-alkali industry. This industry produces chemicals like chlorine bleach and caustic soda used in water treatment. Health Impacts: Associated Health Risks: All forms of asbestos are linked to severe health conditions such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, laryngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, and asbestosis (a lung fibrosis).Airborne Fibers: When disturbed, products containing asbestos release microscopic fibers into the air.Respiratory Concerns: Inhaling these asbestos fibers can lead to their retention in the lungs, potentially causing long-term health issues. -Source: Indian Express Earth Hour Context: The power discoms in the national capital are gearing up to make the ‘Earth Hour’ a success by encouraging their consumers to switch off non-essential lights and electric appliances for one hour on March 23 night. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Earth Hour Nature: A global grassroots movement aimed at promoting environmental awareness and encouraging action to safeguard the planet.Organizer: World Wildlife Fund (WWF).Origins: Initiated in Sydney, Australia, in 2007 as a symbolic event to turn off lights.Global Reach: Has evolved into a worldwide movement with participation from over 190 countries and territories.Annual Occurrence: Held towards the end of March each year.Objective: Encourage individuals and communities to switch off non-essential lights for one hour, from 8:30 p.m. to 9:30 p.m. local time, highlighting climate change issues and emphasizing energy conservation.Participation: Governments and organizations globally join by turning off lights in their buildings, monuments, and landmarks. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) – Key Facts Establishment: Founded in 1961 in Morges, Switzerland.Primary Focus: Protection of endangered wildlife species and conservation of natural habitats.Mission: “To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.”Collaborative Approach: Engages with various partners, including governments, industries, and local communities, to address environmental challenges and devise sustainable solutions. -Source: Business standards Project GR00T Context: Recently, AI chip leader Nvidia announced Project GR00T which promises to revolutionise the evolution of humanoid robots. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Project GR00T Project GR00T is short for “Generalist Robot 00 Technology.” Objective and Functionality: Multimodal AI System: GR00T serves as a comprehensive AI system tailored for humanoid robots.Learning and Interaction: It enables robots to learn new skills and engage with the real world.Natural Language Understanding: Robots under this project are designed to comprehend and respond to natural language.Skill Acquisition: By observing human actions, these robots can quickly learn and emulate various skills like coordination and dexterity. Aims and Goals: Human-like Abilities: The primary objective is to equip humanoid robots with capabilities that resemble human understanding and movement. Technical Aspects: Training Platforms: The AI model is trained on NVIDIA GPU-accelerated simulation environments.Learning Methods:Imitation Learning: This involves robots observing experts executing tasks and learning to replicate those actions.Reinforcement Learning: A machine learning approach where software is trained to make decisions aiming for optimal outcomes. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 March 2024

CONTENTS Green HydrogenCentral Plantation Crops Research Institute Green Hydrogen Context: 41st Steering Committee of International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the Economy deliberates on deployment of Green Hydrogen and its Derivatives Relevance: GS III: Infrastructure Dimensions of the Article: What is Green hydrogen?What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission? What is Green hydrogen? A colourless, odourless, tasteless, non-toxic and highly combustible gaseous substance, hydrogen is the lightest, simplest and most abundant member of the family of chemical elements in the universe.But a colour — green — prefixed to it makes hydrogen the “fuel of the future”.The ‘green’ depends on how the electricity is generated to obtain the hydrogen, which does not emit greenhouse gas when burned.Green hydrogen is produced through electrolysis using renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind or hydel power.Hydrogen can be ‘grey’ and ‘blue’ too.Grey hydrogen is generated through fossil fuels such as coal and gas and currently accounts for 95% of the total production in South Asia.Blue hydrogen, too, is produced using electricity generated by burning fossil fuels but with technologies to prevent the carbon released in the process from entering the atmosphere. Green Hydrogen Importance Hydrogen is being used across the United States, Russia, China, France and Germany. Countries like Japan desire to become a hydrogen economy in future.Green hydrogen can in future be used forElectricity and drinking water generation, energy storage, transportation etc. Green hydrogen can be used to provide water to the crew members in space stations.Energy storage- Compressed hydrogen tanks can store the energy longer and are easier to handle than lithium-ion batteries as they are lighter.Transport and mobility- Hydrogen can be used in heavy transport, aviation and maritime transport. What is the National Green Hydrogen Mission? The intent of the mission is to incentivise the commercial production of green hydrogen and make India a net exporter of the fuel. The mission has laid out a target to develop green hydrogen production capacity of at least 5 MMT (Million Metric Tonne) per annum.This is alongside adding renewable energy capacity of about 125 GW (gigawatt) in the country.This will entail the decarbonisation of the industrial, mobility and energy sectors; reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and feedstock; developing indigenous manufacturing capabilities; creating employment opportunities; and developing new technologies such as efficient fuel cells.By 2030, the Centre hopes its investments will bring in investments worth ₹8 trillion and create over six lakh jobs. Moreover, about 50 MMT per annum of CO2 emissions are expected to be averted by 2030.As per its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement, India has committed to reduce emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels. Advantages: The National Green Hydrogen Mission will make India a leading producer and supplier of Green Hydrogen in the world.It would result in attractive investment and business opportunities for the industry.Will contribute significantly to India’s efforts for decarbonization and energy independence.Will create opportunities for employment and economic development.The Mission will drive the development of the Green Hydrogen ecosystem in the country. The targeted production capacity will bring over ₹8 lakh crore in total investments and will result in creation of over 6 lakh clean jobs.The Mission will support pilot projects in other hard-to-abate sectors. The Mission will also support R&D; projects. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute Context: The Union Minister of State for Agriculture and Farmers Welfare recently inaugurated the Krishi Sammelan (Farmer’s Meet), organised by the ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture About Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI): Establishment: The Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI) was originally established by the Government of Madras in 1916 with a focus on coconut research. It was later acquired by the Indian Central Coconut Committee in 1947.Incorporation: In 1970, the CPCRI was formally established as one of the agricultural research institutes in the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).Headquarters: The institute is headquartered in Kasaragod, Kerala. Mandate: Initial Mandate: Initially, the institute was tasked with conducting research on coconut, arecanut, cocoa, cashew, oil palm, and spices.Expansion and Delinking: Over time, the research on cashew, oil palm, and spices was separated from CPCRI to form individual institutes. In 2023, a new mandate crop, Palmyra Palm, was added to the institute’s research portfolio.Research Divisions: The research programmes of the institute are organized under five divisions: Crop Improvement, Crop Production, Crop Protection, Physiology, Biochemistry and Post Harvest Technology, and Social Sciences.International Coconut Gene Bank: CPCRI hosts the International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia, located at Kidu in Karnataka.Coordinated Research Project: The institute serves as the headquarters of the All-India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Palms, furthering research efforts in this field

