Posts

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 November 2025

Content Ladakh Groups Submit Draft Proposal to MHA on Statehood & 6th Schedule Status Social Audit for SIR 2.0 Trajectory of Anti-Rape Laws in India Batukeshwar Dutt National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA) 2024–25 Digital Labour Chowk, LCFCs & New Cess Portal UNESCO’s Global Ethics Framework on Neurotechnology Ladakh Groups Submit Draft Proposal to MHA on Statehood & 6th Schedule Status Why in News? Leh Apex Body (LAB) and allied groups submitted a 29-page draft proposal to the MHA demanding: Statehood for Ladakh Sixth Schedule status General amnesty for those arrested after September 24 violence Release of climate activist Sonam Wangchuk, detained under the NSA. Negotiations between Ladakhi groups and MHA stalled in September after Wangchuk’s hunger strike. Relevance : GS2: Polity & Governance Centre–State relations, Union Territories without legislature Sixth Schedule, Tribal rights, Constitutional safeguards Democratic deficit, decentralisation, federalism GS3: Internal Security Governance in border regions (LAC with China) NSA use, civil society movements, environmental activism GS1 (Society) Tribal identity, cultural preservation in Himalayan regions Governance Structure of Ladakh Became a Union Territory (UT) without legislature after J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019. Administration controlled by: Lieutenant Governor (LG) Two Autonomous Hill Development Councils: Leh Hill Council Kargil Hill Council No elected Assembly — demand for democratic deficit & resource control. What is the Sixth Schedule? Constitutional provision for tribal-majority areas ensuring: Autonomous District Councils with legislative, judicial and financial powers. Special protections over land, culture, natural resources. Applicable currently in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram. Why Ladakh Wants Sixth Schedule Status? Tribal population ≈ 90% (Scheduled Tribes). Fears over: Unregulated industrialisation Loss of land, culture, ecology External demographic pressures Sixth Schedule seen as stronger protection than current Hill Councils. Key Demands in the 29-Page Draft Proposal Full Statehood to ensure democratic governance. Sixth Schedule inclusion for constitutional protection of land & resources. General Amnesty for those arrested after September 24 clash in Leh. Immediate Release of Sonam Wangchuk detained under NSA. Resumption of stalled talks with clear timelines. Enhanced powers for local bodies, environmental protection, and tribal safeguards. Why the Issue Matters? Involves Centre-State relations, tribal rights, UT governance. Part of India’s border governance strategy with China. Reflects challenges in post-2019 reorganisation of J&K. Integrates themes of environmental activism, federalism, security law use (NSA). Challenges & Concern Areas Centre’s hesitation to grant 6th Schedule → precedent concerns for other UTs/states. Security implications due to location near LAC. Divergence between Leh (favors unionism) and Kargil (historically pro-statehood) narrowing, but still present. Rising youth discontent, seen in September 24 clashes. Potential Outcomes Going Forward MHA may: Offer enhanced powers under Ladakh Hill Councils Act instead of Sixth Schedule. Consider partial concessions (cultural & land safeguards) without full autonomy. Set timelines for institutional mechanisms like Tribes Advisory Council. If negotiations stall: More civil society mobilisations expected. International attention due to climate activism angle. Social Audit for SIR 2.0 Why in News? ECI initiated Special Intensive Revision (SIR) 2.0 across 12 States/UTs to reverify voter eligibility. The article warned that the Bihar experience shows potential mass disenfranchisement, particularly of women, Muslims, and migrants, threatening the integrity of electoral democracy. Relevance : GS2: Polity & Governance Electoral reforms, electoral roll accuracy ECI’s constitutional mandate, independence & accountability Social audits (constitutional backing: Local Bodies, transparency) What is Special Intensive Revision (SIR)? A documentation-heavy re-verification of existing voters. Requires fresh submission of documents proving: Identity Address (ordinary residence) Age eligibility Intended purpose: clean rolls, remove duplicates, update migrant data. Problem: No specific Rules, procedural clarity, or transparent oversight mechanism under existing electoral law. Legal Framework: Electoral Roll Revision Governed by Representation of the People Act, 1950. Section 19: Person must be “ordinarily resident” to be enrolled. Section 20: Defines “ordinaryresidence”, but outdated; does not recognise: Long-term migrants Short-term/seasonal workers Circular migrants SIR’s reliance on strict documentation → risks excluding these groups. Bihar Case Study: What Went Wrong? Evidence of Disenfranchisement Sharp drop in adult–elector ratio. Large-scale deletions of women and Muslim voters. Duplicate names, bogus entries, inconsistent deletions. People unable to produce documents → lost voting rights. Why It Became Controversial ? Exercise resembled a citizenship screening regime, not voter roll maintenance. Heavy burden placed on citizens rather than ECI/BLOs. Led to fear of stealth NRC-like filtration through electoral rolls. Institutional Issues Raised Election Commission of India (ECI) Allegations of: Lack of transparency Defensive posture in court filings Avoiding scrutiny Prioritising institutional authority over inclusive roll preparation Perception of declining impartiality and institutional credibility. Supreme Court Monitored the exercise but: Avoided ruling on legality of SIR powers. Allowed SIR to continue despite procedural deficiencies. Mitigated small inequities but did not address structural flaws. Risk of legitimising an unconstitutional framework with discriminatory outcomes. Vulnerability of Internal Migrants India has 450+ million internal migrants (Census projection-based estimates). Tamil Nadu flagged as a major concern due to high migrant worker population. Strict interpretation of “ordinary residence” → mass exclusions. SIR does not differentiate between types of migrants, leading to: Loss of franchise Distorted voter representation Urban–industrial disenfranchisement Democratic Implications Universal adult franchise depends on: Automatic, accurate enrollment No arbitrary deletions No documentation barriers SIR introduces burdens that shift responsibility from the State to citizens. High non-participation already exists: 30–40% do not vote; forcing reapplications worsens exclusion. Need for Mandatory Social Audit Concept Community-based verification of public records. Ensures transparency, accountability, and participation. Constitutional & Institutional Backing Articles 243A & 243J empower community monitoring. CAG formally endorses social audits as essential for mass programmes. Advantages for Electoral Roll Verification Ground-level correction by: Gram sabhas Ward sabhas Booth-level committees Ensures: Minimal manipulation Maximum inclusion Real-time correction of errors Historical Precedent (2003 Experiment) Conducted under CEC J.M. Lyngdoh. Decentralised social audits in 5 poll-bound States. In Rajasthan alone: 7 lakh corrections made after public audit. Demonstrated best practice for inclusive and transparent roll revision. Article’s Recommendation ECI must: Frame clear Rules for SIR. Make social audit mandatory. Consult civil society, political parties, and rights groups. Ensure that SIR 2.0 does not replicate Bihar’s exclusions. Trajectory of Anti-Rape Laws in India Why in News? Chief Justice of India B. R. Gavai publicly condemned the 1979 Supreme Court acquittal in the Tukaram v. State of Maharashtra (Mathura rape case), calling it an “institutional embarrassment.” CJI’s remarks highlight India’s evolving anti-rape legal framework, reforms in consent definitions, custodial rape protections, and contemporary changes under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023. Article traces the entire legal trajectory from 1972 to 2023, linking reforms to public outrage and judicial criticism. Relevance : GS2: Polity & Social Justice Evolution of criminal law, custodial violence, women’s safety laws BNS 2023 changes (gender neutrality, consent definition) Judicial interpretations shaping reforms (Mathura, Nirbhaya) GS1: Society (Women Issues) Gender norms, patriarchal biases in law enforcement Understanding the Mathura Rape Case (Tukaram Case, 1972–79) Survivor: Tribal girl, 14–16 years, sexually assaulted inside a police station by two policemen. Trial Court (1974): Disbelieved survivor, labeled her “habituated”; held no rape proven. Bombay High Court (1976): Convicted policemen, recognized power imbalance and coercion. Supreme Court (1979): Acquitted the accused, arguing: No injuries → “peaceful intercourse” Survivor “did not resist” Reflected a patriarchal, colonial-era understanding of consent. Turning Point: The 1979 Open Letter Written by: Upendra Baxi, Lotika Sarkar, Vasudha Dhagamwar, Raghunath Kelkar. Key arguments: Submission ≠ Consent Absence of resistance ≠ consent Court ignored: Power of police Survivor’s age Illegality of calling minor girls to police station at night Socio-economic vulnerability Sparked national protests → beginning of India’s modern women’s rights movement. Immediate Legal Reforms Triggered Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1983 Custodial rape created as a separate aggravated offence. Burden of proof shifted to the accused in custodial rape cases after intercourse is proved. Strengthened: Dowry Act penalties Family Courts First major statutory shift recognising coercive environments. Evolution Through Major Cases & Movements Nandini Satpathy Case (1978) Justice Krishna Iyer: Women cannot be summoned to police stations. Must be questioned at residence. Highlighted custodial vulnerabilities even before Mathura verdict. Bhanwari Devi Case & Vishaka Guidelines (1992–1997) Bhanwari Devi gangraped for stopping child marriage. Vishaka Guidelines (1997) laid foundational framework for workplace sexual harassment law. Recognised State obligation to ensure safe working spaces for women. Nirbhaya Case & Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 Rape-and-murder of a 22-year-old physiotherapy intern (Dec 2012). Massive protests → Justice J.S. Verma Committee → sweeping reforms: Definition of rape expanded beyond penetration. Police non-registration of FIR punishable. Hospitals mandated free treatment to survivors. Silence or “feeble no” ≠ consent. Age of consent raised to 18. Death penalty for extreme cases & repeat offenders. Unnao and Kathua Cases (2017–18) & Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2018 Unnao: MLA Kuldeep Sengar convicted for rape of a minor. Kathua: Minor girl gangraped and murdered. Reforms: Death penalty for rape of girls below 12 years. Minimum 20-year sentence for rape of girls below 16. Fast-tracked: Investigation: 2 months Trial: 2 months Appeals: 6 months Latest Phase: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 2023 Major overhaul replacing IPC. Key changes: Sexual offences made gender-neutral for victims and perpetrators. Gangrape of a woman below 18: death or life imprisonment. New offence: sexual intercourse under false pretences/false promise of marriage. Expanded definition of: Sexual harassment Non-consensual sexual acts not covered earlier Reflects modern understanding of consent and coercion. Themes Underlying India’s Legal Evolution Recognition of power asymmetry (custodial, caste, economic, institutional). Increasing acknowledgment that: Consent must be affirmative, voluntary. Lack of resistance is not consent. Greater victim-sensitive procedures: FIR rights Medical care Shifting burden in custodial cases Faster trials in minors’ cases Progressive move away from: Stereotypes about “chastity,” “habituality,” “conduct” Injury-based understanding of rape Challenges That Continue Low conviction rates (~27–33% nationally). Police bias, investigative lapses, hostile environments. Victim intimidation, delays in evidence collection. Need for: Better forensics Survivor support systems Gender-sensitisation of police and judiciary Batukeshwar Dutt Why in News? A recent article revisits the life, legacy, and neglect of Batukeshwar Dutt, co-revolutionary of Bhagat Singh, on the occasion of renewed debates around revolutionary memorialisation. Highlights the 1929 Central Assembly bombing, Dutt’s sacrifices, and the lack of adequate national recognition despite his central role. Relevance : GS1: Modern Indian History Revolutionary nationalism, HSRA, Central Assembly Bombing Freedom fighters’ contributions beyond textbook icons GS1: Heritage & Personalities Historical neglect, issues of memorialisation Basic Facts  Event: Central Assembly Bombing, April 8, 1929 (Delhi). Actors: Bhagat Singh & Batukeshwar Dutt (HSRA members). Objective: Protest against the Public Safety Bill & Trade Disputes Bill; aimed to “make the deaf hear”. Nature of Bombs: Harmless, non-lethal; intended for symbolic protest. Slogans: Inquilab Zindabad; Samrajyavad ka Nash Ho. Pamphlet: “To Make the Deaf Hear”. Outcome: Both arrested; life sentence for Dutt, death sentence later in Lahore Conspiracy Case for Bhagat Singh. Batukeshwar Dutt: Life & Background Born: 18 November 1910, Burdwan (Bengal). Joined HSRA as a young revolutionary; close associate of Bhagat Singh. Convicted in the Delhi Assembly Bomb Case (June 12, 1929); sentenced to transportation for life. Jail Years & Hunger Strikes Imprisoned in Multan, Jhelum, Trichinopoly, Salem, Andamans. Undertook multiple hunger strikes demanding political prisoner rights. Twice fasted over a month, highlighting prison brutality. Was in Salem Jail when Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev were executed (March 23, 1931). Post-Release Struggles Released in 1938; re-arrested in Quit India Movement (1942); jailed again for 4 years. Married Anjali; lived in Patna. Bihar govt allotted him a coal depot — economically unviable. President Rajendra Prasad urged support; resulted only in a token 6-month nomination to Bihar Legislative Council. Health Decline & Death Suffered from bone cancer (mid-1960s). Admitted to AIIMS Delhi; eight months of suffering. Plans to send him abroad dropped after assessment that Indian care was comparable. Died: 20 July 1965. Cremated at Hussainiwala, Punjab — beside Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev. Neglect vs Recognition Massive state funeral attended by President, PM, ministers, large public turnout. Yet no portrait of Bhagat Singh or Dutt in Parliament; contrast with Savarkar’s portrait being prominently placed. 2014 protests by MPs for inclusion of Bhagat Singh’s portrait; ignored. Dutt largely absent from school textbooks, memorials, public memory. Chaman Lal Azad’s Documentation Journalist and revolutionary; cared for Dutt during his final months. Wrote Urdu series compiled as Bhagat Singh aur Dutt ki Amar Kahani (1966). Contains: Bhagat Singh’s letters, statements, postcards. Gandhi’s letter to Dutt. Rare photographs with Nehru, Indira Gandhi. Dutt’s recollections of fellow revolutionaries (Hari Kishan Talwar, Ehsan Ilahi, etc.). Hindi translation commissioned but unpublished due to copyright issues. Revolutionary Network & Personal Bonds Close ties with Bhagat Singh’s family; Mata Vidyawati stayed with him in final days. She even sold a poetic manuscript to raise money for his treatment. Comrades like Shiv Verma, Kiran Das, and others remained with him. Leaders like Gulzari Lal Nanda, Y. B. Chavan, Jagjivan Ram visited, though recognition came mostly posthumously. Ideas & Ideological Contributions Shared Bhagat Singh’s vision of socialism, secularism, and class equality. Emphasised Singh’s intellectual depth — always reading, studying, debating ideology. Dutt criticised early films on Bhagat Singh for distortions; approved only Manoj Kumar’s “Shaheed” (1965). Key Takeaways Dutt’s journey reveals systemic neglect of revolutionaries post-independence. Highlights tensions between ideological preferences in official memorialisation. Shows how state narratives often sideline figures who challenge mainstream political icons. His life symbolises the unrewarded sacrifices of many lesser-known freedom fighters. Demonstrates the importance of archival preservation — many primary sources remain inaccessible. National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA) 2024–25 Why in News? Union Animal Husbandry Ministry announced winners of the National Gopal Ratna Awards (NGRA). Aravind Yashavant Patil (Kolhapur, Maharashtra) won the top award for Best Dairy Farmer – Indigenous Cattle/Buffalo Breeds. A total of 2,081 applications were received for the 2024–25 cycle. Awards will be presented on November 26. Relevance : GS3: Agriculture & Allied Sectors Dairy sector, livestock economy, indigenous breeds Breed improvement, fodder, veterinary infrastructure GS3: Economics (Rural Economy) Dairy cooperatives, SHGs, FPOs, rural livelihoods Basics  Ministry: Union Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying. Launched under: National Programme for Bovine Breeding & Dairy Development (NPBBDD). Purpose: Promote indigenous bovine breeds, scientific dairy practices, and farmer-led breed conservation. Categories typically include: Best Dairy Farmer (Indigenous breeds) Best Artificial Insemination Technician Best Dairy Cooperative/SHG/Producer Company Best Dairy Entrepreneur Objectives of NGRA Encourage farmers to rear indigenous cattle and buffaloes. Promote breed improvement, genetic purity, and productivity enhancement. Reward best practices in animal management, feeding, disease control, clean milk production. Strengthen local germplasm conservation and sustainable dairy economy. Highlight role of dairy sector in rural livelihoods and nutritional security. Significance for Dairy Sector India is the world’s largest milk producer (~230+ million tonnes annually). Indigenous breeds (Gir, Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi, Murrah, Jaffarabadi etc.) are critical for: Higher disease resilience Lower maintenance cost Adaptation to climatic stress (heat stress + drought) Better A2 milk demand Awards push formalisation, quality improvement, and skill development among dairy workers. Recent Trends & Data Increasing shift toward indigenous breed improvement programmes, including: Rashtriya Gokul Mission National Kamdhenu Breeding Centres IVF & Embryo Transfer initiatives NGRA complements government’s push for breed conservation + commercial viability. Rising pan-India applications (2,081 this year) shows growing interest in scientific dairy farming. Governance & Implementation Angle Supports Atmanirbhar Bharat via livestock-based rural economy. Strengthens cooperatives, SHGs, and Farmer Producer Organisations. Encourages private sector and youth participation in dairy entrepreneurship. Recognises role of women dairy farmers, often the backbone of rural dairy work. Environmental & Sustainability Linkages Indigenous breeds help reduce climate vulnerability of rural dairy systems. Lower input requirements → lower carbon footprint vs exotic breeds. Promote pastoral, mixed-farming systems and biodiversity conservation. Issues & Criticisms Indigenous breeds often face: Lower productivity vs crossbreeds Inadequate veterinary infrastructure Fragmented breed conservation efforts Artificial insemination skill gaps Awards must be backed by financial support, extension services, fodder development, and market linkages. Digital Labour Chowk, LCFCs & New Cess Portal Why in News? The Construction Workers’ Federation of India (CWFI) criticised the Union Labour Ministry’s new digital initiatives: Digital Labour Chowk Portal & App Labour Felicitation Centres (LCFCs) Online Building and Construction Workers (BOCW) Cess Collection Portal CWFI alleges these measures aim to “de-unionise” workers, bypass unions, and strengthen employer control. Claims that these initiatives divert attention from the government’s failure to register workers and disburse accumulated welfare funds under the BOCW Act. Relevance : GS2: Governance Labour welfare laws, tripartism, de-unionisation debate Digital governance, welfare delivery reform GS3: Economy Informal sector, migrant labour, construction sector shape Cess utilisation & transparency Basics Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 Mandates: Registration of construction workers. Safety, welfare, social security benefits. Funded through 1% cess on construction cost collected from employers. Key Institutions Central/State BOCW Welfare Boards → responsible for worker registration, fund management, benefit distribution. Cess Collection Portal (new) → digitises employer payments, compliance, and transparency. Digital Labour Chowk → digital job-matching platform for construction labour. What the New Digital Initiatives Do Digital Labour Chowk Portal & App Online marketplace connecting workers & contractors. Digitises hiring, attendance, wage flow, and worker profiles. Intended to reduce middlemen and informal negotiation. Labour Felicitation Centres (LCFCs) Physical centres for onboarding workers, grievance redress, digital literacy. Online BOCW Cess Collection Portal Streamlines cess payment. Reduces leakages and manual delays. CWFI’s Key Objections No consultation with trade unions → violates tripartite approach (state–employer–worker). De-unionisation: Digital hiring bypasses unions → weakens collective bargaining power. Surveillance concerns: Portals emphasise worker tracking and data collection. Top-down design: Insufficient worker involvement in shaping the system. Diversion from core failures: Millions of workers still unregistered. Thousands of crores of cess funds lie unspent (due to bureaucratic delays). Benefits remain inaccessible to migrant and unorganised workers. CWFI’s Specific Critiques 1. “Digital gates while the vault stays locked” Government focuses on tech platforms but not on actual welfare delivery. Portal efficiency irrelevant if benefits remain undistributed. 