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Current Affairs 28 August 2025

Content India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact E-commerce Exports Policy Debate India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap India May Become 2nd-Largest Economy by 2038 (PPP terms) Understanding PPP & GDP GDP (Nominal): Measured at market exchange rates; useful for global financial flows. GDP (PPP): Purchasing Power Parity adjusts for price level differences → reflects real purchasing power, living standards. India’s position today (2024-25): Nominal GDP ~ $4.1 trillion (5th largest). PPP GDP ~ $15.4 trillion (3rd largest, after China & US). Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) EY Report (Aug 2025) – Key Projections 2030: India’s GDP at $20.7 trillion (PPP). 2038: India at $34.2 trillion (PPP) → 2nd largest economy, overtaking the US. US in comparison: Debt >120% of GDP, slower growth (~2.1%). China: Still No.1 but faces aging & debt issues. Growth Drivers for India Demographics Median age: 28.8 years (2025) vs China (39), US (38). Large working-age population → “demographic dividend”. Savings & Investment Among the highest savings rates globally → fuels capital formation. Infra spending + private investments rising under PLI (Production Linked Incentives). Structural Reforms GST → unified tax regime. IBC → improved insolvency resolution. UPI → digital payments revolution. PLI schemes → boost manufacturing, exports. Fiscal Position Govt. debt-to-GDP projected to decline: 81.3% (2024) → 75.8% (2030). Relatively sustainable compared to US (120%+) or Japan (250%+). Technology & Green Growth Adoption of AI, renewables, EVs, green hydrogen. Digital infra (UPI, Aadhaar, ONDC) = global benchmark. Risks & Challenges External shocks: US Tariffs (Aug 2025): 50% tariffs on Indian goods → potential 0.9% GDP impact. With countermeasures, hit reduced to just 0.1% (10 bps). Internal hurdles: Job creation lagging vs working-age population. Regional disparities (North-South divide). Skill development gap in AI, advanced manufacturing. Global Comparisons: China: Growth slowing (aging, high debt). US: Political polarization, debt >120% GDP. Germany/Japan: Aging population + dependence on trade. → India seen as most dynamic among top 5 economies. Global Implications Geo-economics: India as growth engine of Global South. Alternative to overdependence on China for global supply chains. Geo-politics: Larger role in G20, BRICS, WTO reform. Strengthens case for UNSC permanent membership. Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision: Second-largest economy by 2038 → aligns with India’s plan to become a developed nation by 2047. Key Takeaways India’s trajectory to $34.2 trillion GDP (PPP) by 2038 makes it No.2 globally. Drivers: demographics, reforms, savings, infra, digital, green energy. Risks: tariffs, global slowdowns, domestic unemployment. Strategy Needed: Diversify trade partners. Invest in education & skills. Push domestic demand + manufacturing. Sustainable fiscal & energy policies. Finance Ministry’s July 2025 Economic Review – US Tariff Impact Tariffs & Trade Tariff: Tax imposed on imports/exports → makes goods costlier, reduces competitiveness. Direct effect: Higher tariffs → costlier Indian exports in US → lower demand. Indirect/Secondary effect: Supply chain disruptions, reduced investment, job losses in export sectors. Tertiary effect: Slower growth in allied sectors (logistics, finance, services linked to exports). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Immediate Context US action: Extra 15–20% tariff, potential 50% tariff on some Indian exports (Aug 2025). Sectors exempted: Pharmaceuticals, semiconductors, consumer electronics → soften the blow. India’s exports to US: ~2% of GDP. Exposure subject to tariffs: ~12% of India’s GDP (after exemptions). Finance Ministry’s Key Observations Immediate impact limited, but: Secondary & tertiary effects could hurt exports, capital formation, investor confidence. Diversification Strategy: Recent FTAs: UK, EU. Ongoing negotiations: US, EU, New Zealand, Chile, Peru. Will take time to yield results. Government’s Approach: “Government & private sector acting in