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 March 2024

CONTENTS Defamation under Indian LawStudy Links Deep Sea Erosion to Astronomical CyclesLegacy of S. R. Bommai v. Union of India CaseGender Inequality Index (GII) 2022State of Global Climate Report 2023Reverse FlippingSpring Equinox Defamation Under Indian Law Context: The Supreme Court restrained a trial court from proceeding with a defamation case against Delhi Chief Minister for retweeting a YouTube video against the BJP’s IT cell. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Defamation under Indian LawSupreme Court Verdicts on Defamation and Free SpeechRecent Case: Delhi CM’s Defamation Challenge Defamation under Indian Law Definition and Classification Civil Defamation:Can be libel (written) or slander (spoken), governed by tort law.Results in financial compensation; damages computed based on probabilities.Criminal Defamation (Section 499 IPC):Involves making or publishing imputations intending to harm a person’s reputation.Punishable with up to two years’ imprisonment or fine, or both (Section 500 IPC). Supreme Court Verdicts on Defamation and Free Speech Subramanian Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): Upheld constitutionality of IPC Sections 499 and 500.Recognized the right to reputation under Article 21 of the Constitution.Considered criminal defamation as a reasonable restriction on freedom of expression under Article 19(2). Kaushal Kishore vs. Union of India (2017): Ruled against imposing additional restrictions on free speech beyond those specified in Article 19(2). Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015): Quashed Section 66A of the IT Act 2000, which criminalized sending offensive messages.Found the provision ambiguous and violative of Article 19(1)(a), not saved under Article 19(2). Implications Protection of Reputation:Civil and criminal defamation laws safeguard individuals’ reputations against false and harmful statements.Balancing Freedom of Expression:Courts balance the right to free speech with the need to protect individuals from defamation, considering constitutional provisions and precedents.Legal Clarity and Ambiguity:Supreme Court rulings aim to provide clarity on the scope and limitations of defamation laws, ensuring adherence to constitutional principles. Recent Case: Delhi CM’s Defamation Challenge Issue: Delhi CM challenged a Delhi HC order upholding summons in a criminal defamation case for retweeting an allegedly defamatory video in 2018.HC Observation:Retweeting defamatory content implies endorsement, attracting liability under Section 499 IPC.CM’s wide social media following amplifies the reach, making retweet a form of public endorsement. Supreme Court Ruling Interpretation of Retweeting:SC ruled that retweeting does not always imply endorsement.Retweeting may not necessarily reflect the retweeter’s own views or endorsement of the content. -Source: Indian Express Study Links Deep Sea Erosion to Astronomical Cycles Context: A recent study published in the journal Nature Communications has revealed compelling evidence of erosion in the deep sea. This erosion phenomenon is intricately connected to astronomical grand cycles, including the orbits of Earth and Mars, as well as global warming or cooling trends. The findings underscore the complex interplay between celestial dynamics and environmental changes on Earth, shedding new light on the geological processes shaping our planet’s deep-sea landscapes. Relevance: GS I: Geography Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the StudyWhat are Astronomical Cycles? Key Findings of the Study Discovery of Astronomical Grand Cycles Geological sedimentary evidence in the deep sea reveals a newly discovered 2.4-million-year cycle, known as “astronomical grand cycles,” influenced by Earth and Mars’ orbits.These cycles impact global warming or cooling trends, identified through erosion patterns in deep-sea sedimentary data. Influence of Planetary Orbits on Climate Interference of gravity fields between planets in the solar system, particularly Earth and Mars, leads to changes in orbital eccentricity.Variations in solar radiation received by Earth due to these orbital changes result in 2.4-million-year cycles of warming and cooling. Role of Deep-Sea Circulation in Climate Regulation Vigorous deep-sea circulation, propelled by eddies during warmer cycles, may prevent ocean stagnation, even if the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) slows.AMOC, responsible for transporting warm water northwards into the North Atlantic, is crucial for regulating climate.Deep ocean eddies, akin to giant whirlpools, play a vital role in ocean circulation dynamics, residing at depths where sunlight doesn’t penetrate.These eddies contribute to seafloor erosion and the formation of large sediment accumulations known as contourites. Future Research Directions The team aims to gather additional data on cycles driven by Earth-Mars interaction to further explore Earth’s climate fluctuations over millions of years. What are Astronomical Cycles? Astronomical cycles refer to periodic variations in the Earth’s orbit and orientation towards the Sun that impact the amount of solar radiation received by our planet over long periods. These cycles are influenced by gravitational forces among celestial bodies in the solar system. Milankovitch Cycles Named after Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovitch, who proposed them in the 1920s to explain Earth’s cyclical ice age patterns.Also known as Milankovitch cycles or Milankovitch oscillations. Key Astronomical Cycles Eccentricity (100,000 years)Involves changes in the elliptical shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun.Obliquity (41,000 years)Refers to variations in the tilt of Earth’s axis relative to its orbital plane.Precession (23,000 years)Describes the shifting orientation of Earth’s axis over time. -Source: Down To Earth Legacy of S. R. Bommai v. Union of India Case Context: The S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case, decided by a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court of India in 1994, restricts the arbitrary dismissal of state governments under Article 356. Celebrating its 30th anniversary, its impact persists in shaping India’s constitutional framework. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: S. R. Bommai v. Union of India caseSignificance of S.R. Bommai v. Union of India CaseArticle 356 of the Indian Constitution S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case Background of the Case: In 1985, Karnataka’s government changed hands to the Janata Party, led by Chief Minister Ramakrishna Hegde.SR Bommai succeeded Hegde as Chief Minister in 1988.A significant defection from the Janata Dal party in 1988 led to the loss of majority support for Bommai’s government.The state government was dismissed under Article 356 due to this loss of majority, despite Bommai’s request to prove his majority in the Assembly being denied. Supreme Court Ruling: A nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court delivered the ruling.Emphasized the cautious exercise of power under Article 356, aligning with the views of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission.Stressed the need for thorough parliamentary scrutiny of the Presidential Proclamation under Article 356(3).Declared that if the proclamation lacks parliamentary approval, it lapses within two months, and the state assembly resumes its functions.Confirmed the judiciary’s authority to subject the proclamation to judicial review and entertain writ petitions challenging its legality.Clarified that the President’s power to dismiss a state government is not absolute but subject to limitations.Recognized implicit powers in Article 356 regarding the dissolution of the legislature, inferred from Article 174(2) and Article 356(1)(a), pertaining to the Governor’s authority and the President’s ability to assume state government powers. Significance of S.R. Bommai v. Union of India Case: Landmark Judgment: The case stands as a landmark judgment of the Supreme Court, particularly regarding the basic structure doctrine and the misuse of Article 356.Clarity on Article 356: The judgment offered clarity on the scope and limitations of Article 356, stressing its use only in exceptional circumstances.Alignment with Sarkaria Commission: The principles outlined by the Supreme Court were in line with the recommendations of the Sarkaria Commission, which examined Centre-State relations.Affirmation of Federalism: It affirmed the principles of federalism, highlighting that state governments are not subordinate to the central government, promoting cooperative federalism.Judicial Scrutiny: The judgment reinforced the role of the judiciary in scrutinizing the President’s