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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 May 2025

Content : Closing argument Drinking to death The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Closing argument Background Context: On April 8, 2025, the Supreme Court declared the withholding of 10 State Bills by Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi as “illegal” and “erroneous.” The judgment provided clarity on the constitutional position of the Governor and President regarding assent to State legislation. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution ,Judiciary ) Practice Question :The Supreme Court’s ruling on the Governor’s delay in granting assent to State Bills reaffirms federal principles. Critically examine the implications of the Centre’s decision to seek a Presidential Reference under Article 143 in this context.(250 Words) Judicial Stand: The Supreme Court asserted that Governors/President cannot arbitrarily or indefinitely delay assent to Bills passed by elected State Assemblies. The judgment relied on previous rulings, committee reports, and Constituent Assembly debates, strengthening the federal structure. Centre’s Response: Instead of accepting the clarity offered, the Union Government initiated a Presidential Reference under Article 143. This move reopens settled issues and indicates a reluctance to curb the discretionary powers of Governors. What is Article 143 Doing Here? Under Article 143(1), the President can seek the Supreme Court’s advice on a matter of public importance. This is known as a Presidential Reference. But the Supreme Court’s April 8 verdict was a full judgment, not an advisory opinion. So asking for advice again is unnecessary. Why is This a Problem? The Centre might using Article 143 to delay or dilute a binding judgment. It gives an impression that the Centre wants to preserve the discretionary powers of Governors, even when those powers were declared illegal. This weakens the authority of the judiciary and violates the principle of cooperative federalism. Democratic Concerns: Governors are unelected appointees of the Centre and should not undermine elected State Assemblies. The practice of withholding Bills without reason or time limit challenges democratic norms and erodes federalism. Procedural Critique: The Centre could have filed a review petition if clarity was genuinely needed. A Presidential Reference is an unusual and unnecessary step, possibly aimed at retaining control through Governors. Constitutional Implications: The move appears to dilute the authority of a clear and binding Supreme Court judgment. It raises concerns about the executive’s intentions to centralize power, contradicting the spirit of cooperative federalism. Conclusion : The Centre’s decision to invoke a Presidential Reference despite a landmark Supreme Court ruling signals an unsettling trend of executive overreach. By reopening a legally settled matter, it undermines the authority of the judiciary and risks weakening India’s federal framework. Drinking to death Context : Recurring Tragedy: Illicit liquor deaths, such as the recent Amritsar tragedy (23+ deaths), are part of a long-standing, repeated crisis across India. The pattern involves poverty-stricken victims, cheap toxic liquor, and regulatory collapse. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues , Governance) Practice Question : Illicit liquor deaths are not isolated mishaps but a reflection of deep-rooted socio-economic and governance failures in India. Examine the causes behind recurring hooch tragedies and suggest a multi-pronged strategy to prevent them.(250 Words) Socio-Economic Vulnerability: Victims are usually poor daily wage earners, driven by economic desperation to seek cheap alcohol. These consumers are easy targets for bootleggers offering spurious liquor at low prices. Toxic Composition & Source: Illicit liquor often contains methanol, a toxic industrial chemical, misused as a cheap substitute for ethanol. Methanol is not illegal per se but is misappropriated from authorised industrial supply chains. Bootleggers use hazardous shortcuts (e.g., dead scorpions, poor dilution) to maximize profit. Systemic Nexus & Corruption: A deep-rooted nexus exists between bootleggers, corrupt local politicians, and complicit police forces. Bootleggers are merely the last mile, while larger players involved in industrial methanol theft remain protected. Legal & Regulatory Gaps: Despite stringent charges (murder, Poison Act, prohibition laws), convictions are rare (e.g., 2015 Malvani case acquittals). Enforcement under the Poison Act is weak; methanol handling lacks strict central oversight. There is an urgent need for a central regulatory framework for methanol transport to prevent inter-State pilferage. Governance & Enforcement Failure: State-level enforcement remains lax, often reactive (e.g., suspensions after deaths). A non-corrupt lawmaker–law enforcer framework is essential to dismantle the illicit methanol network. Structural Root Causes: At the heart of the crisis is persistent poverty, social inequality, and lack of education. These structural issues sustain the demand for cheap, toxic alcohol and enable unscrupulous profiteering. Conclusion : Illicit liquor tragedies are not isolated mishaps but systemic failures fueled by poverty, corruption, and regulatory indifference.Ensuring accountability, central coordination, and genuine socio-economic upliftment is the only sustainable antidote to this lethal problem. The new normal after Pahalgam, India’s response Context: The Pahalgam Attack and Operation Sindoor The Pahalgam attack (April 22, 2025) triggered a determined Indian response. Operation Sindoor, a kinetic military strike, was launched on May 7, targeting terrorist infrastructure. It took 88 hours post-operation to reach a ceasefire, highlighting intense escalation and de-escalation diplomacy. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) , GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s evolving ‘quid pro quo plus’ doctrine represents a calibrated shift in its counter-terrorism strategy against cross-border threats.”Critically examine this approach in light of Operation Sindoor and its implications for deterrence, diplomacy, and regional stability.(250 Words) The Nature of India’s Response India took non-military steps initially: reducing diplomatic ties, suspending trade, cancelling visas, freezing the Indus Waters Treaty. Final response included precision strikes on 9 terrorist targets across Pakistan, involving Scalp, BrahMos, Hammer, Crystal Maze missiles. India clearly distinguished between targeting terrorists vs. the Pakistani military or public. Pakistan’s retaliatory drone and missile intrusions were met with a “quid pro quo plus” policy by India, escalating the conflict. quid pro quo plus : India’s strategic retaliation policy where any hostile act by Pakistan is met with a proportionate response — plus something extra to raise the cost of aggression Diplomacy and De-escalation India undertook intense diplomatic outreach to key global capitals to frame the narrative and justify its right to self-defence. The U.S. initially took a hands-off stance, but shifted gears when signs of nuclear escalation emerged. U.S. intervention helped de-escalate the conflict, repeating a pattern seen in Kargil (1999), Parliament attack (2001), Mumbai (2008), Balakot (2019). The May 10 ceasefire followed backchannel diplomacy and DGMO-level dialogue. Expanding the ‘New Normal’ Previous benchmarks: 2016: Surgical strikes post-Uri – cross-LoC action normalized. 2019: Balakot airstrikes post-Pulwama – air power introduced. 2025 Operation Sindoor: broadened the doctrine to include strikes anywhere in Pakistan. Strategic Shift in Doctrine Government outlined a hardened doctrinal shift: India will no longer be deterred by nuclear threats. The response will not spare the masterminds and state sponsors of terrorism. Signals possible future strikes on Pakistan military assets if necessary. Implications for Deterrence The new approach aims to nullify Pakistan’s nuclear deterrence bluff. Introduces “full-spectrum retaliation” within the conventional-nuclear grey zone. This calls for enhancing India’s conventional capabilities: Integrated network-centric warfare. Unmanned systems, AI-assisted surveillance, satellite-backed targeting. Better counter-air defence strategies. Operational and Strategic Gaps Intelligence and security lapses that led to the Pahalgam attack must be addressed. Need for proactive counter-terrorism intelligence and better border security. Without internal reforms, the expanded doctrine risks being rhetorical, not credible. Way Ahead India must: Maintain military superiority to ensure credible deterrence. Keep independent communication channels open with Pakistan to avoid international mediation. Invest in rapid response infrastructure for kinetic and cyber domains. Sustain diplomatic narratives to manage global perception post-strike. The ingredient to turn around nutrition outcomes Core Argument Malnutrition in India remains widespread despite welfare programmes. Women and girls are the most overlooked victims of nutritional inequality. POSHAN Abhiyaan has not yielded proportionate results, especially for women, due to deeper structural and socio-economic issues. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Nutrition ,Social Issues) Practice Question : “Nutrition is not merely a biomedical issue, but a question of gender justice and economic empowerment.”Critically analyze this statement in the context of India’s efforts to combat malnutrition among women. (250 Words) Persistent Structural Failures NFHS-5 data: 57% of women (15–49 years) are anaemic vs 26% of men. Nearly 1 in 5 women are underweight. Indicates that nutrition schemes like POSHAN have not adequately addressed gender disparities. Despite₹24,000 crore allocation (2022–23), only 69% fund utilisation by Dec 2022. Anaemia prevalence increased from 53% to 57% between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Social Norms and Injustice Cultural norms lead to women eating last and least in households. Nutrition is not only a biomedical issue; it is deeply tied to social justice. 49% of women lack decision-making power over how their income is spent — affecting dietary choices and health outcomes. Economic Empowerment is Key Empowered women with independent income more likely to spend on food and child well-being. Research (e.g., by Esther Duflo) confirms direct link between women’s earnings and improved household nutrition. Study findings: Women with modest financial control showed lower undernutrition. Women in the Workforce: Quantity vs Quality Female labour force participation rose from 23% (2017–18) to 33% (2021–22). But: Only 5% hold regular salaried jobs. 20% are self-employed, mostly in low-paying informal roles. Self-employed women earn 53% less than men for similar work. Hence, employment hasn’t translated into empowerment or better nutrition. Missing Piece: Integrated Approach Nutrition efforts like POSHAN 2.0 will have limited impact without economic and social empowerment of women. Creating awareness is insufficient if basic food security is lacking. Need for Convergence Recommendations for POSHAN 2.0: Set measurable targets for women’s economic and decision-making empowerment. Ensure inter-departmental coordination — nutrition, health, livelihoods. Leverage Anganwadi centres as multi-purpose hubs: Food distribution Antenatal care Skill training Financial literacy Credit/job linkages

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 May 2025