tandem” can minimise disruption. Tariffs seen as a temporary setback → opportunity to strengthen resilience. Global Credit Outlook: S&P upgraded India’s rating BB+ → BBB. Suggests India’s fundamentals are strong enough to absorb tariff shocks. Risks Identified Short-term risks: Export slowdown in high-value sectors (engineering goods, textiles, auto components). Reduced capital formation (investment hesitancy due to uncertainty). Medium-term risks: Supply chain disruptions. Loss of competitiveness vis-à-vis Vietnam, Bangladesh, ASEAN (who enjoy lower US tariffs). Long-term risks: Overdependence on US market (India’s largest trading partner). Risk of being caught in US–China geopolitical rivalry. Opportunities in Crisis Export Diversification: Shift to EU, UK, ASEAN, Africa, Latin America. Domestic Demand Push: Boosting “Make in India” for local consumption. Resilience-building: Policies to handle global shocks better (PLI, infra, digital push). Strategic Negotiation: Use tariff threat as leverage in India-US trade deal. Global & Domestic Context Global backdrop: Rising protectionism (US, EU), weakening WTO dispute settlement. India’s positioning: Dynamic among top 5 economies (growth ~6–6.5%). Strengthened fiscal & external fundamentals → buffer against shocks. Key Takeaways Direct hit limited: Only ~2% of GDP exposed directly. Secondary/tertiary risks matter: exports, investment, supply chains could slow. Mitigation: Diversification, policy agility, public-private cooperation. Big picture: India can turn tariff pressure into opportunity to push reforms, diversify trade, and accelerate domestic capacity-building. E-commerce Exports Policy Debate E-commerce Export Models Marketplace model (current dominant in India) Platform acts as an intermediary (Amazon, Flipkart, Meesho). Sellers own goods; platform facilitates sale. Suits MSMEs selling handicrafts, books, garments, jewellery (avg. value $25–$1,000). Inventory-led model (debated) Platform owns inventory → sells directly to consumers. Allows efficiency, scale, compliance ease. China’s success: $300 bn exports via inventory-led e-commerce. India currently restricts FDI in inventory-led B2C (to protect local traders & prevent monopolies). Relevance : GS 3(Export-Import) Current Context India’s e-commerce exports (2025): ~$5 billion only. Potential (GIRI think-tank): $350 billion by 2030 if reforms + ECEHs succeed. ECEHs (E-commerce Export Hubs): Announced in Union Budget → clusters for logistics, warehousing, packaging, customs clearances, MSME support. Stakeholder Positions MSMEs’ demand: Allow FDI in inventory-led model. Reduces compliance burden (taxes, customs, paperwork). Ensures better logistics, global competitiveness. Opposition groups (domestic traders, policy hawks): Fear of market concentration by giants (Amazon, Walmart, Alibaba). Threat to kirana shops & small sellers. Risk of predatory pricing, job losses in traditional retail. Government stance (so far): Exploring options but cautious due to political sensitivity (trader community = large voting bloc). Consultations ongoing with US firms, American-Indian retailers, MSME groups. Opportunities for India China model replication: From <$10 bn in early 2000s → $300 bn exports today. MSME integration into global value chains via digital platforms. Boost to “Vocal for Local” + “Atmanirbhar Bharat” → reach foreign markets. Potential growth driver: E-commerce exports could rival IT exports boom of early 2000s. Foreign investment inflow: Efficient inventory-led supply chains attract FDI. Risks & Challenges Market distortion: Few large platforms dominating → MSMEs may become dependent. Policy contradictions: Atma Nirbhar Bharat vs. heavy FDI inflows. Trader associations (CAIT) resistance. Infrastructure gaps: Customs, logistics, warehousing not yet fully digitized. Data concerns: Inventory-led models → control of consumer data by foreign giants. Political economy: Trader lobby’s clout may block reforms despite economic logic. Global Context China: Inventory-led e-commerce + logistics backbone → dominant in cross-border trade. US/EU: Hybrid models (marketplace + inventory). India lagging: Despite digital revolution (UPI, ONDC, GST), exports via