actions under Article 356, ensuring adherence to constitutional principles and preventing misuse of power.Sole Authority of Assembly: It clarified that the floor of the Assembly is the sole authority to test the government’s majority, emphasizing the objective assessment over the subjective opinion of the Governor. Article 356 of the Indian Constitution: Background of Article 356: Federal vs. Unitary System: During the Constituent Assembly discussions, the debate centered around adopting either a federal or unitary system of government in India.Dr. Ambedkar’s Clarification: Dr. Ambedkar clarified that India operates under both federal and unitary principles, with federalism prevailing under normal circumstances and unitary control during emergencies.Misuse of Article 356: Despite warnings against its misuse, subsequent governments frequently invoked Article 356 for political reasons, leading to its invocation 132 times. Key Provisions of Article 356: Basis: Article 356 is based on Section 93 of the Government of India Act, 1935.Grounds for Imposition: It allows for the imposition of President’s Rule on any state of India on the grounds of the failure of the constitutional machinery.Two Situations: President’s Rule can be imposed when the President receives a report from the state’s Governor or when a state fails to comply with directions from the Union government.Consequences: During President’s Rule, the state government is suspended, and the central government administers the state directly through the Governor.Parliamentary Approval: Imposition of President’s Rule requires parliamentary approval within two months through a simple majority in both Houses of Parliament.Duration: Initially for six months, it can be extended for up to three years with parliamentary approval every six months.44th Amendment: The 44th Amendment introduced constraints on extending President’s Rule beyond one year, allowing extension only in case of a national emergency or if certified necessary by the Election Commission due to difficulties in conducting state assembly elections.Sarkaria Commission and Bommai Case: The Supreme Court, based on the Sarkaria Commission’s report, outlined situations where the exercise of power under Article 356 could be proper or improper, as seen in the Bommai case (1994). -Source: Hindustan Times Gender Inequality Index (GII) 2022 Context: Recently, the Gender Inequality Index (GII), 2022 has been released by UNDP in their Human Development Report 2023-24. In GII, India stands at rank 108th out of 193 countries, with a score of 0.437. Relevance: GS I: Role of Women Dimensions of the Article: Gender Inequality Index (GII)Major Issues Related to Gender Inequality in India Gender Inequality Index (GII): GII is a composite metric that measures gender inequality across three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labour market.It assesses the disparity in human development potential resulting from gender inequality in these areas.GII values range from 0 (indicating equality) to 1 (representing extreme inequality).A lower GII value suggests less inequality between women and men, while a higher value indicates greater disparity. Dimensions and Indicators: Reproductive Health: Includes maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates.Empowerment: Involves indicators such as the share of parliamentary seats held by each sex and the proportion of the population with at least some secondary education.Labour Market: Incorporates female and male labour force participation rates. India’s Progress: In the Gender Inequality Index 2021, India was ranked 122nd out of 191 countries, with a score of 0.490.Notably, there has been a significant improvement in India’s ranking, with a jump of 14 ranks in GII 2022 compared to GII 2021.Over the past decade, India has consistently improved its position in the Gender Inequality Index, reflecting ongoing progress towards gender equality within the country. Major Issues Related to Gender Inequality in India: Violence Against Women and Girls: Women and girls in India frequently encounter various forms of violence, including domestic violence, sexual harassment, rape, dowry-related violence, and honour killings.These incidents significantly contribute to the perpetuation of gender inequality. Education Disparities: Despite efforts to enhance education accessibility, disparities persist between boys and girls regarding enrollment, retention, and completion rates.Cultural norms, economic constraints, and safety concerns often impede girls’ access to education. Unpaid Care Work: Women in India typically perform a substantial amount of unpaid care work, encompassing household chores, childcare, and eldercare.This work is often unacknowledged and undervalued, leading to economic dependency and time poverty among women. Gender Wage Gap: Women in India generally earn less than men for comparable work, reflecting a significant gender wage gap prevalent across various sectors and employment levels.According to the World Inequality Report 2022, men earn 82% of the labour income in India, while women earn only 18%. Child Marriage: Child marriage disproportionately affects girls, depriving them of educational and economic opportunities and exposing them to health risks.Despite a reduction in prevalence, as per NFHS-5, some states like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Telangana, Tripura, and West Bengal still exhibit higher rates of child marriage than the national average.India harbors a significant proportion of the world’s child brides, with one in three of them residing in the country, according to UNESCO. -Source: Times of India State of Global Climate Report 2023 Context: The new annual State of the Global Climate report, published recently by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), found that 2023 was the hottest year on record. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About State of Global Climate Report 2023World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) About State of Global Climate Report 2023: Annual Publication: The State of Global Climate Report 2023 is an annual publication issued by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).Contributors: The report is compiled with the collaboration of numerous experts and partners, including UN organizations, National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), Global Data and Analysis Centers, Regional Climate Centres, the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW), the Global Cryosphere Watch, and the Copernicus Climate Change Service operated by ECMWF. Highlights of the 2023 Report: Record-High Temperatures: 2023 marked the hottest year on record, with the global average near-surface temperature surpassing the pre-industrial baseline by approximately 1.45 °Celsius (with a margin of uncertainty of ± 0.12 °C).It also registered the warmest ten-year period on record. Climate System Indicators: The year witnessed the breaking of numerous records for indicators of the climate system, including levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs), surface temperatures, ocean heat, sea level rise, Antarctic Sea ice cover, and glacier retreat. Marine Heatwaves: Nearly one third of the global ocean experienced a marine heatwave on an average day in 2023, posing significant threats to vital ecosystems and food systems.By the end of 2023, over 90% of the ocean had encountered heatwave conditions at some point during the year. Glacier Loss: The global set of reference glaciers suffered the most extensive loss of ice on record since 1950, driven by extreme melt in both western North America and Europe, as per preliminary data. Renewable Energy Capacity: Renewable capacity additions surged by almost 50% from 2022 to 2023, reaching a total of 510 gigawatts (GW), marking the highest rate observed in the past two decades. World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) responsible for meteorology, climate, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.It serves as the authoritative voice within the UN system regarding the state and behavior of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, climate patterns, and the distribution of water resources.WMO plays a vital role in coordinating international efforts to monitor and assess atmospheric and climate systems, promoting research, facilitating data exchange, and providing weather and climate information for sustainable development. History: The origins of WMO can be traced back to the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), established in 1873.In 1950, WMO was officially established as the specialized agency of the UN for meteorology, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.Building upon the foundation laid by the IMO, WMO has expanded its scope and activities to address