2. Fundamental flaws App and portal require digital literacy, documentation, and smartphones → excluding a majority of migrant BOCW workers. Job-matching platforms may promote casualisation rather than secure employment. Digital systems may formalise employer control over hiring without strengthening worker rights. 3. Anti-worker implications Weakens unions → reduces bargaining over wages, safety gear, work hours. Employers gain real-time access to labour pools → pushes wages downward. Increased vulnerability for interstate migrant workers. 4. Lack of transparency about welfare funds Unspent cess funds in many states (estimates often run into thousands of crores). Digital makeover may obscure rather than solve the welfare delivery problem. Government’s Expected Rationale  Digitisation increases efficiency, transparency, and portability of benefits. Helps track migrant workers across states. Reduces leakages in cess collection. Supports ease of doing business by simplifying compliance. Aims to build a national labour database ahead of full implementation of Labour Codes. Issues & Challenges Deep digital divide → exclusion risk. Migrant construction labour is highly mobile; portal registration alone does not ensure welfare access. Centralised platforms risk data misuse without strong privacy safeguards. Undermining unions creates long-term asymmetry of power between labour and contractors. Labour Codes (still pending/partially rolled out) already weakened traditional protections — unions view new portals as part of this trend. Broader Structural Context Construction workforce: ~5 crore workers, highly informal, migrant-heavy. One of India’s most dangerous sectors → high accident rate, low safety compliance. Historically under-registered: welfare boards often have less than 30–40% coverage. Cess utilisation varies widely; some states have used barely 20–30% of collected funds. Key Takeaways CWFI sees the digital initiatives as centralised, surveillance-oriented, and designed to weaken worker collective strength. Major concern: digitisation without welfare delivery → cosmetic reform over substantive rights. Highlights India’s persistent challenge: bringing informal, migrant, construction workers under real welfare protection. UNESCO’S global Ethics Framework on Neurotechnology Why in News? UNESCO issued the first-ever global normative framework on neurotechnology ethics on November 5, 2025, which came into force on November 12. Aims to balance innovation with human rights, prevent misuse of brain data, and protect freedom of thought in the emerging neurotech era. Parallelly, a new study on transgenerational behavioural inheritance in C. elegans (published in eLife, Nov 11) highlighted ethical concerns around neurodata interpretation and biological determinism — relevant to the framework’s “future generations” principle. Relevance : GS2: International Relations Global ethics norms, UNESCO role Neurorights emerging in global governance GS3: Science & Technology Neurotech, BCIs, AI–brain interfaces Data protection, mental autonomy, future risks GS4: Ethics Mental integrity, autonomy, human dignity Ethical limits on technology, consent, manipulation What is Neurotechnology? Devices, procedures, and systems that access, assess, or act on neural systems. Examples: AI-assisted neuroimaging Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) Neural implants (e.g., Neuralink) Cognitive enhancement tools Global Investment: Public funding > $6 billion (2023 UNESCO study). Private funding > $7.3 billion (end-2020). Why a Framework Was Needed ? Neurotechnology can decode neurodata → enabling: Tracking emotional states Predicting preferences Decoding intentions Influencing decision-making Risks identified: Political persuasion via brain-signal profiling Insurance discrimination using neural markers Workplace screening using stress tolerance or hidden traits Covert manipulation of behaviour through stimuli Absence of global norms despite rapid commercialisation. Key Drivers Before UNESCO Framework 2019 OECD Standards: Responsible innovation, tech transfer, IP pools, and licensing norms. 2022 UNESCO Bioethics Committee Report: Called for a comprehensive governance structure. Growing “neurorights” movement: Chile: first to protect “mental integrity” constitutionally. California (2024): law protecting brain data. What UNESCO’s Framework Contains  Three-Pillar Structure Definition of neurotechnology & neurodata Values, principles, sector-specific (health, education) guidance Special protections for vulnerable groups (children, elderly, disabled) Core Ethical Principles  Protection Principles Mental autonomy & freedom of thought Mental integrity Privacy and protection of neural data Prohibition of manipulation, deception, political or commercial influence Non-discrimination & inclusivity No harm & proportionality Innovation Principles Beneficence Accountability & transparency Trustworthiness Epistemic justice Protection of future generations Sustainable development alignment Explicit Prohibitions Using neural signals for political microtargeting Brain-data-driven insurance premium decisions Employer/HR neuro-screening mandates Manipulative neurostimulation to influence choices Covert extraction of neural data through devices or interfaces Framework on Innovation & IP Encourages responsible research and innovation (RRI): Anticipate social impacts Engage public & stakeholders Build “ethics-by-design” Promotes open science: Open datasets, shared tools Verifiability, reuse, collaborative development Tension highlighted: Open science vs intellectual property rights Need to avoid commodification of the human brain Calls for balanced licensing & equitable technology transfer Implementation Expectations States to integrate principles into: Health regulations Education systems Data protection laws Labour and employment policies Companies to adopt: Internal ethics boards Transparent neurodata policies Safety audits Voluntary compliance codes Key Takeaways  UNESCO’s framework is the first global ethical code for neurotechnology — landmark event. Protects freedom of thought, mental autonomy, integrity of neural data, and human dignity. Explicitly prohibits manipulative uses of brain data in politics, employment, insurance, and advertising. Encourages open science, responsible innovation, and balanced IP rights.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 November 2025

Content Electronics Development Fund EXERCISE GARUDA 25 Electronics Development Fund Why in News? PIB reported that the Electronics Development Fund has invested ₹257.77 crore in 8 Daughter Funds, enabling ₹1,335.77 crore downstream investments into 128 startups. EDF-supported startups have created 23,600+ high-tech jobs and generated 368 Intellectual Properties (IPs) as of 30 September 2025. Relevance : GS-III: Economy & S&T Boosts semiconductor, ESDM, AI, robotics, cybersecurity innovation. Strengthens R&D, IP creation, design-led manufacturing. Addresses deep-tech funding gaps and reduces electronics import dependence. GS-III: Government Policies Case study of Fund-of-Funds model, public–private investment mobilisation. Supports Digital India, Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat. GS-II/III: Development & Security Enables strategic tech capabilities (drones, AI, cybersecurity). High-value job creation and startup ecosystem strengthening. What is the Electronics Development Fund (EDF)? Launched in February 2016 by MeitY to create a “Fund of Funds” model for electronics, nano-electronics, and IT innovation. Objective: Build India’s Electronics System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) ecosystem through risk capital for technology startups. Structure: Government invests in Daughter Funds → These invest in startups developing deep-tech products and IPs. Strategic Objectives (Conceptual Foundation) Strengthen Innovation & R&D – Promote domestic capability in electronics and advanced technologies. Support Venture/AIF Funds – Provide anchor capital to Category I & II SEBI-regulated Alternative Investment Funds. Foster Indigenous Product Development – Promote IP creation and reduce import dependence. Enhance Domestic Design Ecosystem – Promote local ESDM design for strategic and commercial sectors. Enable Strategic Tech Acquisition – Encourage purchase/acquisition of critical foreign technologies. Build National IP Pool – Strengthen India’s IP ownership in frontier tech. Operational Framework (How EDF Works) Institutional Architecture Anchor Investor: Ministry of Electronics & IT (MeitY) Trustee & Sponsor: Canara Bank Investment Manager: Canbank Venture Capital Funds Ltd. Key Features Functions as a Fund of Funds; invests indirectly through Daughter Funds. Maintains minority participation, catalysing large private-sector co-investments. Daughter Funds must be SEBI-registered Category I/II AIFs. Daughter Fund managers have autonomy in investment decisions. EDF covers the entire electronics/IT value chain, from hardware design to deep tech startups. Selection of Daughter Funds based on strict due diligence. Performance & Achievements (Data-Driven Analysis) Financial Footprint Total EDF Investment: ₹257.77 crore Total Downstream Investment by Daughter Funds: ₹1,335.77 crore Leverage Ratio: For every ₹1 invested by EDF → ~₹5.18 mobilised in the ecosystem. Startup-Level Outcomes Total Startups Supported: 128 Job Creation: 23,600+ jobs Intellectual Properties Generated: 368 IPs Exits: 37 exits Cumulative Returns to EDF: ₹173.88 crore Priority Sectors Supported IoT Robotics Drones Autonomous Vehicles HealthTech AI/ML Cybersecurity Semiconductor & Embedded Systems Overview Relevance to Electronics Manufacturing & Digital Economy EDF plugs India’s early-stage funding gap in deep tech. Critical to India’s semiconductor and design-led manufacturing goals. Aligns with Make in India, Digital India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat. Economic & Strategic Significance Reduces import dependence on critical electronics (India’s annual imports >$70 bn historically). Boosts domestic design, raising India’s share in global electronics value chains. Strengthens strategic tech sectors (AI, robotics, cybersecurity, drones) important for national security. Policy & Governance Evaluation Minority participation model ensures market efficiency and avoids micromanagement. Fund-of-Funds design mitigates risk and creates multipliers in private funding. Transparent SEBI-regulated structure improves investor confidence. Challenges / Limitations Financing gap persists for hardware-heavy startups with long gestation periods. India still lacks large-scale deep-tech venture capital depth compared to US/China. Scaling from prototype to commercial production remains challenging for ESDM. Future Imperatives Increase EDF corpus aligned with semiconductor strategy. Deeper linkages with academia (IITs, IIITs) and R&D labs. Integration with Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes. Strengthen exit ecosystem (IPOs, strategic acquisitions). Conclusion The Electronics Development Fund is a key pillar in India’s shift from electronics assembly to electronics design leadership. Its Fund-of-Funds model has successfully mobilised private capital, supported deep-tech startups, created high-value IP, and strengthened India’s innovation ecosystem. EDF now occupies a strategic position in India’s long-term tech self-reliance and semiconductor roadmap. EXERCISE GARUDA 25  Why in News? PIB announced India’s participation in Exercise Garuda 25, the 8th edition of the bilateral air exercise with the French Air and Space Force (FASF), held at Mont-de-Marsan, France (16–27 Nov 2025). IAF deployed Su-30MKI fighters, supported by C-17 Globemaster III and IL-78 flight refuellers. Relevance : GS-II: International Relations Key pillar of India–France defence partnership. Defence diplomacy tool; strengthens Indo-Pacific alignment. GS-III: Defence & Internal Security Enhances IAF interoperability, BVR/EW capability, multi-domain readiness. Improves preparedness for high-intensity and coalition operations. What is Exercise GARUDA? Bilateral air exercise between the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the French Air & Space Force (FASF). Launched in 2003 as part of expanding India–France strategic defence cooperation. Hosted alternately in India and France. Among the longest-running IAF international air exercises. Key Features of GARUDA 25 (2025 Edition) Host: France (Mont-de-Marsan Air Base). Date: 16–27 November 2025. IAF Deployment: Su-30MKI; C-17 for strategic airlift; IL-78 for mid-air refuelling. French Deployment: Rafale (F3R), Mirage-2000 variants, support aircraft. Exercise Scenarios: Advanced air combat Air defence and joint strike missions Multi-domain coordination Complex BVR and EW settings Objectives (Strategic & Tactical) Strengthen interoperability with a major strategic partner. Exposure to advanced NATO-aligned air combat doctrines. Training in air superiority, joint strike, and defensive counter-air ops. Enhance long-range strike capability through IL-78 refuelling support. Increase personnel exchanges and operational best-practice sharing. Operational Significance Enables Su-30MKI to engage with European multirole fighters in realistic contested airspace. Supports IAF’s transition towards network-centric, multi-domain operations. Boosts proficiency in BVR combat, EW tactics, and mixed fighter package ops. Enhances joint planning and execution of combined air campaigns. India–France Defence Cooperation Context France is a long-term defence partner (Mirage-2000 → Rafale). Part of the tri-service exercise framework: Varuna (Navy), Shakti (Army), Garuda (Air). Strong alignment on Indo-Pacific priorities including maritime security and open sea lanes. Broader Strategic Context Fits India’s push for high-end military exercises with trusted partners. Improves preparedness for high-intensity combat and coalition operations. Supports indigenisation by validating domestic systems in multinational settings. Enhances defence diplomacy, especially with European strategic actors. Strengthens capability for long-duration missions in contested operations. Significance for the Indian Air Force Improves operational readiness through realistic multinational scenarios. Enhances Dissimilar Air Combat Training (DACT) exposure for pilots. Strengthens interoperability for future UN/multilateral contingencies. Contributes to IAF’s evolving combat doctrine and integrated air defence architecture. Past Editions at a Glance Conducted in: 2003, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2019, 2022, 2023/24, 2025. Venues included Istres (France), Jodhpur (India), and Mont-de-Marsan (France). Progression from basic DACT to full-spectrum, multi-domain combat simulations.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 November 2025

Content The POCSO Act is gender-neutral by design Too little, much later The POCSO Act is gender-neutral by design  Why in News? The Supreme Court issued notice on a petition where a woman is accused of ‘penetrative sexual assault’ (Section 3, POCSO Act, 2012). The petitioner argued that Section 3 applies only to male perpetrators, claiming the provision is gender-specific. The case raises a foundational question: Can women be prosecuted for penetrative sexual assault under POCSO? Relevance : GS-II: Police reforms, Judicial Interpretation, Vulnerable sections (Children), Legislative intent GS-I (Society): Gender issues, Protection of children GS-II (Governance): Statutory interpretation, Role of General Clauses Act GS-II (Polity): Constitutional values—equality (Art 14), non-discrimination (Art 15), protection of children Practice Question : The POCSO Act is often described as gender-neutral by design. Discuss how statutory interpretation, legislative intent, and child-centric principles support a gender-neutral reading. (250 Words) What is the POCSO Act? Enacted in 2012 to protect children (below 18 years) from sexual offences. Covers penetrative sexual assault, aggravated assault, sexual harassment, pornography. Designed as a comprehensive, child-centric special law with mandatory reporting, special courts, and survivor-friendly procedures. Core Legal Issue in This Case Whether Section 3 (penetrative sexual assault) applies to female perpetrators. Petitioner’s claim: Section uses the pronoun ‘he’, implying only males can be offenders. Judicial question: Is POCSO gender-neutral regarding perpetrators, victims, or both? Textual Evidence Supporting Gender Neutrality Section 13(1), General Clauses Act (1897): Words importing masculine gender include females unless statute states otherwise. The POCSO Act does not explicitly restrict offenders to males. Section 3 includes acts beyond penile penetration: Digital penetration Object penetration Oral penetration Acts where a child performs penetrative acts on themselves or a third person These acts can be committed by persons of any gender, reinforcing neutrality. Legislative Intent: Explicitly Gender-Neutral Lok Sabha written reply (Dec 20, 2024): Government clarified POCSO is gender neutral. Statement of Objects & Reasons, POCSO Amendment Bill 2019: Reiterates gender neutrality. Comparative logic: BNS Section 63 (rape) is explicitly gender-specific (“a man” commits rape against “a woman”). If Parliament wanted POCSO to be gender-specific, it would have written similar wording. Its absence shows deliberate legislative intent to keep POCSO gender-neutral. Do Government Statements Limit Neutrality Only to Victims? Some replies mention “covers sexual abuse of boys as it is gender-neutral”. However, this does not exclude gender–neutrality for perpetrators. A restricted reading would contradict: Statutory language General Clauses Act Legislative history Broader protective purpose of POCSO. Normative Justification for Gender-Neutral Interpretation Supreme Court in Sakshi v. Union of India (2004): Child sexual abuse involves many forms beyond penile-vaginal intercourse. Abuse is rooted in power, trust, vulnerability, not just gender dynamics. Research shows women can and do commit sexual offences against children. Gender-specific reading would: Render certain offences invisible Deny justice to victims abused by female offenders Undermine the Act’s protective purpose. Why Gender-Neutral Reading Serves the Law’s Purpose POCSO’s objective: protect children from all forms of sexual abuse. Must be interpreted in a manner that: Reflects ground realities Ensures all victims are protected Holds all offenders accountable Gender-neutral interpretation aligns with: Statutory text Legislative intent Judicial precedents Modern understanding of abuse dynamics. Constitutional & Policy Angle  Aligns with Articles 14 & 15 (equality, protection from discrimination). Prevents arbitrary exclusion of perpetrators based on gender. Supports a rights-based approach centred on child safety, not gender assumptions. Likely Judicial Considerations Court will examine: Statutory wording General Clauses Act Legislative debates, official statements Purpose-oriented interpretation Expected direction: Upgrading POCSO interpretation to align with child-centric justice. Conclusion Strong legal, textual, and normative grounds indicate that POCSO is gender-neutral for both victims and perpetrators. A gender-neutral reading best fulfils the intent and purpose of the Act: Protecting all children Recognising all forms of abuse Holding all offenders accountable Too little, much later  Why in News? The Government notified the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 on 14 November 2025. The Rules delay implementation of almost all key data protection safeguards until 2027, while the dilution of the Right to Information (RTI) Act takes immediate effect. Raises concerns over: Weak privacy protections, Reduced transparency under RTI, A non-independent Data Protection Board of India (DPBI), Prolonged compliance timelines favouring Big Tech and government agencies. Relevance : GS-II: Government policies, Transparency, RTI, Regulatory bodies GS-III: Data governance, Cybersecurity, Privacy as a fundamental right GS-II (Polity): Executive accountability, Separation of powers GS-III (Tech): Digital economy regulation, Big Tech oversight Practice Question : The Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025 have been criticised for delaying privacy protections while immediately curtailing transparency under the RTI Act. Analyse. (250 Words) Evolution of India’s Data Protection Framework 2017: Supreme Court in Puttaswamy (Privacy) judgment declared privacy a fundamental right. 