e-commerce <1% of total merchandise exports. Way Forward Short-term: Operationalize ECEHs with single-window clearances, warehousing, packaging, payment solutions. Provide export credit + insurance to MSMEs selling online. Medium-term: Gradual opening to FDI in inventory-led model with safeguards (caps, domestic sourcing norms). Integrate MSMEs with ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce) for cross-border trade. Long-term: Build China-style logistics backbone (ports, bonded warehouses, digital customs). Target $350 bn e-commerce exports by 2030, aligning with “Viksit Bharat 2047” goals. Key Takeaways India’s e-commerce exports = $5 bn (2025) vs China’s $300 bn. Potential = $350 bn by 2030 if reforms + FDI allowed in inventory-led model. MSMEs demand easing compliance via inventory-led FDI, but strong opposition exists. Policy balance needed between boosting exports and protecting small domestic traders. India–US Tariff & Diplomatic Tensions Trade Relationship India–US trade (2024–25): Goods trade: ~$200 bn (US is India’s largest trading partner). Services trade: ~$65–70 bn (IT, consulting, digital services major contributors). India exports to US: ~2% of India’s GDP; exposure to tariffs (after exemptions) ≈ 12% of GDP exports. New tariffs (Aug 27, 2025): US imposed 50% tariffs on Indian goods (some exemptions → pharma, consumer electronics). Immediate effect limited, but secondary + tertiary effects (supply chains, investor sentiment, FDI flows) more worrying. Relevance : GS 2(international Relations), GS 3(Indian Economy) Diplomatic Context US Treasury Secretary Bessent: Called India–US relationship “complicated”. Stressed that Trump & Modi enjoy strong personal rapport. Assured that “end of the day, both countries will come together”. Donald Trump’s stance: Reiterated claims of brokering India–Pakistan ceasefire (May 2025), even suggesting he “prevented a nuclear conflict”. Threatened India with “tariffs so high your head will spin” if hostilities resumed. Highlights Trump’s transactional style → linking security issues (India–Pakistan) with trade deals. Indian Govt response: Commerce Ministry: “Communication lines open” with US; also engaging industry to soften tariff impact. Ongoing India–US FTA talks, but progress slow due to divergences (agriculture, digital trade, tariffs). Geopolitical Layer India–Pakistan angle: Trump claims → pressure diplomacy (“stop war or face tariffs”). India rejects external mediation, but acknowledges US influence in crisis de-escalation. Energy & Russia factor: US pushing India on Russian oil imports. India balancing → cheap Russian crude vs. avoiding sanctions. Visas & People-to-People ties: Parallel US debates: H-1B visas (DeSantis calling them a “scam”), green card reforms. Impacts ~1 million Indian professionals in US → politically sensitive. Domestic Implications for India Economic: Immediate tariff impact small (0.1% GDP hit). Risk of export diversification pressure → India needs FTAs with EU, UK, others. MSMEs & textile/handicraft exporters most affected. Political: Modi–Trump personal rapport may cushion fallout. But Trump’s rhetoric (“your head will spin”) plays into domestic political optics. Strategic: India cannot allow trade tensions to spill over into defense cooperation (Quad, Indo-Pacific strategy, defense tech transfers). Opportunities for India Negotiating leverage: India can offer tariff reductions on US agri/energy imports in exchange for easing tariffs. Diversification: Boosting trade with EU, UK (FTAs signed), ASEAN, Africa to reduce overdependence on US. Reforms push: Tariff shock can accelerate domestic reforms (logistics, ease of doing business, MSME digitization). Risks & Challenges Transactional Trump: Uses tariffs as foreign policy tool → creates uncertainty. Domestic US politics: H-1B crackdown, election year rhetoric can harden stance on India. Geopolitical linkage: US tying India–Pakistan conflict to trade concessions complicates India’s diplomatic space. Investor sentiment: Long-term US tariffs could discourage US FDI in Indian manufacturing. Big Picture India–US ties = multi-dimensional (trade, defense, people-to-people, Indo-Pacific security). Current tensions underline