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Current Affairs 25 September 2024

CONTENTS Supreme Court Ruling Strengthens POCSO Act Enforcement Union Government Releases 2022 Atrocities Report PM Modi Speaks at UN Summit on Multilateral Solutions National Green Tribunal International Big Cat Alliance Fjords Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary Supreme Court Ruling Strengthens POCSO Act Enforcement Context: The Supreme Court of India has recently strengthened the enforcement of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, by ruling that watching or possessing sexually explicit material involving minors is illegal, irrespective of whether it is shared or transmitted. This decision overrides a previous judgment from the Madras High Court, which had concluded that private viewing of child pornography did not constitute an offence if there was no further distribution. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Supreme Court Ruling on Child Pornography: About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 Contention/Criticisms around implementation of POCSO About POCSO Amendment Act 2019 Supreme Court Ruling on Child Pornography: Terminology Change: The Supreme Court has urged the Union government to replace the term “child pornography” with “child sexual exploitative and abuse material” (CSEAM), to better reflect the nature of abuse and exploitation. Importance of the Change: The term pornography often implies consensual adult activities, which is not accurate in cases of child abuse and exploitation. Expansion of Section 15 of the POCSO Act, 2012: Stricter Interpretation: The SC provided a stricter interpretation of the “storage of child pornography” under Section 15 of the POCSO Act, which previously focused on storage for commercial purposes. The new interpretation outlines three key offences under this section. Offences Under Section 15: Section 15(1): Individuals who store or possess child pornography must delete, destroy, or report it. Failure to do so is punishable. Section 15(2): Possession with the intent to transmit or display (except for reporting) is a chargeable offence. Section 15(3): Storing child pornography for commercial purposes incurs the most severe penalties. Inchoate Offences: The court classified these actions as inchoate offences, which are preparatory steps toward committing a further crime. Broader Definition of Possession: Constructive Possession: The definition of possession now includes constructive possession, where an individual may not physically hold the material but still has control and knowledge over it. Example: Watching child pornography online without downloading it is still considered possession. Accountability for Links: If a person receives a link to child pornography but does not report it, they can still be held accountable, even if they did not retain the material. Comprehensive Sex Education: Court’s Call for Action: The SC urged the government to promote comprehensive sex education in schools and society to dispel misconceptions and reduce the stigma surrounding sexual health. Focus Areas: This education should include themes such as consent, healthy relationships, gender equality, and diversity. Awareness of the POCSO Act, 2012: Sections 43 and 44: The court emphasized the need for the central and state governments, along with the NCPCR, to promote widespread awareness of the POCSO Act. Health and Sex Education: An expert committee should develop comprehensive programs to enhance awareness about health, sex education, and the POCSO Act among children. Support Systems for Victims: Psychological and Educational Support: The ruling stressed the need for psychological counseling, therapeutic interventions, and educational support for victims of CSEAM. Offender Rehabilitation: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) could be used to address the cognitive distortions that lead to abusive behavior. About Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 was enacted to provide a robust legal framework for the protection of children from offences of sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography, while safeguarding the interest of the child at every stage of the judicial process. The framing of the Act seeks to put children first by making it easy to use by including mechanisms for child-friendly reporting, recording of evidence, investigation and speedy trial of offences through designated Special Courts. The Act provides for a variety of offences under which an accused can be punished. It recognises forms of penetration other than penile-vaginal penetration and criminalises acts of immodesty against children too. Offences under the act include: Penetrative Sexual Assault: Insertion of penis/object/another body part in child’s vagina/urethra/anus/mouth, or asking the child to do so with them or some other person Sexual Assault: When a person touches the child, or makes the child touch them or someone else Sexual Harassment: passing sexually coloured remark, sexual gesture/noise, repeatedly following, flashing, etc. Child Pornography Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault/ Aggravated Sexual Assault Salient features of the Act The act is gender-neutral for both children and for the accused. With respect to pornography, the Act criminalises even watching or collection of pornographic content involving children. The Act makes abetment of child sexual abuse an offence. Defines a child as any person below eighteen years of age Provides for mandatory reporting of sexual offences, keeping with the best international child protection standards. Police cast in the role of child protectors during the investigative process: The police personnel receiving a report of sexual abuse of a child are given the responsibility of making urgent arrangements for the care and protection of the child. Provisions for the medical examination of the child in a manner designed to cause as little distress as possible Provision of Special Courts: that conduct the trial in-camera and without revealing the identity of the child, in a child-friendly manner. Timely disposal of cases: A case of child sexual abuse must be disposed of within one year from the date the offence is reported. Recognition to a wide range of form of sexual abuse against children: as punishable offences. People who traffic children for sexual purposes are also punishable under the provisions relating to abetment in the Act. The Act prescribes stringent punishment graded as per the gravity of the offence, with a maximum term of rigorous imprisonment for life, and fine. Child-friendly process: It also provides for various procedural reforms, making the tiring process of trial in India considerably easier for children. The Act has been criticised as its provisions seem to criminalise consensual sexual intercourse between two people below the age of 18. Contention/Criticisms around implementation of POCSO Criticism in Definition of child The Act defines a child as a person under the age of 18 years. However, this definition is a purely biological one, and doesn’t take into account people who live with intellectual and psycho-social disability. A recent case in SC has been filed where a women of biological age 38yrs but mental age 6yrs was raped. The victim’s advocate argues that “failure to consider the mental age will be an attack on the very purpose of act.” SC has reserved the case for judgement and is determined to interpret whether the 2012 act encompasses the mental age or whether only biological age is inclusive in the definition. Issue with the Mandatory Reporting feature According to the Act, every crime of child sexual abuse should be reported. If a person who has information of any abuse fails to report, they may face imprisonment up to six months or may be fined or both. Many child rights and women rights organisation has criticised this provision. According to experts, this provision takes away agency of choice from children. There may be many survivors who do not want to go through the trauma of criminal justice system, but this provision does not differentiate. Furthermore, mandatory reporting may also hinder access to medical aid, and psycho-social intervention. It contradicts the right to confidentiality for access to medical, and psychological care. Contradiction with the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 The POCSO Act was passed to strengthen legal provisions for the protection of children below 18 years of age from sexual abuse and exploitation. Under this Act, if any girl under 18 is seeking abortion the service provider is compelled to register a complaint of sexual assault with the police. However, under the MTP Act, it is not mandatory to report the identity of the person seeking an abortion. Consequently, service providers are hesitant to provide abortion services to girls under 18. Issue with Legal Aid Section 40 of the Act allows victims to access legal aid. However, that is subject to Code of Criminal Procedure. In other words, the lawyer representing a child can only assist the Public Prosecutor, and file written final arguments if the judge permits. Thus, the interest of the victim often go unrepresented. Issue with Consent The law presumes all sexual act with children under the age of 18 is sexual offence. Therefore, two adolescent who engage in consensual sexual act will also be punished under this law. This is especially a concern where adolescent is in relationship with someone from different caste, or religion. Parents have filed cases under this Act to ‘punish’ relationships they do not approve of. About POCSO Amendment Act 2019 Increases the minimum punishment (including death penalty) for penetrative sexual assault, aggravated penetrative sexual assault. The earlier amendment allowed the death penalty only in cases of sexual assault of girls below 12 years but now it will be applicable to boys also. Adds assault resulting in death of child, and assault committed during a natural calamity, or in any similar situations of violence into Aggravated penetrative sexual assault. Tightened the provisions to counter child pornography. While the earlier Act had punishment for storing child pornography for commercial purposes, the amendment includes punishment for possessing pornographic material in any form involving a child, even if the accused persons have failed to delete or destroy or report the same with an intention to share it. The Act defines child pornography as any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a child including photograph, video, digital or computer-generated image indistinguishable from an actual child. -Source: The Hindu Union Government Releases 2022 Atrocities Report Context: The union government has published a new report detailing the state of atrocities against Scheduled Castes in the year 2022 under the framework of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings of the Report on Atrocities Against SCs and STs Reasons for Crime Against SC and ST Communities Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 Key Findings of the Report on Atrocities Against SCs and STs: Case Statistics: In 2022, there were 51,656 cases of atrocities against Scheduled Castes (SCs) and 9,735 cases against Scheduled Tribes (STs). 97.7% of SC cases and 98.91% of ST cases were concentrated in 13 states. States with the Highest Incidents: For SCs (Six states accounted for nearly 81% of the cases): Uttar Pradesh: 12,287 cases (23.78%) Rajasthan: 8,651 cases (16.75%) Madhya Pradesh: 7,732 cases (14.97%) Bihar: 6,799 cases (13.16%) Odisha: 3,576 cases (6.93%) Maharashtra: 2,706 cases (5.24%) For STs: Madhya Pradesh: 2,979 cases (30.61%) Rajasthan: 2,498 cases (25.66%) Odisha: 773 cases (7.94%) Maharashtra: 691 cases (7.10%) Andhra Pradesh: 499 cases (5.13%) Charge Sheets and Investigations: SC-related Cases: Charge sheets were filed in 60.38% of cases, while 14.78% were concluded with final reports due to false claims or lack of evidence. ST-related Cases: Charge sheets were filed in 63.32% of cases, while 14.71% were concluded with final reports. By the end of 2022, 17,166 cases involving SCs and 2,702 cases involving STs were still under investigation. Conviction Rates: The conviction rate under the Act has dropped from 39.2% in 2020 to 32.4% in 2022, reflecting a concerning decline in judicial outcomes. Infrastructure Deficiencies: Out of 498 districts across 14 states, only 194 districts have established special courts to expedite trials for atrocities against SCs and STs. Some states, including Uttar Pradesh, have not adequately identified atrocity-prone areas, despite having high numbers of cases. Protection Cells: SC/ST protection cells have been set up in several states and union territories, including Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and others, along with Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, and Puducherry. Reasons for Crime Against SC and ST Communities: Caste Hierarchies: Deep-rooted caste systems perpetuate discriminatory practices, leading to social exclusion and violence against SC/ST communities based on their caste identity. Land Ownership Conflicts: SC/ST communities, historically deprived of land ownership, often face conflicts over land access with dominant castes. Limited Access to Resources: Restricted access to education, employment, and economic resources makes SC/ST groups more vulnerable to exploitation and violence. Disproportionate Influence: Dominant castes often wield political and social power, enabling them to enforce discriminatory practices without fear of legal consequences. Weak Law Enforcement: Although laws like the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act exist, weak enforcement, along with police and bureaucratic bias, often limits justice for victims of caste-based violence. Political Exploitation: Caste tensions are sometimes worsened by political actors who exploit these divides for electoral gains, leading to polarization and conflict within communities. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: The Act was enacted to protect Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from caste-based discrimination and violence, reinforcing the provisions of Articles 15 and 17 of the Indian Constitution. The legislation builds upon earlier laws like the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955, and the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955, aimed at abolishing untouchability and discrimination based on caste. Key Provisions of the Act: Defined Offenses: The Act categorizes acts of physical violence, harassment, and social discrimination against SC/ST individuals as “atrocities,” subject to stringent legal penalties. Legal Framework: The Central Government crafts the implementing rules, while State Governments and Union Territories provide local enforcement. Special courts and SC/ST Protection Cells, led by senior police officers, are established for efficient case handling and trials. Investigations must be led by officers at least at the Deputy Superintendent level and completed swiftly within a set timeframe. Legal Protections and Bail Conditions: Anticipatory Bail Restrictions: Section 18 bars the application of anticipatory bail for accused under this Act, as outlined in Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act includes provisions for the relief and rehabilitation of victims, offering financial compensation, legal aid, and other support services. Recent Amendments to Enhance Protections: 2015 Amendment: Introduced tougher provisions and broadened the definition of offenses to include actions like garlanding with footwear, forced manual scavenging, social or economic boycotts, and other forms of ostracism. Offenses Added: Sexual exploitation and unauthorized physical contact with SC/ST women. Outlawing traditional practices such as dedicating SC/ST women as devadasis. Public Accountability: Imposes penalties on public servants who fail to perform their duties in protecting SC/ST rights. 2018 Amendment: Simplified the arrest process by removing the requirement for Senior Superintendent approval before detaining an accused. Scope Limitation: Intra-community Offenses: The Act does not address offenses committed within the SC/ST communities against each other. Challenges associated with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989: Resource Limitations: These courts often struggle with insufficient resources and infrastructure, affecting their functionality and efficiency. There is a notable backlog and slow processing of atrocity cases, which can extend beyond the intended scope of the SC/ST Act. Victim Support and Rehabilitation: The Act provides limited and unclear details on the rehabilitation of victims, primarily focusing on social and economic support without concrete measures. Victims often encounter physical, psychological, and social challenges. There is a crucial need for more detailed and comprehensive rehabilitation strategies to aid victims towards economic self-sufficiency. Awareness and Training: Both beneficiaries, including victims and law enforcement personnel, frequently lack sufficient understanding of the Act’s specific provisions. Legal and Misuse Concerns: The Act includes provisions for warrantless arrests and non-bailable offenses, which have occasionally led to misuse. The broad and stringent nature of the law has led to concerns about false accusations and harassment, particularly impacting individuals from non-SC/ST backgrounds. Coverage of Offenses: Certain crimes that lead to atrocities, such as blackmailing among SC/ST communities, are not explicitly addressed within the Act. The current definition of atrocities may not fully cover all forms of abuse experienced by SCs and STs, suggesting a need for legislative amendments to include a broader array of crimes. -Source: The Hindu PM Modi Speaks at UN Summit on Multilateral Solutions Context: Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently addressed the ‘Summit of the Future’ at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, focusing on the theme ‘Multilateral Solutions for a Better Tomorrow’. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Summit of the Future Key Highlights of PM Modi’s Speech: Collective Strength: PM Modi stressed that humanity’s success depends on collective strength rather than conflict on the battlefield. He called for reforms in global institutions to ensure global peace and sustainable development, promoting a human-centric approach to address global challenges. New Conflict Arenas: PM Modi highlighted emerging conflict zones, including cyber, maritime, and space, in addition to traditional threats like terrorism. He advocated for global digital governance to protect national sovereignty and integrity. He also emphasized the need for balanced global regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of technology. India’s Development Success: PM Modi reflected on India’s achievement of lifting 250 million people out of poverty and its success in sustainable development. He expressed India’s readiness to share its experience with the Global South. He reaffirmed India’s commitment to the idea of “One Earth, One Family, One Future”, emphasizing initiatives like One Earth, One Health and One Sun, One World, One Grid. Reforming Global Institutions: PM Modi stressed the need to reform international institutions like the UN Security Council, aligning with India’s aspiration for permanent membership. He referred to the inclusion of the African Union in the G20 during India’s presidency as an example of efforts to make global governance more inclusive. Global Digital Infrastructure: PM Modi promoted India’s digital public infrastructure as a tool for global good, offering it to the world. He emphasized that global action must match global ambition in areas such as cyber, maritime, and space security. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA): Establishment: Founded in 1945 under the UN Charter and headquartered in New York City. It is one of the six principal organs of the UN and serves as the primary policy-making body of the organization. Role: Provides a platform for multilateral discussions on a wide range of international issues. Every member state of the UN has an equal vote in the General Assembly. Key Decisions: Appointing the Secretary-General based on the Security Council’s recommendation. Electing non-permanent members to the Security Council. Approving the UN budget. Important Achievements: Adoption of the Millennium Declaration in 2000. 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. Formulation of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in September 2015. Annual General Debate: The UNGA holds an annual debate where member states express their views on major global issues. The UN Secretary-General presents a report on the work of the organization at the opening of the debate. 79th UN General Assembly: Details: The 79th session was held from 10th to 30th September 2024, focusing on accelerating progress toward the SDGs. Global leaders addressed interconnected global challenges and adopted the Pact for the Future, which includes the Global Digital Compact with a focus on gender equality. The session is chaired by Cameroonian President Philemon Yong. Theme: “Leaving no one behind: acting together for the advancement of peace, sustainable development, and human dignity for present and future generations”. Summit of the Future: Details: Held on 22-23 September 2024 at the UN Headquarters in New York, the summit addressed global governance challenges revealed by recent crises. Aimed to reaffirm commitments to the SDGs, strengthen global cooperation, and build a foundation for an improved multilateral system. Focus: International cooperation on critical global issues such as climate change, poverty, inequality, ongoing conflicts, and health crises. Theme: “Multilateral solutions for a better tomorrow”. Expected Outcome: The summit is expected to produce the Pact for the Future, along with key documents like the Global Digital Compact and the Declaration on Future Generations. -Source: The Hindu National Green Tribunal Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) ordered classifying Nainital town into prohibited, regulated, and development zones. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: Key Points from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Order Regarding Nainital: National Green Tribunal (NGT) Key Points from the National Green Tribunal (NGT) Order Regarding Nainital: Zoning of Nainital: The NGT has ordered classifying Nainital town into prohibited, regulated, and development zones to manage growth responsibly. Objective: This zoning aims to curb the environmental impact caused by unchecked urbanisation and ensure responsible development management. Carrying Capacity: The NGT emphasized the idea of “carrying capacity”, which refers to the maximum population and development limit that Nainital can support without causing environmental degradation. Environmental Concerns: The felling of oak and deodar trees for parking facilities near hotels has led to ecological damage in Nainital’s catchment area, affecting the recharge of Nainital Lake. Nainital Lake: Nainital Lake is a lunar-shaped freshwater lake, formed due to tectonic movements. It is located in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand. Role of the NGT: The NGT is a statutory body established under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 to ensure the quick resolution of cases related to environmental protection and forest conservation. National Green Tribunal (NGT) The NGT was established on October 18, 2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010, passed by the Central Government. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 is an Act of the Parliament of India which enables creation of a special tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal of the cases pertaining to environmental issues. NGT Act draws inspiration from the India’s constitutional provision of (Constitution of India/Part III) Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty, which assures the citizens of India the right to a healthy environment. The stated objective of the Central Government was to provide a specialized forum for effective and speedy disposal of cases pertaining to environment protection, conservation of forests and for seeking compensation for damages caused to people or property due to violation of environmental laws or conditions specified while granting permissions. Structure of National Green Tribunal Following the enactment of the said law, the Principal Bench of the NGT has been established in the National Capital – New Delhi, with regional benches in Pune (Western Zone Bench), Bhopal (Central Zone Bench), Chennai (Southern Bench) and Kolkata (Eastern Bench). Each Bench has a specified geographical jurisdiction covering several States in a region. The Chairperson of the NGT is a retired Judge of the Supreme Court, Head Quartered in Delhi. Other Judicial members are retired Judges of High Courts. Each bench of the NGT will comprise of at least one Judicial Member and one Expert Member. Expert members should have a professional qualification and a minimum of 15 years’ experience in the field of environment/forest conservation and related subjects. Powers of NGT The NGT has the power to hear all civil cases relating to environmental issues and questions that are linked to the implementation of laws listed in Schedule I of the NGT Act. These include the following: The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980; The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; The Biological Diversity Act, 2002. This means that any violations pertaining ONLY to these laws, or any order / decision taken by the Government under these laws can be challenged before the NGT. Importantly, the NGT has NOT been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, the Indian Forest Act, 1927 and various laws enacted by States relating to forests, tree preservation etc. -Source: Indian Express International Big Cat Alliance Context: Recently, India has officially joined the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA), which was launched by the Prime Minister in 2023. IBCA aims to protect big cats and their habitats. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Dimensions of the Article: About International Big Cat Alliance About International Big Cat Alliance: Aim: It aims to strengthen global cooperation and efforts for conservation of seven big cat species and their habitats. Objective: IBCA aims for mutual cooperation among countries for mutual benefit in furthering the conservation agenda. IBCA would have a multipronged approach in broad basing and establishing linkages manifold in several areas and help in knowledge sharing, capacity building, networking, advocacy, finance and resources support, research and technical support, education and awareness. Members: The International Big Cat Alliance has been conceived as a multi-country, multi-agency coalition of 96 big cat range countries, Non-range countries interested in big cat conservation Conservation partners and scientific organizations working in the field of big cat conservation Business groups and corporates willing to contribute to the cause of big cats Seven big cats include Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar and the Cheetah out of these five big cats viz. Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard and Cheetah are found in India. -Source: Indian Express Fjords Context: A diesel fuel spill from a ship that sank recently spreads to the Greenland fjord. Relevance: GS I: Geography Formation and Picturesque Nature of Fjords Formation of Fjords: Fjords are steep, U-shaped valleys that have been submerged under seawater. Their formation involves a series of geological processes: Glacial Action: During ice ages, glaciers move down valleys, carving deep U-shaped troughs with their immense weight and abrasive action. Submersion: As glaciers retreat or melt, the valleys they’ve carved are invaded by the sea. The subsequent rise in sea level, or land subsidence, fills these valleys with seawater, creating fjords. Picturesque Nature of Fjords: Dramatic Landscapes: Fjords are characterized by steep, towering cliffs that abruptly plunge into deep, serene waters. The contrast creates a visually stunning panorama. Water Reflections: The often-calm waters of fjords mirror the surrounding landscapes, doubling the scenic beauty. Biodiversity: The unique mix of freshwater from rivers and saltwater from oceans in fjords leads to rich marine life, enhancing their natural appeal. Varied Climate Impact: Fjords, especially in regions like Norway, can showcase snow-capped peaks while having temperate rainforests in the lower areas, providing a diverse array of scenic elements within a compact region. Seclusion: Many fjords are located in remote areas, ensuring unspoiled landscapes, clear waters, and a serene atmosphere, away from urban disturbances. In essence, the combination of dramatic geological formations with the pristine beauty of nature makes fjords among the most picturesque landscapes in the world. -Source: Indian Express Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary Context: Recently, the National Green Tribunal’s (NGT) eastern bench in Kolkata has ordered a stay on road construction work inside the Barak Bhuban wildlife sanctuary in Assam’s Cachar district. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Barak Bhuban Wildlife Sanctuary: Location: Found within Assam’s Barak Valley, which also includes the Borail Wildlife Sanctuary. Nestled between the Barak and Sonai rivers. Named after the Barak River, the second-largest river in Northeast India. Spans across Cachar, Hailakandi, and Karimganj districts. Fauna: Acts as a vital habitat for a variety of wildlife species. Home to eight species of primates, including the slow loris, rhesus macaque, and hoolock gibbon. The sanctuary also provides refuge for the king cobra. Key Information about Barak Valley: Geographical Location: Situated in the southern region of Assam. Named after the Barak River, the largest river of the valley and second largest in Northeast India. Borders: The valley shares borders with several states: Meghalaya to the north. Manipur to the east. Tripura and Mizoram to the south. Additionally, it is bordered by Bangladesh to the south. Biodiversity Hotspot: The valley is part of the Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot. Land Usage: Approximately 4.8% of the valley’s geographical area is covered by tea plantations. Many hill areas are used for home gardens or designated as reserve forests. Vegetation: The valley is characterized by tropical evergreen, semi-evergreen, and tropical deciduous forests. Rainforests are found in the northern and southeastern parts of the valley. Climate: The region experiences a subtropical, warm, and humid climate. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 September 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan Goa Maritime Symposium 2024 Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet approved Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan (PMJUGA) for improving the socio-economic condition of tribal communities.  Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts About the PMJUGA Innovative Schemes to Promote Tribal Livelihood under PMJUGA Key Facts About the PMJUGA: Centrally Sponsored Scheme: Aimed at the welfare of tribal families in tribal-majority villages and aspirational districts. Coverage: Will be implemented across 549 districts and 2,740 blocks in tribal-majority villages. Encompasses 30 States/UTs and approximately 63,000 villages, benefitting over 5 crore tribal people. 2011 Census Data: India’s Scheduled Tribe (ST) population stands at 10.42 crore (8.6% of the total population), comprising over 705 tribal communities. Objective: Focuses on addressing gaps in social infrastructure like health, education, and livelihoods through various government schemes by integrating and converging efforts. Goals of the Mission: Interventions: 25 interventions will be implemented by 17 ministries under the Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST) over the next 5 years. Developing Enabling Infrastructure: Housing & Amenities: ST households will receive pucca housing under PMAY (Rural), along with tapped water (Jal Jeevan Mission) and electricity. Ayushman Bharat cards (PMJAY) will ensure health coverage. Road and Digital Connectivity: ST-majority villages will receive all-weather road connectivity (PMGSY), mobile access (Bharat Net), and internet services. Health, Education, and Nutrition: Infrastructure will improve under schemes like the National Health Mission, Samagra Shiksha, and Poshan Abhiyan. Skill Development & Livelihood: Programs for skill development, entrepreneurship, and self-employment will be implemented. Marketing support for tribal products through Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs) and assistance in agriculture, animal husbandry, and fisheries for Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA) patta holders. Education: Efforts to increase the Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) and provide affordable education for ST students through the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan. Tribal hostels will be set up at district/block levels. Health Initiatives: Aim to meet national standards in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) and improve immunization coverage through Mobile Medical Units. Mapping & Monitoring: The tribal villages will be mapped under the PM Gati Shakti portal to identify gaps and award the best-performing districts. Innovative Schemes to Promote Tribal Livelihood under PMJUGA: Tribal Home Stay: To encourage tourism and alternative livelihoods, 1,000 homestays will be promoted under the Swadesh Darshan scheme. Funding will be provided for 5-10 homestays, including Rs 5 lakh for new rooms, Rs 3 lakh for renovation, and Rs 5 lakh for community needs. Sustainable Livelihood for Forest Rights Holders: Focus on 22 lakh FRA patta holders, recognizing forest rights and providing livelihoods through various government schemes. Improving School & Hostel Infrastructure: Upgrading the infrastructure of tribal residential schools, hostels, and ashram schools to improve enrollment and retain students. Sickle Cell Disease Diagnosis: Centers of Competence (CoC) for prenatal diagnosis will be set up in AIIMS and premier institutes in states with a high prevalence of sickle cell disease, with a budget of Rs 6 crore per CoC. Tribal Multipurpose Marketing Centres (TMMCs): 100 TMMCs will be established to market tribal products, improve marketing infrastructure, and enhance packaging, branding, and transportation. Goa Maritime Symposium 2024 Context: The Indian Navy is hosting the fifth edition of the Goa Maritime Symposium at Naval War College, Goa. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Goa Maritime Symposium 2024: Purpose: The symposium serves as a platform for fostering collaborative thinking, cooperation, and mutual understanding between India and key maritime nations within the Indian Ocean Region. Theme for 2024: The theme is Common Maritime Security Challenges in the Indian Ocean Region: Addressing issues like illegal and unregulated fishing and other illegal maritime activities by progressing collective efforts. Participation: Representatives from 12 Indian Ocean Littoral countries will participate, including: Bangladesh, Comoros, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Myanmar, Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. Observers will also attend from Kenya and Tanzania. Goa Maritime Symposium (GMS): History: Conceptualized and initiated by the Indian Navy in 2016. Objective: A platform for fostering cooperation and enhancing mutual understanding between India and key maritime nations of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Frequency: The symposium is conducted biennially by the Naval War College (NWC) in Goa.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 September 2024