the evolving challenges in meteorology and climate science. Headquarters and Membership: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.Currently, WMO has a membership of 193 countries and territories, representing virtually all nations across the globe. The membership reflects the global recognition of the importance of international cooperation in meteorology, climate, and hydrology. Governance Structure: The governance structure of WMO comprises several key bodies responsible for policy-making, decision-making, and the day-to-day operations of the organization: World Meteorological Congress: The World Meteorological Congress is the supreme body of WMO.It convenes at least every four years and brings together representatives from all member countries.The Congress establishes general policies, adopts regulations, and provides strategic guidance to WMO. Executive Council: The Executive Council consists of 37 members, including the President and Vice-Presidents.It meets annually to implement policies and decisions made by the World Meteorological Congress.The Executive Council oversees the day-to-day operations and management of WMO. Technical Commissions and Regional Associations: WMO operates through a network of technical commissions and regional associations.Technical commissions focus on specific areas of meteorology, hydrology, and related disciplines.Regional associations facilitate regional cooperation and the exchange of meteorological and hydrological information. Secretariat: The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary-General, is responsible for the coordination and administration of WMO activities.It supports the implementation of policies and decisions made by the World Meteorological Congress and Executive Council.The Secretariat serves as the central hub for data exchange, research coordination, and capacity building initiatives. -Source: Indian Express Reverse Flipping Context: Startups such as Pine Labs, Zepto, Meesho are the latest new-age companies looking to move headquarters to India. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy About Reverse Flipping: Definition: Reverse flipping refers to the phenomenon where overseas start-ups relocate their domicile to India and list on Indian stock exchanges.Motivation: The primary motivation behind reverse flipping is the perceived opportunity for a higher valuation and increased certainty of an exit in the Indian market.Trend Growth: This trend has been increasingly observed in recent years as start-ups seek to leverage India’s large and expanding economy, access to greater venture capital resources, favorable tax environments, enhanced intellectual property protection, a skilled and educated workforce, and supportive government policies.Government Recognition: The Economic Survey 2022-23 acknowledged the concept of reverse flipping and proposed measures to expedite the process, including simplifying tax-related procedures, taxation of Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOPs), capital movement regulations, and reducing tax complexities. What is Flipping? Definition: Flipping involves an Indian company transitioning into a 100% subsidiary of a foreign entity by relocating its headquarters overseas, along with transferring its intellectual property and other assets.Process: Through flipping, an Indian startup effectively becomes a wholly-owned subsidiary of a foreign entity, with founders and investors retaining their ownership stakes via the foreign entity after exchanging shares. Harm to India from Flipping: Brain Drain: Flipping may lead to the migration of entrepreneurial talent away from India, resulting in a loss of innovation and expertise within the country.Value Creation: It results in value creation occurring in foreign jurisdictions rather than contributing to India’s economic growth.Loss of Intellectual Property and Tax Revenue: Flipping also entails the transfer of intellectual property and can lead to decreased tax revenues for India, as profits may be realized and taxed in foreign countries instead of domestically. -Source: The Economic Times Spring Equinox Context: March 19 marked the spring or vernal equinox, the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. Relevance: GS I: Geography About Spring Equinox: Definition: The spring equinox refers to one of the two moments in a year when the Sun is exactly above the equator, resulting in nearly equal lengths of day and night worldwide.Timing: These equinoxes typically occur around March 19, 20, or 21 and September 22 or 23 each year.Meaning of Equinox: The term “equinox” originates from Latin, meaning “equal night,” highlighting the balance between day and night during these periods. Northern Hemisphere: The March equinox signifies the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere as the region starts to tilt toward the Sun, leading to longer and sunnier days.It is often referred to as the vernal equinox, with “vernal” meaning fresh or new, signifying the renewal of life associated with springtime. Southern Hemisphere: Conversely, in the Southern Hemisphere, the March equinox marks the start of fall (autumn) as the region begins to tilt away from the Sun.It is termed the autumnal equinox, indicating the transition into the cooler season. Seasonal Changes: As the Northern Hemisphere experiences the vernal equinox and longer days, the Southern Hemisphere undergoes the autumnal equinox and shorter days.This transition results in later sunrises, earlier sunsets, cooler winds, and the shedding of dry leaves in the Southern Hemisphere, while the opposite occurs in the Northern Hemisphere. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 March 2024

CONTENTS LAMITIYE-2024Exercise Tiger Triumph LAMITIYE-2024 Context: Recently, the Indian Army contingent participated in the 10th edition of Joint Military Exercise “LAMITIYE-2024” with the Seychelles Defence Forces (SDF). Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges About LAMITIYE Name and Meaning: LAMITIYE, derived from the Creole language of Seychelles, translates to ‘Friendship’.Creole is one of the official languages of Seychelles. Objective: Enhance interoperability in Sub-conventional Operations within Semi-Urban environments.Aligned with Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter on Peacekeeping Operations. Activities: Conducts a Field Training Exercise focusing on combat scenarios.Facilitates discussions, lectures, and demonstrations on combat strategies and tactics. Significance: Strengthens and promotes bilateral military relations between participating nations.Facilitates the exchange of skills and experiences among military personnel. Seychelles Geographical Location:Seychelles is an island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, northeast of Madagascar.Natural Attractions:Renowned for its pristine beaches, vibrant coral reefs, and diverse nature reserves.Home to rare and unique wildlife, including the iconic giant Aldabra tortoises.Aldabra Atoll:Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Recognized as the world’s largest raised coral atoll.Houses the largest population of giant tortoises globally, adding to its ecological significance. Exercise Tiger Triumph Context: Exercise Tiger Triumph is scheduled on the Eastern Seaboard from 18 to 31 March 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Tiger Triumph: Strengthening Bilateral HADR Capabilities Nature and Purpose: Bilateral tri-Service Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) Exercise between India and the US.Aimed at enhancing interoperability and refining Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for effective coordination in HADR operations. Phases of the Exercise: Harbour Phase (18 to 25 Mar 24):Includes Training Visits, Subject Matter Expert Exchanges, Sports Events, and Social Interactions.Sea Phase:Involves Maritime, Amphibious, and HADR operations, responding to simulated scenarios. Participant Forces: Indian Navy:Ships with integral helicopters and landing crafts, navy aircraft, army personnel and vehicles, and air force aircraft and helicopters.Rapid Action Medical Team (RAMT) to be part of the exercise.US Forces:US Navy Ships with embarked troops from the US Marine Corps and US Army. Objectives: Foster cooperation and mutual understanding between Indian and US military forces.Enhance readiness and effectiveness in responding to humanitarian crises and disaster situations.Exchange best practices and lessons learned in HADR operations. Key Activities: Joint training exercises focusing on maritime, amphibious, and disaster relief operations.Skill development sessions, workshops, and simulations to improve coordination and response efficiency.Evaluation and feedback sessions to identify areas for further improvement and refinement of procedures. Significance: Strengthens the strategic partnership between India and the US in addressing common security challenges.Demonstrates both countries’ commitment to regional stability, security, and humanitarian assistance efforts.Enhances interoperability and mutual trust, laying the groundwork for future joint operations and collaborations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 March 2024