2018: Srikrishna Committee draft – strong, rights-based, independent regulator. 2019–2021: Multiple drafts diluted user rights; Joint Parliamentary Committee suggested 90+ amendments. 2022: Govt withdrew the JPC Bill, promised a new framework. 2023: DPDP Act passed – simplified but diluted user protections; expansive exemptions for government. 2025: DPDP Rules notified – criticised for delaying safeguards and weakening transparency. What the DPDP Act 2023 Sought to Do ? Regulate digital personal data processing. Obligations on Data Fiduciaries, rights for Data Principals. Introduced Data Protection Board of India (DPBI). Provided broad government exemptions (national security, public order, research). Amended RTI Act to narrow definition of “information.” Key Features of DPDP Rules 2025 Most core provisions deferred to 2027, including: Independent grievance timelines Data breach notifications Rights to correction, erasure, and portability Strict purpose limitation Immediate implementation of RTI dilution restricting access to personal information. Compliance timelines (12–18 months) for private companies, despite long prior awareness. Procedural framework for DPBI but no structural independence. Major Concerns Raised a) Delay of Protections to 2027 Pushes actual privacy enforcement nearly 4 years after the Act, leaving users vulnerable. Weakens constitutional promise of informational privacy. b) RTI Dilution Implemented Immediately Public Information Officers may now decline any personal information unless mandated elsewhere. Shrinks transparency space built since 2005. c) Non-Independent Data Protection Board DPBI placed under MeitY, which: Courts Big Tech investments, and Will investigate those same firms. Structural conflict of interest; lacks autonomy of regulators like TRAI/SEBI. d) Weak Checks on Government Access Wide exemptions remain unchanged. Limited accountability for state surveillance or misuse of citizen data. e) Industry-Favourable Timelines Big Tech receives long compliance buffers despite advance preparedness. Citizens continue without meaningful privacy safeguards. Implications for Citizens Continued asymmetry of power between citizens and the state/Big Tech. Users remain “open books”, with limited control over: What data is collected How long it is stored How it is used/shared Reduced ability to use RTI for accountability of public institutions. Governance & Institutional Issues Lack of independence undermines credibility of the data protection regime. Over-reliance on executive rule-making without sufficient parliamentary oversight. DPBI’s structure insufficient for complex enforcement (cross-border flows, AI profiling). Comparison with 2018 Draft / Global Norms 2018 Draft: Strong rights, strict data minimisation, independent regulator. Closer to GDPR standards. 2023 Act + 2025 Rules: More centralised control Far weaker user autonomy Broader government exemptions Reduced enforcement power Global Gap: India diverges from GDPR, Brazil LGPD, South Korea PIPA — all of which ensure independent regulators. Impact on Transparency & Accountability  Immediate RTI dilution reduces: Democratic oversight Investigative journalism Anti-corruption disclosure Creates a privacy–transparency paradox: privacy protections delayed, transparency curtailed overnight. Constitutional & Rights-Based Analysis Delaying protections undermines the right to privacy (Art. 21). RTI dilution weakens citizens’ right to information, affecting participatory democracy. Conflicts with constitutional principles of proportionality, necessity, accountability. Way Forward Ensure independence of DPBI akin to a statutory regulatory authority. Revisit RTI amendments to restore transparency. Clear timelines and immediate enforcement of core user rights. Stronger safeguards for: Government access AI-based processing Cross-border transfers Data localisation balance Increased parliamentary scrutiny and open public reasoning for rule-making. Conclusion Eight years after recognising privacy as a fundamental right, India remains far from a robust privacy framework. The 2025 Rules delay protections, weaken transparency, and maintain structural weaknesses in the institutional architecture. For citizens, the result is a continued imbalance of privacy vs state/industry power, undermining both accountability and digital rights.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 November 2025

Content An uncertain solar-powered future What are Digital Personal Data Protection Rules? How is the global precision medicine market shaping up? Article 32 enables people to approach SC for fundamental rights, says CJI Gavai Senkaku Islands Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) detected on another star After tax havens, dirty money finds a new home: Cryptocurrency Case Study : An uncertain solar-powered future  Why in News? Thousands of villagers from Jharkhand (Dhanbad district) and West Bengal (Purulia district) jointly protested on October 15 against upcoming floating and ground-mounted solar power projects on the Panchet Dam reservoir. Locals fear loss of access to grazing land, fishing zones, and displacement due to land acquisition for renewable energy expansion by DVC–NTPC JV (GVREL). Relevance: GS 2 – Governance Land acquisition, rehabilitation, resettlement failures. Federal issues: Centre–State–local governance overlap (DVC, NTPC, Jharkhand, WB). Stakeholder participation, Gram Sabha role, Scheduled Areas governance. GS 3 – Environment & Energy Renewable energy targets, COP26 commitments, solar policy. Conflicts in RE expansion; socio-environmental impact of floating solar. Ecology: aquatic systems, reservoir ecosystems. GS 1 – Society Impact on Adivasi livelihoods, fishing communities, pastoralists. Historical displacement and land rights issues. Panchet Dam Built: 1959; last of the four multipurpose dams under the first phase of the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC). Location: Northern bank – Dhanbad, Jharkhand. Southern bank – Purulia, West Bengal. Purpose: Flood control in the Damodar River (historically called “Sorrow of Bengal”), irrigation, hydropower. Original displacement (1950s–70s): 33,898 acres acquired; 10,339 families displaced (DVC archival reports, 1957–76). Large-scale submergence of villages; inadequate compensation and unresolved land title issues continue. Upcoming Renewable Energy Projects Floating Solar Project Promoter: Green Valley Renewable Energy Ltd. (GVREL) – JV: NTPC Green Energy Ltd. (51%) DVC (49%) Capacity: 155 MW AC floating solar + ground-mounted PV plant. Site: Surface of Panchet reservoir + adjoining land. Central Government Policy Push Driven by India’s COP26 Panchamrit commitments: 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030. 50% energy from renewables by 2030. Solar projects rising rapidly, especially floating solar for land-scarce regions. Stakeholder Concerns Livelihood Loss Fishing community (~2,500 people across both States): Reservoir access to be restricted → direct loss of daily income (₹500–800 on good days). Grazing lands: Floating solar + fenced zones → cattle-grazing areas blocked. Villages already have minimal greenery. Displacement Anxiety Already displaced once during the 1950s dam construction. Fresh land acquisition reignites fear of second displacement cycle. Land Rights Issues Majority of families still lack: Land titles Aadhaar Caste certificates Voter list validation Current settlements on “wasteland” without documentation → high vulnerability. Broken Promises Old commitments during dam construction (land, rehabilitation, infrastructure) remain pending. New RE projects revived demand for return of unused DVC land, and for bridge connectivity (Bathanbari–Mahishnadi). Conflict and Governance Dimensions Land Conflict Watch Report Findings 45% RE land-acquisition cases lack community consultation. 48% conflicts occur on common lands: Adivasi, Dalit, and pastoralist-dependent. 29%: Completed RE projects still face protests. 5 major national RE projects stalled due to community opposition. Why Conflicts Intensify? Solar energy is land-intensive. Exemptions from environmental & social impact assessments for speed of implementation. Overlapping jurisdictions: DVC (central), State govts (WB & Jharkhand), Local Panchayats. Weak social safeguards in RE infrastructure expansion. Environmental & Social Impact Floating solar reduces fishing zones and affects aquatic ecosystems. Shadowing effect impacts plankton growth → reduces fish breeding. Restricted mobility around reservoir affects tribal communities’ traditional grazing and collection activities. Governance Questions Raised Who benefits from the solar project? Why no updated rehabilitation for old displacement? Why no land rights regularisation before new land acquisition? Demand for transparent EIAs and Gram Sabha consultation (especially in Scheduled Areas). Government/Agency Stand (Implied) DVC and GVREL aim to align with national RE targets. Consider floating solar as optimal for land-scarce, high-water-storage zones. No detailed public response yet (as per report) What are Digital Personal Data Protection Rules?  Why in News? Government notified the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025 on 14 November 2025, operationalising major parts of the DPDP Act, 2023. Notification triggers: Formation of Data Protection Board of India (DPBI). Implementation of consent framework, data processing norms, and compliance timelines. Controversy: Amendment to Section 8(1)(j) of RTI Act, 2005 officially comes into force, sparking protests from transparency activists (MKSS, NCPRI). Relevance GS 2 – Polity & Governance DPDP Act, 2023 + DPDP Rules, 2025 implementation. Privacy vs transparency debate (RTI Act Section 8(1)(j) amendment). Data Protection Board of India (DPBI): powers & limitations. State–citizen interface: consent, data processing, grievance redressal. GS 3 – Cybersecurity Data breach reporting norms, digital governance challenges. Rights of minors online; digital ecosystems. DPDP Act, 2023 Purpose India’s first comprehensive data protection law—parallel to GDPR (EU) and PDPA (Singapore). Key Concepts Data Fiduciary: Entity (firm/state) processing personal data. Data Principal: Individual whose data is processed. Significant Data Fiduciary (SDF): Large firms with higher compliance obligations. Core Obligations on Fiduciaries Security safeguards: Encryption, access control, security audits. Purpose limitation: Data collected only for specific, lawful purposes. Storage limitation: Delete data after purpose is fulfilled or inactivity. Breach notification: Report as soon as possible. Rights of Data Principals Informed consent backed by clear summaries. Right to access data. Right to correction, erasure, deletion. Right to grievance redressal. Right to withdraw consent. Children’s Data Restrictions on data processing and targeted ads. Rules carve out parental access to child’s location. DPDP Rules, 2025 – What They Add Operational details for consent notices, breach reporting, storage deletion. Consent Manager Ecosystem: Users manage data permissions across platforms via a single interface. Comparable to OS-level permissions managers. Data Protection Officer (DPO) requirement for SDFs becomes enforceable in 1 year. Compliance timelines: Firms get up to 18 months. Penalties: ₹10,000 to ₹250 crore depending on severity and repeated non-compliance. Institutional Mechanism Data Protection Board of India (DPBI) Now operational. Under MeitY, with four members. Functions: Inquiry into breaches. Adjudication of penalties. Oversight and compliance. Major Controversy: RTI Act Amendment What changed? Section 8(1)(j) earlier exempted “personal information” unless public interest justified disclosure. DPDP Act removed the public interest override. Now govt bodies can reject requests more broadly. Why activists oppose it? Eliminates a critical transparency safeguard. Potential consequences: Social audits (ration rolls, muster rolls, work logs) risk being classified as private. Shields officials from scrutiny in corruption cases. Undermines MKSS-led accountability campaigns. MKSS and NCPRI protested since 2022 draft; vowed to challenge implications. Government stance Amendment notified despite resistance. Another amendment to IT Act, 2000 still pending. Wider Governance Issues Increased government discretion in defining “personal information”. Risk of over-classification by officials. Debate on balancing: Privacy rights Transparency and public interest Accountability in public expenditure Comparison with GDPR Similarities: Consent, data minimisation, erasure rights, fiduciary obligations. Differences: No data localisation mandate. No explicit independent regulator (DPBI under MeitY). Broader govt exemptions. Narrower scope of “sensitive personal data”. Status of Implementation In force now: DPBI formation RTI amendment Consent Manager framework (initialisation) To be enforced within 18 months: Firm-level compliance DPO appointment Full breach reporting norms How is the global precision medicine market shaping up?  Why in News? A detailed expert analysis by Shambhavi Naik (Takshashila Institution) was published, highlighting India’s progress, challenges, and opportunities in precision biotherapeutics. Comes amid rapid global advances in gene editing, CAR-T therapy, mRNA therapeutics, and India’s push towards genomics-driven healthcare under DBT’s biotechnology priorities. Relevance:   GS 3 – Science & Technology Gene editing (CRISPR), mRNA therapeutics, cell therapy, biologics. India’s biotech sector: regulatory vacuum, ATMP challenges. GenomeIndia, IndiGen, precision oncology. GS 2 – Health NCD burden in India, health innovation priorities. Access, affordability, public health ethics. What Are Precision Biotherapeutics? Definition: Medical interventions tailored to a patient’s unique genetic, molecular, proteomic, or cellular profile. Aim: Correct the root cause of disease rather than managing symptoms. Core Technologies Genomic & proteomic analysis Identifies mutations, protein dysfunctions; basis of personalised therapies. Gene editing therapies CRISPR-based correction of defective genes (e.g., blood disorders). mRNA / nucleic acid therapeutics Program cells to produce needed proteins or silence harmful ones. Monoclonal antibodies & biologics Target specific disease proteins (cancer, autoimmune, viral diseases). AI-driven drug discovery Predicts molecular interactions, accelerates drug design. Why India Needs Precision Biotherapeutics 65% of deaths in India caused by NCDs (cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases). High genetic diversity → foreign-developed drugs may not suit Indian populations. Enables predictive, preventive, personalised healthcare. Uses large Indian genomic resources: IndiGen, GenomeIndia, disease-mapping studies. Addresses India-specific disease burdens and drug response variations. Where India Stands: Current Status Government & Research Initiatives DBT lists precision biotherapeutics as 1 of 6 national biotech priorities. Leading institutions: Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB) National Institute of Biomedical Genomics (NIBMG) Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) Focus: genetic diversity mapping, disease susceptibility profiling. Private Sector Efforts Biocon Biologics, Dr Reddy’s: biosimilars, monoclonal antibodies. Immuneel Therapeutics: immuno-oncology. Bugworks Research: novel antibiotics. Akrivia Biosciences: precision cancer diagnostics. miBiome Therapeutics: patient-centric healthcare. 4baseCare: AI-driven precision oncology. ImmunoACT: first Indian company to bring CAR-T therapy to India. Challenges for India Regulatory No clear regulatory framework for gene editing, cell therapy, mRNA therapeutics. Guidelines restrict therapeutic use but do not define scope of therapy. Lack of harmonised ethics guidelines across institutions. Manufacturing & Infrastructure Limited biologics and advanced therapy (ATMP) manufacturing capacity. Heavy dependence on imports for raw materials and equipment. Cost & Access Precision therapies are extremely expensive → accessible only to affluent urban patients. Insurance coverage gaps and weak public-sector capacity. Data Governance Risks Genetic data privacy concerns. Lack of comprehensive protections (DPDP Act insufficient for genomic data). Risk of misuse: discrimination, insurance profiling, surveillance. India’s Opportunities Global precision medicine market projected to cross $22 billion by 2027. India’s advantages: Skilled scientific workforce. Strong IT + data analytics ecosystem. Low-cost biotech manufacturing potential. Can emerge as global hub for affordable precision therapeutics. Export potential: biosimilars, AI-driven diagnostics, cell therapy services. Opportunity to build a regulatory model balancing innovation, ethics, and affordability. Article 32 enables people to approach SC for fundamental rights, says CJI Gavai  Why in News? Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai delivered a lecture on “India and the Living Indian Constitution at 75 Years”, emphasising the origins and significance of Article 32. The two developments stirred national debate on the foundations of constitutional rights, social reform legacies, and political misuse of historical narratives. Relevance: GS 2 – Polity Fundamental rights enforcement, writ jurisdiction. Article 32 as part of Basic Structure. Constitutional morality, role of judiciary, Ambedkar’s vision. Emergency provisions (Art. 359), judicial remedies. What is Article 32? Constitutional remedy for enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court directly for rights violations. Empowers the SC to issue five writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, Quo Warranto. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar called it the “heart and soul of the Constitution.” Ambedkar’s Vision (As Highlighted by CJI Gavai) Rights without remedies are meaningless → Article 32 inserted to provide effective remedy, not mere declaration. Objective Resolution (1946) lacked enforceability; Article 32 filled this gap. Ambedkar wanted a Constitution that was living, evolving, enabled through Article 368 (amendments). Constitution built on justice, liberty, equality, fraternity. Advanced Constitutional Analysis Article 32 is part of Basic Structure (SC in L. Chandra Kumar, 1997). Remedies under Article 32 cannot be suspended except during Emergency (Art. 359). Article 32 is simultaneously a Fundamental Right and a remedy mechanism. CJI Gavai highlighted how debates of the Constituent Assembly remain critical to understanding constitutional morality. Current Issues Highlighted by CJI Gavai Need to safeguard Constitution from political distortion. Need for citizens and lawyers to understand Constituent Assembly debates. Amendments remain contentious → liberal vs restrictive interpretations. Importance of continuing Ambedkar’s project of social and economic equality (DPSPs). Senkaku Islands  Why in News? China Coast Guard (CCG) vessels conducted a “rights enforcement patrol” inside waters of the Japan-administered Senkaku Islands (called Diaoyu by China). Move came days after Japan PM Sanae Takaichi stated that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could trigger a military response by Japan, escalating tensions. China condemned the statement and has stepped up maritime and aerial activities near both Japan and Taiwan. Relevance GS 2 – International Relations China–Japan maritime dispute; US–Japan security treaty (Article 5). Taiwan crisis spillover; Indo-Pacific power shifts. Grey-zone warfare, Coast Guard militarisation. GS 3 – Security Maritime security, freedom of navigation, SLOC vulnerability. Implications for India: Indo-Pacific strategy, QUAD cooperation. Where Are the Senkaku (Diaoyu) Islands? Located in the East China Sea, northeast of Taiwan and southwest of Okinawa. Uninhabited but strategically critical for geopolitics and maritime control. Administered by Japan, but claimed by China and Taiwan. Located near rich fishing grounds, potential hydrocarbon deposits, and critical shipping lanes. Territorial Claims Japan (Senkaku): Claims sovereignty since 1895; incorporated the islands as terra nullius. Administers them since 1972 (post-US handover). China (Diaoyu): Claims historical control dating back to Ming dynasty. Argues Japan seized them during imperial expansion. Taiwan (Tiaoyutai): Aligns largely with China’s historical claim. Why Senkaku Matters Strategically ? Geopolitical Hotspot: Japan-China territorial standoff; US–Japan alliance involved. First Island Chain: Key to China’s strategy to break US-led maritime dominance. Buffer for Okinawa: Just 170 km from Okinawa, home to major US military bases. Proximity to Taiwan: Close enough to matter in any Taiwan-related conflict. Control of SLOCs: Dominance enables influence over East Asian supply routes. Latest Developments: China’s “Rights Enforcement Patrol” CCG vessel 1307 sailed inside territorial waters of Senkaku. China called it a “lawful mission to defend national sovereignty”. Follows a pattern: China regularly uses CCG (not PLA Navy) for grey-zone coercion, avoiding open conflict but asserting presence. Japan often shadows these ships using its Coast Guard. Why China Is Increasing Pressure Now ? Retaliation against Japan PM’s Taiwan remarks: Japan stated it may respond militarily if China attacks Taiwan → major shift from post-war pacifism. China demands retraction, accuses Japan of violating “One China principle”. Taiwan-related escalation: Over 30 PLA aircraft and seven naval vessels detected around Taiwan on the same day. China conducted “joint combat patrols”, signalling capability for multi-front pressure. Testing Japan–US alliance resolve: China probes how far the US will back Japan under the US-Japan Security Treaty (Article 5), which explicitly covers Senkaku. Japan’s Response and Strategic Concerns Japan views incursions as violations of sovereignty. Strengthening Coast Guard and Self-Defense Forces in the Ryukyu and Okinawa regions. Increasing interoperability with the US for East China Sea contingencies. Taiwan scenario now central to Japan’s defence strategy (2022 NSS). US Position The US recognises Japanese administration but not sovereignty. However, Senkaku falls under Article 5 of the US-Japan treaty, meaning the US would defend Japan if attacked. This elevates any Senkaku incident to a potential US-China flashpoint. Broader East Asian Security Implications Intensifies Japan–China rivalry. Increases risks of miscalculation in crowded maritime zones. Pushes Japan to further militarise → shift away from its post-war pacifist doctrine. Strengthens trilateral security alignment: US–Japan–Taiwan (de facto). Encourages China’s use of paramilitary maritime forces (coast guard, militia) for incremental territorial assertion. Implications for India Validates India’s concerns about Chinese expansionist behaviour in Ladakh and Indian Ocean. Reinforces India–Japan strategic partnership in the Indo-Pacific. Provides rationale for stronger Quad cooperation on maritime domain awareness and rule-based order. Coronal Mass  Ejection (CME) detected on another star Why in News? Astronomers, using the LOFAR (Low-Frequency Array) telescope network, have detected a coronal mass ejection (CME) on a star other than the Sun for the first time. The CME originated from red dwarf StKM 1-1262, located ~133 light years away. Published in Nature, the discovery marks a breakthrough in studying stellar space weather and exoplanet habitability. Relevance: GS 3 – Science & Tech Space weather, exoplanet habitability, stellar magnetic activity. Significance of LOFAR radio network, astronomy breakthroughs. Impact of CMEs on atmospheres, satellites, communication systems. What Is a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)? Massive bursts of plasma and magnetic fields ejected from a star’s corona. On the Sun: Can disrupt satellites, GPS, radio communications. Trigger auroras; recent Nov 12 auroras reached as far south as Tennessee and New Zealand. Traditionally observed only on the Sun due to difficulty detecting faint radio signatures from distant stars. The Breakthrough Discovery LOFAR has been continuously collecting low-frequency radio data since 2016. While originally built to study black holes and other high-energy cosmic phenomena, its wide field of view also captures background stars. Researchers reprocessed archived data and detected a one-minute-long explosive burst from 2016. Confirmed to be a CME — the first-ever radio detection of such an event on a non-Sun star. The CME was 10,000 times more powerful than typical solar CMEs. About the Host Star: StKM 1-1262 A red dwarf star, mass 10–50% of the Sun. Most common host star type for Earth-sized exoplanets in the galaxy. Known for high magnetic activity and violent stellar flares. Scientific Significance Breakthrough for Stellar Space Weather Opens the field of extra-solar space weather—understanding how other stars affect their planetary systems. Allows study of stellar magnetic activity through continuous radio monitoring. New Methodology Demonstrates that archival low-frequency radio data can detect extreme stellar events. Provides a new tool to study stellar magnetic cycles similar to the Sun’s 11-year cycle. Implications for Planetary Habitability Atmospheric Erosion Red dwarf CMEs can strip atmospheres of planets in close orbits (common around red dwarfs). Without an atmosphere, planets lose: Surface water stability UV protection Climate stability Such CMEs severely weaken chances for life near red dwarfs. Reassessing Exoplanet Habitability Models Many “habitable zone” planets (e.g., TRAPPIST-1 system) orbit red dwarfs. New evidence suggests: High stellar activity may make these environments far less habitable than earlier believed. Need for stronger planetary magnetic fields to retain atmospheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics Relevance First direct confirmation that stellar CMEs occur beyond the Sun. Helps refine models of: Star–planet interactions Atmospheric retention Magnetic shielding Evolution of exoplanetary climates Why This Matters for the Future of Exoplanet Research Radio detection is scalable → enables studying thousands of nearby stars. Helps prioritise exoplanets with stable stellar environments for biosignature searches. Supports missions like JWST, PLATO, ARIEL that study exoplanet atmospheres. Cryptocurrency and Dirty Money Why in News? An international investigation by The Indian Express + International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) + The Coin Laundry Project exposed how cryptocurrency is emerging as the new hub for cross-border money laundering, replacing traditional tax havens. Agencies tracked laundering routes from India → Dubai → China → Cambodia via crypto exchanges and OTC brokers. The report highlights misuse of mule accounts, fake wallets, P2P transfers, and unregulated crypto channels for hawala-style transactions. Relevance : GS 3 – Economy & Security Money laundering through crypto; hawala 2.0. PMLA applicability to crypto; FIU, ED roles. Financial fraud ecosystems (Cambodia scam hubs, Chinese networks). FATF, AML/CFT regulations, global crypto governance. GS 2 – Governance Cybercrime regulation gaps; need for global crypto rulebook. Issues with KYC, consent, anonymity. GS 3 – Internal Security Crypto in sextortion, betting, cybercrime, loan apps. Cross-border criminal networks. What is Crypto Money Laundering? Using digital assets (BTC, USDT, ETH) to obscure origins of illicit funds. Operates through anonymous wallets, mixers/tumblers, P2P platforms, decentralised exchanges (DEXs). Mimics old hawala, but: Faster Harder to trace Borderless Uses technology to hide audit trails How Cryptocurrency Is Used to Launder Money (as per investigation) Victims defrauded → money deposited in mule bank accounts. Funds routed to pool accounts controlled by operators. Operators use: Crypto OTC desks P2P transfers Unhosted wallets International crypto exchanges Crypto moved to Dubai / Cambodia / China → cashed out into local currency → returned as “clean” funds. Mimics classic hawala but using USDT (Tether) as preferred stablecoin due to near-zero volatility. Key Findings from The Coin Laundry Project Over $12 billion globally laundered via crypto-linked fraud networks (ICIJ estimate). India emerging as a major node for: Pig-butchering scams Crypto-based forex arbitrage Investment fraud networks Crypto transactions used to layer money across borders without physical movement. Migrant workers, students, and gullible individuals used as mule account operators. Several crypto exchanges in India flagged for weak KYC, fake identities, and lax monitoring. Why Crypto is Attractive for Criminal Networks No central authority, decentralised validation. Pseudo-anonymity: wallet addresses not linked to verified identities. Micro-transactions allow easy structuring. Instant transfer across borders with minimal cost. Difficulty for agencies to track mixers, privacy coins, TOR + VPN used transactions. Case Studies Mentioned Multiple Indian firms and individuals allegedly routed money through USDT to China-based operators. Fraud rings in Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Telangana using cryptocurrency to bypass hawala raids. Several accounts flagged for₹1,000 crore+ cyber fraud ecosystem connected to Cambodia scam factories. Agencies’ Findings (ED, FIU, State Police) Crypto part of layering in cybercrime, betting rackets, sextortion, loan apps. ED & FIU identified routes: India → Dubai (crypto OTC desks) Dubai → China (USDT wallets) China → Cambodia scam hubs P2P crypto traders act as parallel hawala operators. FIU issued notices to several exchanges for AML violations. Regulatory Issues in India Crypto is not illegal but unregulated. AML provisions extended under PMLA (2023) but enforcement weak due to: No licensing framework Unhosted wallets outside Indian jurisdiction Difficulty tracing foreign exchanges India proposed global crypto regulatory framework at G20 (2023) but progress slow. Implications for India Cybercrime escalation: online scams use crypto for instant international payouts. Economic risks: capital flight via unregulated crypto pathways. Internal security challenge: scam operations in Cambodia/Myanmar targeting Indians. Threat to banking integrity: mule accounts becoming systemic. Diplomatic/consular challenges: rescuing Indians trapped in foreign cyber-scam factories. Global Context FATF identifies crypto as a major ML/TF threat. Countries like US, EU, Singapore tightening rules on: KYC for exchanges Travel Rule Mixer/service provider licensing Rise of privacy coins (Monero, Zcash) complicates global enforcement. Way Forward Implement comprehensive crypto regulation covering exchanges, wallets, stablecoins. Full FATF Travel Rule compliance for Indian exchanges. Mandatory KYC + PAN integration for large crypto transfers. Licensing regime for OTC desks. Strengthen FIU, ED digital forensic tools for tracing blockchain trails. India must push for global cooperation on unregulated exchanges and scam hubs.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 15 November 2025

Content Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Government notifies DPDP Rules to empower citizens and protect privacy Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Why in News? November 15 is observed as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas annually to honour Birsa Munda, whose 150th birth anniversary is being commemorated in 2024–25 as Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh. Ministry of Tribal Affairs is conducting nationwide programmes (1–15 Nov) and establishing 11 Tribal Freedom Fighters’ Museums. Recently inaugurated: Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Memorial & Tribal Freedom Fighters Museum (Raipur) by PM on 1 Nov. Relevance : GS1 – Modern Indian History Tribal revolts: Ulgulan, Bhumkal, Halba, Santhal, Bhil, Koya. Corrective historiography and underrepresented tribal narratives. GS1 – Indian Society Tribal identity, culture, customs, language preservation. Role of museums in cultural mainstreaming. GS2 – Governance Tribal policy ecosystem: PM-JANMAN, EMRS, Digital Tribal Mission. Constitutional safeguards (Articles 46, 244, 275, 339, 342). Institutional capacity-building through Tribal Research Institutes. Basics Announced in 2021 to recognise India’s tribal contribution to freedom struggle and cultural heritage. Aligns with Constitutional commitments under Articles 46, 244, 275, 339, 342. Celebrated on Birsa Munda’s birth anniversary (15 Nov 1874). Birsa Munda – Quick Facts Led Ulgulan (1899–1900) for Munda self-rule and protection of Khuntkatti land rights. Revered as Dharti Aaba (Father of Earth). Died at age 25 in Ranchi Jail. Central figure in anti-colonial tribal assertion. Significance of Janjatiya Gaurav Divas Corrective historiography: tribal resistance movements were historically underrepresented. Cultural mainstreaming: connects tribal identity, language, arts to national consciousness. Institutional recognition: 11 museums create permanent archives of tribal movements. Policy relevance: aligns with PM-JANMAN, EMRS expansion, Digital Tribal Mission. Tribal Freedom Fighters’ Museum Initiative Goal: Document and exhibit tribal uprisings, culture, leaders, knowledge systems. Funding mechanism: Support to Tribal Research Institutes scheme. 11 Museums – Key Data Total approved cost: ~₹600+ crore Largest project: Rajpipla, Gujarat (₹257.94 crore) Four museums inaugurated: Raipur, Ranchi, Chhindwara, Jabalpur Key Museums & Freedom Fighters A. Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh Memorial, Raipur Inaugurated: 1 Nov 2025. Cost: ₹53.13 crore (₹42.47 crore central share). Features: 650 sculptures, 16 galleries, AI-based displays, RFID screens. Covers major tribal uprisings: Halba, Sarguja, Bhopalpattanam, Paralkot, Tarapur, Meria, Koi, Lingagiri, Muria, Bhumkal (1910). Narayan Singh: Broke British grain stores (1856 famine), executed 10 Dec 1857. B. Birsa Munda Museum, Ranchi Inaugurated: Nov 15, 2021. Focus: Ulgulan, Khuntkatti rights, anti-missionary movements. Highlights Munda socio-political systems and Birsa’s vision. C. Badal Bhoi Museum, Chhindwara Inaugurated: Nov 15, 2024. Led 1923 protests; arrested repeatedly; died in custody (suspected poisoning, 1940). D. Raja Shankar Shah & Kunwar Raghunath Shah Museum, Jabalpur Inaugurated: Nov 2024. Gond royals who resisted British during 1857. Used poetry as political resistance; executed 18 Sept 1858. Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh (Fortnight 1–15 Nov) Activities J&K: PM JANMAN workshops, digital literacy for ashram schools. Meghalaya: Cultural festival, floral tributes at Shillong. Rajasthan: EMRS-wide painting/essay competitions. AP: Cultural festival marking Birsa Munda’s 150th anniversary. Sikkim: Tribal language teachers’ workshop; youth sports events. Manipur: Cleanliness drives, tributes at Rani Gaidinliu market. Odisha: Birsa pavilion, photo exhibitions (80 photographs). Gujarat: National symposium at Ekta Nagar (600+ scholars). Other Government Initiatives for Tribal Heritage Digital & Linguistic Preservation Adi Sanskriti: 100 courses; 5,000+ documents on tribal arts. Adi Vaani: Real-time text/speech translation; Mundari, Gondi, Bhili, Santhali, Kui, Garo. Digital Document Repository: Central archive for tribal research. Language & Oral Tradition Varnamala initiative: local rhymes, stories in tribal languages. Documentation of oral traditions: folklore, folktales, songs. Knowledge Systems & Research Studies on: Indigenous healing, medicinal plants, Adivasi agriculture, painting, dance. Support for literary festivals & tribal authors. Cultural Promotion Aadi Mahotsav: flagship national tribal festival. Craft Melas & Cultural Events: dance festivals, painting workshops. Critical Analysis A. Governance Perspective Strengthens cultural federalism. Reinforces Article 51A(f) (value and preserve rich heritage). Museum network = long-term institutional memory. B. Tribal Empowerment Elevates social identity, combats invisibilisation. Encourages youth connect via digital tools & museums. Supports NEP 2020 linguistic goals. C. Historical Justice Recognises revolts like: Santhal (1855), Khond resistance, Koya, Bhil, Munda movements. Corrects colonial-centric narratives. D. Challenges Need for accurate anthropological documentation. Museum upkeep, community participation. Digital divide in tribal areas. Conclusion Janjatiya Gaurav Divas institutionalises the legacy of India’s tribal freedom fighters and embeds their narratives within national history. Through 11 museums, digital projects like Adi Sanskriti & Adi Vaani, and nationwide cultural mobilisation during Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh, India advances an inclusive vision of heritage aligned with Ek Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat. Government notifies DPDP Rules to empower citizens and protect privacy Why in News? Government has notified the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Rules, 2025, completing operationalisation of the DPDP Act, 2023. Establishes India’s first comprehensive digital personal data protection regime, combining citizen rights with innovation-friendly compliance. Relevance : GS2 – Governance, Transparency & Accountability Digital rights, privacy protection, citizen-centric governance. Regulatory frameworks, grievance redressal through Digital Data Protection Board. Stakeholder consultations as part of cooperative governance. GS2 – Polity Operationalising fundamental right to privacy (Puttaswamy 2017). Legislative–executive interplay in rule-making. GS2 – Social Justice Special safeguards for children and persons with disabilities. Digital inclusion and accessible consent frameworks. DPDP Act, 2023 – Core Features Passed on 11 August 2023; applies to digital personal data processed in India. Based on SARAL design (Simple, Accessible, Rational, Actionable). Defines: Data Principal – individual Data Fiduciary – entity determining how data is processed Consent Manager – entity enabling permission management Seven Core Principles Consent and transparency Purpose limitation Data minimisation Accuracy Storage limitation Security safeguards Accountability Inclusive and Consultative Rule-Making Draft Rules issued for public comments. Consultations across Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bengaluru, Chennai. Inputs taken from startups, MSMEs, industry bodies, civil society, and government departments. Ensures legitimacy, stakeholder buy-in and smoother implementation. Phased and Practical Implementation 18-month compliance timeline for organisations. Prevents regulatory shock and supports legacy transitions. Consent notices: Must be standalone, purpose-specific, simple, and plain language. Consent Managers must be Indian-incorporated companies → ensures jurisdictional control. Personal Data Breach Protocols Mandatory, prompt notification to affected individuals. Notification must: Be in plain language Explain nature & consequences Detail remedial steps Provide assistance contact points Ensures early risk mitigation and trust. Safeguards for Children & Persons with Disabilities Verifiable consent required for children’s data. Limited exemptions: education, healthcare, real-time safety. For persons with disabilities lacking legal capacity, consent via lawful guardian. Aligns with UNCRC and rights-based frameworks. Transparency & Accountability Requirements Data Fiduciaries must display clear contact information: Designated officer / Data Protection Officer. Significant Data Fiduciaries (SDFs): Independent audits Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) Technology due diligence Adherence to government restrictions (including selective localisation) Ensures risk-proportionate regulation. Strengthening Rights of Data Principals Rights include: Access Correction Updating Erasure Nomination for rights after death/incapacity Mandatory response window: within 90 days. Establishes robust digital civil rights framework. Digital-First Data Protection Board Fully digital operations: Online filing Tracking through portal + mobile app Decisions appealable before TDSAT. Aims to reduce friction and ensure low-cost grievance redressal. Balancing Privacy with Innovation Technology-neutral framework → future-proofing. Compliance reliefs for startups and MSMEs. Promotes secure digital economy growth. Prioritises innovation while maintaining essential safeguards. Critical Analysis A. Governance Perspective Establishes a rights-based digital governance model. Strengthens rule of law in data processing. Boosts India’s global digital credibility (e.g., G20 Data Governance Principles). B. Economic & Innovation Impact Predictable regulatory environment attracts: Cloud services Health-tech FinTech AI/ML companies Clarity on breach protocols reduces long-term systemic risks. C. Privacy & Fundamental Rights Operationalises Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) judgment recognising privacy as a fundamental right. Provides enforceable citizen rights. D. Challenges Capacity constraints among small enterprises. Technological readiness for audits and DPIAs. Large-scale citizen awareness required. Need for clarity on cross-border data flows. Conclusion The DPDP Rules, 2025 operationalise India’s first full-fledged digital personal data protection regime, creating a balanced, citizen-centric framework. With phased implementation, strong transparency obligations, special safeguards for vulnerable groups, and a digital-first Data Protection Board, the model aims to embed privacy protection into India’s rapidly expanding digital economy while supporting innovation and global competitiveness.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 15 November 2025

Content Janjatiya Gaurav Divas and Tribal Empowerment: Legacy of Birsa Munda Flexible inflation targeting, a good balance Janjatiya Gaurav Divas and Tribal Empowerment: Legacy of Birsa Munda Why in News ? Janjatiya Gaurav Divas is observed annually on 15 November to honour Birsa Munda. 2024–25 marks 150th birth anniversary of Birsa Munda, celebrated as Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh. PM visited Ulihatu (birthplace of Birsa Munda), reviewed tribal welfare initiatives, and highlighted decade-long reforms for tribal empowerment. Article reflects on tribal contributions to India’s freedom struggle and government measures for tribal development. Relevance   GS1 – History & Society Tribal revolts, Munda Rebellion, Santhal Rebellion, Kol uprising. Role of tribal communities in freedom struggle. Tribe–state interactions and socio-cultural identity. GS2 – Governance Welfare schemes for Scheduled Tribes. Ministry of Tribal Affairs programmes. PVTG empowerment model. Rights-based approach: FRA, PESA, PM-JANMAN. GS3 – Economy & Environment Forest governance, land rights, livelihoods. Resource-based tribal economy. Skill development & entrepreneurship in tribal belts. Inclusion in digital, financial, and agricultural systems. Practice Question “Tribal uprisings were not merely anti-colonial revolts, but assertions of identity, autonomy and resource rights.” Discuss with reference to movements led by Birsa Munda.(250 Words) Basics Bharat’s tribal communities have historically resisted colonial exploitation, unjust land policies, and British administration. Tribal revolts like Ulgulan (Birsa Munda), Santhal revolt, Tantia Bhil’s struggle, Rampa rebellion etc. shaped nationalist consciousness. Tribal struggles were not just anti-British—they defended autonomy, land rights, forest livelihoods, dignity, and culture. Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan was against British land laws, missionaries, and local oppressive landlords (dikus). Government recognises their role through Janjatiya Gaurav Divas (2021 decision). Key Highlights in the Article Historical Role of Tribal Leaders Consistent uprisings since 18th century contributed to anti-colonial mobilisation. Tribal revolts united communities beyond geographical lines. Movements demonstrated moral strength and collective resistance. Government Recognition Steps Creation of a dedicated Ministry of Tribal Affairs (1999). Janjatiya Gaurav Divas declared in 2021.PM-PVTG Mission launched for focused development of 75 PVTG groups. PM-AJAY (Adhikar, Jharkhand, Adivasi, Yuva) scheme strengthening tribal socio-economic capacity. PM-JANMAN scheme improving access to housing, education, drinking water, electricity, connectivity, and health. PM’s Visit to Ulihatu (2025) First Prime Minister to visit the birthplace of Birsa Munda. Announcement of enhanced Janjatiya-centric programmes. Emphasis on protecting, empowering, uplifting vulnerable tribal communities (especially PVTGs). Development Focus for Tribal Communities (Last Decade) Safeguarding land rights, forest rights, and livelihood ecosystems. Expanding modern education—Eklavya Model Schools; 740+ EMRS, special hostels. Boosting digital access, health infrastructure, welfare schemes. Improved agricultural, technological, and entrepreneurship opportunities. Strengthening Gram Sabhas in Scheduled Areas. Tribal Freedom Struggle Narrative Birsa Munda’s Ulgulan was one of the most powerful mass movements against unjust land tenure systems. Sparked consciousness on land ownership, self-rule, and identity. Though he lived only 25 years, Birsa ignited a pan-tribal resistance movement. Overview Historical Importance Tribal uprisings formed the earliest anti-colonial resistance (pre-1857). Revolts were against exploitative land laws, forest restrictions, and missionary interventions. Tribal resistance strengthened national consciousness even before mainstream nationalism took shape. Cultural and Identity Assertion Movements like Ulgulan reaffirmed tribal pride, religion (Birsait faith), and community unity. They safeguarded egalitarian traditions and local governance models. Post-Independence Challenges Marginalisation, displacement, PVTG vulnerabilities, lack of basic services. Slow inclusion in mainstream economic growth. Issues: malnutrition, remoteness, infrastructure deficits, education gaps. Government Responses (Past Decade Highlight) PM-PVTG Mission: focused development of 75 groups. PM-JANMAN: special strategy for vulnerable tribal communities. EMRS expansion: tribal children’s education transformation. Forest rights implementation strengthening autonomy. Economic inclusion: forest produce MSP, livelihood diversification, women-led SHGs. Governance reforms: strengthening local self-governance in Schedule V areas. Emerging Concerns Balancing development with cultural preservation. Preventing displacement due to mining, dams, or conservation projects. Ensuring tribal agency in decision-making. Digital and health access gaps still significant. Overall Assessment Recognition of tribal history is improving. Welfare outcomes improving in education, health, connectivity. Need for sustained, community-led, culturally sensitive development. Flexible inflation targeting, a good balance  Why is this in News? India’s Flexible Inflation Targeting (FIT) mandate — 4% inflation target with a ±2% band — expires in March 2026. The RBI has released a detailed discussion paper raising fundamental questions on: Whether to target headline or core inflation What should be the acceptable inflation rate Whether the inflation band should be changed Relevance GS3 – Economy Monetary policy framework and institutional design (MPC, RBI Act amendments). Inflation–growth trade-offs, Phillips Curve debates. Headline vs core inflation: empirical Indian evidence, food–wage spillovers. Role of fiscal discipline (FRBM) in maintaining price stability. Link between inflation expectations, savings, investment and welfare. External shocks & macroeconomic stability. GS2 – Governance & Policy Statutory mandate of MPC, autonomy of RBI. Cooperative fiscal–monetary policy coordination. Impact of inflation on welfare, consumption and inequality. Practice Questions Why is headline CPI considered a more suitable target than core inflation in the Indian context? Support your argument with empirical and structural factors.(250 Words) Inflation Targeting in India Adopted in 2016 via amendments to the RBI Act. Target: 4% CPI inflation, tolerance band 2–6%. Mandate given to Monetary Policy Committee (MPC). Core rationale: Control of inflation protects poor households Reduces uncertainty Improves savings and investment outcomes Anchors expectations Core Arguments of the Article Why Inflation Control Is Essential ? High inflation functions as a regressive consumption tax. Disproportionately hurts: Poor households Fixed-income households Unhedged savers High and volatile inflation: Deters savings Diverts investment Damages long-term growth Should India Target Headline or Core Inflation? Arguments for Headline Inflation Targeting Headline reflects the actual inflation experience of households, especially the poor. Food inflation is not purely supply-driven; it is influenced by: Liquidity conditions Monetary expansion Wage spillovers Empirical Indian evidence: Food inflation has second-round effects on core inflation (wages, services, non-food items). Thus, controlling food inflation becomes part of general price stability. Key Theoretical data As per Milton Friedman (1963 Mumbai lecture): Prices cannot rise without money supply expanding. Price rises in selected items (e.g., food) lead to general inflation only when total liquidity expands. Conclusion For India’s structure, headline inflation remains the correct target — not core. What Should Be the Acceptable Level of Inflation for India? Historical Reference Chakravarty Committee (1985): Acceptable inflation = 4%. Provided limited theoretical justification. Contemporary Evidence Phillips Curve trade-off has collapsed globally and in India. Long-run: no trade-off between growth and inflation (Friedman’s expectations-augmented framework). Short-run: Mild inflation may support growth, but excessive inflation hurts growth. New Data-Based Finding Using data from 1991–2024 (excluding COVID shock): Quadratic growth–inflation curve shows inflection at 3.98%. Implies: Optimal inflation ≈ 4%, Inflation above 6% sharply reduces growth. Forward-Looking Consideration (2026–2031) Preliminary RBI simulations suggest: Optimal inflation below 4% for coming decade. Limited justification to increase the target. Should India Change the Current Inflation Band? Current Band: 2% to 6% Has provided the right flexibility for shocks. No reason to widen the band. Critical Missing Element Framework does not specify: How long RBI can stay close to the upper limit (6%) Staying persistently near 6% undermines credibility and violates the spirit of FIT. Growth and Inflation Data Growth declines rapidly once inflation exceeds 6%. Dependence on Fiscal Policy History: 1970s–80s inflation mainly due to monetisation of fiscal deficit. Post-reforms: End of adhoc treasury bills (1994) FRBM Act (2003) FIT (2016) Internal Consistency FRBM discipline and FIT must operate together. Fiscal slippage → inflation slippage → FIT failure. Overview Why Headline CPI Must Stay as India’s Target ? Indian consumption basket heavily food-weighted. Food–wage–core transmission is strong. Excluding food inflation would provide wrong policy signals. Headline inflation better reflects: Cost-of-living pressures Distributional impacts Monetary–fiscal interaction effects Acceptable Inflation = 4% Historical committee recommendation + new empirical validation. India’s growth–inflation relationship is non-linear, with: Growth-maximising inflation ≈ 4% Rapid decline beyond 6% Raising target would: Unanchor expectations Increase cost of government borrowing Hurt real incomes Weaken RBI credibility Why FIT Band Should Not Be Changed ? Current ±2% gives: Room for supply shocks Room for cyclical flexibility Tightening the band → unnecessary volatility in interest rates Widening the band → reduces accountability Needed: Explicit guidance on duration near upper tolerance limit. Final Consolidated Takeaways Target variable: Headline CPI (not core). Optimal target: 4% inflation, reaffirmed by post-1991 data. Tolerance band: ±2% should continue. Policy coordination: FIT must operate alongside FRBM discipline. Macro-risk: Staying at 6% inflation for long is growth-negative and credibility-damaging. Forward view: For 2026–2031, optimal inflation may be under 4%, but certainly not above.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 15 November 2025

Content Central government notifies key parts of Digital Personal Data Protection Act Gujarat’s Ambaji marble gets GI tag for its quality Iran seizes tanker in Strait of Hormuz, tensions remain high Govt removes 21 quality control orders on textiles, metals, polymers Draft IT Rules Amendments on Synthetically Generated Information (SGI) Central government notifies key parts of Digital Personal Data Protection Act  What is the DPDP Act, 2023? First dedicated Indian law regulating digital personal data of citizens. Passed in August 2023; large parts notified in November 2025. Inspired by global models (GDPR), but with India-specific provisions (state exemptions, no data localisation). Enforces core privacy principles: consent, purpose limitation, data minimisation, storage limitation, accountability. Why was it needed? Supreme Court’s Puttaswamy Judgment (2017) declared privacy a fundamental right, requiring a statutory data protection framework. India has 815+ million internet users, high data generation, increasing cyber threats. Fragmented legal regime earlier (IT Act, SPDI Rules). Rising digital public infrastructure (Aadhaar, UPI, ABHA, ONDC) demanded structured protections. Relevance GS2 – Polity & Governance: Fundamental Right to Privacy (Puttaswamy), statutory data protection, government exemptions, RTI implications. GS3 – Cybersecurity: Data breaches, digital public infrastructure, cybersecurity frameworks. GS2 – Transparency & Accountability: Impact on RTI Act, institutional independence. Key Concepts Personal Data Any data about an identifiable individual in digital form. No special category/sensitive data distinction (unlike GDPR). Data Principal The individual to whom the personal data belongs. Data Fiduciary Entity collecting data (companies, platforms, govt bodies). Significant Data Fiduciary (SDF) Large or high-risk entities; extra compliance: Data Protection Officer (DPO) Independent audits Risk assessments Consent Manager Government-approved intermediaries enabling data principals to: View data use Withdraw consent Request erasure or correction What was Notified Now? Major Provisions Enforced from November 2025 Most operative sections of the DPDP Act. DPDP Rules, 2025 operational. Amendment weakening RTI Act (removal of “personal information” disclosure requirement) enforced. Provisions Delayed to November 2026 Mandatory publishing of Data Protection Officer details. Full operationalisation of Consent Manager ecosystem. Core Obligations of Data Fiduciaries Obtain free, informed, specific consent. Provide notice detailing purpose of data collection. Maintain reasonable security safeguards. Allow individuals to: Access their data Correct inaccuracies Seek erasure Nominate representatives Report data breaches to the Data Protection Board and users. Rights of Data Principals (Users) Right to Consent and withdrawal. Right to Access information on how data is used. Right to Correction and Erasure. Right to Grievance Redressal. Right to Nominate a representative in case of death or incapacity. Exemptions and Concerns A. State Exemptions Government may process personal data “in the interest of national security, public order, or prevention/detection of offences.” Raises concerns of over-broad surveillance. B. RTI Act Amendment Removes requirement to disclose “personal information” of public officials unless public interest outweighs privacy. Transparency activists argue: Weakens RTI Reduces accountability Expands privacy shield for bureaucrats and public servants C. No Data Localisation Firms can store data globally except in restricted jurisdictions. Criticised by some for national security risks. Penalties (High-Yield UPSC Points) DPDP Board can impose: Up to ₹250 crore per incident for data breaches. Lower penalties for failing to disclose breaches or failing to comply with user rights. No criminal penalties. Institutional Architecture Data Protection Board of India (DPB) Handles breaches, complaints. Functions like a civil tribunal. Consent Managers Implement data portability-like access. Adjudication + Appeals Appeals lie to High Courts. Comparison with GDPR (Exam-Favourite) Similarities Consent-focused. Rights to erasure, correction. Fiduciary accountability. Differences India has no sensitive data classification, unlike GDPR. India has state exemptions broader than EU. India’s penalties lower. No dedicated Data Protection Authority like EU. Benefits Strengthens digital trust in India’s data economy. Supports startups, DPI, health-tech, fintech. Improves cybersecurity resilience. Enables user control through consent managers. Boosts India’s chances of data adequacy agreements globally. Concerns & Criticisms Broad government exemptions could compromise privacy. Weakens RTI, reduces transparency. Board’s independence debated (appointed by government). No