Content: SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown SC’s 3-month timeline in Governor verdict was adopted from Centre’s own guidelines Background Context Issue: Whether the Supreme Court can prescribe a time limit for the President to decide on Bills reserved by Governors under Article 201 of the Constitution. Trigger: The Tamil Nadu Governor case, where excessive delay was observed in presidential assent. Centre’s Objection: Filed a Presidential Reference, arguing that judicially imposing a timeline on the President lacks constitutional basis, as Article 201 is silent on time limits. Relevance : GS 2(Polity ,Constitution) Key Points from SC Judgment (April 8) Not a New Timeline: The three-month deadline was not judicial innovation but adopted from existing MHA guidelines (2016 OMs). Quote from Justice J.B. Pardiwala: “We deem it appropriate to adopt the timeline prescribed by the Ministry of Home Affairs…” Details of the 2016 Office Memorandums (OMs) OM 1 – On Timeliness (Feb 4, 2016) Main concern: “Undue delay” in President’s decisions on State Bills. Directive: Final decision on such Bills to be made within 3 months of receipt. Ministry-wise Coordination: Substantive issues → Relevant Central Ministry. Legal/constitutional issues → Ministry of Law. Ministries to respond in 15 days, or justify delay. Max delay for comment: 1 month – else deemed “no comment”. OM 2 – On Objections (Also Feb 4, 2016) If any Ministry raises objections: Must be shared with the State for reply/clarification. State must respond within 1 month. Purpose: Keep Centre informed and facilitate timely presidential decision. SC’s Interpretation Article 201’s silence does not imply absence of accountability. Timeline adoption ensures constitutional expediency, not overreach. Guidelines reflect the Centre’s own executive understanding of timely action. Timelines promote constitutional federalism and avoid legislative paralysis at the State level. Commissions Supporting Timeliness Sarkaria Commission: Recommended quick disposal of Article 201 matters. Punchhi Commission: Advocated for clear timelines in Centre–State interactions. Conclusion SC Verdict: Judicially endorses existing administrative norms, not creating new law. Implication: Puts constitutional pressure on the President and Centre to act swiftly on reserved State Bills. Centre’s Challenge: Raises constitutional query on judicial limits, though the timeline originated from its own rules. ASI completes conservation work in Lodhi-era stepwell Overview of the Site Name: Rajon ki Baoli Era: 16th century, Lodhi period Location: Mehrauli Archaeological Park, New Delhi Significance: A historic stepwell (baoli) used for water conservation and community gathering. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage) Collaborating Institutions Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) – Lead conservation agency. World Monuments Fund India (WMFI) – Provided heritage expertise. TCS Foundation – Supported the project as part of CSR. Key Conservation Measures Cleaning and De-silting: Stepwell cleared of accumulated debris and silt to restore water flow. Water Management: Connected to proper drainage systems to prevent stagnation. Fish introduced to maintain water quality naturally (bio-remediation). Material Integrity: Used traditional materials like lime plaster and mortar. Aimed to preserve the original architectural character of the Lodhi-era structure. Historical Accuracy: Restoration work was guided by historical records and documentation. Ensured authenticity of the design and features was retained. Cultural and Environmental Value Cultural Heritage: Revives a medieval example of Indo-Islamic architecture and hydraulic engineering. Ecological Role: Stepwell acts as a micro water conservation system. Tourism & Education: Enhances the heritage appeal of Mehrauli Archaeological Park. Conclusion The conservation of Rajon ki Baoli reflects a sustainable, heritage-sensitive approach combining traditional craftsmanship with modern conservation practices. Model for future restorations of historical water bodies and monuments. SC strikes down retrospective environmental clearances Core Verdict Retrospective (ex post facto) environmental clearances (ECs) are illegal, declared the Supreme Court. Held as “gross illegality” and against environmental jurisprudence. Court stressed that clearance must be obtained before starting or expanding any project. Relevance : GS 3(Environmental Governance ) Case Background Petition filed by Vanashakti, an environmental NGO. SC invalidated the 2017 Notification and the 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) issued by the Centre allowing retrospective ECs. However, ECs already granted till date under these rules are protected and will not be undone. Court’s Reasoning Ex post facto ECs undermine due environmental diligence: Violate principles of precaution and environmental impact assessment (EIA). Neglect environmental consequences before granting approvals. Retrospective clearance essentially regularises illegality—projects that started without prior EC are later approved. SC criticized the Centre’s “crafty drafting” to shield violators through legal loopholes. Legal and Environmental Principles Emphasised Development cannot come at the cost of the environment. Referenced Common Cause (2017) judgment: prior EC is mandatory and non-negotiable. Environmental clearance must follow: Detailed study Public consultation Regulatory oversight before approval. Critique of Government Actions The 2021 Office Memorandum (OM) avoided the phrase “ex post facto”, but effectively allowed retrospective clearances. Government failed in its constitutional duty to protect and improve the environment (Article 48A and 51A(g)). “Development” must include environmental protection, not override it. Implications of the Judgment Ends the practice of regularising illegal constructions through post-approval ECs. Reinforces the need for environmental accountability in urban planning and infrastructure. Strengthens the EIA framework and judicial commitment to environmental rule of law. ‘FinMin undertaking parallel review of RBI buffers with eye on dividends’ Core Issue The Finance Ministry is conducting a parallel review of the RBI’s Economic Capital Framework (ECF). Focus: Assess whether the Contingency Risk Buffer (CRB) maintained by RBI can be reduced to enable higher dividend transfers to the government. Relevance : GS 3(Economy ,Banking) Background Economic Capital Framework (ECF): Determines how much capital the RBI must retain for financial stability. Reviewed in 2018 by the Bimal Jalan Committee. Recommended a CRB of 5.5–6.5% of RBI’s balance sheet. Dividend transfer: Amount over and above the CRB is transferred as surplus (dividend) to the government. Government’s Motivation Higher transfers = More fiscal space for the Centre. Government reportedly aiming to increase defence expenditure amid rising security concerns (e.g., with Pakistan). Greater surplus would aid in meeting fiscal deficit targets or enhancing capital spending. Current Developments Since January 2025, the RBI has been internally reviewing the ECF. Government is conducting a parallel, independent review of buffer norms. Official: Some believe the Jalan recommendations were too conservative, and there’s room to lower the buffer. RBI’s Position RBI held its 615th central board meeting and reviewed the ECF. No formal decision announced yet, but outcome will influence surplus transfer. Strategic Implications Lowering CRB: Frees up more funds for government use, boosting fiscal flexibility. But reduces the RBI’s cushion against economic/financial crises. Raises concerns about central bank autonomy vs. government fiscal needs. Broader Context Similar tensions were seen in 2018–19 leading to friction between the RBI and Finance Ministry. ECF review is critical for: Monetary policy independence Crisis preparedness Centre’s fiscal planning U.N. snips outlook for India growth to 6.3% on global slowdown Key Update by the U.N. The United Nations has lowered India’s GDP growth forecast to: 6.3% in 2025 (calendar year) 6.4% in 2026 This is a 0.3 percentage point cut from previous projections. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Economic Context The cut aligns with slower global growth forecasts due to: Rising trade tensions Geopolitical risks Policy uncertainty in major economies Global GDP now projected at: 2.4% in 2025 (down 0.4%) 2.5% in 2026 (down 0.4%) India’s Growth Drivers (According to U.N.) India remains among the fastest-growing large economies. Growth supported by: Resilient private consumption Robust government spending Domestic demand cushions external headwinds. Analytical Insights Despite the downgrade, India’s macroeconomic fundamentals remain strong relative to global peers. Caution for policymakers: Global slowdown may impact exports, FDI, and capital flows. Need to maintain fiscal prudence and monetary stability. Opportunities lie in: Boosting domestic investments Strengthening trade partnerships amid global realignments. Implications for India Lower global growth may challenge India’s export-led sectors. But India’s growth remains consumption-driven, offering resilience. Important for India to focus on: Sustaining public capex Job creation Mitigating inflation risks

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 May 2025

Content : Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Monthly Bulletin [April 2025] DRDO develops high-pressure polymeric membrane for sea water desalination Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) – Monthly Bulletin [April 2025] Context: The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released the first Monthly Bulletin (April 2025) of the revamped Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), providing high-frequency estimates of key labour market indicators such as LFPR, WPR, and UR for persons aged 15 years and above in rural and urban areas. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Highlights Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 55.6% Rural: 58.0% | Urban: 50.7% Males: Rural – 79.0%, Urban – 75.3% Females: Rural – 38.2%, Urban – 25.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 52.8% Rural: 55.4% | Urban: 47.4% Female WPR: Rural – 36.8%, Urban – 23.5% Unemployment Rate (UR) (15+ age, CWS basis): Overall: 5.1% Male: 5.2% | Female: 5.0% Youth (15–29 yrs): Higher unemployment — 13.8% overall Structural & Methodological Changes (From Jan 2025) Revamped Sample Design: Rotational Panel Scheme: Each household surveyed 4 times over 4 months FSUs matched 75% between two consecutive months Sample Size (April 2025): FSUs: 7,511 (4,140 rural + 3,371 urban) Households: 89,434 Persons: 3,80,838 Improved Sampling Rigour: Households per FSU increased: 8 → 12 Revised stratification and selection methods for FSUs Changes in the Schedule of Inquiry implemented Sectoral & Gender Insights Youth Unemployment (15–29 yrs): Rural: 12.3% | Urban: 17.2% Female UR (Urban): 23.7% — alarming indicator of urban female joblessness Gender Gaps: LFPR: Urban Female – 25.7%, Rural Female – 38.2% WPR: Urban Female – 23.5%, Rural Female – 36.8% Overall female participation remains low across sectors Comparability Note Data from Jan 2025 onward not directly comparable with older PLFS due to: Revised sampling framework Rotational panel design Updated Schedule of Inquiry Significance First Monthly PLFS Bulletin (April 2025) — start of high-frequency labour market data Boosts timeliness of labour statistics for policy interventions Helps track seasonal and gendered employment trends DRDO develops high-pressure polymeric membrane for sea water desalination Key Innovation DRDO has developed an indigenous nanoporous multilayered polymeric membrane for high-pressure sea water desalination. Developed by DMSRDE, Kanpur (a DRDO lab), tailored for use in Indian Coast Guard (ICG) ships. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Purpose and Utility Designed to address the stability challenge posed by chloride ions in saline water — a major issue in marine environments. Meets the operational requirements of ICG vessels like Offshore Patrolling Vessels (OPVs). Testing and Trials Initial technical trials successfully conducted on an existing desalination plant aboard an ICG OPV. Safety and performance results of the membrane were fully satisfactory. Final operational clearance pending after 500 hours of continuous operational testing. Strategic Significance Development completed in a record time of 8 months, demonstrating DRDO’s agile innovation capability. Will significantly enhance self-reliance in critical marine technology — aligned with Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Civilian Potential With modifications, the membrane has potential for civilian use in coastal desalination plants, addressing water scarcity in coastal and island regions. Key Themes Indigenization of critical technology Strengthening maritime capabilities Public-sector R&D efficiency Dual-use technology for defence and civil sectors Fast-tracked innovation under strategic needs