CONTENTS Forest FiresNuclear WasteProposal for Simultaneous Elections in IndiaStudy on IPCC Climate Action PathwaysWearable TechnologyBugun Tribe Donates Forest Land for ConservationIceCube Neutrino Observatory Forest Fires Context: For the past one week, forest fires have been raging in the Coonoor forest range in the Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu. Relevance: GS III: Environment Dimensions of the Article: About Forest FiresAdvantages of forest firesDisadvantages of forest firesForest Fire Vulnerability in IndiaWays to mitigate the risk of forest fires About Forest Fires A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire that occurs in areas with a significant amount of combustible vegetation, such as forests, grasslands, or shrublands. Causes of Forest Fires Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as well as Man-made or anthropogenic causes. Natural causes such as lightning which set trees on fire. High atmospheric temperatures and low humidity offer favourable circumstance for a fire to start.Man-made causes like flame, cigarette, electric spark or any source of ignition will also cause forest fires.Traditionally Indian forests have been affected by fires. The problem has been aggravated with rising human and cattle population and the increase in demand for grazing, shifting cultivation and Forest products by individuals and communities.High temperature, wind speed and direction, level of moisture in soil and atmosphere and duration of dry spells can intensify the forest fires. Advantages of forest fires: Some species of trees and plants have adapted to thrive in the aftermath of fires. For example, some pine trees rely on fires to open their cones and release seeds.Forest fires can help to clear out dead wood, brush, and other debris, reducing the risk of future fires.Fires can help to promote new growth and biodiversity by creating openings in the forest canopy that allow sunlight to reach the forest floor, stimulating the growth of new vegetation. Disadvantages of forest fires: Forest fires can destroy habitats and negatively impact biodiversity by killing animals and plants that are unable to escape the flames.Smoke from fires can cause respiratory problems and other health issues for humans and animals.Forest fires can damage or destroy homes, buildings, and other infrastructure, and can pose a significant threat to human safety.The release of large amounts of greenhouse gases during forest fires can contribute to climate change. India’s Initiatives to Tackle Forest Fires National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF) was launched in 2018 to minimise forest fires by informing, enabling and empowering forest fringe communities and incentivising them to work with the State Forest Departments.The Forest Fire Prevention and Management Scheme (FPM) is the only centrally funded program specifically dedicated to assist the states in dealing with forest fires. Forest Fire Vulnerability in India Forest fire season in India is from November to JuneCouncil of Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW) report notes a tenfold increase in forest fires over the past two decades in IndiaMore than 62% of Indian states are prone to high-intensity forest fires according to CEEW reportAndhra Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Telangana, and Northeastern states are most prone to forest firesMizoram has the highest incidence of forest fires over the last two decades with 95% of its districts as forest fire hotspotsISFR 2021 estimates over 36% of the country’s forest cover is prone to frequent forest fires, 6% is ‘very highly’ fire-prone, and almost 4% is ‘extremely’ proneAn FSI study found nearly 10.66% area under forests in India is ‘extremely’ to ‘very highly’ fire-prone. Ways to mitigate the risk of forest fires: Prevention: One of the most effective ways to mitigate forest fires is to prevent them from occurring in the first place. This can be done by creating fire breaks, clearing debris, and reducing the amount of flammable material in the forest.Early Detection: Early detection of forest fires can help prevent them from spreading and causing more damage. This can be done by installing fire detection systems, using drones or satellite imagery, and training local communities to report fires quickly.Fire Suppression: Fire suppression is a critical component of forest fire mitigation. This involves using firefighting equipment such as helicopters, water tanks, and fire retardants to put out fires.Forest Management: Proper forest management practices can also help mitigate the risk of forest fires. This includes thinning out dense forests, creating fire-resistant vegetation, and reducing the amount of deadwood and other flammable materials in the forest.Community Education: Educating local communities on the risks of forest fires and how to prevent them can also be effective in mitigating the risk of forest fires. This includes providing information on safe campfire practices, prohibiting the use of fireworks in fire-prone areas, and encouraging the use of fire-resistant building materials in areas at high risk of forest fires. -Source: The Hindu Nuclear Waste Context: India recently achieved a milestone in its nuclear program by loading the core of its prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR), marking progress towards stage II of its three-stage nuclear program. Stage II involves powering the reactor with uranium and plutonium. This advancement aligns with India’s goal for stage III, where it aims to utilize its abundant thorium reserves for nuclear power generation. However, challenges persist, particularly in managing nuclear waste, underscoring the complexities associated with nuclear energy production. Relevance: GS III: Energy Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)India’s Approach to Nuclear Waste ManagemenUnderstanding Nuclear WasteChallenges in Managing Nuclear Waste Overview of Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) Definition of Breeder Reactor: A breeder reactor is a type of nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material than it consumes by irradiating fertile material, such as Uranium-238 or Thorium-232, alongside fissile fuel.Purpose: Breeder reactors are designed to extend the nuclear fuel supply for electric power generation by producing additional fissile material during operation.PFBR Description:Location: The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is located at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India.Capacity: It is designed as a 500-megawatt electric (MWe) fast-breeder nuclear reactor.Fuel: PFBR utilizes Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel, which typically consists of a mixture of plutonium and uranium oxides.Construction Status: PFBR is currently under construction, representing India’s endeavor to develop advanced nuclear technologies for power generation.Significance: Once operational, PFBR will serve as a crucial step in India’s nuclear energy program, demonstrating the feasibility and potential of fast-breeder reactor technology in generating electricity. Understanding Nuclear Waste Nuclear waste refers to the radioactive byproducts generated from nuclear reactions, particularly in fission reactors, where atoms split to release energy. Formation: Fission Process: Neutrons bombard atomic nuclei, causing them to split into smaller elements, releasing energy and additional neutrons.Example: Uranium-235 undergoing fission yields barium-144, krypton-89, and neutrons, constituting nuclear waste if they cannot undergo further fission. Management Strategies: Spent Fuel Handling: Spent fuel, initially submerged in water for cooling, is eventually transferred to dry casks for long-term storage.Storage Facilities: Nuclear waste requires secure storage facilities to prevent leakage and environmental contamination.Global Inventory: Countries with nuclear power programs accumulate significant quantities of nuclear waste, necessitating effective management strategies.Long-Term Considerations: Some waste remains hazardous for millennia, requiring isolation from human contact.Liquid Waste Treatment: Treatment facilities handle liquid waste, with some countries opting for controlled discharge into oceans.Geological Disposal: Experts propose burying waste in specially designed containers underground, typically in granite or clay formations.Reprocessing: This involves chemically separating