Contents: Weighing in on with business as usual with China India’s Defence Exports and Humanitarian Law The Maldives Model: Implications for India’s South Asia Policy in Sri Lanka Weighing In On With Business As Usual With China Context: Recent discussions have centered around India’s potential rethinking of its economic ties with China, particularly in the area of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), despite the unresolved border disputes. As tensions with China persist, especially along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the debate focuses on how India should navigate its strategic security while weighing the importance of economic decoupling and future cooperation with its largest trading partner. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Economy and Security) Mains Question: How should India balance its security concerns and economic relations with China in light of unresolved border disputes? Discuss the implications of economic decoupling. India-China Relations Post-Galwan: India’s relations with China have been strained since the Galwan clashes in 2020, which resulted in casualties on both sides. This led to growing calls for economic decoupling, especially in the technology and telecommunications sectors, where Chinese companies had a significant presence. Despite disengagement in some areas, as noted by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar, the border issues in Ladakh remain unresolved. India has emphasized that relations with China cannot be normalized until the status quo along the LAC is restored. China’s Economic Demands: Recent talks between Indian and Chinese officials indicate that China is pushing for more market access in India, including: Level playing field for Chinese companies. Resumption of direct flights. Facilitation of visas for Chinese personnel. Allowing Chinese journalists to operate in India. These demands highlight China’s insistence on a return to economic normalcy, even as border issues remain a point of contention. India’s Strategic Considerations: From a strategic perspective, India has expressed reluctance to resume business as usual without concrete movement on the border issue. The unresolved tensions along the LAC are not just about territory but have broader implications for India’s national security. National Security Advisor (NSA) Ajit Doval has reiterated that any economic engagement must be secondary to security concerns, urging China to address the root cause of the border militarization. Economic Implications of Decoupling: India’s imports from China touched $104 billion in 2022, while exports to China were $16 billion, reflecting a huge trade deficit. This imbalance has been a source of frustration for Indian policymakers. Economic decoupling would pose challenges for sectors like electronics, solar equipment, and pharmaceuticals, which are heavily dependent on Chinese imports. However, India has already taken steps to diversify supply chains, shifting imports to other Asian countries like Vietnam and Indonesia. FDI from China has been restricted, particularly in sensitive sectors such as technology, which is part of India’s broader strategy to reduce dependence on Chinese investments. The Future of India-China Economic Engagement: India’s economic strategy with China will likely remain cautious. FDI rules might be eased selectively in non-strategic sectors, but the broader emphasis will be on self-reliance and diversification of trade partners. Furthermore, India is likely to continue focusing on multilateral frameworks like BRICS and SCO, where it engages with China on issues like climate change and global governance, while keeping a firm stance on bilateral tensions. Additional Data: Trade Deficit: India’s trade deficit with China stood at $64 billion in 2022. FDI Restrictions: India has limited Chinese FDI in critical sectors such as telecommunications and technology. Conclusion: India’s strategy of balancing its security concerns with economic pragmatism in relation to China is delicate. While economic integration with China has benefits, border security and national sovereignty remain paramount. Moving forward, India will likely pursue a selective engagement strategy with China, fostering economic ties only in non-sensitive sectors while continuing to decouple strategically in areas critical to national security. India’s Defence Exports and Humanitarian Law Context: The Supreme Court of India recently dismissed a PIL requesting the government to halt defence exports to Israel, citing possible violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in Gaza. While the court’s decision was based on the foreign policy domain, it raised pertinent questions about India’s position as an emerging defence exporter and the need to align its policies with international legal frameworks. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss India’s legal framework regarding defence exports. How can India align its defence export policies with International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to strengthen its global standing? India’s Defence Export Aspirations: India has positioned itself as a growing defence exporter with ambitions to expand its market globally. Defence equipment exports to countries like Israel, which are involved in regional conflicts, have raised ethical concerns about compliance with international humanitarian law (IHL). Countries like the Netherlands and UK have blocked exports of military equipment to conflict zones like Gaza, citing risks of violating IHL. The European Union (EU) has regulations that prohibit defence exports to countries if there’s evidence the weapons might be used to violate human rights. India’s Domestic Legal Framework: India’s Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act, 1992 (FTA) and the Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act, 2005 empower the Indian government to regulate the export of designated goods, including defence equipment. However, Indian law does not explicitly assess IHL compliance of countries receiving Indian defence exports. In contrast to EU or UK laws, India’s regulations do not impose an obligation on the government to ensure that defence exports are not used to commit violations of IHL. Legal Gaps and the Need for Reform: India’s current legislation lacks a legal requirement to assess the compliance of importing countries with IHL. The absence of such provisions creates a legal gap, as seen in the Supreme Court’s dismissal of the PIL concerning defence exports to Israel. To align with international standards, India needs to amend its laws to include IHL compliance as a criterion for defence exports. This would enhance India’s credibility as a responsible arms exporter and ensure that Indian-made weapons are not used in violation of humanitarian laws. International Law and the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT): The Arms Trade Treaty (ATT), which regulates the international trade in conventional arms, prohibits the export of weapons if there is knowledge that they will be used for violations of IHL. India is not a signatory to the ATT, but many provisions of the treaty reflect customary international law, which is binding on all states, including India. Under Geneva Conventions, India has an obligation not to supply weapons if there is a significant risk they would be used to violate humanitarian law. Strengthening India’s Defence Export Policies: Amending Indian laws to incorporate IHL compliance for defence exports would be a significant step towards responsible arms trade. This can be achieved by revising the WMDA and FTA acts to include provisions that assess the IHL track record of the importing country. By doing so, India will project itself as a credible global player in defence exports, ensuring that its military equipment is not used in conflicts that violate humanitarian norms. Additional Data: Defence Exports: India’s defence exports to Israel and other conflict regions have raised concerns about compliance with international law. International Obligations: India is bound by the Geneva Conventions to avoid exporting weapons that could be used in violations of IHL. Conclusion: India’s rise as a defence exporter necessitates a stronger alignment with international humanitarian law (IHL). Amending domestic laws to assess IHL compliance of countries receiving Indian defence equipment will not only strengthen India’s global standing but also ensure that its exports do not contribute to human rights violations. The Maldives Model: Implications for India’s South Asia Policy in Sri Lanka Context: The recent election results in Sri Lanka serve as a crucial moment for India’s Neighbourhood First Policy. With the region experiencing political instability, particularly in Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, India needs to revise its South Asia policy to address emerging geopolitical shifts. The Maldives model, which has guided India’s engagement in the Maldives, offers valuable lessons that can be adapted to Sri Lanka‘s current political scenario. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the implications of the recent political shifts in Sri Lanka for India’s foreign policy. How can India adapt its “Maldives model” to address its evolving relations with Sri Lanka? Political Turmoil in Sri Lanka: The recent presidential elections in Sri Lanka saw the victory of Anura Kumara Dissanayake, marking a shift away from the pro-Indian policies of the previous government. The People’s Front Party (NPP), which led this victory, has strong nationalistic tendencies, often harboring anti-India sentiments. Dissanayake has expressed intentions to renegotiate economic terms with India, especially concerning investment projects like the solar power plant and container port in Colombo. This presents a challenge for India’s economic and strategic interests in the island nation. The Maldives Model: The Maldives model refers to India’s proactive engagement in domestic politics and economic development in the Maldives, underpinned by economic packages and diplomatic support. India helped stabilize the Maldives by offering financial aid and strategic guidance, allowing it to counter China’s growing influence in the region. A similar approach could be adopted in Sri Lanka, where India needs to maintain its strategic foothold while navigating the rising tide of anti-India nationalism. India should extend economic assistance, while remaining open to revising investment agreements in a way that protects its strategic interests. South Asian Geopolitics and India’s Challenges: Bangladesh is undergoing significant political shifts with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina facing increasing opposition. If the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), with its anti-India stance, gains power, India could face similar challenges as in Sri Lanka. Pakistan continues to pose cross-border security threats and has resumed its policy of escalating tensions with India. At the same time, there is instability in the North-East of India, with insurgency concerns rising in Manipur and the Northeast frontier. Against this backdrop, maintaining stable ties with Sri Lanka becomes even more critical for India’s regional security. India’s Strategic Options in Sri Lanka: Diplomatic Engagement: India must engage with the new government of Dissanayake, emphasizing the importance of bilateral cooperation while diplomatically navigating the nationalist rhetoric. Economic Leverage: India has significant economic investments in Sri Lanka, which provides leverage to negotiate favorable terms. By offering a financial package similar to the Maldives model, India could help stabilize Sri Lanka’s economy, reducing its reliance on Chinese investments. Security Cooperation: Given the strategic maritime position of Sri Lanka, India should continue strengthening naval cooperation, ensuring that the island nation remains a part of India’s security architecture in the Indian Ocean Region. Broader Implications for South Asia Policy: The political developments in Sri Lanka, along with turbulence in other neighboring countries, signal the need for a revised South Asia policy that accounts for the growing influence of nationalistic movements. India must craft a nuanced foreign policy that balances strategic interests with the internal politics of neighboring countries. Adopting the Maldives model in Sri Lanka could serve as a template for similar engagements in Bangladesh and Nepal, where political uncertainty could threaten India’s regional interests. Additional Data: Indian Investment in Sri Lanka: India has invested in several major projects, including the Colombo port and solar power projects, which are now under scrutiny by the new Sri Lankan government. Economic Interdependence: Sri Lanka is reliant on Indian imports and investments, providing India with leverage in ongoing negotiations. Conclusion: India’s engagement with Sri Lanka needs to be recalibrated to address the new political realities. Drawing on the successful Maldives model, India can engage with the Dissanayake government through economic support and strategic cooperation. By adapting its South Asia policy to the emerging political landscape, India can ensure that its geopolitical interests remain secure.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 September 2024

CONTENTS Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery PM E-DRIVE Scheme India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Koodiyattom Project 200 Greater One-Horned Rhino Centenary of the Indus Valley Civilization Discovery Context: On September 20th, 2024, we commemorate the centenary of the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization, initially announced by archaeologist Sir John Marshall on the same date in 1924. The civilization is noted for its extensive spread across 1.5 million square kilometers in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, encompassing over 2,000 archaeological sites. Relevance: GS I: Culture Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Harappan Civilization Key Features of Harappan Civilization Overview of Harappan Civilization Also Known As: Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) Flourished: Around 2500 BCE along the Indus River Global Significance: Largest of the four major ancient urban civilizations, alongside Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China Technology: Known as a Bronze Age civilization due to the discovery of copper-based alloy artifacts Key Archaeological Discoveries First Excavations: Harappa: Excavated by Daya Ram Sahni in 1921-22 Mohenjo-daro: Excavated by Rakhal Das Banerji in 1922 Notable Contributor: Sir John Marshall, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), oversaw the excavations that revealed these sites Phases of Harappan Civilization Early Phase (3200 BCE to 2600 BCE): Associated with the Hakra Phase, located in the Ghaggar-Hakra River Valley Earliest evidence of Indus script dates to around 3000 BCE Mature Period (2600 BCE to 1900 BCE): Marked the peak of urbanization with significant growth in cities like Harappa and Mohenjodaro (in present-day Pakistan), as well as Lothal (in present-day India) Late Phase (1900 BCE to 1500 BCE): The civilization experienced a decline, leading to its eventual collapse Key Features of Harappan Civilization Town Planning: Advanced Town Layout: Harappan cities were designed using a grid-like structure, reflecting highly organized urban planning. Citadel or Acropolis: Harappa and Mohenjodaro featured elevated citadels likely for the ruling elite. Lower Towns: Below the citadels, there were brick houses for common people. Granaries: Large granaries were used to store grains, with the use of burnt bricks, different from the dried bricks used in Egypt. Drainage System: Mohenjodaro had an advanced drainage system, with almost every house having courtyards and bathrooms. Private Wells: In Kalibangan, many homes had private wells. Fortified Settlements: Sites like Dholavira and Lothal in Gujarat were fortified, with sections divided by walls. Agriculture: Highly Productive Villages: Located near floodplains, they produced wheat, barley, peas, sesame, lentils, chickpeas, rai, and mustard. Cotton Production: The Harappans were among the first to grow cotton, called “Sindon” by the Greeks. Animal Husbandry: This practice was widespread, along with crop cultivation. Economy: Trade Significance: Trade was essential, facilitated by seals, a uniform script, and standardized weights and measures. Major Items Traded: Included stone, metal, and shell. Barter System: Used for trade, as no metal currency existed. Navigation and Trade Routes: Navigation was practiced along the Arabian Sea, and a trading colony in northern Afghanistan facilitated Central Asian commerce. Mesopotamian Trade: Engaged in trade with Mesopotamia and long-distance trade in lapis lazuli. Crafts: Bronze Manufacturing: Harappans used copper from Rajasthan (Khetri mines) and tin from Afghanistan. Textile and Weaving: Impressions suggest knowledge of weaving. Key Crafts: Included boat-making, bead-making, seal-making, terracotta, and pottery. Jewelry: Goldsmiths crafted jewelry from gold, silver, and precious stones. Religion: Fertility Worship: Numerous terracotta figurines suggest worship of a fertility goddess. Pashupati Seal: A male deity, Pashupati Mahadeva, is depicted surrounded by animals like elephants, tigers, and buffalo. Animal and Tree Worship: Symbols like the unicorn (possibly a rhinoceros) and humped bull were significant. Possible Reasons for Decline: Invasion Theory: Some scholars propose Indo-European tribes, like the Aryans, invaded and overthrew the civilization, although cultural continuity challenges this idea. Environmental Changes: Earthquakes may have altered rivers, and monsoon pattern shifts could have impacted agriculture, leading to food shortages and eventual decline. -Source: The Hindu PM E-DRIVE Scheme Context: The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) Scheme strategically omits direct subsidies for electric cars. Instead, the government opts to support the electric vehicle sector through fiscal measures, such as reduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) rates on electric cars. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars About FAME-II What is the PM E-DRIVE Scheme? Objective: Promotes electric mobility in India with a financial outlay of Rs 10,900 crore over two years. Replaces FAME II: This scheme has been launched to replace the FAME II initiative. Fiscal Incentives: Supports approximately 25 lakh electric two-wheelers, 3 lakh electric three-wheelers, and 14,000 electric buses through demand-based incentives. Automakers can claim reimbursements for eligible electric vehicle (EV) sales, continuing the provisions of the FAME-II scheme. Exclusion of Electric Cars: Notably, electric cars are excluded from the subsidy. Charging Infrastructure: Provisions for the installation of Electric Vehicle Public Charging Stations (EVPCS) in selected cities and highways. Technology Modernization: Test agencies will be updated to handle new and emerging green mobility technologies. Key Facts About the Promotion of Electric Cars: Impact of Exclusion from Subsidies: Following the exclusion of electric cars from the PM E-DRIVE scheme, electric car sales dropped by 9% between April and August 2024, compared to earlier months when FAME-II was active. Inadequate Charging Infrastructure: India has approximately 25,000 public charging stations for 46 lakh registered EVs. The current ratio of 184 EVs per charging station is higher than in other nations promoting electric mobility. Measures Beyond Subsidies: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: The government provides support for auto components and advanced cell chemistry (ACC) batteries. These PLI schemes help lower production costs by fostering economies of scale, especially within the EV supply chain. Tax Benefits: Electric cars still benefit from a lower Goods and Services Tax (GST) rate of 5%, compared to 28% on hybrid/CNG vehicles and 49% on internal combustion engine vehicles. About FAME-II FAME India is a part of the National Electric Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan. Main thrust of FAME is to encourage electric vehicles by providing subsidies. NEMM intends to allow hybrid and electric vehicles to become the first choice for the purchasers so that these vehicles can replace the conventional vehicles and thus reduce liquid fuel consumption in the country from the automobile sector. The scheme covers Hybrid & Electric technologies like Mild Hybrid, Strong Hybrid, Plug in Hybrid & Battery Electric Vehicles. Monitoring Authority: Department of Heavy Industries, the Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises. Under this scheme, demand incentives will be availed by buyers (end users/consumers) upfront at the point of purchase and the same shall be reimbursed by the manufacturers from Department of Heavy Industries, on a monthly basis. Fame India Scheme has four focus areas: Technology development Demand Creation Pilot Projects Charging Infrastructure -Source: The Hindu India Joins IPEF Agreements on a Clean and Fair Economy Context: India has officially signed onto the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), led by the US and comprising 14 members, aimed at promoting a clean and fair economy. The signing took place during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visit to the US. The agreements under the IPEF focus on enhancing the development, access, and deployment of clean energy and climate-friendly technologies. Additionally, these agreements emphasize strengthening anti-corruption efforts and advancing tax transparency among the member countries, marking a significant step towards sustainable economic collaboration in the Indo-Pacific region. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Overview of IPEF Agreements Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Overview of IPEF Agreements: Significance: India signed groundbreaking agreements focused on promoting the Clean Economy and Fair Economy under the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF). Additionally, an Overarching Agreement was signed to oversee the effective implementation of these agreements. IPEF Clean Economy Agreement (Pillar-III): Objective: Aims to promote cooperation in clean energy and climate technologies to enhance energy security, climate resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Areas of Focus: Technical cooperation, workforce development, capacity building, and collaborative research. Facilitates investment, project financing, and joint ventures, particularly supporting MSMEs and integrating Indian companies into global value chains in the Indo-Pacific region. Initiatives: Joint efforts will be supported through Cooperative Work Programmes, the IPEF Catalytic Capital Fund, and the IPEF Accelerator. IPEF Fair Economy Agreement (Pillar-IV): Objective: Aims to create a more transparent and predictable trade and investment environment by enhancing anti-corruption measures, including preventing bribery and improving tax transparency. Key Actions: Focus on information sharing, facilitating asset recovery, and strengthening cross-border investigations and prosecutions. Supports India’s efforts in combating corruption, money laundering, and terror financing. Collaboration: Partners will work together on Technical Assistance and Capacity Building (TACB) initiatives to improve tax administration efficiency and implement anti-corruption measures. Overarching IPEF Agreement: Oversight Mechanism: Establishes a high-level Ministerial oversight mechanism to monitor the implementation of the various IPEF agreements. Goals: Provides political oversight and ensures long-term stability of the IPEF partnership. Aims to facilitate the effective implementation of agreements under Pillars II-IV, enhancing India’s productive capacity, supply chain integration, and innovation in alignment with the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): Inception: First proposed by US President Joe Biden during the October 2021 East Asia Summit. Aimed at developing an Indo-Pacific economic framework in partnership with countries in the region. Focus Areas: Trade facilitation, digital economy and technology standards, supply chain resiliency, decarbonization, clean energy, infrastructure, and worker standards. No Market Access: It does not include traditional market access commitments, such as tariff reductions. Instead, it functions more as an administrative arrangement. Overview of IPEF: Launch: Officially launched in Tokyo, May 2023 to strengthen economic ties and promote growth, peace, and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific. Non-Traditional Agreement: Unlike traditional trade agreements, the IPEF is structured into different modules or pillars addressing various economic aspects. Four Pillars of IPEF: Pillar I: Fair and Resilient Trade. Pillar II: Supply Chain Resilience. Pillar III: Clean Economy (infrastructure and decarbonization). Pillar IV: Fair Economy (tax and anti-corruption). Participation: Countries are required to sign up for all the components within a pillar but are not obliged to participate in every module. IPEF Members: Total Members: 14 countries, including Australia, Brunei, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States. Significance of IPEF: Economic Impact: The IPEF bloc represents approximately 40% of global GDP and 28% of the world’s trade in goods and services. Geopolitical Strategy: Viewed as a US-backed strategy to counter China’s economic influence in the Indo-Pacific region. India’s Involvement in IPEF: India’s Participation: In September 2022, India joined three of the four pillars: Supply Chain, Clean Economy, and Fair Economy. Exclusion from Trade Pillar: India opted out of the Trade Pillar but maintains observer status during negotiations in this area. -Source: The Hindu, PIB Quality Assurance from AR Dairy Amid Tirupati Laddu Controversy Context: Amid a growing controversy over the quality of the Tirupati Laddu, AR Dairy, the supplier of ghee to the renowned Lord Balaji temple, has come forward to defend the integrity of its products. The company recently announced that samples of their ghee have been officially cleared by relevant authorities, affirming their commitment to maintaining high-quality standards. This statement aims to reassure devotees and consumers about the purity and safety of the offerings used in one of the most famous religious treats in India. Relevance: GS I: History About Tirupati Balaji Temple: Location: The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, commonly known as Tirupati Balaji Temple, is a Hindu temple situated in Tirumala, near Tirupati in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Elevation: The temple is located at an altitude of 853 meters on Venkata Hill, one of the seven hills (Saptagiri) of the Tirumala Hills. Deity: The temple is dedicated to Lord Sri Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu. Scriptural Mentions: The temple is mentioned in several holy scriptures, including the Garuda Purana, Brahma Purana, and others. Historical Background: Pallava Dynasty: The temple’s origins trace back to the Pallava dynasty during the 9th century, which played a significant role in the region. Chola Dynasty: The Chola dynasty further developed and supported the temple. Vijayanagara Empire: During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, the temple received generous contributions, establishing it as a significant religious center in South India. Revival by Ramanuja: In the 12th century, the renowned saint Ramanuja revitalized the temple’s rituals and traditions, leaving a lasting impact. Religious and Cultural Significance: Richest Temple: It is one of the richest temples globally in terms of wealth and donations. Devotional Practices: A notable practice at the temple is the donation of hair by devotees, along with offerings of riches to seek divine blessings. Tirupati Laddu: The famous Tirupati Laddu, distributed as prasad, holds a Geographical Indication (GI) tag. Architecture: Dravidian Architecture: The temple is built in Dravidian architectural style, with construction dating back to 300 AD. Entrances: The temple has three entrances leading to the sanctum sanctorum, with the first entrance called Mahadwaram. Gopuram: The temple’s gopuram (gateway) stands at a height of 50 feet, situated in front of the entrance. Circumambulation Paths: The temple features two parikrama (circumambulation) paths. Main Shrine: The central shrine has a gold-plated tower known as Ananda Nilayam, and the deity is housed inside the tower. Sculptures and Courtyards: The temple’s courtyards, pillars, and halls are decorated with intricate sculptures, reflecting the spiritual essence of Hinduism. -Source: The Hindu Koodiyattom Context: Cholliyattom is an informal platform for the younger generation of Koodiyattom artists in Kerala following different styles to collaborate and to keep alive various Koodiyattom traditions and styles. Relevance: GS I: Culture About Koodiyattom: Koodiyattom is one of the oldest traditional theatre forms from Kerala, rooted in Sanskrit theatre traditions. Etymology: The prefix “kuti” in Malayalam means “combined” or “together,” while “attam” means “acting.” Thus, “Koodiyattom” translates to “combined acting”. Key Characters: Chakyaar (actor), Naambiyaar (instrumentalists), and Naangyaar, who perform female roles. Theatrical Language: The art form uses a highly stylized and codified language, with key features being neta abhinaya (expressions through the eyes) and hasta abhinaya (gestural language). Pakarnattam: A unique aspect of Koodiyattom where actors portray both male and female roles, switching between genders and multiple characters simultaneously—considered a challenging and skilled performance. Temple Theatres (Kuttambalams): These are permanent theatre structures found in major temples of Kerala, where performances are traditionally held. Performance Style: Koodiyattom treats individual acts from Sanskrit plays as full-fledged performances rather than staging the entire play. UNESCO Recognition: It was designated as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2001. -Source: The Hindu Project 200 Context: Bengaluru-based space startup Bellatrix Aerospace recently unveiled Project 200 on the inaugural day of the Bengaluru Space Expo 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims About Project 200: Innovative Satellite: Designed to function in an Ultra-Low Earth Orbit (180 km – 250 km). Developed by: Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology startup. Traditional Satellite Altitudes: Satellites have typically been deployed at altitudes above 450 km, primarily to avoid atmospheric interference. Challenges at Lower Orbits: While a satellite’s performance improves at lower altitudes like 200 km, limitations in propulsion technology have previously prevented satellites from sustaining such orbits. Technology Demonstration: Project 200 is a mission to demonstrate a new satellite powered by an innovative propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace. This propulsion system allows the satellite to maintain a 200 km orbit for years, as opposed to deorbiting within days. Enhanced Capabilities: At 200 km, satellites experience significantly lower communication latency (reduced by half) and better image resolution (improved by three times). Cost-Effectiveness: Satellites operating at this lower altitude also have a lower cost compared to those placed in 450 km orbits. -Source: The Hindu Greater One-Horned Rhino Context: Kaziranga and other protected habitats of the one-horned rhinoceros in Assam recorded an 86% drop in poaching of the herbivore since 2016, Chief Minister said recently. Relevance: GS III: Species in News About the Greater One-Horned Rhino: Common Name: Also known as the Indian rhinoceros, it is the largest of the three Asian rhino species and one of the largest rhino species worldwide, alongside the African white rhinos. Scientific Name: Rhinoceros unicornis Distribution: Found in India and Nepal, particularly in the Himalayan foothills. Historically, they roamed freely in the floodplains and forests near the Brahmaputra, Ganges, and Indus River valleys. The Kaziranga National Park in Assam, India, holds the largest population with 2,401 rhinos. Habitat: Semi-Aquatic: They often reside in swamps, forests, riversides, and areas near mineral licks that are rich in nutrients. Physical Features: The largest of the Asian rhinos, male Indian rhinos weigh about 2,200 kg (approx. 4,840 pounds), with a height ranging from 170 to 186 cm (67 to 73 inches) and a length of 368 to 380 cm (145 to 150 inches). Distinguished by a single black horn that measures between 8-25 inches, and a grey-brown skin with folds that give it an armor-plated appearance. Solitary Nature: They are generally solitary animals, except for females with calves. Males maintain loosely defended territories. Diet: Primarily grazers, they consume grasses, but also eat leaves, branches, fruit, and aquatic plants. Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: The species is classified as Vulnerable. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 September 2024

CONTENTS FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Food Import Rejection Alert Portal  FATF Releases Mutual Evaluation Report on India Context: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recently published its Mutual Evaluation Report on India, recognizing the country’s substantial progress in combating illicit finance and strengthening its financial system. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Key Highlights: Partial Compliance: India was found partially compliant in three areas. Non-Profit Organisations (NPOs): Vulnerabilities related to NPOs registered as charitable organizations and benefiting from tax exemptions. These could potentially be used for terror funding. Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs): The report highlights ambiguities regarding the source of wealth, funds, and beneficial ownership for domestic PEPs. Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs): There are gaps in regulation and supervision, especially regarding money laundering and terror financing. Illegal Activities: The primary sources of money laundering risks include fraud, cyber fraud, corruption, and drug trafficking. Precious Metals and Stones (PMS): Used for moving large amounts of funds without ownership trace, contributing to vulnerabilities. Terrorism Threats: Significant risks are posed by ISIL, Al-Qaeda, and regional insurgencies. Recommendations: Expediting Money Laundering Trials: The report suggests expediting trials and improving the handling of crimes like human trafficking and drug-related offences. Improving the Freezing of Funds: Enhancements in the framework are needed to ensure timely freezing of funds and assets. Domestic PEPs: India needs to define domestic PEPs under its anti-money laundering laws and implement risk-based enhanced measures. Financial Action Task Force (FATF) The Financial Action Task Force (on Money Laundering) (FATF) is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering. In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing. FATF is a “policy-making body” that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about national legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. FATF monitors progress in implementing its Recommendations through “peer reviews” (“mutual evaluations”) of member countries. Since 2000, FATF has maintained the FATF blacklist (formally called the “Call for action”) and the FATF greylist (formally called the “Other monitored jurisdictions”). The objectives of FATF are to set standards and promote effective implementation of legal, regulatory and operational measures for combating money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the integrity of the international financial system. FATF Greylists FATF greylist is officially referred to as Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring. FATF grey list represent a much higher risk of money laundering and terrorism financing but have formally committed to working with the FATF to develop action plans that will address their AML/CFT deficiencies. The countries on the grey list are subject to increased monitoring by the FATF, which either assesses them directly or uses FATF-style regional bodies (FSRBs) to report on the progress they are making towards their AML/CFT goals. While grey-list classification is not as negative as the blacklist, countries on the list may still face economic sanctions from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank and experience adverse effects on trade. Unlike the next level “blacklist”, greylisting carries no legal sanctions, but it attracts economic strictures and restricts a country’s access to international loans FATF Blacklists FATF Blacklists is Officially known as High-Risk Jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action. FATF blacklist sets out the countries that are considered deficient in their anti-money laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regulatory regimes. The list is intended to serve not only as a way of negatively highlighting these countries on the world stage, but as a warning of the high money laundering and terror financing risk that they present. It is extremely likely that blacklisted countries will be subject to economic sanctions and other prohibitive measures by FATF member states and other international organizations. Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Context: Recently, the Food Import Rejection Alerts (FIRA)- portal was launched during the second edition of the Global Food Regulators Summit 2024 hosted by FSSAI at Bharat Mandapam. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Food Import Rejection Alert Portal Purpose: An online portal for notifying food import rejections at Indian borders. Developer: Created by the Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Objective: To inform the public and relevant food safety authorities about rejected food imports. Key Features Information Exchange: Facilitates rapid communication among global authorities regarding food safety and health risks from rejected food. Preventive Actions: Enables food authorities to take immediate action to prevent and control risks before they cause harm. Interactive Interface: Offers an online platform for quick information dissemination, enhancing traceability and transparency. Database Functionality: Acts as a valuable resource for tracking rejected food products and strengthening risk management systems. Food Safety Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Background Establishment: An autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, established by the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. Purpose: Consolidates food safety regulations in India. Mission Standards Setting: Establish globally benchmarked food safety standards. Compliance Promotion: Encourage food businesses to adhere to these standards and adopt good manufacturing and hygiene practices. Public Health: Enable citizens to access safe and healthy food. Functions Public Health Protection: Regulates and supervises food safety to protect and promote public health. Standards and Guidelines: Lays down standards for food articles and provides licensing, registration, and accreditation for food business operators. Licensing Requirement: All food sellers and importers in India must obtain a food license from FSSAI. Import Controls: FSSAI officers oversee food import controls to ensure safety and compliance, including the accreditation of food testing laboratories across India.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 September 2024