mandatory data localisation (security concerns). No explicit protection for non-digital personal data. Way Forward  Narrower “State” exemptions with judicial oversight. Strengthening independence of Data Protection Board. Privacy-by-design adoption by all major data fiduciaries. Periodic audits for high-risk sectors (health, fintech). Harmonisation with global privacy norms (GDPR). Better grievance redressal filters to avoid backlog. Gujarat’s Ambaji marble gets GI tag for its quality  What Happened? Ambaji White Marble from Banaskantha district, Gujarat, has been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag. GI tag registered in the name of Ambaji Marbles Quarry and Factory Association. Announced during the Tribal Business Conclave in New Delhi. Marble originates from Ambaji, a major Shaktipeeth and pilgrimage site. Relevance GS1 – Culture & Heritage: Traditional craftsmanship, historical mining, temple architecture. GS3 – Economy: GI tags, rural livelihoods, export competitiveness, ODOP, “Vocal for Local”. What is a GI Tag? A GI tag protects products with unique qualities linked to geographical origin. Enforced under Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Ensures exclusive rights, prevents unauthorised use, boosts rural and artisanal economies. Why Ambaji Marble? Key Features Highly valued pure white stone. Known for: High calcium content High strength Superior shine and durability Strong historic lineage: mines active for 1,200–1,500 years. Used in iconic heritage architecture (e.g., Dilwara Jain temples of Mount Abu). Exported/used in temples in U.S., New Zealand, England. Significance of the GI Tag Economic Protects authentic Ambaji marble from counterfeits. Enhances branding, increases export potential. Boosts marble industry in Banaskantha. Cultural Reinforces Ambaji’s identity as both spiritual and craft heritage centre. Connects temple architecture legacy with contemporary markets. Administrative Recognition by Ministry of Commerce & Industry elevates global positioning. Allows formal certification and GI labelling for industry stakeholders. Link to Tribal Regions and PM’s Visit  PM visiting Dediapada (Narmada district) for Birsa Munda birth anniversary celebrations. Focus on tribal welfare + infrastructure = ₹9,700 crore projects announced. Ambaji marble GI announcement coincides with Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh activities and tribal economic upliftment events. Broader Implications Enhances heritage tourism around Ambaji Shaktipeeth. Strengthens global competitiveness of Indian natural stone sector. Encourages preservation of traditional mining communities. Aligns with ‘Vocal for Local’ and One District One Product (ODOP) frameworks. Iran seizes tanker in Strait of Hormuz, tensions remain high What is the Strait of Hormuz? A narrow maritime chokepoint between Iran and Oman. Connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea. Width: ~39 km at narrowest point; heavily militarised. One of the world’s most critical energy corridors. Relevance GS2 – International Relations: Iran–US tensions, JCPOA, West Asian geopolitics, India’s balancing diplomacy. GS3 – Economy: Impact on oil prices, India’s energy security, supply chain vulnerabilities. GS3 – Security: Maritime security, chokepoints, UNCLOS, Indian Navy’s role. Why Is It Globally Important? Handles one-sixth of global oil trade (≈18–20 million barrels/day). Nearly one-third of global LNG exports pass through it (mostly from Qatar). Essential for Gulf exporters: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar. Closure can spike oil prices globally → impacts inflation, supply chains, India’s energy security. Why Is It Constantly in News? Regular flashpoint due to Iran–US tensions. Iran often threatens to block the Strait in response to sanctions. US Fifth Fleet (in Bahrain) maintains security patrols. Frequent incidents: tanker seizures, limpet mine attacks, drone strikes. Details of Current Incident Iran seized a Marshall Islands–flagged oil tanker, the Talara. Seized in Iranian territorial waters of the Strait of Hormuz. A US Navy MQ-4C Triton drone had been circling overhead for hours, tracking the situation. Private security analysis: small Iranian boats approached and intercepted the tanker. First such seizure in three years. Part of a broader pattern of tanker-related coercive actions. Historical Pattern of Iranian Actions Iran seized two Greek tankers (2022). Linked to retaliation against Greek compliance with US sanctions. Limpet mine attacks on tankers (2019). Drone attack on an Israel-linked vessel (2021). Tension escalated after US withdrew from the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA) in 2018. Strategic Importance for Iran Strait gives Iran strategic leverage against Western powers. Acts as a pressure tool during sanctions, nuclear negotiations. Iran’s coastal geography makes it easy to deploy boats, mines, drones. Strategic Importance for the US Protects freedom of navigation under UNCLOS. Ensures energy stability for global markets. Uses Fifth Fleet to patrol, deter Iran, safeguard allied shipping. Incident reporting often used to build international pressure on Iran. Implications for India Energy Security India imports ~60% of crude from the Gulf region. Any disruption increases freight rates, premium insurance costs, and global crude prices. Diaspora Security Gulf hosts ~9 million Indian workers. Regional conflict may trigger evacuation/instability scenarios. Maritime Strategy Strengthens India’s focus on: Sagarmala & Maritime Domain Awareness Indian Ocean Naval deployments Chabahar Port as a counterbalance to Iranian leverage Diplomacy India balances ties with both Iran and US–Arab partners. Sensitive to JCPOA developments and sanctions regimes. Legal Context Shipping route lies in international waters, but flanked by territorial waters of Iran and Oman. Right of Innocent Passage under UNCLOS. Iran imposes restrictive interpretations of passage rights, especially during tensions. Risk Assessment  New seizure marks escalation after relative calm (2022–2025). Comes amid: Iran–Israel clashes US sanctions pressure Red Sea instability due to Yemen conflict Risk of spillover into broader Gulf confrontation. If Strait Were Blocked (Hypothetical Analysis) Oil prices could jump above $150–$200/barrel. LNG shortage hits Asia (Japan, South Korea, India). Strategic petroleum reserves become critical. Immediate naval mobilisation by US, UK, France. Could trigger a limited maritime conflict. Why the Strait is a “Chokepoint” ? Narrow width. No alternative shipping route for Gulf exports. Heavy concentration of global energy trade. High susceptibility to asymmetric warfare (mines, drones, small boats). Govt removes 21 quality control orders on textiles, metals, polymers Why in News? The government withdrew 21 Quality Control Orders (QCOs) in the past week. Most withdrawals relate to key raw materials: textile intermediates, polymers, metals (aluminium, copper, nickel, tin, lead, zinc). Aim: improve raw material availability, reduce production costs, and ease MSME compliance burden. Triggered by recommendations of a Government Panel led by NITI Aayog Member Rajiv Gauba. Relevance GS3 – Economy: Manufacturing competitiveness, MSME burden, Ease of Doing Business, non-tariff barriers. GS3 – Infrastructure/Industry: Supply-chain flexibility, raw material security, BIS standards. GS2 – Governance: Regulatory reforms, role of NITI Aayog. What is a QCO? A Quality Control Order mandates that certain products must conform to BIS standards. QCOs make BIS certification compulsory for domestic production and imports. Objective: improve product quality, consumer safety, curb low-quality imports. Tool for non-tariff regulation under the BIS Act. Why Were QCOs Introduced in the First Place? To raise domestic manufacturing standards. Protect consumers from substandard goods. Curb dumping of cheap, low-grade imports (especially from China). Support “Make in India” and “Atmanirbhar Bharat”.  Why Withdraw Certain QCOs Now? Panel review found mandatory BIS certification on critical raw materials was: Creating supply constraints. Limiting import options. Raising input costs, particularly for MSMEs. Creating dependence on a small number of BIS-certified suppliers. Withdrawal expected to restore supply-chain stability. Supports manufacturing competitiveness and export flexibility. Specific Items for Which QCOs Were Removed Chemicals & Petrochemicals (Textile + Plastic Sector) PTA (Purified Terephthalic Acid) MEG (Mono Ethylene Glycol) Polyester fibre Polyester yarn Polypropylene Polyethylene PVC resin ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) Polycarbonate Metals (Ministry of Mines) Aluminium Lead Nickel Tin ingot Copper & refined copper Zinc Why These Items Matter? Textile sector depends on PTA, MEG, polyester inputs — any disruption raises costs for spinners, weavers, processors. Plastics & polymers are foundational raw materials for packaging, consumer goods, automotive parts. Metals like aluminium, copper, nickel are crucial for engineering goods, electricals, infrastructure, electronics. Benefits of Withdrawal A. For MSMEs Lower compliance burden. Access to cheaper global inputs. Reduced reliance on few domestic BIS-certified suppliers. Improved cash flow due to lower raw material costs. B. For Exporters Greater flexibility to use globally certified materials instead of BIS-only inputs. Enhanced competitiveness in global markets. C. For Supply Chains Stabilises input supply. Avoids production disruptions in critical sectors. Mitigates risk of price spikes due to certification bottlenecks. D. For Textiles Sector (Industry Reaction) SIMA says relaxations ensure uninterrupted imports of polyester inputs. Helps stabilise domestic yarn and fabric prices. Lowers cost pressure on spinners, weavers, processors. Encourages competitive pricing for exports. Government’s Defence of QCO Policy DPIIT notes QCOs have significantly improved quality of Indian products. 188 QCOs issued so far, covering 773 products. Effective in sectors like: Screws, hinges Electrical appliances Water bottles Hardware Where industry faced genuine constraints, government offered: Extensions of implementation timelines Exemptions for certain raw materials Periodic reviews Why This Move Matters Economically ? India’s manufacturing cost structure depends heavily on imported raw materials. Mandatory BIS certification on raw materials undermines: Ease of Doing Business Manufacturing competitiveness Export growth Withdrawal aligns with broader strategy to: Reduce non-tariff barriers Improve logistics and input-market efficiency Support MSME-led economic growth Draft IT Rules Amendments on Synthetically Generated Information (SGI) Basics Draft SGI Rules introduce obligations on proactive labelling, filtering, and identification of synthetically generated content. Aim: tackle deepfakes, mis/disinformation, and AI-generated content risks. Legal basis invoked: IT Act, 2000 and IT Rules, 2021. Key concern: whether the government can impose obligations beyond what the parent Act authorises. Relevance GS2 – Polity/Fundamental Rights: Free speech, privacy, legality of delegated legislation, proportionality tests. GS3 – Cybersecurity/Tech: Deepfakes, misinformation regulation, AI governance. GS2 – Governance: Safe harbour doctrine, intermediary liability, policy overreach. Key Provisions in the Draft SGI Rules Mandatory proactive labelling (“SGI”) for AI-generated content. Platforms/intermediaries must filter, detect, and flag synthetic content. Obtain user declarations about whether uploaded content is AI-generated. Severe penalties for failure to verify, label, or act upon synthetic content. Extends obligations to “significant intermediaries” and potentially to AI model providers. Concerns on Legality and Constitutional Validity Ultra vires the IT Act: IT Act’s Section 79 gives conditional safe harbour but explicitly prohibits imposing a “monitoring obligation.” Draft SGI Rules require exactly that: active monitoring, detection, and verification. This exceeds the Act’s mandate and may fail the legality test. Ambiguity in “Intermediary” definition: Act defines intermediaries as entities that store/host/transmit content on behalf of others. Generative AI platforms (ChatGPT, Perplexity, DeepSeek) are content originators. Therefore, they do not fit the definition and imposing intermediary obligations may be legally untenable. Rule-making overreach: Government cannot expand the scope of the IT Act through subordinate legislation. Courts consistently invalidate rules that go beyond delegated powers (precedents: Shreya Singhal, Puttaswamy proportionality tests). Operational and Technical Criticisms High risk of over-blocking: Platforms may label uncertain content as SGI by default, leading to mass censorship. Genuine media (e.g., political videos) could be incorrectly blocked, especially during elections. False positives and false negatives: AI detection tools have high error rates. Even slightly edited genuine images may be wrongly labelled or blocked. Surveillance risks: Draft rules incentivise platforms to hash user images, scan content, and compare fingerprints with known datasets. Such scanning infringes user privacy and contradicts Section 79(2)(b) spirit (no proactive monitoring). Impact on Freedom of Expression Chilling effect: Users may self-censor due to fear of wrongful labelling or take-downs. Risks to political speech: Election-time deepfake concerns must be managed, but overbroad rules risk suppressing opposition or dissent. Violation of proportionality: Restrictions must be necessary and narrow; blanket proactive monitoring fails this test. Industry and Civil Society Responses SFLC.in: Rules unclear on whether generative AI models are intermediaries; makes compliance impossible. IAMAI: Burdensome obligations threaten safe-harbour provisions. Internet Freedom Foundation (IFF): Rules incentivise mass surveillance, content scanning, and jeopardise privacy rights. Platforms’ likely response: Over-blocking, delayed uploads, refusal to process content flagged as potentially synthetic. Broader Governance Context India lacks a specialised AI regulation statute; SGI rules attempt to fill this vacuum. DPDP Act, 2023 and Rules, 2025 already impose data governance duties; SGI rules add separate burdens. Global trend: US, EU, and UK focus on transparency and accountability but avoid mandatory proactive monitoring (due to privacy risks). Comprehensive Critical Assessment Draft SGI Rules conflict with: Statutory limits: exceed rule-making powers under IT Act. Constitutional safeguards: violate privacy (Puttaswamy) and free speech (Article 19(1)(a)). Technical realism: place impractical burdens on platforms. Democratic safeguards: risk political censorship and election interference. Needed reforms: Clear definitions of intermediaries vs AI model providers. Transparency requirements rather than proactive scanning. Narrowly tailored obligations tied to specific harms (election deepfakes, child safety). Independent regulator for AI governance instead of expanding IT Act powers.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 November 2025

Content BOTSWANA GIFTS INDIA EIGHT CHEETAHS FOR NEXT PHASE OF PROJECT CHEETAH  AKSHAR MAHOSTAV BOTSWANA GIFTS INDIA EIGHT CHEETAHS FOR NEXT PHASE OF PROJECT CHEETAH Why in News? Botswana has formally gifted 8 wild cheetahs to India for the next phase of Project Cheetah. President of India Droupadi Murmu and Botswana President Duma Gideon Boko jointly witnessed their symbolic release at Mokolodi Nature Reserve, Botswana. Marks a new chapter in India–Botswana wildlife cooperation, especially after earlier cheetah translocations from Namibia and South Africa. Relevance GS 3 – Environment, Biodiversity & Conservation Inter-continental translocation under Project Cheetah. Genetic diversification for long-term species viability. Wildlife reintroduction science, habitat restoration, landscape ecology. India–Africa cooperation in wildlife management and anti-poaching systems. GS 2 – International Relations Strengthening India–Botswana ties across wildlife, energy, agriculture, health, digital cooperation. Conservation diplomacy as an instrument of foreign policy. Alignment with India’s Africa strategy (IAFS, Global South outreach). Multilateral collaboration: UN, G77, NAM. The Event 8 cheetahs captured from Botswana’s Ghanzi region were released into the quarantine facility at Mokolodi. Joint operation by Indian & Botswanan wildlife experts. Symbolic launch of the next phase of India’s cheetah reintroduction programme. Importance for Project Cheetah Expands the genetic base of India’s cheetah population. Addresses high mortality concerns by strengthening founder population diversity. Reinforces long–term viability of Kuno and other potential sites (Gandhi Sagar, Nauradehi, Mukundra). India–Botswana Wildlife Diplomacy Botswanan cheetahs are considered more wild, genetically strong, and habituated to large landscapes. Enhances India’s conservation diplomacy in Africa. Botswana emerges as a key partner along with Namibia and South Africa. High-Level Bilateral Engagements Core Themes Discussed Strengthening of bilateral ties. Expansion of cooperation in: Renewable energy Agriculture Digital technologies Trade & investments Health & education Wildlife management & ecological research India–Botswana Relations (Strategic Context) Built on shared democratic values and South–South cooperation. India is a major development partner under: ITEC Pan-African e-Network Solar Alliance collaboration Indian diaspora (~11,000) plays a strong economic role in retail, mining, IT, and healthcare. President’s Address to Indian Community Key Points Appreciated diaspora’s contribution as cultural ambassadors. Urged them to: Support Botswana’s national development. Deepen people-to-people ties with India. Leverage OCI scheme, Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas, and India’s economic transformation. Emphasised India–Botswana partnership driven by trust, respect, democratic values. Diplomatic Significance of the Visit Forms part of her two-nation African tour: Angola + Botswana. Aligns with India’s larger Africa outreach: India–Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) strategy Strengthening ties with resource-rich African democracies Collaboration in multilateral forums (UN, G77, NAM) Relevant Angles Environment & Biodiversity Project Cheetah: world’s first inter-continental large carnivore translocation. Genetic diversification is crucial for rewilding success. Botswanan cheetahs boost ecological viability in Indian landscapes. International Relations Deepening India–Africa partnerships. Expanding conservation diplomacy. Forward movement in trade, digital public infrastructure, and renewable energy. Diaspora Diaspora as soft power multiplier. Role of OCI initiatives and cultural diplomacy. Future Outlook Next batch of cheetahs expected in India’s newly prepared reserves. Enhanced India–Botswana joint training & conservation protocols. Greater collaboration in: AI-based wildlife tracking Anti-poaching intelligence Community-based conservation models AKSHAR MAHOTSAV Why in News? The National Museum, under the Ministry of Culture, is hosting Akshar Mahotsav 2025 from 14–16 November 2025. Theme: “Akshar–Sanskriti – Letters as Pillars of Culture.” Celebrates India’s scriptural, calligraphic, and manuscript heritage in partnership with The Calligraphy Foundation. Relevance GS 1 – Art & Culture Preservation of scriptural, calligraphic, and manuscript heritage. Cultural significance of Indic scripts (Brahmi, Sharada, Grantha, Siddham). Museums as custodians of intangible cultural heritage. Revival of traditional arts through contemporary platforms. GS 1 – Indian Heritage & Literature Manuscripts as carriers of civilizational memory. Script evolution and linguistic heritage. Integration of classical knowledge with modern creative expression. The Event – Core Details Venue: National Museum, New Delhi. Duration: 3 days (14–16 November 2025). Organised by: National Museum The Calligraphy Foundation Supported by Ministry of Culture Motto: “Lekhan Se Sulekhan” (From Writing to Calligraphy). Cultural & Educational Significance Reasserts that scripts are fundamental to India’s civilizational identity. Links manuscript heritage with modern creative arts. Promotes interdisciplinary learning: art, history, linguistics, design. Alignment with Government Programmes National Mission for Manuscripts Supports documentation, conservation, digitalisation of India’s manuscript wealth. Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat Highlights script diversity across states. Promotes inter-cultural appreciation through written traditions. National Education Policy (NEP 2020) Encourages inclusion of art-integrated learning, Indian knowledge systems, and multilingual education. Fuses creative literacy with contemporary pedagogy. Ministry of Culture’s Vision: Preservation with Innovation Revitalising traditional Indian scripts while promoting digital calligraphy. Encouraging young artists and designers to reinterpret Indic scripts. Using exhibitions, workshops, and master sessions to merge heritage with modernity. Larger National Impact Strengthens India’s positioning as a leader in creative literacy and script innovation. Revives awareness of classical scripts (Brahmi, Sharada, Grantha, Siddham). Boosts national and global appreciation for: Handwritten arts Manuscript traditions Scriptural diversity Visual communication heritage Relevant Angles Art & Culture   Revival of handwritten and manuscript traditions. Importance of scripts as carriers of cultural memory. Role of institutions in preserving intangible heritage. Culture Policy  Implementation of NEP 2020 and cultural education integration. Collaboration between government museums and private cultural foundations. Heritage Conservation  Connection with digital preservation programmes. Promotion of knowledge systems rooted in classical Indian traditions. Creative Economy Expanding India’s cultural industries: calligraphy, design, arts education. Nurturing young creators through workshops and exhibitions. Future Outlook Possible expansion into a national calligraphy circuit across museums. Digital archives of artworks and manuscripts. Integration of calligraphy modules in schools and colleges. Greater public engagement in aesthetic, linguistic, and heritage literacy.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 November 2025