fissile material from non-fissile components in spent fuel, enhancing fuel efficiency but requiring specialized facilities.Challenges: Reprocessing can yield weapons-usable plutonium, posing proliferation risks and necessitating stringent security measures.Efficiency vs. Cost: While reprocessing enhances fuel efficiency, it is costly and may yield less desirable plutonium variants for nuclear weapons. India’s Approach to Nuclear Waste Management India employs reprocessing plants to handle nuclear waste, aiming to extract plutonium for subsequent reactor use and nuclear weapons production. Reprocessing Facilities: Location: Reprocessing plants are situated in Trombay, Tarapur, and Kalpakkam.Capacity:Trombay: Reprocesses 50 tonnes of heavy metal per year (tHM/y) from research reactors.Tarapur (Two Facilities): One formerly reprocessed 100 tHM/y from certain pressurised heavy water reactors, while the other, commissioned in 2011, has the same capacity.Kalpakkam: Processes 100 tHM/y.Purpose: Reprocessing aims to extract plutonium from spent fuel for use in subsequent reactor stages and nuclear weapons production. Operational Efficiency: Capacity Utilization: The Tarapur and Kalpakkam facilities reportedly operate at a combined average capacity factor of approximately 15%.Challenges: Operational efficiency may be affected by various factors, including technical limitations and maintenance requirements. International Perspective: IPFM Report: The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM) provided insights into India’s reprocessing capabilities and operational statistics. Challenges in Managing Nuclear Waste  Geological Disposal Risks: Risk of Exposure: Geological disposal methods pose risks of radioactive material exposure if containers are disturbed, potentially due to nearby excavation activities.Example: The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in the US experienced an accident in 2014, releasing radioactive materials due to maintenance failures. Lack of Private Sector Involvement: Innovation Incentives: Private sector involvement drives innovation through competition and market incentives.Potential Consequences: Without private sector participation, there may be less incentive to develop new technologies and processes for efficient nuclear waste treatment. Mismanagement of Funds: Nuclear Waste Fund: Legislation like the US Nuclear Waste Policy Act established funds for managing nuclear waste.Underutilization Criticism: Despite accumulating substantial funds, such as the USD 40 billion Nuclear Waste Fund in the US, criticism arises for its underutilization for its intended purpose. Stakeholder Cooperation Issues: Lack of Collaboration: Effective nuclear waste management requires cooperation among stakeholders.International Collaboration: Given the global nature of the issue, international collaboration is vital to share knowledge, develop best practices, and ensure responsible management. -Source: The Hindu Proposal for Simultaneous Elections in India Context: The High-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections, led by former President Shri Ram Nath Kovind, has proposed a significant electoral reform advocating for simultaneous elections across Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local bodies in India. The committee’s comprehensive report, submitted to President Droupadi Murmu, includes recommendations and constitutional amendments aimed at facilitating this monumental change in the Indian electoral system. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Recommendations of the High-level Committee on Simultaneous ElectionsAbout ‘one-nation, one- election’ Recommendations of the High-level Committee on Simultaneous Elections Transition to Simultaneous Elections Constitutional Amendment Proposal: The Committee recommends amending Article 82A of the Constitution to authorize the President to designate an “Appointed Date” for simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies.State assemblies holding elections after this date would align their terms with the Parliament, facilitating simultaneous polls. Timeline Considerations: If adopted, the first simultaneous elections could potentially occur in 2029 after the 2024 Lok Sabha polls.Alternatively, if aiming for the 2034 polls, the “Appointed Date” would be determined post the 2029 Lok Sabha elections.States with elections scheduled between June 2024 and May 2029 would see their terms ending concurrently with the 18th Lok Sabha, even if it results in shorter state assembly terms as a one-time measure. Implementation Strategies Government Decision Making: The government elected after the 2024 polls would decide the implementation timeline, either targeting 2029 or 2034 based on their preference. Contingency Planning: To maintain synchronization in case of early dissolution of Parliament or state assemblies, fresh elections would only be held for the unexpired term until the next cycle of simultaneous polls. Integration with Local Elections Legislative Measures: Parliament is advised to pass legislation, possibly introducing Article 324A, to synchronize Municipalities and Panchayats elections with General Elections. Electoral Roll Harmonization Constitutional Amendment Proposal: Amend Article 325 to empower the Election Commission of India (ECI) to prepare a single electoral roll and Elector’s Photo Identity Card (EPIC) for all government tiers in consultation with State Election Commissions (SECs). Logistical Planning Preparation and Coordination: The Committee urges the ECI and SECs to develop comprehensive plans and estimates covering equipment, personnel deployment, and security measures to ensure smooth logistical arrangements for simultaneous elections. Rationale for Simultaneous Elections Governance Stability: The Committee emphasizes synchronized elections’ role in avoiding policy paralysis and creating a conducive environment for effective decision-making and sustained development. About ‘one-nation, one- election’ The concept of “One Nation One Election” proposes the synchronization of elections for all states and the Lok Sabha within a five-year span. This entails restructuring the electoral cycle in India so that elections at both the state and central levels align. This would mean voters casting their ballots for members of both the Lok Sabha and state assemblies on a single day, concurrently or in phases if necessary.Recent developments have seen Prime Minister Narendra Modi advocating for “One Nation One Election,” underscoring its significance during the 80th All India Presiding Officers Conference. Historical background of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Historically, simultaneous elections have occurred in India in the years 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967. However, this practice was discontinued following the dissolution of certain Legislative Assemblies in the late 1960s, leading to separate elections for the Centre and states.The idea of returning to simultaneous elections was initially suggested in the Election Commission’s 1983 report and was mentioned in the Law Commission’s 1999 report as well. Since 2014, the BJP government has ardently supported the notion.In 2018, the Law Commission released a draft report endorsing the implementation of simultaneous elections and suggesting necessary amendments to electoral laws and relevant Articles. The report addressed legal and constitutional challenges linked with conducting simultaneous elections and advocated for constitutional amendments ratified by at least 50% of the states. Merits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Cost Reduction: The concurrent conduct of elections minimizes expenses associated with multiple elections, including time, labor, and financial costs, which arise due to movement of security personnel and diversion of state resources.Enhanced Voter Turnout: Simultaneous polls could potentially boost voter participation.Better Use of Security Forces: Frequent elections limit the availability of security forces for other crucial tasks.Focus on Governance: Continuous elections divert the focus of governance towards short-term electoral gains, sidelining long-term policies and programs. Demerits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Constitutional and Anti-Federal Concerns: Critics argue that the move might impact the federal nature of the Indian political system, as national and state issues differ.Accountability: Fixed tenures might lead to a lack of accountability among government officials.Difficulty in Synchronization: Maintaining synchronized elections is challenging, especially given the likelihood of government assemblies losing confidence.Tampering with Democracy: Altering the election system could impact people’s democratic will. -Source: The Hindu Study on IPCC Climate Action Pathways Context: A recent study examined over 500 future emissions scenarios assessed by the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), providing insights into the world’s climate trajectory. The study’s findings highlight substantial inequities within the projected pathways of climate action outlined in the IPCC reports. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About the IPCCThe Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) and Beyond About the IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the international body for assessing the science related to climate change set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1988.IPCC was created to provide policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation.IPCC assessments provide a scientific basis for governments at all levels to develop climate related policies, and they underlie negotiations at the UN Climate Conference – the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).IPCC does not carry out original research. It does not monitor climate or related phenomena itself. However, it conducts a systematic review of published literature and then produces a comprehensive assessment report. IPCC Assessment Reports The IPCC Assessment Reports are published once in about 7 years – and they are the most comprehensive scientific evaluations of the state of Earth’s climate. The 6th such assessment report was published in 2021.Prior to the AR6 in 2021, five assessment reports have been produced with the first one being released in 1990. The fifth assessment report had come out in 2014 in the run up to the climate change conference in Paris.The Assessment Reports are prepared by three working groups of scientists:Working Group-I – Deals with the scientific basis for climate change.Working Group-II – Looks at the likely impacts, vulnerabilities and adaptation issues.Working Group-III – Deals with actions that can be taken to combat climate change. Findings of the New Study: Troubling Projections: Analysis of 556 scenarios from the IPCC’s AR6 report reveals concerning projections. By 2050, regions encompassing 60% of the world’s population, including Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia, will still have below-average per-capita GDP.Disparities in Consumption: Similar disparities exist in consumption patterns of goods, energy, and fossil fuels between the Global North and South.Carbon Burden on Developing Nations: Developing nations are projected to bear a heavier burden in terms of carbon sequestration and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies, unfairly placing the responsibility for mitigation and carbon dioxide removal on poorer countries.Critique of Scenarios: The study criticizes scenarios for ignoring historical responsibility and failing to address the energy needs of the Global South for achieving development goals, highlighting significant inequities in projected climate action pathways. Importance of Equality in Tackling Climate Change: Historical Responsibility: Wealthier nations, primarily in the Global North, have historically contributed the most to greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating recognition of historical responsibility in addressing climate change fairly.Vulnerability of Developing Countries: Developing countries, least responsible for emissions, are the most vulnerable to climate impacts due to limited resources and infrastructure, underscoring the importance of equity in climate action.Access to Resources: Equity ensures equitable access to climate funding, technology transfer, and capacity-building support, addressing disparities in financial resources, technological capabilities, and infrastructure between developed and developing nations.Social Injustices: Climate change exacerbates social inequalities, necessitating climate policies and measures that benefit vulnerable communities and address existing injustices.Global Cooperation: Equity principles, such as common but differentiated responsibilities, foster global cooperation and collaboration among nations to work towards shared climate goals.Trust and Collaboration: Ensuring equity in climate action builds trust and fosters collaboration among nations, facilitating meaningful progress in addressing climate change. -Source: The Hindu Wearable Technology Context: Samsung officially announced the launch of a new smart ring-shaped wearable device, Galaxy Ring, as part of its Galaxy Unpacked event earlier this year. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology About Wearable Technology: Definition: Wearable technology, also known as “wearables,” refers to electronic devices designed to be worn as accessories, embedded in clothing, implanted in the body, or tattooed on the skin.Variety: Wearable devices encompass a diverse range of products, including smart watches, fitness trackers, head-mounted displays, smart jewellery, smart clothing, and even implantable devices.Components: At their core, wearable devices consist of sensors, software, and connectivity technology. Working: Sensor Data Collection: Sensors gather information from the wearer, such as biometric data or movement patterns.Data Processing: The gathered data is processed by software and transmitted wirelessly to a device with processing capabilities.Internet of Things (IoT): Wearable technology operates within the ecosystem of the Internet of Things, connecting personal devices to broader networks. Benefits: Accuracy: Smart rings, for example, can provide more precise readings than smartwatches by leveraging capillaries in the finger for data collection.Battery Life: Smart rings often boast longer battery life compared to smartwatches. Drawbacks: Functionality: Smart rings may not offer the same range of functionality as smartwatches, lacking features like GPS or a screen.Limitations: Due to their smaller size, smart rings may have limitations in terms of features and capabilities compared to larger wearable devices. -Source: The Economic Times Bugun Tribe Donates Forest Land for Conservation Context: The Bugun tribe, residing near the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, has demonstrated environmental stewardship by donating 1,470 hectares of forest land to the state forest department. This significant gesture not only contributes to conservation efforts but also aids in protecting the Bugun Liocichla bird, highlighting the tribe’s commitment to biodiversity preservation. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Bugun Liocichla: A Critically Endangered Bird Species Description: Small babbler measuring only 20 cm.Olive-grey plumage with a distinctive black cap. Discovery and Rarity: Discovered as a new bird species in 2006.Exclusive to the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary landscape, found nowhere else globally. Conservation Status: Classified as critically endangered.Only 14 individual birds spotted, with sightings limited to Braiduah village under the Singchung sub-division. Conservation Efforts: Arunachal Pradesh government notified Braiduah Community Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.Reserve located adjacent to the Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary, aimed at protecting the habitat of Bugun Liocichla. Key Facts about the Bugun Tribe Migration and Origin:Buguns migrated from Tibet through East Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh.Culture and Language:Possess distinct geographical boundaries and language known as Khowa.Historically referred to as “Shisung-Rubai.”Relationship with Nature:Lifestyle deeply intertwined with the natural environment.Landscape of mountains, forests, and rich biodiversity holds sacred significance.Traditional Practices:Houses constructed using bamboo and wood with a stone base.Skilled farmers known for extracting oil from local wood species called Chiblem.Socio-Political Structure:Governed by a socio-political administrative body known as Nimiang.Responsible for regulating community affairs and decision-making.Cultural Practices:Celebrate the annual festival known as “Pham-Kho.”Practice endogamy, marrying within the Bugun community. -Source: The Hindu IceCube Neutrino Observatory Context: Scientists using data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory in Antarctica believe they have potentially found the first evidence for astrophysical tau neutrinos, called “ghost particles” Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Probing the Universe’s Subatomic Secrets Location and Collaborators: Situated at the Earth’s South Pole, operated by the IceCube Collaboration.Collaboration involves numerous universities globally, spearheaded by the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Infrastructure: Comprised of thousands of sensors buried over 1.4 km beneath the ice, along with surface detectors.Holds