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 May 2025

Content : Under control The paradox of the approach to the Manipur issue The yearly ‘thank you’ to nurses is not enough Under control Context : Retail inflation hit a 69-month low in April. Wholesale inflation (WPI) also dropped to a 13-month low. Both declines are driven mainly by falling vegetable prices and pulses. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : Retail and wholesale inflation indices recently recorded historic lows. Discuss the factors behind this moderation in inflation and critically evaluate its implications for monetary policy and fiscal planning in India. (250 words) Reasons for Inflation Decline Vegetables: Prices contracted ~11% YoY, aided by a high base effect (27-30% inflation last year). Pulses: Prices fell by 5.2%. Wholesale inflation decline was steeper due to: Vegetable price contraction of 18.26%, again due to a high base (~12% last April). Government measures contributed: Building buffer stocks of essentials. Open market operations to ease shortages. Easing imports during supply constraints. Additional Contributing Factors Liquidity crunch in early 2025: Banks had less money to lend. Reduced money supply lowered consumer and business spending, dampening inflation. Implications for Policymakers RBI policy stance vindicated: Two consecutive interest rate cuts seem justified. Likely further rate cut in June by the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Upcoming GDP data will be a key factor before further rate decisions. Oil pricing policy in focus: Crude oil inflation at 22-month low in WPI. Despite 42% fall in global oil prices over 3 years, fuel prices remain stagnant. Urgent need to: Cut fuel prices, or Officially scrap the “dynamic pricing” policy which lacks transparency. Caveats and Risks Base effect plays a major role — drop may not fully reflect actual price moderation. Monsoon dependency: Inflation trajectory in coming months will depend on monsoon performance. Global trade tensions: Tariff uncertainties and India’s retaliatory stance may add pressure on inflation. Conclusion Inflation appears to be under control, benefiting both consumers and policymakers. However, sustainability of this trend depends on monsoons, external shocks, and policy follow-through on fuel pricing. The paradox of the approach to the Manipur issue Current Situation in Manipur The conflict has entered its second year, with over 250 deaths and thousands displaced. Despite the humanitarian crisis, the issue remains low on the national political agenda. The lack of a high-level visit to Manipur contrasts with quicker responses in other national crises, raising concerns over regional prioritization. Relevance : GS 3 (Internal Security) Practice Question : The prolonged conflict in Manipur exposes a paradox in India’s internal security approach. Examine the structural and policy-level failures in managing the crisis. (250 words) The Response to Manipur Conflict The response to internal ethnic conflicts like in Manipur has been more measured compared to external security threats. Manipur doesn’t pose a direct national security threat in the way Kashmir does, hence receives less urgency. The state’s crisis is domesticated and ethnic, lacking geopolitical leverage. Security Approach and Engagement Government efforts have focused on maintaining law and order, with attention to various community groups. There have been challenges in balancing security operations and protecting democratic norms. Border Management Strategy The plan to fence the India-Myanmar border is intended to enhance security but has raised concerns about its impact on cross-border communities and regional cooperation policies. Disarmament Efforts Arms surrender initiatives have taken place, though challenges remain in fully accounting for weapons and ammunition. Enforcement of related laws continues to be an area needing focus. President’s Rule and Governance The imposition of President’s Rule in February 2025 aimed to stabilize the situation politically and administratively, with further steps needed to ensure lasting peace. Way Forward Sustainable peace requires inclusive dialogue involving all stakeholders and long-term institution-building. Recognizing diverse perspectives is essential for reconciliation. Conclusion Addressing the Manipur crisis calls for balanced security measures coupled with political engagement and development efforts to build trust and peace in the region. The yearly ‘thank you’ to nurses is not enough Current Status of Nurses in India Underappreciated Role: Despite constituting 47% of the health workforce, nurses remain underrepresented in leadership, policymaking, and autonomous clinical functions. Traditional Perceptions: Nurses are still viewed as assistants to doctors, limiting their professional autonomy and recognition. Global Contrast: Countries like Australia, UK, USA, South Africa, Brazil have embraced Nurse Practitioners (NPs) in autonomous roles with diagnosing and prescribing powers. Relevance : GS 2 ( Health, Governance, Social Justice) Practice Question : Despite the National Health Policy 2017 recognizing their potential, Nurse Practitioners in India continue to face systemic neglect. Examine the structural challenges and suggest reforms to empower nurses as healthcare leaders.(250 words) Nurse Practitioners (NPs): Missed Potential in India Definition: NPs are advanced registered nurses (often with Master’s level education) with competencies in diagnosis, treatment, and limited prescriptions. Policy Recognition: The National Health Policy (2017) identified NPs as key to improving primary care, especially in underserved areas. Programmes Launched: NP in Critical Care (2017) and Primary Health Care by the INC. Midwifery NP Programmes in states like West Bengal, Telangana, Kerala. Implementation Gaps: Lack of legal clarity on scope of practice, licensure, and titles. Programmes exist, but roles remain undefined and unprotected. Many advanced nursing roles (e.g. stoma nurses, stroke nurses) lack formal regulatory recognition. Challenges Facing NP Integration in India Legal Ambiguity: No clear framework for licensing, defining scope of practice, or public sector absorption. Medical Community Resistance: Fear of losing power results in opposition from doctors. Weak Regulatory Support: Curriculum focuses on skills but lacks emphasis on policy, licensure, ethics, and leadership. Education Crisis: Proliferation of low-quality nursing colleges, poor faculty, and corruption. Gender and Hierarchical Biases: Deep-rooted patriarchal and class hierarchies reinforce nurse subordination. What India Can Learn from Australia Successful NP Model: Protected titles and legal backing for NPs. Creation of career ladders and licensure systems. Promotion of nurse-led care models (e.g., walk-in clinics). Key Success Factor: Political and policy space for nursing leadership and advocacy. Systemic Issues Hindering Nursing Leadership Cultural and Gendered Power Dynamics: Nurses, being predominantly women, face systemic undervaluation. Policy Exclusion: Weak nursing advocacy leads to exclusion from policy reforms. Fragmented Movements: Lack of unified, grassroots nursing movements weakens the collective voice. Way Forward: Legal Reforms: Define and recognise NP roles and licensure authority. Establish accountability mechanisms and regulatory backing. Educational Overhaul: Close substandard institutions; enhance faculty training. Incorporate policy, ethics, and leadership training in curriculum. Career and Financial Incentives: Ensure fair pay, career progression, and respect for advanced skills. Gender Equity: Address the undervaluation rooted in gendered perceptions. Leadership by Nurses: Nurses must lead reforms, not just implement them. Build alliances and advocacy networks to influence policy from the ground up.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 May 2025

Content : Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Does Article 21 include right to digital access? Supreme Court’s Interpretation of Article 21 The Supreme Court expanded Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty) to include the ‘right to digital access’. Emphasized that digital accessibility is a constitutional right, especially for persons with disabilities (PwDs). Based on principles of substantive equality, the Court mandated that digital KYC norms must be made accessible. Relevance : GS 2(Fundamental Rights) Digital KYC and Exclusion of PwDs Current KYC framework under the RBI’s 2016 Master Directions includes video-based verification (V-CIP) using: Selfies, handwritten/digital signatures, Reading on-screen codes, OTP verification within 30 seconds. These processes exclude blind users, acid-attack survivors, and others with visual or facial impairments. Legal Frameworks Supporting PwDs Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016: Adopts a social-barrier approach to disability. Section 42 mandates accessible media and universal-design for electronic systems. Constitutional backing: Articles 14, 15, 21, and 38 provide for equality, non-discrimination, and dignified life. Obligates the State to ensure equal access to digital public infrastructure. Why is KYC Mandatory? Under the Prevention of Money-laundering Act, 2002, KYC is essential to: Prevent illegal finance and money laundering. Enable access to banking, SIM cards, insurance, pensions, DBT benefits, etc. Challenges Faced by PwDs KYC systems lackaccessibility: No screen-reader support for camera or lighting. No audio instructions or feedback. No support for thumb impressions (common for blind users). Aadhaar-based systems often reject visually impaired users. PwDs often face rejection or forced in-person visits, violating their rights to digital access and dignity. Key Supreme Court Rulings Rajive Raturi vs. Union of India (2024): Affirmed that accessibility is central to Article 21. Declared digital exclusion = rights violation. Previous interventions during COVID-19 and other public service rollouts also stressed digital inclusivity. Wider Impact Beyond PwDs The SC noted that digitalinaccessibility affects: Rural populations, senior citizens, Economically weaker sections, Linguistic minorities. Emphasized building inclusive digital infrastructure as a State obligation. Should NOTA be included in all elections compulsorily? Arguments in favour of compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Democratic expression: NOTA provides voters the right to reject all candidates, reinforcing democratic choice even when only one candidate is contesting. Protects secrecy: It enables voters to exercise dissent without compromising ballot secrecy, aligning with the SC’s 2013 judgment. Symbolic pressure: Even if NOTA doesn’t lead to re-election, its presence acts as a signal to political parties to nominate better candidates. Unopposed wins countered: Prevents automatic victory in uncontested seats and ensures voter agency is respected in such rare cases. No major administrative burden: As uncontested elections are rare (only 6 Lok Sabha instances since 1971), adding NOTA in such cases wouldn’t significantly burden the Election Commission. Supports electoral reform: Could pave the way for more meaningful electoral reforms, like re-election mandates if NOTA crosses a threshold. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Elections ) Arguments against compulsory inclusion of NOTA: Low usage: Historical data shows NOTA consistently receives only ~1% of votes; thus, its practical influence is limited. Lacks legal impact: NOTA doesn’t currently lead to rejection or re-election; even if majority votes for it, the candidate still wins. Legislative roadblock: Mandating NOTA would require amending the Representation of the People Act, 1951, and Election Rules, 1961 — a process beyond EC’s domain. EC’s resistance: The Election Commission opposes mandatory NOTA in uncontested elections, citing rarity and legal constraints. Declining trend: States like Gujarat and Bihar saw higher initial NOTA use (2.48% in Bihar 2015), but the trend hasn’t grown significantly. Statistical Insights: NOTA use in Lok Sabha: 2014, 2019, 2024: Around 1% of total voters opted for NOTA. High State usage: Bihar (2015): 2.48% Gujarat (2017): 1.8% Uncontested elections: Only 9 cases since 1952; 6 in Lok Sabha since 1971. Suggested Reforms: Re-election trigger: If NOTA exceeds a certain percentage, a re-election could be mandated. Minimum benchmark: Set a minimum vote threshold for candidates to be declared elected. Strengthen NOTA’s legal impact: Amend laws to give teeth to the NOTA option, making it more than symbolic. Conclusion: While NOTA currently holds symbolic power with limited practical consequence, compulsory inclusion — even in uncontested elections — enhances voter agency and democratic legitimacy. But to make it truly impactful, legislative backing and electoral reforms are essential. Gig workers’ meeting demands minimum wages, social security Key Demands Raised at the Roundtable Minimum wages/income: Based on logged-in hours, not just deliveries or rides completed. Social security policy: Urged the Central government to create a dedicated social security policy for online platform workers. Legal protections: Emphasized the need for formal legal recognition and safeguards for gig and platform workers. Tripartite Welfare Board: Proposed at both State and Central levels. To include representatives from workers, employers, and government. Objective: Build dialogue among stakeholders and influence policymaking for a fairer gig economy. Relevance: GS 2(Social Justice) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Worker Testimonies: Harsh Realities Arbitrary termination: Worker IDs frequently blocked, often without cause or due process. Lack of grievance redressal: No formal mechanisms exist for resolving disputes. Hostile corporate behavior: Companies seen as insensitive and dictatorial. Union-busting tactics: Attempts to organise or protest are met with termination or suppression. Social stigma: Gig workers feel disrespected and unrecognized by society. Economic Exploitation Issues Declining rate cards: Continuous reduction in pay rates despite rising costs. Unfair surcharge sharing: Companies do not equitably distribute surcharges paid by customers. No income stability: Earnings fluctuate heavily due to algorithmic control and unregulated practices.  Policy Suggestions Legal classification: Clearly define gig workers under labour laws. Wage floor: Implement minimum wage standards across platforms. Universal social security: Cover gig workers under pension, health, insurance, and maternity benefits. Protect union rights: Recognize gig worker collectives and allow collective bargaining. Conclusion: The roundtable highlighted the urgent need for institutional reforms, legal recognition, and economic justice for gig workers — who form the backbone of the digital service economy but remain vulnerable and unprotected under current frameworks. ISRO set to launch earth observation satellite using PSLV rocket on Sunday PSLV-C61 / EOS-09 Launch Scheduled Launch: May 19, 2024, at 5:59 a.m. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. Mission Type: Earth Observation Satellite (EOS-09). Launch Vehicle: PSLV-C61 (ISRO’s 101st launch). Satellite Capability: Equipped with C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Provides high-resolution images. Operational in all-weather and round-the-clock conditions. Strategic Importance: Enhances India’s surveillance and remote sensing capabilities, useful for applications like agriculture, forestry, disaster management, and border monitoring. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Chandrayaan-5 / LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) Collaboration Joint Mission: ISRO (India) + JAXA (Japan). Purpose: Explore lunar polar volatiles, particularly water ice. Target: Permanently Shadowed Regions (PSRs) in the lunar South Pole. Legacy: Follows Chandrayaan-1 (orbital), Chandrayaan-2 (orbiter + failed lander), Chandrayaan-3 (successful lander-rover), and upcoming Chandrayaan-4 (sample return). Chandrayaan-5 = fifth lunar mission, first ISRO-JAXA full collaboration. Mission Architecture Launch Vehicle: JAXA’s H3-24L rocket. Payload: Lunar Lander: Developed by ISRO. Lunar Rover: Developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), Japan. Scientific Instruments: To be provided by: ISRO JAXA ESA (European Space Agency) NASA Instruments will focus on exploration and in-situ analysis of volatiles (e.g., lunar water). Technical Interface Meeting (TIM-3) Held on May 13–14, 2024, at ISRO HQ, Bengaluru. Attended by: Senior officials and project teams from ISRO, JAXA, and MHI. Objective: To review and finalize technical collaborations and mission readiness for Chandrayaan-5. Strategic & Scientific Significance Earth Observation (EOS-09): Strengthens India’s disaster preparedness, resource mapping, and border security. Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX: Key step in deep space collaboration. Advances global understanding of lunar water, crucial for future sustainable lunar habitation and deep space missions. Unemployment at 5.1%, women labour force rises: PLFS data Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Data from PLFS (April 2025, CWS Method) Unemployment Rate (UR): Overall (15+ years): 5.1% Male UR: 5.2% Female UR: 5.0% Rural UR (all ages): 4.5% Urban UR (all ages): 6.5% Urban Female UR (15–29 years): 23.7% (alarming youth unemployment) Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) (15+ years): Overall: 55.6% Rural Areas: 58.0% Urban Areas: 50.7% Worker Population Ratio (WPR) (15+ years): Rural Areas: 55.4% Urban Areas: 47.4% Overall: 52.8% New Features of Revamped PLFS First Monthly Bulletin issued (previously quarterly/annual). Covers employment data for rural areas monthly — a methodological improvement. Expanded household sample size for more accurate representation. Aims to capture seasonality and short-term labour market trends. Women’s Labour Participation Slight increase in women’s participation, especially in rural areas. Yet, youth urban female unemployment (23.7%) shows deep structural issues. Indicates lack of adequate skilled job opportunities and barriers to women’s sustained employment in urban settings. Expert Commentary: Dr. Sridhar Kundu Praises monthly tracking initiative as a positive institutional reform. Criticisms of PLFS: Lacks data on labour market-oriented schemes like MGNREGA. Does not cover wage trends across sectors and sub-sectors. No concrete roadmap for addressing skilled vs. unskilled employment dynamics. Policy Implications Need to bridge rural-urban employment gap (rural UR: 4.5%, urban UR: 6.5%). Address high female youth unemployment with targeted skilling and job creation. Revamp PLFS to include: Wage data MGNREGA impact assessment Sector-wise job quality metrics. Better data-driven labour policy formulation required. Raising healthy hearts: reimagining school nutrition to tackle childhood hypertension Context : Rising Concern: Childhood Hypertension in India Hypertension is no longer an adult-only issue — Indian children increasingly show elevated blood pressure. CNNS (2016–18): 7.3% adolescents hypertensive; urban rate even higher at 9.1%. NFHS-5: 12% of teenagers (15–19 years) have elevated blood pressure. Implication: Early intervention is critical — the disease often goes unnoticed until adolescence or adulthood. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Social Issues ) Primary Causes of the Trend Unhealthy diets: Processed and packaged snacks, high in salt and low in nutrition. Salt intake in adolescents: 8+ grams/day, almost double the WHO adult limit. Lifestyle changes: Reduced physical activity. Indoor and online-based routines. Food addiction cycle: Early preference for hyper-palatable foods → reduced acceptance of healthier options → long-term habits. Role of PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme) World’s largest school meal programme: Covers 120 million children in 1.27 million+ schools (as of 2025). Current strength: Provides basic nutrition. Opportunity: Transform meals into tools for habit formation and food literacy. Proposed Reform Directions Reimagine PM POSHAN as a “food literacy engine”. Integrate: Regional menus using local, fresh produce. Nutrition education embedded in curriculum. Student participation in food prep, planning, and serving. International Models to Emulate Japan’s ShoKuiku model: Children plan meals, learn about nutrition, serve food to peers. Leads to lower obesity and healthier eating culture. Vietnam’s adaptation: Ministry of Education + Ajinomoto = improved school meals with ShoKuiku philosophy. Policy Takeaways & Recommendations Shift from calorie-centric to behavior-centric nutrition policies. Make PM POSHAN a platform for: Early intervention against NCDs (like hypertension). Changing food environments in schools. Build structured food education as part of national nutrition strategy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 May 2025