Content On Children’s Day, let’s commit to a level playing field Urgent update On Children’s Day, let’s commit to a level playing field Why in News? Editorial on Children’s Day argues that India must commit to creating a genuinely level playing field for all children, using the recent Indian women’s cricket team’s success as a counterpoint to widespread dynastic privilege in public life. Relevance GS 1 – Society Social stratification, caste/class/gender inequalities Impact of socio-cultural norms on opportunity GS 2 – Governance & Welfare Child rights, equity in education Role of state in ensuring equal opportunities Institutional fairness, affirmative action, inclusive governance GS 4 – Ethics Meritocracy vs entitlement Aristotle’s justice & telos Ethical leadership, fairness, moral responsibility Case study value (women’s cricket team as an example) Practice Questions “Dynastic privilege in politics, institutions, and public life undermines both democracy and social justice. Critically examine how India can move towards a genuine meritocracy, drawing upon philosophical and constitutional principles. (GS 2/GS 4 – 250 words) Basics Children’s Day Context Celebrated on 14 November to honour Jawaharlal Nehru’s belief that children determine the nation’s future. Core Idea of the Editorial India’s structures often reward inherited privilege rather than earned merit. The women’s cricket team demonstrates what a merit-based ecosystem can achieve. Overview Meritocracy vs Dynastic Privilege Inherited power shapes politics, business, cinema, and public institutions; effort is secondary to lineage. Women’s cricket team represents the opposite: players from ordinary families who rose through talent, discipline, and parental sacrifice. Coaches too earned authority through competence, not surnames. Accident of birth determines opportunity — caste, class, region, gender still shape access to education, sports, employment. Marginalised communities remain excluded unless systems actively correct imbalance. Promise of equality often remains rhetorical in governance and public discourse. Ethical and Philosophical Angle Aristotle’s concept of justice: Giving each person what they deserve, based on the purpose (telos) of the activity. In politics, the telos is service to the common good, not lineage-based entitlement. Inherited leadership weakens democracy because authority becomes privatized rather than earned. Cultural Analogy: Mahabharata The conflict over succession (Dhritarashtra insisting on Duryodhana’s rights) illustrates the dangers of lineage-based entitlement. Reason and fairness collapse when bloodline supersedes merit. Contemporary Relevance Dynastic politics persists across parties, regions, and institutions. Youth aspirations clash with entrenched privilege, discouraging belief in effort and integrity. Merit becomes uncertain when power appears hereditary. The Women’s Cricket Team as a Symbol Demonstrates what happens when meritocratic pathways exist. Shows that supportive families + institutional fairness create champions regardless of class background. Offers a blueprint for other sectors: transparent selection, opportunity, respect, unbiased coaching, equal resources. What a Level Playing Field Requires ? Fair examinations: No paper leaks, timely conduct, robust digital infrastructure. Uncaptured institutions: Leadership not monopolised by families, networks, or patronage. Affordable access: Sports facilities, schools, coaching, nutrition for low-income families. Legal safeguards: Affirmative measures for historically disadvantaged communities. Monitoring systems: Independent oversight of recruitment, selection, and promotions. Policy and Governance Implications Strengthen National Child Policy, Samagra Shiksha, POSHAN, sports scholarships, Khelo India. Improve education quality, eliminate teacher absenteeism, ensure safe schools, functioning toilets, digital access. Create social capital for first-generation learners through mentorship, career guidance, scholarships. Promote gender equality in sports and education. Moral Imperative for Adults Children’s Day must be a commitment, not a ritual. Adults must pledge to: Ensure equity where history creates disadvantage. Offer leg-up support for those structurally behind. Protect every child’s dream, not just one’s own. Takeaway The editorial argues that India must shift from inheritance-driven systems to merit-driven pathways. The success of the women’s cricket team proves fairness is achievable. Children’s Day becomes meaningful only when adults commit to systemic reforms that give all children — irrespective of origin — a truly level playing field. Urgent update Why in News? Retail inflation for October crashed to 0.25%, the lowest since 2012, not because prices actually fell but due to statistical distortions in the outdated Consumer Price Index (CPI). The editorial argues that India urgently needs to update the CPI series (base year 2012) to reflect real consumption patterns and avoid misleading policy signals. Relevance GS 3 – Economy Inflation measurement, CPI methodology RBI’s Monetary Policy Framework Base effect, consumption patterns Data governance, statistical reforms Impact on monetary policy, fiscal planning, bond markets GS 2 – Governance Role of statistical institutions Impact of distorted data on policy effectiveness Accountability in public data systems Practice Questions “The growing gap between measured inflation and perceived inflation is a serious policy concern in India.”Analyse the limitations of the current CPI methodology and suggest reforms needed to restore credibility and support effective monetary policymaking. (GS 3 – 250 words) Basics CPI (Consumer Price Index) measures price changes of a fixed basket of goods and services. Base year 2012 makes India’s CPI outdated; consumption patterns have shifted significantly (services, digital goods, urbanization, fuel use, housing). CPI heavily weighted towards food (≈46%), causing exaggerated swings when base effects occur. Overview October Inflation: What Actually Happened ? Inflation reported at 0.25%, but this is not a real fall in prices. Food & beverages inflation at –3.7%, the steepest fall in the current CPI series. Reason: October 2024 had extremely high food inflation (9.7%). This base effect made current-year inflation look artificially low. Actual market prices (especially vegetables) have risen recently, contradicting CPI numbers. Why CPI Numbers Are Misleading ? Food’s heavy weight (46%) pulls the entire index down during base-effect months. Other categories (fuel, housing, tobacco, miscellaneous) all show higher inflation than last year. GST rate cuts lowered inflation only in clothing & footwear. CPI therefore obscures the real inflation trend rather than clarifying it. Structural Problems With CPI Base year 2012: Ignores shifts in consumption (e-commerce, health, education costs, telecom, services). Fails to capture rising expenditure shares in housing, transport, digital services. Weightages outdated: Food share in household expenditure has declined. Health, education, transport, services have increased sharply. Urban-rural differences have widened; CPI does not capture these dynamically. Gap Between Measured and Perceived Inflation RBI’s consumer survey (Sept 2025): Perceived inflation = 7.4% CPI says 0.25% → a massive disconnect. Harms credibility of inflation data and undermines households’ trust in official statistics. Why This Matters for Policymaking ? RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) uses CPI as the sole benchmark for interest rate decisions. MPC’s December meeting requires assessment of: Growth implications of temporary GST-cut demand surge Inflation trajectory Distorted CPI numbers make interest rate decisions unclear, risking policy mistakes. If CPI shows ultra-low inflation, RBI may be pressured to cut rates when underlying inflation is not actually falling. Broader Macroeconomic Risks Incorrect inflation data affects: Bond markets Government borrowing costs Real interest rate calculations Wage negotiations Welfare indexation Misleading CPI can cause monetary policy misalignment, harming growth and stability. Government’s Update Plan Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) says: New CPI series will be ready by Q1 of next financial year (FY 2026–27). Urgency: Each month of delay distorts inflation analysis. Revised CPI expected to include: Updated consumption weights Larger service sector representation Revised food basket Digital expenditure items Better urban–rural differentiation Takeaway India’s CPI urgently needs revision. The October inflation collapse to 0.25% reflects statistical illusion, not real relief. With CPI driving RBI’s interest-rate decisions, outdated weightages and base effects pose a significant macro policy risk. Updating the CPI is critical for credible inflation measurement and sound monetary policy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 14 November 2025

Content Transgender-inclusive healthcare in Tamil Nadu Holding up GLASS to India; securing stewardship to tackle AMR Centre releases draft Seeds Bill; farm outfits cautious, industry welcomes it SC bats for protection of pristine sal forest in Jharkhand’s Saranda Workplace stress linked to rising cases of diabetes among adults Why Hepatitis A deserves a place in India’s Universal Immunisation Programme Transgender-inclusive healthcare in Tamil Nadu Why is this in News? Article highlights Tamil Nadu’s pioneering model in transgender-inclusive public healthcare. Showcases India’s first State-level integration of gender-affirming care into universal health coverage. WHO is preparing a global case study (2025) documenting Tamil Nadu’s model. Updates on progress: 8 Gender Guidance Clinics (GGCs), 5,200+ enrolments, and 600+ surgeries/hormone procedures under CMCHIS-PMJAY. Relevance GS 2 – Welfare of Vulnerable Sections Rights of transgender persons; health equity; inclusive public services GS 2 – Health & Social Justice Universal Health Coverage; insurance inclusion; role of State governments GS 2 – Governance & Policy Implementation State-level innovations; administrative reforms; public service delivery GS 1 – Society  Gender identity, stigma, discrimination, social inclusion Basics “Leave no one behind” = Core commitment under UN SDGs and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Transgender persons are recognised as a marginalised group needing targeted interventions under: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 NHM (Tamil Nadu) State Policy for Transgender Persons (2025) Why do Transgender Persons Face Healthcare Barriers? Skill Gaps in Medical Workforce Majority clinicians untrained in transgender health. Overfocus on STI treatment & surgeries; neglect of preventive, reproductive, geriatric, mental health. Structural Exclusion Low access to education, formal employment, housing, social security → unstable income & no insurance. Discrimination in Healthcare Settings Stigma, ridicule, denial of services. Fear erodes trust → delayed care, medical complications. Documentation Barriers Identity mismatch, lack of supportive families, exclusion from ration cards/ID-based welfare. Intersectionality Effects Health deprivation overlaps with caste, poverty, homelessness. What Has Tamil Nadu Done? 2008: Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital begins gender-affirming surgeries. 2008: India’s first Transgender Welfare Board created. 2018: NHM establishes Gender Guidance Clinics (GGCs) providing multidisciplinary care. 2025: 8 districts now host GGCs with free procedures. 2019–2024: 7,644 transgender individuals accessed GGC services. Services Offered Hormone therapy Gender-affirming surgery Mental health counselling STI/HIV services Legal/identity support, social linkage How Has Tamil Nadu Expanded Insurance Coverage? 2022: CMCHIS-PMJAY includes gender-affirming surgeries & hormone therapy. India = first South Asian country to integrate transgender care under UHC. Insurance Partner: United India Insurance Co. (5-year policy 2022–27). Advancing PMJAY TG Plus (which offers 50+ procedures): TN is 4 years ahead in implementation. Key Reforms for Accessibility Removed income limit of ₹72,000. Waived need for ration card with transgender person’s name. Addressed exclusion from families, lack of proof, stigma. Outcomes (as of Oct 2025) 5,200+ enrolled under CMCHIS-PMJAY. 600+ underwent surgeries/hormone therapy. Care provided in 12 empanelled hospitals (public + private). Policy & Legal Reforms Strengthening the Model 2019 Transgender Act (Sec 15): Mandates comprehensive healthcare. 2024: NHM trains GGC doctors on WPATH Standards of Care v8. Madras High Court Judgments: Recognised transgender marriages. Mandated curriculum reforms. Banned conversion therapy. Banned non-consensual intersex surgeries. Ordered reopening of GGCs post-COVID. Curbed police harassment. State Policy Framework 2019 TN Mental Health Care Policy 2025 State Policy for Transgender Persons: property rights, education, healthcare access. What Challenges Remain? Limited Coverage & Geographical Reach Need statewide GGC expansion and district-level continuum of care. Lack of Comprehensive Health Manual Standard protocols for hormones, surgeries, follow-up, mental health missing. Monitoring & Regulation Gaps Empanelled hospitals need strong oversight to prevent malpractice/exploitation. Mental Health Coverage Needs integration into insurance packages; high prevalence of depression, anxiety, violence trauma. Provider Competency Requires periodic training, certification, accountability mechanisms. Grievance Redressal Mechanisms Currently weak; community often fears reporting discrimination. Limited Research & Data Need for State-level epidemiological data on transgender health. Persistent Social Prejudice Requires cross-sectoral interventions: education, policing, media, families. Community Participation Policy design, implementation, monitoring must involve transgender-led organisations. Conclusion Tamil Nadu has created India’s most advanced model of transgender-inclusive healthcare with early adoption of gender-affirming services, strong insurance coverage, progressive jurisprudence, and community engagement. However, lasting equity requires continuous investment, wider coverage, accountability, and institutionalising transgender persons as partners—not beneficiaries—in the health system. Holding up GLASS to India; securing stewardship to tackle AMR  Why is this in news? WHO released its Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) 2025 report in mid-October 2025. India identified as one of the worst AMR hotspots globally. Highlights a severe rise in antibiotic-resistant infections, especially in ICUs. Kerala’s progress and India’s slow national AMR implementation reignited policy debates. Published just ahead of World AMR Awareness Week (18–24 November). Relevance GS 3 – Science & Technology / Biotechnology Antimicrobial resistance, global surveillance systems (GLASS) GS 3 – Health & Disease Burden AMR as a major public health threat; ICU infections; One Health approach GS 3 – Environment Pharma effluent regulation, environmental determinants of AMR Basics Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microbes evolve to resist antibiotics → infections become harder or impossible to treat. AMR is driven by human, animal, agriculture, and environmental pathways → a One Health problem. GLASS is WHO’s global AMR monitoring system, operational in 100+ countries; India joined in 2017. Key global findings (GLASS 2025) 1 in 6 infections globally resistant to commonly used antibiotics. South-East Asia shows the steepest rise; India is disproportionately affected. High resistance among critical pathogens: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus. WHO flags a modest but insufficient improvement in the global antibiotic development pipeline. India-specific findings 1 in 3 infections in India in 2023 were antibiotic-resistant. Highest resistance burden in ICUs for E. coli, Klebsiella, and MRSA. Strong AMR drivers in India: Over-the-counter antibiotics Self-medication and incomplete courses Contaminated pharma effluents and hospital waste Weak enforcement of antibiotic regulations GLASS notes progress but flags underfunding, uneven surveillance, and weak coordination. Current efforts in India National Programme on AMR Containment. ICMR’s AMRSN / i-AMRSS network. NCDC’s NARS-Net. 2019 ban on colistin in animal feed (significant but long-term impact). Major weaknesses identified Surveillance bias: Overdependence on tertiary hospitals → overestimation of AMR; weak data from rural/primary-care settings. Underfunding: No long-term investment in AMR research, stewardship, or diagnostics. Poor One Health coordination. NAP-AMR implementation slow: 2017 plan remains mostly unexecuted in many States. Public awareness extremely low → AMR remains an abstract concept for most Indians. Expert assessments Abdul Ghafur India’s AMR levels are among the highest globally. True national estimates require integrating 500+ NABL labs + primary/secondary hospital microbiology. V. Ramasubramanian Surveillance centres must be geographically spread; without regional representation, conclusions are distorted. Ella Balasa Public needs relatable narratives; humanising AMR is essential for behavioural change. Antibiotic development pipeline (critical analysis) Global pipeline trends WHO 2024 pipeline report: 97 candidates in clinical & preclinical stages (up from 80 in 2021). Only 12 of 32 