the distinction of being the world’s largest neutrino telescope, covering a cubic kilometer of ice. Detection Process: When neutrinos interact with the ice surrounding the sensors, they produce charged particles and radiation.Sensors detect this radiation, enabling the inference of neutrino detection and providing insights into their properties.IceCube is capable of identifying some types of neutrinos in real-time, while others require long-term data collection for analysis. Scientific Significance: Neutrinos, being elusive and abundant particles, offer a window into various cosmic phenomena, including supernovae explosions and black holes.IceCube plays a crucial role in studying high-energy neutrinos originating from astrophysical sources, aiding in understanding the universe’s most enigmatic processes. Research Endeavors: IceCube facilitates research on neutrino oscillations, flavor composition, and cosmic neutrinos.Its data contributes to advancing our knowledge of fundamental physics and astrophysics, addressing questions about the nature of dark matter, the origin of cosmic rays, and the behavior of extreme astrophysical environments. Future Prospects: Continued operation and expansion of IceCube promise further breakthroughs in neutrino physics and astrophysical research.Ongoing upgrades and improvements aim to enhance sensitivity and data collection capabilities, opening new avenues for exploring the cosmos at the subatomic level. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 March 2024

CONTENTS India-EFTA Trade Deal Set for ConclusionULLAS Initiative India-EFTA Trade Deal Set for Conclusion Context: India and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) recently concluded the Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA). Initially, India objected to including “data exclusivity” clauses, which would have hindered Indian pharmaceutical companies from manufacturing generic drugs. However, after negotiations, both parties agreed to exclude “sensitive” agricultural products and gold imports from the agreement, marking a significant development in bilateral trade relations. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: European Free Trade Association (EFTA)Economic Ties Between EFTA States and IndiaTrade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA) European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Establishment and Objectives: EFTA is an intergovernmental organization created by the Stockholm Convention in 1960.The main objective of EFTA is to promote free trade and economic integration among its member countries within Europe and globally. Membership and Free Trade Agreements: EFTA currently has four member countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland.The EFTA member states have developed one of the largest networks of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) that covers over 60 countries and territories, including the European Union (EU). Customs Union and Governance Structure: Unlike the EU, EFTA is not a customs union, which means that each EFTA member state can set its own customs tariffs and negotiate foreign trade policies independently.The highest governing body of EFTA is the EFTA Council, which meets eight times a year at the ambassadorial level and twice a year at the ministerial level.The EFTA Secretariat is based in Geneva and assists the EFTA Council in managing the relationships between member states and negotiating and operating FTAs.The EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) monitors compliance with European Economic Area (EEA) rules in Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.The EFTA Court, located in Luxembourg, has the authority to settle internal and external disputes related to the implementation, application, or interpretation of the EEA agreement. Economic Ties Between EFTA States and India: Steady Growth in Two-Decade Trade: Over the last two decades, economic relations between the EFTA States and India have witnessed consistent growth. 2022 Merchandise Trade Surpasses USD 6.1 Billion: In 2022, the total merchandise trade between EFTA States and India exceeded USD 6.1 billion. Key Imports to EFTA States: The primary imports to the EFTA States included organic chemicals (27.5%), machinery (17.5%), and pharmaceutical products (11.4%).Noteworthy FY23 Imports from Switzerland to India:Gold: $12.6 billionMachinery: $409 millionPharmaceuticals: $309 millionCoking and Steam Coal: $380 million Substantial Levels of Services Trade and FDI: Apart from merchandise trade, services trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) between EFTA States and India have also reached significant levels. Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA): Investment Commitment: The India-EFTA TEPA involves a significant commitment from the European bloc, pledging $100 billion in investments over 15 years. Sectors targeted include pharma, food processing, engineering, and chemicals. Source of Investment: The investment, a groundbreaking aspect of this FTA, is anticipated to come largely from provident funds in EFTA countries, including Norway’s $1.6-trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world’s largest pension fund. Nature of Commitment: Despite its substantial size, the investment commitment may not be legally binding and falls under the category of “investment promotion.” Notably, it does not constitute a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) similar to negotiations with the UK and the EU. Benefits of TEPA: For EFTA: Reduction in Indian Tariffs: With historically high average tariffs in India (around 18%), the TEPA is expected to lead to increased imports of machinery, pharmaceuticals, and medical instruments. This reduction in Indian tariffs is particularly advantageous for EFTA countries. Crucial Investment Commitment: The investment commitment becomes crucial for EFTA, given that India-EFTA trade, especially in goods, has been in favor of the European grouping. Elimination of duties could potentially widen India’s trade deficit, particularly with countries like Switzerland. For India: Attracting Investments and Market Access: India seeks to attract investments and gain improved market access for its service sector workforce through the TEPA. Joint Ventures and Diversification: The agreement opens avenues for joint ventures in key sectors such as pharma (especially medical devices), chemicals, food processing, and engineering. India sees the TEPA as a means to diversify imports away from China, especially in critical medical imports where the country currently heavily depends on China. ULLAS Initiative Context: The Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), Ministry of Education, Government of India, is set to conduct the Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Assessment Test (FLNAT) as part of the ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram on 17th March 2024, across 23 states Relevance: GS II: Government policies and Interventions About ULLAS Initiative The ULLAS Initiative, or Understanding Lifelong Learning for All in Society, represents a comprehensive effort to revolutionize education and literacy across the nation. Here are the key points about the initiative: Learning Ecosystem for All: The ULLAS initiative aims to create a learning ecosystem that reaches every individual, regardless of age or background. It focuses on bridging the gaps in basic literacy and critical life skills.Target Audience: The initiative targets citizens aged 15 and above who missed out on the opportunity to attend school. It aims to impart basic education, digital literacy, financial literacy, and other critical life skills through volunteerism.Comprehensive Objectives: The objectives of the ULLAS initiative are multi-faceted. It aims not only to impart foundational literacy and numeracy but also to cover critical life skills such as financial literacy, digital literacy, vocational skills development, and basic education across various stages.Continuing Education: The initiative emphasizes the importance of continuing education beyond basic literacy and numeracy. It offers courses in arts, sciences, technology, culture, sports, and recreation, catering to the diverse interests and needs of learners.Digital Gateway – ULLAS App: The ULLAS app serves as a user-friendly and interactive digital gateway for learners. Available on both Android and iOS platforms, the app provides access to diverse learning resources through the DIKSHA portal of NCERT.Features of the ULLAS App: Learners and volunteers can register through the ULLAS app, either through self-registration or by surveyors. The app facilitates engagement with various learning materials and resources, making learning accessible and convenient for all.

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