the need for: Redrawing India’s trade “red lines” (per Editorial note). Accelerating domestic reforms (infrastructure, MSMEs, e-commerce exports). Strategic hedging: Balancing US pressure with alternative markets (EU, ASEAN, BRICS). Key Takeaways India–US trade conflict (2025) = economic + political + geopolitical mix. Tariff impact modest on GDP, but secondary effects → riskier (exports, FDI, supply chains). Trump’s rhetoric links security (India–Pak conflict) with trade concessions, complicating matters. India must use this pressure as an opportunity to diversify trade & accelerate reforms, while safeguarding strategic ties with the US. ISRO’s Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) & Gaganyaan Roadmap What is IADT? Definition: An experimental test to validate the parachute-based deceleration system that slows down and safely lands the Gaganyaan crew module after atmospheric reentry. How conducted (Aug 24, 2025): 4.8–5 tonne dummy crew capsules dropped from 3 km altitude using an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter. Parachutes deployed in sequence (pilot chute → drogue chute → three main chutes of 25 m each). Aim: Ensure safe splashdown in sea conditions within 8 m tolerance. Purpose: Replicate the last and most critical stage of a human spaceflight — safe recovery of astronauts. Relevance : GS 3(Space ) Agencies Involved ISRO: Lead agency, developing human-rated systems. IAF (Indian Air Force): Provided Chinook helicopter. DRDO labs: DMRL: Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory → heat-shield & structural materials. LRDE: Electronics & avionics for parachute and health monitoring. Navy & Coast Guard: Recovery readiness in case of failures or emergencies. Why Multiple Tests are Needed Human spaceflight demands 99.9%+ reliability (vs ~90–95% for robotic missions). Tests ensure redundancy & safety under all possible failures: Crew Escape System (CES) – abort during launch. Air-drop tests – safe parachute deployment. Pad abort & in-flight abort tests – already demonstrated in 2018 & 2023. Uncrewed Gaganyaan missions (G1, G2) before actual astronauts. Hundreds of subsystem tests (ECLS, IVHMS, escape motors, composites) → certification before human flight. Preparations for Gaganyaan Mission goal: Send 3 astronauts to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for 3 days (~400 km altitude). Launcher: Human-rated LVM3 (GSLV Mk-III) rocket. Milestones: TV-D1 (Oct 2023) → CES pad abort success. TV-D2 (Dec 2023) → helicopter abort test. TV-D3 (2024) → multiple abort scenarios. G1 (Apr 2024) → first uncrewed orbital flight with Vyommitra humanoid robot. Crewed H1 mission → post-2025 after full validation. India’s Long-Term Spaceflight Roadmap Not just Gaganyaan → foundation for broader human space program. Key milestones announced: Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) in Low Earth Orbit by 2035. Crewed lunar landing by 2040. Technologies needed: Reusable launch vehicles. Advanced life-support & environmental systems. Deep-space propulsion & radiation protection. Habitability modules for orbital stations. Strategic & Economic Significance Prestige: India joins elite club (US, Russia, China) in human spaceflight. Technology spin-offs: Materials science, robotics, AI, avionics, composites, life-support tech. Geopolitical leverage: Space diplomacy → collaborations with NASA, ESA, JAXA, Roscosmos. Economic multiplier: Indigenous tech fosters aerospace, defense, MSME ecosystem. Challenges Cost: Gaganyaan budget ~₹9,000–10,000 crore (excluding BAS & lunar mission). Safety: Astronaut life-risk → zero margin of error. Delays: Pandemic, supply chain disruptions, and technology development slowed timelines (original crewed flight target: 2022, now ~2025–26). Capability gap: Human-rating rockets, radiation shielding, long-duration life support still under development. Big Picture IADT success = critical milestone → validates safe astronaut recovery. Gaganyaan = stepping stone → India’s roadmap is about sustained human presence in space, not just one-off missions. Aligns with “Viksit Bharat @2047” vision: tech leadership, self-reliance, and space power status.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 26 August 2025