traditional antibiotics are innovative (new class or new mechanism). Just 4 candidates target WHO priority MDR Gram-negative pathogens. India’s status CDSCO has approved four new antibiotic candidates in the last two years. Six more have global approval. Limitations Pipeline is still too small to address global AMR. Limited innovation; low access in LMICs. Most new drugs do not target carbapenem-resistant Gram-negatives. Features needed in next-generation antibiotics New mechanisms bypassing current resistance. Dual formulations (IV + oral). Activity against highest-priority MDR pathogens. Safe, affordable, and aligned with stewardship guidelines. Low likelihood of inducing further resistance. Global and industry-side initiatives AMR Industry Alliance Promotes development of new antibiotics and diagnostics. Supports responsible antibiotic manufacturing. Works on equitable access, especially in LMICs. Funding gaps Surveillance and innovation receive intermittent and inadequate funding. Need sustained national investment in AMR research, stewardship, and public awareness. Kerala model Only State with a fully operational AMR State Action Plan. Kerala AMR Strategic Action Plan (2018) adopts a strong One Health model. AMRITH (2024) stops over-the-counter antibiotic sales. State antibiogram shows a slight reduction in AMR levels. Goal: antibiotic-literate Kerala by December 2025. Other significant interventions 2019 colistin ban in poultry/livestock → expected long-term benefits. Need uniform enforcement across all States. What India must do (priority recommendations) Surveillance Build a representative national network using NABL labs. Strengthen microbiology capacity in district and primary-care hospitals. Stewardship Nationwide ban on OTC antibiotic sales. Standardised antibiotic guidelines across hospitals. Functional stewardship committees in all tertiary and secondary facilities. Environment Regulate pharma effluents and medical waste. Mandatory antimicrobial pollutant monitoring. Awareness Large-scale community orientation on AMR. Humanised public campaigns (schools, digital media). Innovation Incentives for new antibiotic classes. Academia-industry collaborations. Public funding for early-stage R&D. Governance Accelerate implementation of NAP-AMR (2017). Strong State-level monitoring and coordination. Conclusion India’s AMR crisis is severe, escalating, and under-monitored.GLASS 2025 reinforces that resistance is rising faster than countermeasures, and progress remains fragmented. Kerala demonstrates that structured One Health interventions, regulatory enforcement, and public literacy can reduce resistance trends. India now needs integrated surveillance, strict stewardship, environmental control, innovation incentives, and long-term funding to prevent a future where routine infections again become untreatable. Centre releases draft Seeds Bill; farm outfits cautious, industry welcomes it Why in news? The Union government has released a new draft Seeds Bill, 2025, after two failed attempts to pass similar legislation in 2004 (UPA) and 2019 (NDA) due to farmer opposition. It aims to replace the Seeds Act, 1966 and the Seeds (Control) Order, 1983. Government claims alignment with current agricultural and regulatory needs, including seed quality control and liberalised imports. Public comments open till December 11. Relevance GS 3 – Agriculture Seed regulation, quality control, farmer access, seed imports GS 3 – Economy Private sector role in seed industry; liberalisation; ease of doing business GS 2 – Governance / Policy Legislative reforms; regulatory modernisation; stakeholder conflicts What are “seeds laws” in India? Seeds laws regulate: Quality parameters (germination %; genetic purity; physical purity; seed health). Certification processes (Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards). Registration of seed dealers and varieties. Liability for seed failure. The Seeds Act, 1966 is considered outdated: Focused on public-sector dominance. Lacks frameworks for modern hybrids, GM events, private R&D, and global seed trade. Key provisions of the draft Seeds Bill, 2025 Mandatory registration: Every seed dealer must register with the State government before selling or exporting/importing seeds. Quality regulation: Seeds sold must meet minimum certification standards for germination, purity, traits, health. Regulation of sale to ensure declared performance. Liberalisation: Greater freedom for seed imports, enabling access to global varieties. Decriminalisation: Minor offences decriminalised to reduce compliance burden. Serious violations retain strong penalties. Farmer protection: Ensures farmers’ access to high-quality seeds at affordable rates. Aims to prevent losses due to substandard seeds. Why earlier attempts (2004 and 2019) failed Farmer groups opposed: Mandatory registration and certification seen as restricting farmer-saved seeds. Fear of greater corporate control over the seed market. Concerns around liability provisions favouring companies. Bills were withdrawn after widespread protests, especially in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Telangana. Farmers’ perspective  Seen as industry-friendly: “Bill favours seed companies and facilitates ease of doing seeds business” (BKU-Ekta Ugrahan). Key concerns: Could lead to higher seed prices. Risk of monopolisation by MNCs/private breeders. Stronger regulation might apply more to farmers than companies. Fear of indirect control over farmer-saved and exchanged seeds via registration norms. Seed industry perspective Welcomed as a modernising move, especially by the Federation of Seed Industry of India. Benefits to industry: Clearer regulatory regime. Decriminalisation reduces business risk. Liberalised imports expand breeding and hybridisation possibilities. Predictability for private investment. Larger policy context: why regulate seeds more tightly now? India’s seed market size: ₹25,000–27,000 crore; private sector share: 65–70%. Issues: Quality failures cause 10–30% yield loss depending on crop. Spurious seeds cases frequently reported in cotton, paddy, vegetables. Need to integrate global seed variety testing, DUS criteria, and digital traceability. Critical analysis Strengths Modernises a 60-year-old law. Better consumer protection through quality benchmarks. Enables innovation and global germplasm flow. Rationalises penal provisions → encourages private R&D. Concerns May unintentionally promote corporate dominance in seeds. Registration rules could affect: farm-saved varieties, community seed systems. Liberalised imports risk entry of high-cost foreign varieties → price inflation. No clarity on seed liability and compensation mechanisms — historically the most contentious aspect. Risk of conflict with: PPV&FRA, 2001 (farmers’ rights), Biodiversity Act, 2002 (access to genetic resources). Governance risks States’ capacity to run robust registration and testing systems remains weak. Enforcement uneven across India → inconsistent protection for farmers. SC bats for protection of pristine sal forest in Jharkhand’s Saranda  Why in news? The Supreme Court has directed the Jharkhand government to declare 31,468.25 hectares (314 sq. km.) of the Saranda forest as a wildlife sanctuary. This ends the State’s reluctance and its earlier proposal to declare only 24,941.64 hectares due to concerns over mining and infrastructure. The court emphasised the State’s constitutional duty to protect ecologically significant areas and balance conservation with sustainable mining. Relevance GS 3 – Environment & Biodiversity Sal forest ecosystem; wildlife sanctuary declaration; threatened species GS 3 – Conservation vs Development Mining–ecology conflict; sustainable mining; iron ore reserves GS 2 – Judiciary / Constitutional Provisions Public trust doctrine; State’s duty to protect forests Basics: where and what is Saranda? Location: West Singhbhum district, Jharkhand. Known as one of the world’s most pristine sal forests. Ecological features: Dominant sal (Shorea robusta) ecosystem. Home to endemic sal forest tortoise, four-horned antelope, Asian palm civet, wild elephants. Social context: Inhabited for centuries by Ho, Munda, Uraon and allied Adivasi communities. Livelihoods deeply tied to minor forest produce and cultural traditions. Why is the area contentious? Saranda forest division also contains 26% of India’s iron ore reserves. SAIL and Tata Steel depend critically on mining in this region. Judicial declaration of the entire 314 sq. km. as a sanctuary could: Restrict or reshape mining operations. Affect employment in mining-linked areas. Require reevaluation of several leases. Key observations of the Supreme Court State’s duty: Forests and wildlife must receive statutory protection where ecologically significant. The State cannot “run away from its duty to declare” such areas. Balanced approach: Conservation must coexist with sustainable iron ore mining, not eliminate it. Sanctuary notification does not automatically extinguish tribal rights. Community protection: Court directed mass communication that individual and community forest rights under FRA, 2006 will not be adversely affected. Ecological significance: Court stressed the unique sal ecosystem, biodiversity richness, and presence of threatened species. Government’s position (as per hearings) Initially proposed declaring only 24,941.64 hectares due to: “Vital public infrastructure” in the remaining area. Concerns about halting mining. Later clarified: The 31,468.25 hectares being considered had no mining, no non-forest use, and no prior diversion. After the court’s push, the government agreed to proceed with full notification. Ecological significance Saranda is a high-integrity sal landscape—rare globally. Functions as a critical elephant habitat and corridor. Sanctuary status ensures: Stricter protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Better control over fragmentation from roads, mining, and encroachments.  Mining–conservation tension Region’s mineral value is extremely high (26% national iron ore). Conservation imperatives clash with: Employment generation. Steel sector supply chains. Local economic activity. Court’s directive pushes for “sustainable mining + strict ecological zoning” rather than blanket bans.  Tribal rights and welfare FRA, 2006: Sanctuary notification cannot extinguish existing rights. Court acknowledged: Tribes are ecosystem stakeholders. Sanctuary declaration must not lead to displacement. Important shift from earlier models of exclusionary conservation.  Governance implications Sets a precedent: States must declare ecologically important areas even if economically sensitive. Strengthens judicial oversight over forest governance. Enhances application of: Precautionary principle Public trust doctrine Requires integrated landscape planning for: Mining zones No-go biodiversity zones Community rights areas Workplace stress linked to rising cases of diabetes among adults  Why in news? New clinical observations and emerging Indian research show a sharp rise in workplace-stress–linked Type 2 diabetes, especially among young urban working adults. Doctors report increasing cases among tech, finance, customer service, healthcare and night-shift workers. The report is released in the context of World Diabetes Day, highlighting stress as a major but under-recognised metabolic risk factor. Relevance GS 3 – Health / NCDs Stress-induced Type 2 diabetes; metabolic disorders; India’s disease burden GS 3 – Economy / Labour Workplace wellness, productivity loss, occupational health risks GS 1 – Society Changing work culture; lifestyle transitions; urbanisation impacts Basics: what is stress-linked diabetes? Prolonged workplace stress → chronic activation of cortisol and adrenaline. These hormones: Raise blood glucose Reduce insulin sensitivity Increase central (abdominal) fat Disrupt circadian rhythm (especially in shift workers) Result: Insulin resistance → pre-diabetes → Type 2 diabetes. What the data shows ? India: 10.1 crore diabetics (ICMR–INDIAB, 2023). Tamil Nadu study: higher perceived stress = poorer glycaemic control + longer disease duration. Hospitals in Chennai & Bengaluru report earlier onset (30s–40s) even without excess dietary intake. Clinical observations Early metabolic signs (often ignored as “busy life”) Abdominal weight gain Daytime fatigue Fragmented sleep Increased cravings Borderline BP Mildly elevated triglycerides Rising post-meal sugars Why they worsen unnoticed Normalisation of long work hours Sleep deprivation Irregular meals Sedentary desk culture High device dependence and constant “on-call” pressures Why certain professions are high-risk IT, Finance, Customer Support Long screen hours High cognitive load Deadline cycles Constant notifications Guilt about switching off devices Healthcare Emotional labour + erratic schedules Night-shift workers Circadian rhythm disruption Irregular meals → reduced insulin sensitivity Higher glucose variability despite good diet adherence Pathophysiology: how stress translates to diabetes Chronic stress → persistent HPA axis activation. Elevated cortisol: Increases hepatic glucose output Promotes visceral fat accumulation Reduces muscle glucose uptake Adrenaline surges: Fluctuating post-meal sugars Sleep disruption End result: progressive insulin resistance. Doctors’ insights from multiple hospitals More young adults (29–45 years) showing central obesity + borderline sugars. Women show higher incidence of stress-linked metabolic changes in recent studies. Many patients discover diabetes incidentally through routine tests. Stress management improves glycaemic stability even in medicated patients. Workplace factors driving the trend No scheduled lunch breaks Prolonged sitting Excessive meeting loads Late-night logging Shift rotation gaps Poor sleep hygiene High job insecurity Multitasking pressure Evidence-backed low-cost interventions For workplaces Protected lunch breaks 5–10 minute movement gaps between meetings Restrictions on after-hours work communication Healthier cafeteria menus Predictable shift rotations For individuals 7–8 hours sleep Mindfulness/therapy Structured daily routines Consistent meal timings Device-free downtime Walking meetings / micro-activity Doctors emphasise: “Stabilising cortisol stabilises blood sugar.” Overview Public health significance Stress-linked diabetes is emerging as a non-traditional risk factor. Shifts diabetes from being purely lifestyle-driven to occupational-environment–driven. Raises concerns for India’s young workforce and productivity. Economic implications Higher absenteeism and presenteeism Rising corporate healthcare costs Long-term burden on insurance systems Earlier onset → longer disease duration → higher complications Gender dimension Women face dual stress exposures: workplace + unpaid care work. Increasing evidence of higher pre-diabetes progression rates in women under occupational stress. Policy relevance Need for integration of occupational health within NCD programmes. Shift work regulation and circadian-friendly policies. Mandatory workplace wellness norms for high-risk sectors. Behavioural challenge Stress is intangible → symptoms normalised. Requires awareness + employer accountability + clinical screening. Why Hepatitis A deserves a place in India’s universal immunisation programme  Why in news? India is debating including the Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) in the Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP). Experts argue that Hepatitis A vaccination deserves even higher priority because the disease burden is shifting toward adolescents and adults — groups at significantly higher risk of severe disease, including acute liver failure. The article highlights that an effective indigenous Hepatitis A vaccine exists, yet policy inclusion is pending. Relevance GS 2 – Health / Immunisation UIP expansion; vaccine policy; epidemiological transition GS 3 – Public Health Outbreak management; sanitation transition; acute liver failure GS 2 – Governance & Policy Evidence-based policymaking; cost-effectiveness; indigenous vaccine development Basics: what is Hepatitis A? Acute viral liver infection typically mild in young children. Historically: >90% Indians exposed in childhood → lifelong immunity. Current shift: improved sanitation → fewer children infected early → more susceptible adolescents & adults. Severe disease in older age groups → acute liver failure, hospitalisation, deaths. No specific antiviral treatment → only supportive care. Changing epidemiology Seroprevalence (protective antibodies) dropping from ~90% to <60% in many urban regions. Outbreaks reported in Kerala, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi. Clusters of acute liver failure in hospitals show rising severity. Hepatitis A now an emerging public-health threat, not a benign childhood disease. Hepatitis A vs Typhoid: key contrasts Disease burden Typhoid mortality declining with antibiotics + sanitation. Hepatitis A rising in older children/adults → more severe outcomes. Treatment Typhoid: antibiotics available; AMR emerging but treatable. Hepatitis A: no specific treatment, recovery depends entirely on supportive care. Vaccine characteristics Hepatitis A vaccines: 90–95% efficacy Single dose for live vaccine Long-lasting (15–20 years to lifelong) No issues of waning immunity or resistance Typhoid vaccines: require multi-dose cycles in some settings; immunity relatively shorter. Programmatic simplicity Hepatitis A vaccine is single-dose, easy to integrate with existing booster schedules. Indigenous product (Biovac-A by Biological E) has two decades of excellent use in private sector. Cost-effectiveness Hepatitis A: high-cost outbreaks, expensive hospitalisation, severe disease in adults → strong economic rationale for universal vaccination. Typhoid: important but lower immediate cost-effectiveness because mortality has declined. Why Hepatitis A deserves priority Growing susceptible population: fewer children infected early → rising young adult vulnerability. Severe disease profile: adult infection = higher hospitalisation + acute liver failure risk. No treatment: prevention via vaccination is the only effective shield. Low-hanging fruit: Single dose Long-term immunity Indigenous supply available Clear scientific evidence: declining antibodies + frequent outbreaks. Recommended strategy for India Adopt a phased introduction, aligned with UIP’s proven approach: Start with States facing repeated outbreaks or low seroprevalence. Co-administer with DPT or MR boosters to use existing systems. Conduct periodic serosurveys to monitor immunity levels. Gradually expand to national scale. Public health rationale Fits UIP tradition of proactive shifts (Hepatitis B, Rotavirus, Pneumococcal). Helps prevent avoidable severe disease and hospital burden. Reduces long-term healthcare costs by preventing liver complications early. Overview Epidemiological relevance The shift from early childhood exposure to adolescent vulnerability reflects India’s sanitation transition. Parallel seen previously in East Asia and Latin America before they introduced universal Hepatitis A vaccination. Without vaccination, India risks repeated outbreaks and rising adult mortality from acute liver failure. Programmatic feasibility Single-dose administration makes planning efficient. Indigenous production ensures supply security and affordability. Can be rapidly scaled using existing UIP logistics. Economic considerations Adult hospitalisations for Hep A are expensive (ICU care, liver monitoring, long recovery). Vaccination cost per child is low compared to treatment cost. Higher workforce productivity because adults are protected. Policy gap Scientific consensus is strong, but policy action is lagging, unlike for TCV where debate is ongoing. No technical barrier: the missing piece is only political and administrative decision-making.

Facebook Instagram YouTube LinkedIn TelegramGroup Website TelegramChat
Terms and Conditions Privacy Refund Policy Learning Management System by Testpress