Context: Semiconductor unit in Uttar Pradesh Historic Operation: 31 Naxalites killed at Karreguttalu Hill Cabinet approves semiconductor unit in Uttar Pradesh Context : Cabinet Approval: Union Cabinet, chaired by PM Narendra Modi, approves 6th semiconductor unit under India Semiconductor Mission. Joint Venture: The approved unit is a collaboration between HCL and Foxconn, two major players in hardware and electronics manufacturing. Location: The plant will be established near Jewar Airport in the Yamuna Expressway Industrial Development Authority (YEIDA) zone, Uttar Pradesh. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) What is a Semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material with conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Key trait: Conducts electricity under specific conditions. Common materials: Silicon, Germanium, Gallium Arsenide. Used in: Chips for phones, computers, cars, defense, etc. What is a Semiconductor Unit? A semiconductor unit is a facility that makes semiconductor devices (chips/ICs). Includes: • Design (fabless) • Fabrication (fabs/foundries) • Assembly & Testing (ATMP/OSAT) Unit Specifications Purpose: Manufacture display driver chips for: Mobile phones Laptops Automobiles PCs Other digital display devices Design Capacity: 20,000 wafers per month 36 million chips output per month Investment & Economic Impact Investment: ₹3,700 crore (approx. $450 million) Strategic Value: Boosts India’s semiconductor ecosystem & contributes to Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). Semiconductor Ecosystem Development National Spread: 5 other units already in advanced construction stages across India. Design Ecosystem: Present in multiple states Backed by state governments actively promoting design firms Academic & Start-up Collaboration: 270 academic institutions involved 70 start-ups working on chip design 20 chip designs by students taped out by SCL Mohali Eco-System Partnerships Equipment Suppliers in India: Applied Materials, Lam Research (global semiconductor equipment leaders) Chemical & Gas Suppliers: Merck, Linde, Air Liquide, INOX, and others preparing to meet the rising demand. Why It Matters Growing Demand: Surge in semiconductor use due to: Laptops, smartphones, and servers Medical and power electronics Defence & consumer electronics Strategic Autonomy: Reduces import dependence, aligns with national security and economic goals. Achieving a historic success in the resolve of a ‘Naxal-free India’, security forces kill 31 Naxalites in the biggest-ever operation against Naxalism at Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) on Chhattisgarh-Telangana border Strategic Success in Anti-Naxal Operations Historic Operation: Largest-ever anti-Naxal operation in India. Conducted at Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) on the Chhattisgarh–Telangana border. 31 Naxalites killed . 21-day-long operation (April 21 – May 11, 2025). Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Key Forces Involved: Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) Special Task Force (STF) District Reserve Guard (DRG) Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) Coordinated under Joint Action Plan by Centre and Chhattisgarh Government. Significance of Karreguttalu Hill (KGH) Former stronghold of PLGA Battalion 1, CRC, DKSZC, Telangana State Committee. Used for training, planning, weapon-making by Naxalites. Region is 60 km long, 5–20 km wide, with rugged and cave-filled terrain. Planning and Intelligence Coordination A multi-agency special team handled: Tech and human intelligence Real-time updates to field commanders Precision planning avoided IED casualties and enabled detection of hideouts. Logistics mobilization, continuous troop rotation ensured sustained operation. Impact and Recoveries Bodies of 31 Naxalites recovered; 28 identified with ₹1.72 crore bounty. Destroyed 214 hideouts/bunkers, 4 technical units (for BGL shells/IEDs). Seized: 450 IEDs, 818 BGL shells, 899 Codex bundles, detonators 12,000 kg food, arms, explosive materials, medicines. Casualties and Health Zero fatalities among forces; 18 personnel injured by IEDs — all stable. Operations continued despite 45°C+ heat, dehydration, and hostile terrain. Statements by Leadership Amit Shah: KGH now hoists the tricolour, once ruled by “Red Terror”. “India will be Naxal-free by March 31, 2026.” “An example of Whole-of-Government approach and centre-state coordination.” Forces praised for bravery, discipline, and morale under adverse conditions. Trends & Statistics (2014 vs 2025) Metric 2014 2024–2025 Most affected districts 35 6 Total affected districts 126 18 Naxal incidents 1080 374 Naxal-hit police stations 330 (76 districts) 151 (42 districts) Security forces martyred 88 19 Naxalites killed (annual) 63 2089 Surrenders — 718 (Jan–Apr 2025), 928 (2024) Fortified police stations 66 555 Security camps set up (2019–2025) — 320 Night helipads — 68 6 most affected districts : 4 districts from Chhattisgarh (Bijapur, Kanker, Narayanpur, and Sukma), 1 from Jharkhand (West Singhbhum), and 1 from Maharashtra (Gadchiroli).  Long-Term Outcomes Fragmentation of Naxal groups into smaller units. State control expanding in strongholds like Maad (Narayanpur) and National Park area (Bijapur). Development initiatives + security build-up helping reduce Naxal influence.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 May 2025

Content: Trumpeting claims Operation Sindoor — a reshaping of confrontation Principled criminalisation and the police as pivot  Trumpeting claims Context : Problematic Nature of Trump’s Claims Repeated Assertion: Trump has claimed five times that he mediated a ceasefire between India and Pakistan on May 10, hinting he averted a nuclear conflict. Contradicted by India: The MEA has consistently rebutted these claims, asserting that the ceasefire was a bilateral military agreement between DGMOs of both countries. Indian Narrative: India maintains that Pakistan reached out after suffering setbacks from Indian strikes during Operation Sindoor. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Discuss how third-party mediation attempts, like those claimed by U.S. President Donald Trump, challenge India’s core diplomatic principles. (15 marks) Violation of India’s Core Diplomatic Principles No Third-Party Mediation: Trump’s claims violate India’s long-held stance of not accepting third-party involvement in bilateral issues like Kashmir. Internationalisation of Kashmir: His remarks undermine India’s position that Kashmir is an internal matter and not open to international negotiation. False Equivalence: Trump’s framing of both India and Pakistan as equal contributors to conflict promotes hyphenation, which India strongly opposes. Misleading Statements and Diplomatic Concerns Trade Threats & Promises: Trump falsely claimed he used trade deals as leverage to push for peace, which MEA categorically denied. Ignoring Terrorism: No mention of India’s key concern—cross-border terrorism from Pakistan—weakens India’s global case. Trivialisation: Trump’s suggestion of a Modi-Sharif “dinner” makes light of serious geopolitical tensions. Larger Strategic Implications From Friend to Friction?: India must assess whether Trump’s statements reflect: A personal eccentricity (“Trump being Trump”), or A shift in U.S. policy towards South Asia. Quad & Regional Balance: As a Quad member, the U.S. must not appear to side with narratives that contradict India’s security concerns. China Factor: The growing China-Pakistan nexus may be reshaping U.S. calculus, causing indirect pressure on India.  India’s Required Response Clear Messaging Needed: India must firmly communicate its red lines to Washington, especially on: No foreign mediation Terrorism as the central issue Preserve Credibility: India’s policy integrity and diplomatic credibility are at stake; hence strong diplomatic engagement is necessary. Operation Sindoor — a reshaping of confrontation Evolution of Warfare and Strategic Posture Operation Sindoor marks a paradigm shift in South Asian military confrontation. Moves beyond the traditional India-Pakistan bilateral conflict to represent a global model of modern warfare. Warfare now involves a combination of technology, strategy, and psychological manipulation, not just physical combat. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Practice Question : Operation Sindoor marks a new phase in India’s military doctrine. Critically evaluate the shift towards drone warfare and information warfare in the Indian strategic context. (15 marks) Rise of Drone Warfare Drone deployment is the centerpiece of this shift, replacing manned aircraft. Use of swarms of inexpensive, expendable drones signifies an asymmetric technological leap. India reportedly intercepted 300–400 Pakistani drones, showing the scale of drone-based warfare. India’s use of SkyStriker kamikaze drones reflects the new trend of precision, low-risk, and intelligence-driven strikes. Air Defence Transformation India’s layered air defence integrates indigenous (Akash, QRSAM) and imported (S-400, Barak-8) systems. Akashteer system enables real-time, digital integration of radar data for smarter threat response. Defence strategy has shifted from static systems to adaptive, dynamic networks capable of neutralising simultaneous threats. Information Warfare as a Strategic Weapon Psychological operations and disinformation campaigns are now central to warfare. Pakistan employed digital propaganda — doctored videos, fake narratives, and social media manipulation — to weaken morale and shift perceptions. Similar trends seen in Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Palestine conflicts, where information control is as crucial as military power. Strategic Deterrence and Escalation Control India’s response showcases escalation management without total war, allowing military assertion with diplomatic space. The PM’s speech (May 12) reflects doctrinal evolution with three pillars: Rapid, proportionate response to provocation. Comprehensive offensive-defensive integration. Advanced escalation control avoiding full-scale war. Technological Independence and Self-Reliance Emphasis on indigenous platforms like Akash and Project Kusha reflects: Reduced foreign dependence Boost to defence exports Enhanced technological sovereignty Jointness and Inter-Service Integration Integrated Air Command and Control System (IACCS) enabled real-time coordination between Army, Navy, and Air Force. Transition from conceptual jointness to operational synergy. Unified intelligence support improved precision targeting and strategic planning. Democratisation of Warfare Technology — Double-Edged Sword Advanced tech is now accessible to state and non-state actors, including Pakistan. Increases potential for asymmetric threats and hybrid warfare. Necessitates overhauling India’s defence and intelligence architecture to remain ahead. Redefining Victory and Warfare Modern victory is not about territory but multi-dimensional dominance: Technological superiority Information control Psychological edge Traditional metrics of military success have become outdated. Key Takeaway Operation Sindoor symbolizes India’s shift from reactive defence to proactive, tech-savvy, multi-domain warfare—setting a template for future strategic conflicts. Principled criminalisation and the police as pivot Central Thesis Criminalisation must be guided not only by substantive criminal law (what is criminal) but also by procedural criminal law (how it is enforced). The police plays major role of this process, and their discretion must be regulated and principled. The Supreme Court’s Imran Pratapgarhi v. State of Gujarat case highlights the need for procedural restraint and responsible policing. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity) Practice Question : What do you understand by “principled criminalisation”? Critically analyse the role of police discretion in shaping criminal justice outcomes in India. (15 marks) Understanding Principled Criminalisation It refers to legitimising the state’s power to label an act as criminal and impose punishment. Criminalisation should align with: Collective interests of society. Violent attacks against individuals. Violation of personal autonomy or rights (non-intervention principle). Despite well-structured laws (like the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita), ground-level criminalisation can still be disproportionate or misused. Importance of Procedure in Criminal Law Procedural law (BNSS) is not just about ‘how’ but determines whether and how fairly criminalisation occurs. Real criminalisation occurs through: Detection → FIR → Investigation → Arrest → Prosecution → Conviction → Sentencing. Discretion and bias in this process often lead to over-criminalisation or under-criminalisation of certain groups. Police as the Pivot Police are the primary agents in implementing criminal law. Their discretionary powers (who to arrest, what to register) shape the actual reach of criminalisation. Risks: Overzealous policing of minor/non-harmful infractions. Neglect of serious, harmful offences. Frivolous or politically motivated FIRs. Section 173(3) of BNSS: A Check on Overreach Allows police 14 days for a preliminary inquiry before registering an FIR for certain offences (punishable between 3–7 years). Intended to prevent misuse of police powers and unnecessary criminalisation. Empowers police to filter out frivolous cases before formal proceedings. Imran Pratapgarhi Case: A Procedural Landmark Case facts: FIR registered against a Rajya Sabha MP for an allegedly inflammatory poem. Police failed to conduct mandatory preliminary inquiry as per Section 173(3). Supreme Court quashed the FIR, citing non-compliance and misuse of procedural powers. Emphasised that police have a duty to apply procedural safeguards, especially when fundamental rights (like speech) are involved. Conclusion Principled criminalisation = Substantive + Procedural discipline. Police must act with accountability and restraint, especially when fundamental rights are at stake. Judicial oversight is essential to ensure that the state’s coercive power is used responsibly and constitutionally.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 May 2025