Content Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception Nari Shakti se Viksit Bharat: Women Leading India’s Economic Transformation Story Why Women’s Economic Empowerment Matters Demographic Dividend: India’s large young population requires full utilization of both male and female workforce potential. Multiplier Effect: Higher female labor force participation (FLFP) boosts household income, reduces poverty, and raises GDP. UN SDGs Linkage: Women empowerment is central to SDG 5 (Gender Equality), but also accelerates SDGs on poverty, health, education, and economic growth. Global Context: World Bank estimates that closing gender gaps in labor markets could increase global GDP by $5–6 trillion. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance)   Current Progress: Data from PLFS, EPFO, and Other Sources Workforce Participation Rate (WPR): 2017-18 → 22% 2023-24 → 40.3% Nearly doubled in 6 years. Female Unemployment Rate (UR): 2017-18 → 5.6% 2023-24 → 3.2% Shows stronger job absorption. Rural vs Urban Trends: Rural: 96% rise in female employment. Urban: 43% growth. Education & Employability: Employability of female graduates → 42% (2013) to 47.5% (2024). Postgraduate women WPR → 34.5% (2017-18) to 40% (2023-24). Formal Workforce Expansion: 1.56 crore women added to formal jobs (EPFO payroll). 16.69 crore women registered on e-Shram (unorganized workers).   Women-Led Development: Policy & Institutional Push From Welfare to Entrepreneurship: Shift from “women development” to “women-led development” under Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Gender Budgeting: 2013-14 → ₹0.85 lakh crore 2025-26 → ₹4.49 lakh crore (↑ 429%). Schemes Supporting Women: 70 Central schemes, 400+ State-level schemes. Examples: NRLM, Startup India, Mudra Yojana, SVANidhi, Drone Didi, Lakhpati Didi. Women in Entrepreneurship & Business Startups: Nearly 50% DPIIT-registered startups (74,410/1.54 lakh) have a woman director. Mudra Yojana: Women received 68% of total loans (35.38 crore loans worth ₹14.72 lakh crore). PM SVANidhi: 44% beneficiaries are women vendors. MSMEs: Women-owned proprietary establishments → 17.4% (2010-11) to 26.2% (2023-24). Number of women-led MSMEs doubled → 1 crore (2010-11) to 1.92 crore (2023-24). Generated 89 lakh jobs for women (FY21–FY23). Structural Drivers of Change Education & Skill Development: Better female literacy (77% in 2022-23) and access to higher education. Digital & Financial Inclusion: Jan Dhan accounts: 56% women account holders. UPI adoption by women entrepreneurs. Social Norms & Aspirations: Cultural acceptance of women in business and non-traditional roles is rising. Political Support: Women-centric electoral promises, enhanced reservation in local bodies, and policy emphasis on Nari Shakti. Challenges & Gaps Regional Disparities: Female LFPR remains low in certain states (e.g., Bihar, UP). Quality of Jobs: Much of the rise is in agriculture and informal services; wage parity remains an issue. Workplace Barriers: Safety concerns, lack of childcare, and gender stereotypes limit participation. STEM & Leadership Gaps: Women underrepresented in tech, higher management, and policymaking roles. Unpaid Care Work: Women continue to bear disproportionate household responsibilities. Global Benchmarking India’s FLFP (2023-24): ~40% (sharp rise, but still below global avg. of ~47%). OECD Countries: Often above 55-60%. China & Bangladesh: Higher female participation historically, but India catching up post-2018 reforms. Future Outlook: Towards Viksit Bharat 2047 Target: 70% female workforce participation by 2047. Pillars for Next Stage: Expanding formal sector absorption. Deepening women’s role in startups, tech, and green jobs. Removing wage & leadership gaps. Scaling financial inclusion beyond micro-credit. Stronger care economy support (childcare, maternity benefits). Significance for India’s Transformation Economic Impact: McKinsey estimates adding $770 billion to India’s GDP by 2025 with gender parity in labor force. Social Impact: Reduces poverty, improves nutrition, education, and intergenerational mobility. Strategic Impact: Women-led growth strengthens India’s global image as an inclusive democracy. GeM Surpasses ₹15 Lakh Crore in Cumulative GMV Since Inception What is GeM? Launched: August 9, 2016, by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Purpose: Unified online marketplace for government procurement of goods and services. Nature: Paperless, cashless, contactless platform using technology to remove intermediaries. Scale (2025): 70,000+ buyer organizations. Over 65 lakh sellers/service providers. 