Contents: Quad’s Light Touch In Our Defenece India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Quad’s Light Touch Context: The Quad (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue) comprising India, the US, Japan, and Australia recently held its latest summit, where leaders discussed a variety of issues, from cybersecurity cooperation to port development in the Indo-Pacific region. Despite its increasing activity, the Quad has managed to avoid being labelled as an “Asian NATO,” focusing on public goods rather than overt military alliances. The summit reinforced the Quad’s role as a key player in regional cooperation without directly targeting any nation, particularly China. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Quad in the context of Indo-Pacific security and regional cooperation. How has the Quad avoided being branded as an “Asian NATO”? Quad’s Strategic Role in the Indo-Pacific: The Quad is a platform for strategic dialogue between India, Japan, Australia, and the United States aimed at ensuring a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. The grouping focuses on fostering regional cooperation on non-military issues, such as climate change, cybersecurity, maritime infrastructure, and technology. The recent summit, hosted in Wilmington, Delaware, saw agreements ranging from the creation of an Indo-Pacific logistics network to advancements in biotechnology and quantum computing. These initiatives emphasize the Quad’s role in providing public goods rather than engaging in military alliances. Avoiding the “Asian NATO” Label: Despite the Quad’s growing influence, it has taken care to avoid being perceived as a military alliance akin to NATO. This strategy is crucial in maintaining the ASEAN region’s trust, as many ASEAN countries have historically been wary of any US-led security alliances directed against China. By focusing on non-military initiatives, the Quad has cultivated a cooperative relationship with ASEAN, positioning itself as a non-threatening entity that is concerned with regional development and cooperation rather than militarization. Challenges and China’s Influence: Although the Quad insists that it is not directed at China, its growing emphasis on Indo-Pacific security has undoubtedly been influenced by China’s assertive behavior in the region, particularly in the South China Sea. The US, through its parallel initiatives such as AUKUS (Australia-UK-US alliance), continues to maintain military deterrence in the region. For India, which remains the only “non-ally” of the US in the Quad, balancing its non-alignment policy while participating in the Quad’s security-focused discussions is delicate. India’s involvement is seen as part of its broader efforts to secure its maritime interests in the Indo-Pacific without overtly provoking China. Diplomatic Openings and Global Cooperation: As the Quad expands its agenda beyond the Indo-Pacific, its leaders also emphasized the importance of engaging diplomatically with China. At the Wilmington summit, President Biden signaled his intention to meet Chinese President Xi Jinping to ensure that diplomatic channels remain open despite growing tensions in the region. The Quad’s engagements continue to expand through other global platforms like G20, BRICS, and the East Asia Summit, ensuring that its cooperative agenda is seen as inclusive rather than exclusive to military concerns. Additional Data: Quad Summit: Held six times in the past four years, signaling increased cooperation. Indo-Pacific Initiatives: Covering areas from cybersecurity to quantum computing. Conclusion: The Quad has carefully balanced its light-touch diplomacy with strategic goals in the Indo-Pacific, avoiding the label of an “Asian NATO” while reinforcing regional cooperation. By focusing on public goods, cybersecurity, and infrastructure, the Quad has emerged as a key player in fostering stability and development in the Indo-Pacific. However, as China’s presence in the region continues to grow, the Quad will need to maintain its diplomatic focus while navigating geopolitical challenges. In Our Defence Context: India’s Defence Minister Rajnath Singh recently chaired the Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC), which brought together senior military commanders to discuss matters of national security and military readiness. This conference highlights the need for continuous reforms and modernization in the Indian military to meet evolving global and regional challenges. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper III (Security and Defence) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Joint Commanders’ Conference in shaping India’s military strategy. How does a comprehensive review of the military help in ensuring national security? The Joint Commanders’ Conference (JCC): The JCC serves as a critical forum for India’s top military leaders to engage in discussions about national security, military reforms, and operational readiness. The recent JCC, chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, underscores India’s commitment to remaining prepared for conflict to maintain peace. The conference structure has evolved since 2014, with a visible degree of political coherence under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Earlier, the conference was held as a single session, but now it has been transformed into a more elaborate forum addressing strategic and global issues. Key Defence Reforms Since 2014: Several major reforms have been undertaken in the last decade, notably the appointment of a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The creation of the CDS position has improved inter-service coordination, but it has also raised questions about the precedent of appointing a retired three-star officer to a four-star position. Other critical initiatives include the restructuring of defence PSUs (Public Sector Undertakings), the implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme, and efforts to modernize military equipment through private-sector engagement. Comprehensive Military Review and Modernization Needs: The last major review of India’s military occurred in 2018 when the Standing Committee on Defence reported that a third of India’s equipment fell into the vintage category, another third was categorized as current, and only 33% was state-of-the-art. This review highlighted the urgent need for modernization, particularly in light of India’s ageing military equipment. The Indian Air Force (IAF), for instance, is operating with only 42 fighter squadrons, a number that is expected to decline further to 32. Similarly, the Indian Navy faces a shortage of platforms, and its fleet of aircraft carriers is aging. Challenges in Defence Modernization: Modernizing the Indian military faces several financial and logistical challenges. The Standing Committee on Defence emphasized that India’s defence budget, though increasing, has not kept pace with the needs of military modernization. Additionally, the capital expenditure on defence has remained low in comparison to the US and other advanced militaries. The defence manufacturing sector in India has been undergoing reforms to encourage private sector participation. However, more needs to be done to strengthen India’s military-industrial complex to meet both domestic needs and export potential. Looking Ahead: Policy and Strategy: Going forward, India’s military strategy needs to address the evolving nature of threats from China, Pakistan, and other regional actors. The focus should remain on modernizing military capabilities, particularly in cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, and space warfare. The next JCC and other military forums will be critical in shaping India’s response to these challenges, ensuring that the country is not only ready to defend its borders but also capable of projecting power in the region. Additional Data: Military Equipment: 33% vintage, 33% current, 33% state-of-the-art (as per the 2018 Standing Committee on Defence). Air Force Squadrons: The IAF currently operates with 42 squadrons, which could drop to 32 due to aging aircraft. Conclusion: The Joint Commanders’ Conference is a key step in ensuring that India’s military remains prepared for future conflicts and challenges. By conducting regular comprehensive reviews of military capabilities, the Indian armed forces can modernize and reform to meet the demands of national security in an evolving geopolitical landscape. However, this will require continued investments in equipment modernization, personnel training, and defence reforms. India Needs a ‘National Security Strategy’ for Comprehensive Defence Context: India’s rising geopolitical challenges and economic aspirations necessitate a National Security Strategy (NSS) that balances security with developmental goals. With regional tensions growing and new global alignments forming, it is essential for India to clearly articulate its priorities regarding defence, economy, and strategic partnerships. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Internal Security) Mains Question: Why does India need a National Security Strategy (NSS)? Discuss the elements that should be included to ensure comprehensive national security. The Need for a National Security Strategy: Evolving Geopolitical Landscape: With the emergence of new conflicts in regions like Ukraine and Gaza, and growing tensions with neighbours such as China and Pakistan, India faces increasing external and internal threats. The NSS would guide the nation’s defence policies, international alliances, and resource allocation. Economic Aspirations: India’s goal of becoming a $4 trillion economy also calls for a stronger defence framework to protect its assets and resources. Economic stability is tied closely to national security, as a strong economy underpins sovereignty in international affairs. Interpreting ‘National Security’ for India: Global Examples: Different nations define national security according to their specific needs. For example, the United States frames it around defending “values” and global leadership, while France focuses on European unity and global interests. For India, the term should encompass not just defence from external threats, but also economic stability, technological advancements, energy security, and cybersecurity. Components of India’s National Security Strategy: Defence Modernization: India’s current defence equipment is outdated, with one-third of its military assets in the vintage category. The NSS should prioritize modernizing military capabilities to meet future threats. Multi-Alignment Policy: India is increasingly positioning itself as a multi-aligned player in global politics, engaging with entities like BRICS, QUAD, and Russia while maintaining strong ties with the West. An NSS will need to incorporate this complex balancing act, ensuring that India maintains strategic autonomy without over-relying on any single power bloc. Public-Private Partnerships: The strategy should promote defence-industry partnerships and encourage the private sector to participate in developing cutting-edge defence technology. This aligns with Make in India goals for defence manufacturing. Challenges in Formulating the Strategy: Budgetary Constraints: Developing a coherent strategy requires resources, and India’s defence budget allocation is often criticized for being insufficient, particularly in relation to the nation’s geopolitical ambitions. Transparency in Objectives: A well-crafted NSS must balance transparency and top-secret operations. For example, while Pakistan’s defence budget is notoriously opaque, India needs to maintain a degree of clarity to avoid ambiguity in defence allocations and objectives. Coordination Across Ministries: The development of an NSS will require collaboration between various ministries, from Defence to Health, ensuring a comprehensive approach that integrates economic stability, national resilience, and military preparedness. The Path Forward: A Comprehensive Review: A National Security Advisor should oversee the formulation of an NSS, providing direction to various ministries. This strategy would encompass internal threats (terrorism, insurgencies) as well as external challenges (border security, maritime security). Moreover, the strategy must address non-traditional security threats such as climate change, energy security, and cyber warfare. Integrating these elements will ensure that India’s NSS is well-rounded and future-proof. Conclusion: India’s National Security Strategy is no longer a luxury, but a necessity in a world marked by shifting alliances, economic competition, and evolving threats. A comprehensive NSS will align India’s defence priorities with its economic and geopolitical ambitions, ensuring that the country remains secure and poised for growth in the decades to come. Additional Data: Global Strategy Examples: The US NSS emphasizes values and leadership, while France focuses on European unity and defence. India’s Military Equipment: As per reports, one-third of India’s military equipment is in the vintage category, highlighting the need for modernization.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Goods Exports Lose Momentum Amid Rising Trade Deficit Explosions in Lebanon Linked to Modified Devices Used by Hezbollah Government Announces “White Revolution 2.0” to Boost Dairy Sector Sixth Quad Leaders Summit Green Climate Fund Global Cybersecurity Index Advocate-on-Record  Indian Goods Exports Lose Momentum Amid Rising Trade Deficit Context: Following a strong start in the first quarter of 2024-25, India’s goods exports have experienced a slowdown, with a 1.5% decline in July reaching an eight-month low, and a further 9.3% contraction in August. This decline coincided with a record import bill of $64.4 billion in August, resulting in a merchandise trade deficit of $29.7 billion, the second highest after October 2023’s record gap of $29.9 billion. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: Factors Behind the Widening Trade Deficit Risks Associated with Widening Trade Deficits Challenges Ahead Factors Behind the Widening Trade Deficit Overview of Trade Deficit Growth Recent Trends: Exports have decreased over the past two months. Imports rose by 7.5% in July and 3.3% in August. Resulted in a trade deficit reaching a nine-month high of $23.5 billion in July. The deficit further widened by approximately $6.2 billion in August. Export Performance Sector Growth: 18 out of 30 major segments saw growth in exports in July. 19 segments showed growth in August. Notable Declines: Key sectors like petroleum and gems and jewellery faced significant downturns. Oil exports fell by 22.2% in July and 37.6% in August. Jewellery exports dropped over 20% in both months. Slowing Growth in Other Sectors: Notable slowdowns in drugs, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. Declines in certain segments like stone, plaster, cement, and iron ore due to a slowing Chinese economy. Oil Import Trends Impact of Oil Prices: Despite a $6 decrease in oil prices per barrel in August, India’s oil import bill decreased nearly one-third to $11 billion. This brought the petroleum deficit to its lowest in three years. Contributions to Trade Deficit Key Contributors: The rise in the merchandise trade deficit was primarily due to declines in gems and jewellery exports, with minor contributions from miscellaneous and electronic items. Gems and Jewellery Exports: Exports fell below $2 billion. Gold imports surged to a record $10.1 billion in August, more than doubling from previous months. This surge contrasts with a 10.7% decrease in gold imports in July. Reasons for Increased Gold Imports Factors Influencing Gold Imports: Reduction of gold import duty from 15% to 6%, as per the Budget announcement. Recent rise in gold prices. Domestic jewellery manufacturers stocking up for the festive season. Future Outlook Expectations: Economists anticipate that the full effects of the duty cuts on gold and other items will continue to impact the import bill in the coming months. Risks Associated with Widening Trade Deficits Current Economic Outlook No Immediate Risk: Commerce Secretary Sunil Barthwal reassures that the trade deficit poses no significant risk to the economy. India’s growth rate exceeds that of the global economy, leading to higher demand for imports than the world’s demand for Indian exports. Barthwal asserts that for a developing economy with high growth, the trade deficit should not be a concern, provided there are no foreign exchange issues. Foreign Capital and Reserves Positive Capital Inflows: Foreign capital inflows have remained positive in recent months. Foreign Exchange Reserves: As of August 2, India’s foreign exchange reserves reached a record $675 billion. The Finance Ministry notes this is sufficient to cover 11.6 months of imports. Coverage may decrease if imports exceed $60 billion in the near future. Growth in Services Exports: Services exports are estimated to have increased by over 10% from April to August, providing some reassurance. Global Trade Environment Expected Growth: Global trade is projected to grow faster in 2024 compared to 2023, though current demand is weak in developed markets. Geopolitical Risks: Ongoing geopolitical tensions and conflicts, along with the upcoming U.S. elections and tariff hikes on Chinese goods, complicate the trade landscape. China’s declining demand for imports may lead to increased dumping of goods in non-U.S. markets at lower prices. Oil Prices and Exports: Low oil prices, driven by global demand pressures, may negatively impact India’s oil export prospects. Challenges Ahead Long-Term Export Goals: The Indian government aims to increase services and goods exports to $1 trillion each by 2030. Hurdles to Growth: Chief Economic Adviser V. Anantha Nageswaran highlights challenges such as: Slowing global economy. Increased tariffs and non-tariff barriers. Adoption of “active industrial policies” by various countries post-pandemic. New trade regulations, including the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Deforestation Rules. Outlook: While there may be opportunities to boost exports in the next year or two, the overall forecast for trade growth remains challenging. -Source: The Hindu Explosions in Lebanon Linked to Modified Devices Used by Hezbollah Context: Recent explosions in Lebanon, involving hand-held radios such as walkie-talkies and pagers used by Hezbollah, resulted in several fatalities and hundreds of injuries across multiple locations. The devices were covertly modified with Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) to avoid detection via cell phones. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Walkie-Talkies Pagers Hezbollah Lebanon Walkie-Talkies: Definition: Handheld, two-way radio devices that allow for voice communication over radio waves. They consist of a transmitter-receiver unit, a microphone, a speaker, and a push-to-talk button. History: First used by the military in the 1930s. Invented by Don Hings in 1937, initially for pilots, and were known as wireless sets, pack sets, and two-way field radios. How They Work: Operate on specific frequency bands. Users press the push-to-talk button to transmit their voice, which is converted into radio waves. The receiving walkie-talkie picks up these waves and converts them back into sound. Applications: Extensively used in emergency services, security, military operations, and industries like construction and hospitality. Valuable in areas with poor mobile network reception due to their independence from cellular networks. Modern Features: Modern walkie-talkies include features like flashlights, hands-free technology, SOS signals, and weather alerts. Common Issues: Coverage can be lost due to battery depletion. Background noise and static during transmission. Privacy concerns as transmissions can sometimes be intercepted. Pagers: Definition: Also known as beepers, pagers are wireless devices that receive and display messages. They are particularly reliable in areas with weak cellular signals. History and Usage: Widely used in the 1980s and still relied upon in specific fields like healthcare and emergency services. How They Work: Operate using radio signals transmitted by towers. Can penetrate areas where cellular signals are weak, making them reliable for critical communication. Types of Pagers: One-way Pagers: Receive messages but cannot send replies. They alert users through beeps or vibrations. Two-way Pagers: Allow sending and receiving messages but have fewer functions compared to smartphones. Applications in Covert Operations: No GPS or Internet Connectivity: This reduces the risk of location tracking. Difficult to Monitor: Radio frequencies are harder to monitor than cellular or internet-based communications. Modified Uses: Pagers can be used to trigger remote signals or alerts discreetly. Use in RCIEDs: Pagers and other electronics have been modified for use in Radio Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices (RCIEDs), making them effective in covert operations. Comparison: Walkie-Talkies: Ideal for real-time two-way voice communication, especially in environments where direct and immediate conversation is necessary. Pagers: Best for receiving text-based alerts or messages, especially in low-signal environments and when real-time conversation is not required. Hezbollah: Definition: Hezbollah, meaning “Party of God,” is a Shia militia and political party based in Lebanon. It is considered one of the most heavily armed non-state actors in the world. Formation and Background: It emerged during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) in response to Israeli invasions of southern Lebanon in 1978 and 1982. Inspired by Iran’s 1979 Islamic revolution, Hezbollah has received significant support from Iran, particularly the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Designation as a Terrorist Organization: The United States, Israel, and several other countries have designated Hezbollah as a terrorist organization due to its militant activities, involvement in attacks, and its role in regional conflicts. Lebanon: Location: Lebanon is a country in the Levant region of West Asia, situated along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Borders: It is bordered by Syria to the north and east, Israel to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. The island of Cyprus lies to the west, across the Mediterranean. Capital: The capital and largest city is Beirut. -Source: Hindustan Times Government Announces “White Revolution 2.0” to Boost Dairy Sector Context: Building on the success of Operation Flood, which initiated the White Revolution in 1970 and transformed India’s dairy sector, the government has announced plans for “White Revolution 2.0” to further enhance the sector’s growth and productivity. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: White Revolution 2.0: Key Objectives and Initiatives Status of Dairy Cooperatives in India Milk Scenario in India: Overview and Key Insights Challenges and Future Prospects Conclusion White Revolution 2.0: Key Objectives and Initiatives Boosting Milk Procurement: The initiative aims to increase milk procurement by dairy cooperatives from 660 lakh kg per day in 2023-24 to 1,007 lakh kg per day by 2028-29. This represents a 50% increase over the next five years, enhancing market access for dairy farmers and generating employment opportunities, especially empowering women in rural areas. Expanding Cooperative Reach: Focuses on expanding the reach of dairy cooperatives to new, uncovered areas, thus increasing their share in the organized dairy sector. This will build on the legacy of Operation Flood, which revolutionized milk production and distribution in India. Establishing New Dairy Cooperative Societies (DCSs): The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) plans to establish 56,000 new multipurpose DCSs over the next five years and strengthen 46,000 existing ones. Key states identified for new DCSs include Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Andhra Pradesh. These societies will be equipped with advanced milk procurement and testing infrastructure to ensure quality and efficiency. Funding and Support: The National Programme for Dairy Development (NPDD) 2.0 will provide the majority of the funding for White Revolution 2.0. Financial aid will be provided for setting up milk procurement systems, chilling facilities, and capacity-building programs at the village level. An additional grant of Rs 40,000 will be provided to 1,000 Multipurpose Primary Agricultural Credit Cooperative Societies (MPACSs) to support the infrastructure of dairy cooperatives. Pilot Project Success: In February 2023, NDDB launched a Rs 3.8 crore pilot project to establish dairy cooperatives in uncovered gram panchayats in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka. As a result, 79 new DCSs were set up, now procuring 15,000 liters of milk daily from around 2,500 farmers. Status of Dairy Cooperatives in India: Current Coverage: Dairy cooperatives currently cover around 70% of India’s districts, with approximately 1.7 lakh cooperative societies operating in 2 lakh villages. This accounts for 30% of the total villages in the country. Contribution to Milk Procurement: These cooperative societies procure about 10% of the country’s total milk production and 16% of the marketable surplus. Regional Disparities: States like Gujarat, Kerala, and Sikkim have higher coverage of dairy cooperatives. In contrast, states such as West Bengal and regions like the Northeast have less than 10% coverage, indicating significant regional disparities. The government aims to bridge these gaps by expanding the dairy cooperative networks across all regions in India. Impact and Future Goals: Market Empowerment: White Revolution 2.0 aims to provide better market access and support to dairy farmers in less covered and uncovered areas, boosting their income and ensuring better price realization for their produce. Employment and Women’s Empowerment: The initiative is expected to generate substantial employment opportunities in rural areas and empower women by providing them with a reliable source of income. Dairy Sector Growth: By increasing the share of dairy cooperatives in the organized sector, White Revolution 2.0 aims to ensure a more structured and efficient dairy supply chain, contributing to the overall growth of India’s dairy industry. Milk Scenario in India: Overview and Key Insights Global Leadership in Milk Production: India is the world’s largest milk producer, achieving a production volume of 230.58 million tonnes during the 2022-23 period. There has been a notable increase in milk production, rising from 187.75 million tonnes in 2018-19 to 230.58 million tonnes in 2022-23. Despite this growth, the annual growth rate of production has declined, falling from 6.47% to 3.83% over the same period. Marketable Surplus and Consumption: Approximately 63% of the total milk production reaches the market for sale, while the remaining portion is retained by producers for self-consumption. Of the milk entering the market, about two-thirds are handled by the unorganized sector, indicating a significant role of small-scale vendors and local markets. Organized Sector and Cooperatives: In the organized sector, dairy cooperatives hold a significant share, contributing to structured marketing and distribution networks. Efforts like the White Revolution 2.0 aim to increase the participation of dairy cooperatives, especially in underserved regions. Average Yield of Dairy Animals: The average milk yield for exotic/crossbred animals stands at 8.55 kg per animal per day, while for indigenous/nondescript animals, it is only 3.44 kg per animal per day. There are significant regional disparities, with yields as high as 13.49 kg per animal per day in Punjab for exotic/crossbreed animals, compared to just 6.30 kg per animal per day in West Bengal. Per Capita Milk Availability: The national per capita availability of milk in India is 459 grams per day, which is notably higher than the global average of 323 grams per day. However, this availability varies significantly across states, ranging from 329 grams per day in Maharashtra to 1,283 grams per day in Punjab. Leading Milk Producing States: The top five milk-producing states in India are: Uttar Pradesh (15.72%) Rajasthan (14.44%) Madhya Pradesh (8.73%) Gujarat (7.49%) Andhra Pradesh (6.70%) Together, these states contribute over 53% of the country’s total milk production. Economic Contribution of the Dairy Sector: The milk group, which includes milk consumed or sold in liquid form, ghee, butter, and lassi produced by households, accounted for almost 40% (Rs 11.16 lakh crore) of the total value of output from the agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing sector in 2022-23. This contribution is significantly higher than that of cereals, highlighting the economic importance of the dairy sector. Livelihood and Employment: The dairy sector is a major source of livelihood in India, providing direct or indirect employment to more than 8.5 crore people. A significant proportion of those involved in dairy activities are women, emphasizing the sector’s role in rural women’s economic empowerment. Challenges and Future Prospects: Addressing Regional Disparities: Efforts like White Revolution 2.0 aim to bridge the gaps in dairy cooperative coverage, particularly in underserved regions like West Bengal and the Northeast. Improving Yield and Productivity: Enhancing the yield of dairy animals through better breeding, feed, and healthcare practices is essential for sustaining growth in milk production. Organized Sector Expansion: Increasing the share of the organized sector, especially through cooperatives, will help in ensuring better price realization for farmers and quality assurance for consumers. Conclusion: The Indian dairy sector has made significant strides in becoming the world leader in milk production. However, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as improving productivity, reducing regional disparities, and expanding the organized sector’s reach. Initiatives like White Revolution 2.0 aim to tackle these issues and ensure sustainable growth and development of the dairy industry in India. -Source: The Hindu, Indian Express Sixth Quad Leaders Summit Context: PM Modi participated in the sixth Quad Leaders’ Summit in Wilmington, Delaware (USA). This year’s summit was hosted by US. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Outcomes of Quad Summit 2024: About QUAD Key Outcomes of Quad Summit 2024: Quad Wilmington Declaration: Adopted to advance the Quad agenda, outlining the group’s strategic direction and collaborative initiatives. Quad Cancer Moonshot Initiative: Objective: Aims to reduce the burden of cancer in the Indo-Pacific region, focusing initially on cervical cancer. Approach: Builds on prior collaboration in COVID-19 efforts, leveraging investments, scientific expertise, and contributions from the private and non-profit sectors. Future Scope: The initiative aims to address other forms of cancer over time. Maritime Initiative for Training in the Indo-Pacific (MAITRI): Purpose: Supports regional partners in effectively utilizing tools from the Indo-Pacific Maritime Domain Awareness (IPMDA) and other Quad initiatives. Components: Enhances maritime monitoring, security, law enforcement, and deters illegal activities in regional waters. India to host the inaugural MAITRI workshop in 2025. Introduction of a maritime legal dialogue to uphold a rules-based maritime order in the Indo-Pacific. Upgrades to IPMDA capabilities with new technology and data over the next year. Quad-at-Sea Ship Observer Mission: Launch: First-ever mission planned for 2025. Participants: US, Japan, Australia, and Indian Coast Guards. Goal: Enhance maritime safety and interoperability among Quad nations. Quad Indo-Pacific Logistics Network Pilot Project: Function: Share airlift capacity and leverage collective logistics strengths. Benefit: Enables faster and more efficient civilian responses to natural disasters across the Indo-Pacific. Sustainable Port Infrastructure Development: Focus: Support sustainable and resilient port infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific. Objective: Utilize Quad’s expertise for infrastructure support. Semiconductor Supply Chains Contingency Network Memorandum of Cooperation: Aim: Enhance the resilience of Quad’s semiconductor supply chains, ensuring stability and security in technology supply. Other Announcements: Energy Efficiency: Collective effort to boost energy efficiency, including the deployment and manufacturing of high-efficiency affordable cooling systems in the Indo-Pacific. Space-Based Web Portal: India to establish a space-based web portal for Mauritius, supporting open science for monitoring extreme weather events and climate impact. Quad STEM Fellowship: New sub-category under the Quad STEM Fellowship for students from the Indo-Pacific to pursue a 4-year bachelor’s engineering program at a Government of India-funded technical institute. Future Summits: Quad Leaders’ Summit 2025: India will host the next Quad Leaders’ Summit in 2025, continuing the dialogue and collaboration among Quad nations. About QUAD The Quad is an informal strategic forum comprising four nations, namely –India, United States of America, Australia and Japan. One of the primary objectives of the Quad is, to work for a free, open, prosperous and inclusive Indo-Pacific region. The group for the first time met in 2007 on the side lines of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is considered an alliance of maritime democracies. The forum is maintained through meetings, semi-regular summits, information exchanges, and military drills of all the member countries. The motive behind the Quad is, to keep the strategic sea routes in the Indo-Pacific, free of any military or political influence. The core objective of the Quad is, to secure a rules-based global order, freedom of navigation and, a liberal trading system. The coalition also aims to offer, alternative debt financing for nations in the Indo-Pacific region. Purpose of Quad: Recently the U.S. has clarified that Quad is not a security or military partnership. Its purpose is to advance cooperation on key priorities in specific sectors that is consistent with international law It promotes shared values of its members and underpins peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. A U.S. State Department spokesperson said that “We work to support the rule of law, freedom of navigation and overflight, peaceful resolution of disputes, democratic values, and territorial integrity through open dialogue and information sharing on a diverse set of issue areas, including Maritime Security”. Significance of Quad: Quad is becoming a powerful mechanism and its significance is given below: Helping to vaccinate a big part of the world and getting a lot of vaccines out there, Strengthening maritime security to push back against aggression and coercion in the Indo-Pacific region, Working together on emerging technologies and making sure that they can be used in positive ways and an increasingly broad and deep agenda. It also supports many activities/platforms as part of its shared approach to the Indo-Pacific. -Source: The Hindu Green Climate Fund Context: Recently, the Chief of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) committed to ensuring that vulnerable nations receive the necessary financial support to address climate challenges. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Green Climate Fund (GCF): Overview: Establishment: The GCF was established at COP 16 in Cancun, 2010, as a key initiative under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Purpose: The GCF aims to support developing countries in their efforts to combat climate change by funding projects and programs that promote low-emission and climate-resilient development. Structure: It operates as a legally independent institution with a fully independent secretariat, led by an Executive Secretary. The Secretariat is based in Songdo, South Korea, and began its operations in December 2013. Function and Approach: Partnership Approach: The GCF uses a country-owned approach to accelerate transformative climate action in developing countries. This involves collaborating with national entities and leveraging flexible financing solutions. Expertise: The GCF provides climate investment expertise and supports projects that integrate both mitigation and adaptation measures. -Source: The Hindu Global Cybersecurity Index Context: India has marked a significant milestone in its cybersecurity efforts by achieving top Tier i.e. Tier 1 status in the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) 2024. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Dimensions of the Article: Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) Purpose: A trusted reference for assessing and raising awareness of countries’ commitment to cybersecurity at a global level. Publisher: International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Assessment Criteria: Countries are evaluated based on their development and engagement across five pillars: Legal Measures Technical Measures Organizational Measures Capacity Development Cooperation Scoring: Each country’s performance in these pillars is aggregated into an overall score. Key Highlights of GCI 2024 Top Performers: 46 countries are placed in Tier 1, representing the highest commitment to cybersecurity across all five pillars. India scored 98.49 out of 100, positioning it among the top ‘role-modelling’ countries demonstrating strong global cybersecurity practices. General Trends: Most countries fall into either Tier 3 (“establishing”) or Tier 4 (“evolving”) in terms of cybersecurity development. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Specialized agency of the United Nations for information and communication technologies. Coordinates between governments and private sector bodies for global telecommunication and ICT services. Established in 1865 as International Telegraph Union. Became a specialized agency of the United Nations in 1947. Headquarters located in Geneva, Switzerland. Membership: ITU has a membership of 193 countries and nearly 800 private sector entities and academic institutions. Functions of International Telecommunication Union (ITU): Allocation of global radio spectrum and satellite orbits. Coordination and setting of technical standards related to telecommunication/ICT. Striving to improve access to ICTs in underserved communities worldwide. India’s association with ITU: India has been an active member of the ITU since 1869. India has been a regular member of the ITU Council since 1952. ITU Area office and Innovation Centre: India has fully funded the ITU Area Office, which is located on the second floor of the Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DoT) building in Mehrauli, New Delhi. The office will serve countries in the region including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Afghanistan, and Iran. The office aims to improve coordination among nations in the region and foster mutually beneficial economic cooperation. -Source: The Hindu Advocate-on-Record Context: The Supreme Court (SC) recently said that advocates-on-record (AoR) in a given case must mark the appearance of only those lawyers who are authorized to appear and argue that case on the particular day Relevance: Facts for Prelims Advocate-on-Record (AoR) Introduced by the Supreme Court (SC) of India under the powers granted by Article 145(1) of the Indian Constitution. Purpose: Regulates the practices and procedures of the SC by designating a specific category of advocates. Role and Responsibilities Exclusive Rights: An AoR is the only advocate authorized to represent clients and file cases in the SC. They have the exclusive right to file and conduct cases in the SC. Procedural Duties: Responsible for completing all procedural formalities, such as drafting and filing petitions, applications, and other legal documents. An AoR is assisted by a registered clerk for these tasks. Communication: All notices, orders, or correspondences from the SC are sent to the AoR, making them the primary point of contact between the court and the client. Specialization: AoRs specialize in the practice and procedures of the SC and are well-versed in its rules and regulations. Unique Provision: This designation exists only in the SC; no other High Court in India has a similar system. Requirements to Become an AoR Outlined in Order IV Rule 5 of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013: State Bar Enrollment: The advocate must be enrolled with any State Bar Council. Experience: A minimum of four years of prior legal experience. Training: Completion of one year of training under a senior AoR. Examination: Must pass an examination conducted by the SC. Location Requirement: Must have an office in Delhi within a 10-mile radius of the SC house. Must employ a registered clerk within one month of registration as an AoR. Identification Unique Identification Number: Upon registration, an AoR is issued a unique identification number. This number must be used on all documents filed in the SC. Significance AoRs play a crucial role in navigating legal matters through the highest court of the country, ensuring that procedures are properly followed and legal documentation is accurately filed. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 September 2024

CONTENTS Indian Navy Announces Second Women Circumnavigation Expedition Launch of Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 Campaign  Indian Navy Announces Second Women Circumnavigation Expedition Context: The Indian Navy has announced its second all-women circumnavigation expedition and unveiled the official expedition logo, marking a significant step in promoting women’s participation in maritime endeavors. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Indian Navy’s All-Women Circumnavigation Expedition Announcement of Expedition The Indian Navy has launched its second all-women circumnavigation expedition, showcasing its commitment to enhancing women’s roles in maritime activities. Expedition Details Two officers, Lt Cdr Roopa A and Lt Cdr Dilna K, will participate in the Navika Sagar Parikrama II expedition aboard the vessel INSV Tarini. The expedition is supported by Cdr Abhilash Tomy (Retd.), a celebrated circumnavigator and Golden Globe Race champion. About the Golden Globe Race This esteemed solo sailing competition challenges participants to navigate the globe without stopping, relying solely on traditional navigation techniques. Expedition Logo Significance The logo features an octagonal shape at its center representing the Indian Navy. The sun symbolizes a celestial body, while the compass serves as a guide for sailors navigating difficult waters. Previous Indian Navy Expeditions A trans-oceanic journey from Goa to Rio de Janeiro, passing through Cape Town. A sailing mission from Goa to Sri Vijaya Puram (formerly Port Blair) and back. An expedition from Goa to Port Louis, Mauritius. Launch of Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 Campaign Context: The Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata (4S) 2024 campaign has been launched in New Delhi, serving as the theme for the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) 2024, aimed at promoting cleanliness and sanitation across the nation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Swabhav Swachhata Sanskaar Swachhata Campaign Objective The Central Government aims to transform challenging and unsanitary locations within a set timeframe. Key Feature Introduction of Cleanliness Target Units (CTUs), which involves identifying and mapping these units through a specialized portal. Three Pillars of the 4S 2024 Campaign Swachhata Ki Bhaagidari: Encouraging public participation, awareness, and advocacy for a cleaner India. Sampoorna Swachhata: Organizing large-scale cleanliness drives focused on particularly difficult and dirty areas (Cleanliness Target Units). SafaiMitra Suraksha Shivir: Providing a single-window service, safety measures, and recognition programs for the welfare and health of sanitation workers. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) This initiative seeks to create a significant shift towards sustainable behavioral change, integrate cleanliness into daily life, and encourage widespread public involvement in maintaining a clean and healthy environment.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 September 2024

Contents: For Liberty, By Law The Fed’s Rate Reduction: A Lifeline for Developing Economies? For Liberty, By Law Context: The Supreme Court of India has, in recent decisions, reiterated the constitutional right to personal liberty by emphasizing the importance of bail as a fundamental safeguard. A recent case examined the limits of restrictive statutory provisions on personal liberty, focusing on laws like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), where stringent conditions make bail difficult. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Polity and Constitution) Mains Question: How has the Supreme Court of India upheld the principle of personal liberty in recent decisions regarding bail? Discuss the balance between statutory restrictions and constitutional rights. Historical Perspective of Article 21: The right to life and personal liberty, enshrined under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, has long been considered a sacrosanct principle. During the Constituent Assembly debates, members like K.M. Munshi and T.T. Krishnamachari stressed the need to protect personal liberty from becoming a “plaything of laws.” These debates laid the foundation for ensuring that any restrictions on personal liberty, including pretrial detention, must be just, fair, and reasonable. Recent Supreme Court Decisions: A landmark judgment by a division bench of Justices B.R. Gavai and K.V. Viswanathan in July emphasized the role of the judiciary in safeguarding personal liberty. The case questioned whether a person could be denied bail under stringent laws like the PMLA and UAPA despite procedural delays and slow investigations. The Court ruled that constitutional guarantees must prevail over statutory restrictions. It observed that “liberty is sacrosanct” and cannot be curtailed simply because of restrictive provisions in penal statutes. The bench added that an accused cannot be kept behind bars indefinitely, especially when due process is compromised. Implications of the Ruling: This ruling aligns with the principle that the right to bail must be a default rule, with detention being the exception. When personal liberty is at stake, courts must weigh the severity of the offense against procedural lapses and delays. Importantly, this decision challenges the increasingly onerous restrictions on bail, particularly under special laws like the PMLA, where the threshold for granting bail is high. Courts are now leaning toward the principle that denial of bail should be an exception only under compelling circumstances. The Role of Due Process and Personal Liberty: Due process has emerged as a central theme in the Court’s jurisprudence. Article 21’s protection of liberty is seen as a guarantee against arbitrary detention, ensuring that individuals cannot be deprived of their liberty without fair judicial review. The Court’s reaffirmation of bail as a fundamental right ensures that arbitrary or prolonged detention under special laws can be reviewed by the judiciary, thereby preventing misuse of the law. Looking Ahead: Constitutional Supremacy Over Statutory Provisions: The judgment underscores the Court’s role as a custodian of constitutional rights. It places a premium on judicial intervention when statutory provisions threaten to undermine personal liberty. As India marks the 75th anniversary of its Constitution, the importance of maintaining constitutional supremacy in legal interpretation is more crucial than ever. Personal liberty, as a cornerstone of human rights, must be protected not just by the letter of the law, but by its spirit. Additional Data: Article 21: Right to life and personal liberty. Bail Decisions: The Court has increasingly favored granting bail unless there are compelling reasons to deny it, particularly under laws like the PMLA and UAPA. Conclusion: Recent rulings by the Supreme Court of India have reinforced the primacy of personal liberty under Article 21, particularly in cases where restrictive laws impede the right to bail. These decisions emphasize that constitutional guarantees must always prevail over statutory provisions, ensuring that due process is upheld and that no individual is unjustly detained. The Fed’s Rate Reduction: A Lifeline for Developing Economies? Context: The U.S. Federal Reserve has recently cut its benchmark interest rate for the first time in four years, marking a significant policy pivot. This move comes after the Fed had kept interest rates at their highest levels in over two decades to combat inflation, primarily in response to the COVID-19 pandemic-driven inflation surge. The rate reduction is expected to have widespread implications, especially for emerging market economies (EMEs). Relevance: General Studies Paper III (Economy) Mains Question: Analyze the impact of the U.S. Federal Reserve’s rate reduction on emerging market economies. How will this decision affect developing countries, particularly India? The Federal Reserve’s Rate Cut: On Wednesday, the Federal Reserve cut its interest rate by half a percentage point, the first rate reduction in more than four years. This policy change comes after a series of rate hikes since 2022, meant to control inflation, which had spiked due to supply chain disruptions and other factors linked to the pandemic. The decision was explained by Fed Chairman Jerome Powell, who pointed out that a recalibration was needed to ensure continued economic growth and to stabilize inflation around 2%. Impact on Emerging Markets: The rate hikes over the past two years led to a strong U.S. dollar, which posed significant challenges for emerging market economies (EMEs), particularly in Africa and Latin America. A strong dollar increases the cost of servicing foreign debt, making it difficult for these countries to maintain investments in crucial public infrastructure and services. With the Federal Reserve’s pivot, EMEs are expected to see a revival of capital flows as foreign portfolio investors, encouraged by the lower interest rates in the U.S., move capital to higher-yielding markets in developing economies. India, for example, is likely to benefit from increased foreign investment in its debt markets. Implications for Inflation and Capital Flows: Shaktikanta Das, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, highlighted that the Fed’s previous rate hikes had led to inflationary pressures in EMEs due to the strong U.S. dollar. As the dollar strengthened, the cost of importing goods rose, leading to higher input costs and consumer inflation in many developing economies. With the recent rate cut, these pressures could ease, leading to stabilization in currency exchange rates and reducing inflation in EMEs. Moreover, foreign portfolio investments (FPI) into countries like India are expected to increase, improving liquidity in financial markets. Broader Economic Relief for Developing Economies: In regions like Latin America and Africa, the cost of servicing foreign debt has become unsustainable, leading to reduced investments in public infrastructure and essential services. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has raised concerns about how high borrowing costs are impacting these countries’ economic growth. The Fed’s rate cut could bring relief, as borrowing costs decline, allowing these nations to redirect funds towards development projects and poverty alleviation programs. Risks and Global Economic Uncertainty: While the Fed’s rate cut is viewed positively, global economic uncertainties remain. Factors such as the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict, rising oil prices, and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East could still impact the global economic outlook. The Fed’s move may offer temporary relief, but sustained recovery will depend on how these issues unfold in the coming months. Additional Data: Fed’s Benchmark Rate: Reduced by half a percentage point. Impact on EMEs: Lower debt servicing costs, improved foreign capital flows. Conclusion: The U.S. Federal Reserve’s rate reduction could offer significant relief to emerging market economies, especially those burdened by high foreign debt and inflationary pressures. Countries like India stand to gain from increased foreign capital inflows, while others may find room to invest in public infrastructure and services. However, global uncertainties continue to pose risks to the long-term impact of this policy change.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 September 2024