Content : Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will always remain part of India’ The road to safety Value of new govt. projects announced hits a six-year high How did India develop genome edited rice? Tackling Pakistan’s proxy wars and the dangers posed by Lashkar-e-Taiba Indigenous weapon systems highly effective, says Centre Birth rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. declining at twice the rate of national average: report Centre revamps PLFS, includes rural jobs data Scientists make unique 2D metals much sought after for future tech Arunachal Pradesh was, is, and will always remain part of India’ Context : MEA’s Firm Response MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal categorically rejected China’s attempt to rename places in Arunachal Pradesh. Asserted that “creative naming will not alter the undeniable reality” — Arunachal Pradesh is, was, and will remain an integral part of India. Emphasized that Arunachal Pradesh is inalienably Indian territory and no external naming can change the ground reality. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and International Relations) China’s Repeated Attempts China’s Foreign Ministry, through spokesperson Lin Jian, announced “standardisation” of names in Arunachal Pradesh (which it refers to as Zangnan). This is part of a pattern of provocation — similar renaming attempts: April 2024: ~30 places renamed. April 2023: 11 places, including mountain peaks, renamed. These actions are aimed at asserting its territorial claim over Arunachal Pradesh, which China claims as part of “South Tibet.” India’s Consistent Position India has consistently protested these actions, terming them “vain and preposterous.” Maintains that such acts hold no legal or territorial validity. Asserts sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh in all diplomatic engagements. Underlying Geopolitical Context Part of broader India-China border tensions, especially post-Galwan (2020). China’s renaming is a soft power and cartographic aggression strategy to reinforce its claims. India’s strong rebuttal reflects its resolve to maintain territorial integrity and counter information warfare tactics. Conclusion Renaming places is a symbolic move with no impact on sovereignty or legal status. India continues to vigilantly guard its borders and respond diplomatically to such provocations. The message: Territorial integrity cannot be redrawn through words. The road to safety Scale and Severity of India’s Road Safety Crisis India has one of the largest road networks and also the highest number of road traffic deaths globally. 1.68 lakh fatalities in 2022 → ~12.2 deaths per 1 lakh population. In contrast: Japan (2.57), UK (2.61) per 1 lakh population. Road crashes cost ~3% of India’s GDP annually, impacting development and economic productivity. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3 (Infrastructure, Environment) Right to Safe Mobility = Right to Life Safe road travel is a constitutional right under Article 21 – Right to Life. Emphasizes that road safety is a human right, not just a technical issue. Calls for treating roads as public spaces for all, not just vehicle corridors. Urbanisation and Mobility Challenge By 2047, 50% of India will be urban → sharp rise in vehicle ownership. This urban growth must be met with people-centric urban planning: Focus on vulnerable road users: pedestrians, cyclists, elderly, public transport users. Safe System Approach: Paradigm Shift Recognises human error is inevitable, but deaths are preventable. Prioritises: Pedestrian-first design Wider footpaths, dedicated cycle tracks Raised intersections, refuge islands Speed limits & traffic calming Shifts accountability from individuals to system design resilience. Government Initiatives (MoRTH) 5000+ black spots on highways identified and being rectified. Mandatory road safety audits, stricter norms (airbags, ABS). Electronic enforcement: Speed cameras, CCTVs for compliance. Launch of driver training centres & vehicle fitness centres in every district. Funding Road Safety: CSR Route Proposal: Auto manufacturers to channel 100% CSR funds to road safety for 20–25 years. Target areas: Black spot removal Awareness campaigns Emergency trauma care Driver education and research Encourages industry-government collaboration to build safer roads. 4 Es of Road Safety Strategy Engineering – Infrastructure upgrades and black spot fixes. Enforcement – Stricter penalties, digital surveillance. Education – Road user awareness and driver training. Emergency Care – Timely trauma response and medical infrastructure. Global Insights & Investment Needs World Bank 2020 report: $109 billion needed in 10 years to cut fatalities by 50%. Returns: Up to 4x economic benefit per ₹1 spent on proven safety interventions. iRAP Four States Report also confirms high benefit-cost ratio for safety investments. Vision for Viksit Bharat 2047 Road safety is not a luxury, but essential for sustainable development. Mobility should prioritise inclusivity, safety, and human dignity over speed. Calls for data-driven policies, accountability, and rethinking civic values around public space usage. Value of new govt. projects announced hits a six-year high Surge in New Investment Announcements (March 2025 Quarter) New projects worth₹19.8 lakh crore announced — highest in six years. Private sector: ₹13.4 lakh crore (~2x the previous quarter). Government sector: ₹6.4 lakh crore — a five-fold increase over Dec 2024 quarter. Relevance : GS 3 (Economy & Infrastructure) Sectoral and Contextual Drivers Power sector led the surge — ~₹9 lakh crore worth of announcements, especially in renewables. Announcement boost aided by global investor summits in four states. Companies are investing cash reserves post-COVID — indicating cyclical recovery. Government Investment Factors Bump in Q4 due to delayed capex during election period (Lok Sabha 2024). PSU expansion plans contributed significantly to govt. announcements. Possibly a strategic push to counter revised lower growth forecasts by RBI (6.5%), IMF (6.2%), and World Bank (6.3%). Ground Reality: High Drop and Low Completion Rates Government projects dropped in FY25: ₹7.6 lakh crore (↓ from ₹8.5 lakh crore in FY24). Private sector dropped over₹10 lakh crore in FY25 — 10% ↑ from last year. Completed projects: ~₹2.9 lakh crore (govt.); <₹3 lakh crore (private) — both significantly lower than previous years. Dropouts > Completions, especially in post-COVID years. Gestation Period and Implementation Challenges Gestation period increased: 16.5 months (FY19) → 19+ months (FY25). Longer gestation in private sector than in government projects. Reasons for abandonment: lack of clearances, financial infeasibility, shifting demand, and bureaucratic delays. ~90% of dropped projects in FY25 due to “lack of information”, reflecting poor tracking and monitoring. Investment vs Execution Gap Investment announcements reflect intentions, not outcomes. Projects frequently shelved mid-way, exposing systemic bottlenecks in execution. Experts caution against overinterpreting the surge without accounting for high attrition rates. Outlook Ahead Despite potential U.S. tariffs, India’s exposure is limited; ongoing trade talks may cushion impact. Domestic demand will remain key driver for investments. Export-driven sectors may slow down, but overall capex momentum could sustain if execution improves. Conclusion The surge in announcements is encouraging, but marred by a low success ratio. Without addressing implementation inefficiencies, project announcements will not translate into real economic gains. Emphasis must shift to project completion, transparency, and policy support to sustain momentum. How did India develop genome edited rice? Development and Varieties India becomes the first country to develop rice varieties using genome editing technology. Developed by scientists from ICAR and allied institutions. Two new rice varieties announced: DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala): Derived from Samba Mahsuri. Pusa DST Rice 1: Derived from Maruteru 1010 (MTU1010). Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Science) Unique Characteristics of the Varieties DRR Dhan 100 (Kamala): Higher yield: 5.37 tonnes/ha vs. 4.5 tonnes/ha of Samba Mahsuri. Drought-tolerant and climate-resilient. High nitrogen use efficiency. 20 days earlier maturity, saving water, fertilizers, and reducing methane emissions. Pusa DST Rice 1: Yield under stress: 3,508 kg/ha vs. 3,199 kg/ha of MTU1010. Tolerant to inland and coastal salinity, and alkaline soils. 9.66% to 30.4% yield advantage under various stress conditions. Technology Used Employed genome editing techniques: Site-Directed Nuclease 1 (SDN-1) and SDN-2. SDN-1: Induces mutation without external guidance. SDN-2: Repairs gene with guided editing but without inserting foreign DNA. No use of SDN-3, which involves foreign gene insertion (true GMOs). Hence, these are not considered Genetically Modified (GM) crops. Significance for India Addresses climate change-related stress: drought, salinity, pest resistance. Aligns with food security goals amid growing population and limited resources. Potential to reduce dependence on GM imports and improve domestic seed innovation. Controversies and Objections Farmer backlash: Venugopal Badaravada (ex-ICAR governing body member) called the claims premature and demanded transparency and accountability. Expelled from ICAR after his remarks. Activists’ concerns: Alleged lack of field-level data and trials. Legal concerns over India’s deregulation of gene-edited crops. IPR issues: Fears of corporate control and erosion of seed sovereignty. Genome editing not necessarily precise or risk-free, per some scientific literature. Regulatory and Legal Status Genome editing using SDN-1 and SDN-2 is exempt from GM crop regulations in some countries (including India currently). ICAR claims no foreign gene is present, hence no GM label. Supreme Court is still hearing a case on GM crop regulation; any precedent here could influence future approvals. Next Steps Seeds to be available after regulatory clearance within 6 months. Large-scale seed production expected over 3 crop seasons. Tackling Pakistan’s proxy wars and the dangers posed by Lashkar-e-Taiba Background Context Pakistan has employed proxy wars as a long-term strategic tool to undermine India, described as “bleed India through a thousand cuts.” Key militant groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed have been central to these proxy operations. Notable incidents include: 2016 Uri attack by JeM 2019 Pulwama attack by JeM 2025 Pahalgam massacre claimed by TRF, a front for LeT India responded with cross-border strikes, escalating tensions including aerial dogfights and missile/drones exchange. Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT): Characteristics and Role LeT is Pakistan’s most loyal militant proxy, integral to the country’s geopolitical strategy. It operates with ideological convergence with Pakistan’s military and establishment. While other groups have sometimes challenged Pakistani military’s authority, LeT restricts its militancy outside Pakistan (mainly India and Afghanistan), maintaining social and philanthropic activities inside Pakistan. This dual role grants LeT protection from Pakistani state action and allows it to rebrand under different names (e.g., Jamaat-ud-Dawa) to avoid bans and international pressure. LeT survived despite bans and international designation as a terrorist group, with extensive organizational networks for recruitment, fundraising, and activism. Pakistan’s Strategic Use of Militants (“Double Game”) Pakistan’s proxy war strategy extends beyond India — also involves complicity with Taliban in Afghanistan. During the U.S. war on terror in Afghanistan (2001-2021), Pakistan acted as both an ally to the U.S. and protector of the Taliban. Pakistan’s intelligence agency (ISI) reportedly provided support and shelter to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden despite global scrutiny. This “double game” allowed Pakistan to pursue its strategic interests while avoiding full international consequences. Challenges in Countering Proxy Wars Options to deal with Pakistan’s proxies as per experts include: Maintaining the status quo (limited responses, diplomatic efforts) Decapitating militant leadership (targeted elimination or disruption of groups) Escalating tensions (cross-border strikes, controlled military operations) India’s strategy has leaned towards “controlled escalation,” calibrating responses below the nuclear threshold to retain strategic leverage without triggering all-out conflict. Pakistan’s proxy warfare continues to test India’s resilience and strategic patience. Strategic Implications & Way Forward Pakistan’s proxy war doctrine is deeply embedded in its geopolitical ambitions to challenge India’s regional dominance. India must maintain a multi-dimensional approach including intelligence operations, diplomatic pressure, and calibrated military responses. International cooperation is crucial to dismantle militant networks and cut off their funding and support. Long-term peace requires addressing underlying regional disputes alongside counter-terrorism measures. Indigenous weapon systems highly effective, says Centre Performance of Indigenous Defence Systems Indigenous systems like the Akash short-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system proved highly effective during Operation Sindoor. All Indian offensive strikes on Pakistan military targets were executed without loss of any Indian assets, highlighting excellent surveillance, planning, and weapon delivery. India’s long-range drones and guided munitions played a crucial role in making strikes precise and well-calibrated. Indian Air Force successfully jammed and bypassed Pakistan’s Chinese-supplied air defence systems (HQ-9 SAMs), showcasing technological superiority. The entire operation was completed in just 23 minutes, demonstrating operational efficiency and preparedness. Relevance : GS 3(Defence) Defence Sector Growth and Export Potential Defence exports surged from₹686 crore (2013-14) to ₹23,622 crore (2024-25), reflecting rapid growth driven by Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliance) initiatives. Countries in Southeast Asia, West Asia, and Africa have shown increasing interest in Indian systems like Akash and BrahMos, validating their global appeal. Operation Sindoor served as a live demonstration of indigenous systems’ real-time performance, likely boosting export inquiries. Air Defence and Electronic Warfare Capabilities Indian air defence network showed resilience against hundreds of drones, UAVs, and high-speed missiles launched by Pakistan. Most hostile aerial targets were successfully intercepted or neutralized; only a few caused damage. Several key Pakistani air defence radar sites were struck, including disabling the HQ-15 SAM system in Lahore. Integration of Army and IAF air defence networks, supported by Akashteer system and Integrated Air Command and Control Systems (IACCS), proved robust. Pieces of foreign-supplied hostile technologies recovered included Chinese PL-15 air-to-air missiles, Turkish UAVs, long-range rockets, and commercial drones, confirming Pakistan’s reliance on foreign weaponry. Despite Pakistan’s advanced foreign-supplied armaments, India’s indigenous air defence and electronic warfare capabilities remained superior. Akashteer System and Network Automation Akashteer, a networking and automation air defence project by Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL), was fielded within a year after contract signing. Akashteer integrated ground-based defence systems and significantly enhanced air defence response. BEL highlighted Akashteer’s battlefield performance as exceeding expectations and effectively countering Pakistani aerial threats. Current Border Situation and Diplomatic Notes Situation along western borders remained calm as of May 13-14 post-Operation Sindoor. No confirmed schedule yet for the next Directors-General of Military Operations (DGMOs) talks between India and Pakistan. The calmness suggests a phase of strategic consolidation after the operation’s high-intensity engagement. Birth rates in Delhi, Kerala, and T.N. declining at twice the rate of national average: report Key Findings on Birth Rate Decline Delhi, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu show birth rates declining at roughly twice the national average rate. Tamil Nadu: birth rate decline of 2.35% per year (2016-2021) Delhi: decline of 2.23% per year Kerala: decline of 2.05% per year The national average birth rate decline during 2016-2021 was 1.12% per year (crude birth rate 19.3 in 2021). Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) States with Slowest Decline or Increase in Birth Rates States with the slowest birth rate decline: Rajasthan (0.48%) Bihar (0.86%) Chhattisgarh (0.98%) Jharkhand (0.98%) Assam (1.05%) Madhya Pradesh (1.05%) West Bengal (1.08%) Uttar Pradesh (1.09%) Uttarakhand was the only state to witness a rise in birth rate during this period. Other States with Faster than Average Decline Besides Tamil Nadu and Kerala, other southern states also recorded faster decline rates than the national average: Andhra Pradesh (1.26%) Telangana (1.67%) Karnataka (1.68%) Other large states with faster declines: Maharashtra (1.57%) Gujarat (1.24%) Odisha (1.34%) Himachal Pradesh (1.29%) Haryana (1.21%) Jammu & Kashmir (1.47%) Punjab’s birth rate decline was nearly equal to the national average. Civil Registration System (CRS) Registered Births Trends Some states with slow birth rate decline showed rising number of registered births: Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Lakshadweep Indicates possible improvements in birth registration or population growth factors in these states. Fertility and Reproduction Rates (TFR & GRR) States like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh have: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) above national average — indicating more children per woman on average. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR) also above national average — implying higher number of daughters surviving to reproductive age. TFR: average children born per woman over her reproductive years. GRR: average daughters born who survive to reproduce. Implications and Context Southern states’ faster decline aligns with higher socio-economic development, education, and healthcare access. Northern and central states with slower decline or birth rate rise may face challenges like lower female literacy, poverty, and traditional fertility preferences. Birth registration improvements in some states may partly explain the rise in registered births despite slow birth rate decline. Data signals regional disparities in demographic transition within India.  Key Terms & Definitions Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year. Birth Rate Decline (%): Annual percentage decrease in the crude birth rate over a specified period. Total Fertility Rate (TFR):The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her reproductive years. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR):The average number of daughters a woman would have who survive to reproductive age. Civil Registration System (CRS):A government system for recording vital events like births and deaths for statistical and administrative purposes. Demographic Transition:A shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a society develops economically. Fertility Rate:The number of births per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in a year. Replacement Level Fertility:The level of fertility (TFR ≈ 2.1) at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. Population Stabilization:A condition where the birth rate and death rate are balanced, leading to a steady population size over time. Registered Births: Births officially recorded under the Civil Registration System, used to assess population trends and service delivery. Centre revamps PLFS, includes rural jobs data Key Points of PLFS Revamp Inclusion of rural employment and unemployment data in PLFS, which earlier covered mainly urban areas quarterly. PLFS to provide monthly estimates of key labour indicators — Labour Force Participation Rate, Worker Population Ratio, and Unemployment Rate — for both rural and urban areas at the all-India level in the Current Weekly Status (CWS). Quarterly estimates from PLFS will now also cover rural areas at the country level and major States. PLFS will estimate employment/unemployment indicators annually for both usual status (one-year reference) and current weekly status (last 7 days). Relevance : GS 3(Labour Force) Sampling and Coverage Enhancements From January 2025, revamped PLFS started with an enlarged sample size: 22,692 First Stage Units (FSUs) surveyed annually (12,504 rural FSUs; 10,188 urban FSUs). From each FSU, 12 households will be surveyed. Total sample size of around 2,72,304 households, a 2.65 times increase from previous ~1,02,400 households. Larger sample size aims to provide more reliable and precise labour market estimates. Release Schedule and Scope First monthly PLFS bulletin covering rural and urban areas for April 2025 to be released soon (May 2025). First quarterly bulletin for April-June 2025 (rural + urban) scheduled for August 2025. PLFS will now serve as a high-frequency labour market indicator source for policymakers and researchers. Implications and Significance Extending coverage to rural areas is crucial given India’s large rural workforce. Monthly data availability will improve timeliness and responsiveness of labour market analysis. Enhanced granularity at state and national levels will support better policy formulation on employment generation, unemployment, and workforce participation. Important step for India’s statistical system to capture labour market dynamics more accurately, especially in the post-pandemic economic context. Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat goals by providing data-driven insights to optimize skill development, job creation, and social security programs. Scientists make unique 2D metals much sought after for future tech Background: Quantum confinement causes electrons in extremely small materials to behave differently, leading to unique properties. Quantum dots (0D materials) and graphene (2D carbon sheets) are examples of materials with such confined electron behavior. These materials have revolutionized tech sectors like LEDs, solar cells, and sensors. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Challenge with 2D Metals: Metals naturally form 3D bonds, making it difficult to isolate atomically thin 2D metal sheets. Previous attempts produced metal sheets only a few nanometers thick, far thicker than ideal atomic scale (angstrom level). Metal surfaces often oxidize, reducing material stability and performance. New Breakthrough by Chinese Scientists: Researchers created ultra-thin (6.3 Å, about 2 atoms thick) 2D sheets of metals like bismuth, gallium, indium, tin, and lead. The method involves sandwiching molten metal powder between layers of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and sapphire, then applying immense pressure and controlled cooling. MoS2 and sapphire provide strong, smooth, non-reactive surfaces essential for preserving the 2D structure. Significant Findings: The bismuth sheets show strong field effect (electric conductivity tunable by external electric field) and nonlinear Hall effect (voltage generated perpendicular to electric field). These effects are unique to 2D metals and not found in 3D metals. The technique is scalable and simpler compared to prior complex and costly methods. Potential Applications: 2D metals could enable next-gen technologies such as super-sensitive sensors for medical diagnostics and military use. 2D bismuth and tin may act as topological insulators—conducting electricity only on edges, promising faster and more energy-efficient computing. Future Directions: Exploration of multi-metal 2D sheets and larger-area production. Tuning materials to operate as room-temperature topological insulators. Integration of 2D metals with other materials for advanced electrical and photonic devices. Deepening understanding of the novel electronic properties of 2D metals beyond bismuth. Broader Context: The discovery parallels the impact of quantum dot research recognized by the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Represents a major advancement towards harnessing unique quantum phenomena in metals for practical use.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 13 May 2025

C-DOT and Synergy Quantum Sign MoU to Jointly Develop Quantum Key Distribution Technology suited for Drone based systems. The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) has signed an MoU with Synergy Quantum India to jointly develop drone-based Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) systems. This collaboration aims to enhance India’s indigenous capabilities in quantum-secure communications under the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics to generate and share encryption keys between parties. It ensures ultra-secure data transmission by detecting any eavesdropping attempts through quantum principles like superposition and entanglement Strategic Significance Partnership Between Public & Private Sector: C-DOT (Govt. R&D body) + Synergy Quantum (private deep-tech firm) = synergy of research depth + industry agility. Aligned with Atmanirbhar Bharat: Supports indigenous development in emerging telecom and quantum-secure technologies. Technological Highlights Focus: Development of Drone-based QKD systems using: Decoy-based BB84 protocol. Polarization encoding for quantum communication. Targeted at TRL-6 or above (prototype demonstration in relevant environment). QKD: Uses quantum mechanics to securely distribute encryption keys. Crucial for quantum-resistant secure communication. Use Case Relevance Optimized for drone-based deployments, enabling: Mobile secure communication in remote or tactical zones. Applications in defence, disaster response, critical infrastructure, and secure governance. Collaborative Activities Joint R&D efforts in QKD for drones. Co-creation of grant proposals (national & international). Dissemination through: Research papers, whitepapers. Conferences, workshops, expert talks. Vision and Goals Quantum Innovation Leadership: Aims to position India as a global leader in drone-based quantum communications. Quantum-safe Telecom Infrastructure: Expected to lay the groundwork for next-gen secure communication frameworks. Stakeholders Involved Key personnel from C-DOT and Synergy Quantum present at MoU signing. Senior officials involved show high-level institutional commitment. Implications for India Boosts India’s quantum ecosystem and supports secure digital infrastructure. Contributes to strategic autonomy in cyber and telecom security. Encourages public-private innovation ecosystem in frontier tech.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 13 May 2025

Content: A belated admission The educational landscape, its disconcerting shift India’s rising e-waste, the need to recast its management A belated admission Context : Excess Deaths vs. Official Toll: Civil Registration System (CRS) data for 2021 shows 21.5 lakh excess deaths. Officially reported COVID-19 deaths for 2021 were only 3.32 lakh. Suggests gross under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths. Relevance : GS2 (Governance), GS4 (Ethics – Accountability), GS3 (Disaster Management). Practice Question: “Data delayed is data denied.” In light of the delayed release of civil registration data during COVID-19, critically examine the implications of data opacity on public health policy and democratic accountability in India.(250 Words) Independent Findings Validated: RTI findings and surveys (notably by The Hindu) had earlier indicated millions of uncounted deaths. These findings were initially dismissed by the government. High Under-reporting Multiples: Excess death multiples vs. reported COVID deaths: Gujarat: 44.2x Madhya Pradesh: 19.5x Uttar Pradesh: 19.5x Telangana: 18.2x Points to state-level data suppression or non-recognition of COVID deaths with comorbidities. Governance and Accountability Concerns: Delayed Release of Data: Registrar General’s report released nearly 4 years after the second wave. Indicates a reluctance to acknowledge and assess the pandemic’s true toll. Failure to Utilize Improved Civil Registration System: CRS has become more robust and widespread, with improved death reporting. Yet, delay in publishing data undercuts progress and transparency. Lack of Medical Certification: Cause of death certification remains low. Weakens the ability to use mortality data for public health planning. Implications: Public Health Policy Impact: Delayed and inaccurate data leads to misinformed public health responses. Hampers future pandemic preparedness and resilience. Erosion of Public Trust: Undermines credibility of government statistics and damages public trust. Highlights need for data transparency and accountability in crisis management. Conclusion: The revelation of excess deaths serves as a belated but important admission. The government must ensure timely and accurate release of vital statistics. Emphasizes that data delayed is data denied, especially in a public health emergency. The educational landscape, its disconcerting shift Key Issues in the Evolving Educational Landscape Historical Role of Education: Traditionally, higher education nurtured critical thinking, dissent, and progress across disciplines. Universities were autonomous centres of intellectual inquiry and democratic engagement. Shift Toward Conformity: Modern universities are increasingly functioning under bureaucratic and ideological control, prioritising efficiency and market needs over academic freedom. Relevance : GS2 (Governance , Education), GS4 (Ethics – Integrity in institutions). Practice Question : Critically analyse how centralisation, marketisation, and ideological control are reshaping India’s higher education system. What steps can be taken to safeguard academic autonomy and foster critical thinking?(250 Words) Centralisation of Curricula: Earlier, universities had autonomy to design context-specific syllabi. Now, bodies like the UGC and policies like NEP impose standardised content, often reflecting political or economic agendas rather than academic merit. This erodes academic autonomy and leads to a monolithic intellectual ecosystem devoid of diversity and innovation. Suppression of Dissent: Critical voices, especially those citing thinkers like Chomsky or challenging dominant narratives, face reprimands or marginalisation. Self-censorship among faculty and students is rising due to fear of professional or political backlash. Rise of Corporatisation: Education is being reframed as a market commodity, prioritising revenue, branding, and investor interest. Disciplines like technology and business receive disproportionate support, while humanities and social sciences are devalued. Metrics-Driven Evaluation: Faculty are judged based on quantitative metrics (publications, rankings, ratings), not scholarly depth. Global rankings push institutions to emulate Western models, sidelining local intellectual traditions. Dilution of Academic Governance: Appointing leaders from non-academic or corporate backgrounds undermines scholarly priorities. Increasing ideological influence in appointments risks converting leadership into tools of conformity. Conclusion: The crisis in education is rooted in a crisis of imagination and purpose. Preserving universities as spaces of free thought is essential not only for academic integrity but for sustaining democracy and public reasoning. India’s rising e-waste, the need to recast its management India’s E-Waste Explosion Rapid growth: E-waste increased by 151.03% from 7.08 lakh MT (2017-18) to 17.78 lakh MT (2023-24). Annual addition: ~1.69 lakh MT of e-waste is added each year. India ranks among the top global e-waste generators (with China, USA, Japan, Germany). GS Paper: GS3 (Environment, Economy, Science & Tech). Practice Question: India’s e-waste problem reflects a larger failure to transition towards a circular economy. Evaluate the role of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and floor pricing in enabling sustainable e-waste management in India.(250 Words)  Consequences of Improper E-Waste Management Environmental loss: Water pollution from cyanide & sulphuric acid. Air pollution from lead fumes, plastic burning. Soil contamination. Economic loss: $10 billion annually in environmental damage. ₹80,000 crore (~$9.6 billion) loss from undervalued critical metals. $20 billion social loss due to unregulated informal sector. ~$20 billion in tax losses due to unaccounted cash transactions. Human cost: Informal recycling involves women and children. Average lifespan <27 years due to toxic exposure. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Concept & Potential EPR shifts waste management responsibility to producers, importers & brand owners. Promotes: Sustainable design, Lifecycle accountability, Environmental cost internalisation. Helps reduce burden on municipalities and curb informal recycling. Significance of EPR Floor Price (As per 2022 Rules) Prevents market collapse like in plastic waste management. Encourages: Formal recyclers to invest in advanced tech (gold, copper recovery). Expansion of safe, certified recycling infrastructure. Aims to formalise the sector (which is 95% informal currently). Reduces health and environmental risks by discouraging hazardous informal recycling. Towards a Circular Economy E-waste reimagined as a resource rather than a liability. Stable pricing fosters: Material recovery over landfill disposal. Investment in recycling innovation. Compliance with EPR targets. Floor price can unlock sustainability and innovation without significantly raising product costs. Balancing Concerns Critics fear consumer cost rise due to floor pricing. But: Environmental and social costs of inaction far outweigh financial concerns. Encourages product innovation and durability — key EPR goals. Way Forward: A Recycling Vision for India Formalisation of e-waste sector is essential for: Tax revenue, Health safety, Resource efficiency. A visionary floor pricing policy is the foundation for sustainable growth and global leadership. India must act decisively to convert a waste crisis into a green opportunity.

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