CONTENTS Steel Sector Decarbonization Indian PM Highlights Reforms and Global Collaboration at World Food India 2024 Archaeological Discovery During Rainwater Harvesting in Kerala Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 Square Kilometer Array Telescope Earth’s Gravitational Field to Temporarily Capture Asteroid 2024 PT5 Steel Sector Decarbonization Context: In response to escalating environmental concerns and the global movement towards sustainable industrial practices, the Ministry of Steel is formulating financial strategies to endorse decarbonization initiatives within the steel sector. This proactive stance aims to mitigate the environmental impact of steel production and align with international sustainability goals. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Steel Sector Decarbonization Options Understanding Decarbonization in the Steel Sector Unique Challenges to Decarbonizing India’s Steel Sector Government Initiatives Promoting Steel Industry Decarbonization Strategies for Steel Sector Decarbonization Steel Sector Decarbonization Options Strategic Initiatives Performance-Linked Incentives (PLI): The Steel Ministry is evaluating the use of PLI schemes for funding decarbonization initiatives. These are still under discussion and require finalization. Financial Projections: A comprehensive decarbonization strategy will necessitate an estimated USD 300 billion, covering USD 13 billion for small steel mills upgrades and USD 150 billion for cutting-edge technologies like iron direct reduction and carbon capture. Technological Innovations Direct Iron Reduction: This process eliminates oxygen from iron ore without melting, contrasting traditional blast furnace operations. Policy Development: The formulation of India’s Green Steel Policy, incorporating multiple PLI schemes, is currently underway but remains in preliminary phases. Alternative Energy Sources: Considering natural gas as a substitute for coal or coke in blast furnaces to decrease emissions. Efficiency and Emission Control Energy Usage: Energy consumption in Indian steel plants averages 6-6.5 Gigacalorie (Gcal)/tonne, surpassing the 4.5-5 Gcal/tonne used in foreign facilities, mainly due to the prevalent use of coal and outdated technology. CO2 Intensity Reduction: Aiming to lower CO2 emissions from 3.1 T/tcs in 2005 to 2.64 T/tcs by 2020, with a target reduction to 2.4 T/tcs by 2030, equating to a 1% annual decrease. Regulatory and Trade Considerations Import Regulation: Strategies are being developed to shield the domestic industry from competitive foreign markets through pricing strategies, elevated import duties, and safeguard measures. Trade Balance: Efforts to mitigate the transition from a net steel exporter to a net importer with a 1.1 million tonne deficit in 2024 are integral. Understanding Decarbonization in the Steel Sector Definition and Importance Decarbonization Explained: It involves reducing CO2 emissions and the carbon footprint associated with steel production, leading towards the creation of Green Steel. Crucial for Sustainability: Vital for addressing climate change and enhancing sustainability within the sector. Industry Dynamics Production Capacity: India ranks as the second-largest crude steel producer globally, with significant production capacities. Consumption Patterns: Current per capita steel consumption in India stands at 97.7 kg, significantly below the global average but set to increase per national policy goals. National and Global Commitments Greenhouse Gas Management: India, which houses 17% of the global population, contributes to only 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions but is committed to substantial green initiatives. Future Goals: Aligning with the 2070 net-zero targets, the steel industry’s decarbonization is essential for meeting both national and international climate objectives. Green Steel Production Innovative Practices: Focus on manufacturing steel through sustainable means such as green and blue hydrogen—produced from renewable electricity and fossil fuels with carbon capture, respectively. Strategic Importance: Enhancing the development of green steel is crucial for significantly reducing the industry’s carbon footprint and supporting global sustainability efforts. Unique Challenges to Decarbonizing India’s Steel Sector Material and Resource Constraints: Unlike developed countries that rely more on scrap and have access to low-carbon fuels, India faces a shortage of sufficient scrap and contends with expensive natural gas. Energy Source Limitations: Predominantly using low-grade coal and iron ore, India experiences elevated emissions and energy consumption. Emission Intensity: The emission intensity for Indian steel stands at 2.54 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of crude steel, surpassing the global average of 1.91. Energy Production Methods: Integrated steel plants in India predominantly use coal-based captive power plants, resulting in higher emissions compared to those utilizing cleaner energy sources internationally. Research and Development: R&D in India is crucial yet underfunded, with only 0.64% of GDP invested, and a limited private sector contribution, hindering the advancement of critical technologies like hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (DRI). Financial Hurdles: The transition to greener technologies in the steel sector is financially daunting, estimated to require between USD 5.2 to 6.1 trillion globally, with Indian steel plants alone needing approximately USD 283 billion. CO2 Monitoring Challenges: Effective CO2 emissions monitoring is hampered by complex supply chains, fragmented data, and a lack of skilled carbon management professionals. Government Initiatives Promoting Steel Industry Decarbonization Strategic Task Forces: Under the Ministry of Steel, 14 task forces aim to develop and recommend decarbonization strategies. Steel Scrap Recycling Policy: Enacted in 2019 to enhance the circular economy through increased scrap availability and metal scrapping centers. National Green Hydrogen Mission: Focused on boosting green hydrogen production, crucial for the steel industry’s transition to lower emissions. Vehicle Scrapping Rules: Introduced to augment scrap material availability for steel production. National Solar Mission: Promotes solar energy utilization to reduce emissions within the steel sector. PAT Scheme: A part of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency aimed at incentivizing significant energy savings. Carbon Credit Trading: Launched in 2023 to facilitate carbon credit exchanges, aiding emission reduction at reduced costs. Strategies for Steel Sector Decarbonization Energy Efficiency: Leveraging the PAT scheme has already yielded significant energy savings, exceeding initial targets. Technological Upgrades: Adopting Best Available Technologies (BATs) can further reduce energy intensity, though challenges like retrofitting and high costs remain. Process Enhancements: Improving ore beneficiation and pelletization could decrease reliance on coke, enhancing productivity. Hydrogen Utilization: Exploring 100% hydrogen-based DRI and hydrogen injection methods to cut down on coke usage and reduce emissions. Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS): Seen as essential for deep decarbonization, aiming to mitigate up to 56% of existing emissions. Biochar Integration: Utilizing biomass-derived biochar offers a promising route to replace or reduce fossil fuel usage in steel production, with potential significant emission reductions. -Source: The Hindu Indian PM Highlights Reforms and Global Collaboration at World Food India 2024 Context: The Indian Prime Minister emphasized that the government has implemented numerous reforms over the past decade to promote the growth of the food processing industry in India. He announced the Global Food Regulators Summit organized by FSSAI, which will bring together global bodies like WHO and FAO, along with domestic institutions, to address issues related to food safety, quality standards, and best practices. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: World Food India (WFI) Food Processing Sector in India Government Initiatives to Boost the Food Processing Sector in India Challenges Facing the Food Processing Sector Way forward World Food India (WFI) Inception and Purpose: Launched in 2017 by the Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI), the first edition of WFI aimed at showcasing India’s rich food culture and attracting investments in the country’s diverse food processing sector. Key Editions: 2nd Edition (2023): Organized to celebrate the International Year of Millets and foster global collaboration in the food processing industry. 3rd Edition (2024): Scheduled from 19th to 22nd September 2024, continuing the momentum to bring together global stakeholders. Food Processing Sector in India Current Scenario: Known as a ‘Sunrise sector,’ the food processing industry plays a crucial role in connecting Indian farmers with both domestic and international consumers. It includes key segments such as processed fruits and vegetables, ready-to-eat/cook foods, dairy products, and beverages. Growth Statistics: Experienced significant growth with an average annual rate of 7.3% from 2015 to 2022. Employs 2.03 million people in the registered sector, representing 12.22% of total employment. The unregistered sector employs 5.1 million workers, accounting for 14.18% of unregistered manufacturing jobs. Key Growth Drivers: Agri-commodity Hub: Benefiting from diverse agro-climatic conditions and abundant natural resources, India is a leading producer of milk, spices, fruits, vegetables, poultry, and meat. Policy Support: Programs like One District, One Product (ODOP) and other favorable policies bolster growth. Market Potential: Projected to expand from US$ 866 billion in 2022 to US$ 1,274 billion in 2027, driven by rising incomes, urbanization, and evolving food preferences. Government Initiatives to Boost the Food Processing Sector in India PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY): A comprehensive package designed to create modern infrastructure and an efficient supply chain, from farm gate to retail outlet, enhancing the overall value chain in food processing. PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme: Focuses on upgrading existing micro-enterprises in the unorganized food processing sector, aiming to formalize and improve productivity and efficiency. Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry (PLISFPI): Aims to: Boost domestic manufacturing and increase exports. Support food manufacturing entities with specific sales criteria. Promote investment for expanding processing capacities; 100% Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is permitted in this sector. Incentivize the emergence of robust Indian food brands with complete profit exemption for the first five years. One District One Product (ODOP) Scheme: Launched under the PMFME scheme to develop value chains and align support infrastructure. Approved for 713 districts across 35 States/UTs, covering 137 unique products, to promote district-specific food products. Mega Food Park (MFP) Scheme: Adopts a cluster approach by setting up modern food processing units in designated agricultural and horticultural zones. As of December 2023, 41 projects were approved, with 24 operational, facilitating a significant increase in food processing capacity. Operation Greens: Initially launched to support the Tomato, Onion, and Potato (TOP) value chains by boosting Farmer Producers Organisations (FPOs), agri-logistics, and processing facilities. Extended under the “Aatmanirbhar Bharat Package” to cover all fruits and vegetables (TOTAL), enhancing the scope and impact of the scheme. Challenges Facing the Food Processing Sector Lack of Advanced Infrastructure: Many businesses in the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector struggle with outdated technology and facilities, limiting their ability to compete and scale. Supply Chain Inefficiencies: The sector suffers from disorganized and inefficient supply chains, leading to high levels of wastage and reduced profitability. Inadequate Storage and Transport Facilities: Insufficient cold storage and transport infrastructure hinder the ability to maintain quality and extend the shelf life of processed food products. Limited Access to Credit and Financing: Small businesses often face challenges in securing funding, which restricts their capacity for growth and modernization. Way forward Growing Demand and Supportive Policies: With rising demand for processed food products in both domestic and international markets, alongside supportive government initiatives, the food processing sector is poised for substantial growth. Collaborative Efforts for Future Growth: By addressing existing challenges and encouraging collaboration between the government and private sector, the food processing industry can significantly contribute to India’s GDP and economic development, becoming a pivotal sector in the nation’s growth story. -Source: The Hindu Archaeological Discovery During Rainwater Harvesting in Kerala Context: A rainwater harvesting initiative in Kerala has resulted in an extraordinary archaeological find—numerous megalithic urn burials. These historical relics were uncovered on Kundlikkad Hill, known locally as Malampalla or Malappuram Hill, situated in the Nenmara forest division. An urn burial involves placing the remains of the deceased inside a pottery vessel or urn and then burying it, reflecting ancient funerary practices. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Insights on Megalithic Urn Burials Overview of Megalithic Culture Key Insights on Megalithic Urn Burials Hilltop Burial Sites: Typically, these sites feature cairn heaps with cists, cairn circles, and stone circle burials. Dating and Rarity: These urn burials are rare for hilltop sites and date back over 2,500 years. Urn Characteristics: The site yielded pot sherds from various types of pottery, including black ware, red ware, and black and red ware, with one notable urn displaying fingertip impressions. Decorative Techniques: Smaller pots showcased cord-impressed designs, highlighting distinctive decorative methods. Construction Techniques: Chisel marks on rocks suggest a structured and organized approach to constructing burial enclosures. Archaeological Significance: The discovery provides critical insights into the transitional phase between the Mesolithic period, characterized by microliths, and the Iron Age in Kerala. Uniqueness: The combination of Mesolithic and Iron Age elements in one site is considered unusual. Overview of Megalithic Culture Definition and Function: Megaliths are large stone monuments primarily serving as burial sites, usually situated away from habitation areas. Chronology: Dating based on findings from the Brahmagiri excavation places these cultures between the 3rd century B.C. and 1st century A.D. Geographical Spread: Predominantly found in the Deccan, south of the Godavari River, and across regions like Punjab Plains, Indo-Gangetic basin, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir. Notable Sites: Significant sites include Seraikala in Bihar, Khera in Uttar Pradesh, and Deosa in Rajasthan. Iron Age Integration: In South India, the Megalithic period was distinctly marked by the full adoption of iron technology, with artifacts found from Junapani in Vidarbha to Adichanallur in Tamil Nadu. Subsistence Methods: The communities engaged in agriculture, hunting, fishing, and animal husbandry. Cultural Artifacts: Rock paintings at these sites illustrate scenes of hunting, cattle raids, and communal dancing, reflecting the societal and cultural dynamics of the period. -Source: Indian Express Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 Context: The second edition of the Direct Tax Vivad se Viswas scheme 2024 (VSV 2.0) will be operational soon, the Finance Ministry has said in a notification. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Vivad Se Vishwas Scheme 2024 (VSV 2.0) Objective: The scheme is designed to minimize ongoing litigations related to income tax disputes by providing a streamlined mechanism for resolution. Key Features: Dispute Resolution Process: Offers a simplified process for resolving disputes between taxpayers and the Income Tax Department through various appellate forums. Coverage: Applies to appeals, writ petitions, and special leave petitions pending as of July 22, 2024. Includes objections filed before the Dispute Resolution Panel (DRP) where no final assessment order has been passed, and pending revision applications before the Commissioner. Benefits: Waives penalties and interest on settlements. Ensures that no prosecution will be initiated for cases settled under the scheme. Exclusions: Cases involving searches, prosecutions, and undisclosed foreign income are not eligible. Taxpayers under specific legal restrictions or involved in serious offenses will not benefit from the scheme. Goal: To provide a cost-effective and efficient mechanism for resolving tax disputes, reducing the burden on taxpayers and the judiciary, and promoting voluntary compliance. -Source: Indian Express Square Kilometer Array Telescope Context: Square Kilometer Array (SKA), the world’s largest radio telescope in the making, has carried out its first observations, signalling that at least a part of the yet-to-be-completed facility has become functional. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology Square Kilometer Array Telescope (SKA) Overview: The SKA is an advanced international project aimed at constructing the world’s largest and most sensitive radio telescope. It is designed to address a broad range of cutting-edge scientific questions, potentially transforming our understanding of the universe. Location and Structure: SKA-Low (Australia): Located in Australia, it will operate at low frequencies ranging from 50 to 350 MHz. Comprises a network of 131,072 antennas, each about two meters tall, to form a highly sensitive radio array. SKA-Mid (South Africa): Situated in South Africa, it is designed to work in the mid-frequency range of 350 MHz to 15.4 GHz. Consists of 197 large parabolic dish antennas, ideal for a wide range of astronomical observations. Headquarters and Management: The SKA Observatory’s operational headquarters are based in the United Kingdom, coordinating this global effort in radio astronomy. Scientific Goals: The SKA will explore a variety of fundamental scientific questions, including: Understanding the origins of the universe. Investigating the formation and evolution of galaxies. Searching for signs of life and comprehending the role of cosmic magnetism. Global Collaboration: India joined the SKA project in December 2022, becoming part of a consortium that includes Canada, China, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, and the Netherlands, among others. Significance: With its unprecedented sensitivity and scale, the SKA is expected to significantly advance radio astronomy, providing new insights into the cosmos and contributing to our knowledge of the fundamental processes of the universe. -Source: The Hindu Earth’s Gravitational Field to Temporarily Capture Asteroid 2024 PT5 Context: A recent study predicts that by late September 2024, Earth’s gravitational field will temporarily capture a small asteroid named 2024 PT5. Relevance: GS III: Science and technology Temporary Capture of Asteroid 2024 PT5 Mini-Moons: These are small asteroids temporarily captured by Earth’s gravitational field, leading to short-term orbits around the planet. They are usually small, often evading detection due to their size and fleeting nature. This phenomenon is uncommon since most asteroids either bypass Earth or disintegrate in the atmosphere. Only four mini-moons have been discovered so far, and none remain in orbit. Some might have been misidentified as space debris, like parts of spacecraft or rocket stages. Asteroid 2024 PT5: Detected by NASA, 2024 PT5 is predicted to become a temporary mini-moon in late September 2024. Its capture will provide valuable insights into the behavior of near-Earth asteroids, especially those that frequently approach or occasionally collide with our planet. Scientific Significance: The study of 2024 PT5 will enhance our understanding of near-Earth objects (NEOs) and contribute to planetary defense strategies. By observing its temporary capture and orbit, researchers can better model asteroid dynamics and improve detection methods for future mini-moons. -Source: The Hindu

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