11,000+ product categories and 320+ service categories. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Importance of Public Procurement in India Public procurement = 20–25% of India’s GDP (World Bank). Traditionally faced issues: corruption, cartelization, delays, lack of vendor diversity. GeM solves this via: Real-time price discovery & reverse e-auctioning. Direct govt-to-vendor contracts (removes middlemen). Integrated payment systems with PFMS (Public Financial Management System). Milestone Achievement – ₹15 Lakh Crore GMV (2025) Gross Merchandise Value (GMV): Cumulative value of goods/services sold. Achievement: ₹15 lakh crore in 9 years (2016–2025). Annual GMV acceleration: ₹1 lakh crore in 2019–20. ₹2.5 lakh crore in 2021–22. ₹4 lakh crore in 2022–23. ₹6.2 lakh crore in 2023–24. Key Features Driving Success Inclusivity: ~57% of registered sellers are MSEs. Over 12 lakh women entrepreneurs registered. 1.5 lakh+ SC/ST entrepreneurs onboarded. Ease of Doing Business: End-to-end online registration, e-bidding, 100% digital payments. Transparency: Price comparison, contract history, no human discretion in bidding. Innovation: AI-driven analytics for demand forecasting; pilots with blockchain for contract security. Integration: Linked with Aadhaar, Udyam, GSTN, PAN databases for vendor validation. Socio-Economic Impact Savings for Government: Estimated 9–10% cost reduction vs traditional procurement (CAG reports). Support for MSEs: Over 50% of total order value goes to MSEs. Women & Marginalized Vendors: 12% of procurement earmarked for women-led & SC/ST enterprises. SHGs in states like UP, Bihar, and MP sell handicrafts, textiles, agri-products. Employment & Innovation: Strengthened rural entrepreneurship by connecting SHGs. Startups gain direct market access (Startup India–GeM integration). Policy & Governance Significance Digital India Alignment: End-to-end online procurement supports e-Governance. Atmanirbhar Bharat Push: Preference to Make in India suppliers; over 75% of orders are domestic. Fiscal Accountability: Integrated with PFMS → reduces payment delays & leakages. Viksit Bharat Vision (2047): Move towards a fully digital, transparent, inclusive procurement ecosystem. Challenges Ahead Regional disparities: Seller concentration in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka; weaker presence in NE states & rural belts. Digital Divide: Limited internet access & literacy among SHGs/rural MSEs. Quality Control: Ensuring inclusivity while maintaining quality standards. Cybersecurity Risks: Fraud, phishing, fake vendors. Training Gap: Many local bodies, Gram Panchayats, and small vendors lack digital procurement training. Way Forward Expand Onboarding: Focus on SHGs, women, rural entrepreneurs. Deepen Tech Use: AI for fraud detection, predictive procurement; Blockchain for contract integrity. Green Procurement: Prioritize eco-friendly goods/services (Net Zero 2070 goal). Global Outreach: Position GeM as a DPI model for developing nations (like UPI). Capacity Building: Training programs for govt officials & rural vendors. Strategic Significance Economic: Streamlines procurement worth ₹15 lakh crore+, freeing fiscal space for welfare schemes. Social: Empowers women, SHGs, SC/ST enterprises by integrating them into govt business. Governance: Reduces corruption & leakages, enhances trust in state systems. Global Image: Along with UPI, CoWIN, Aadhaar → GeM strengthens India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) profile.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 August 2025

Content The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities The dangerous wiring together of a ‘conspiracy’ Context of the Case Trigger: FIR filed (May 9, 2025, Guwahati) against journalists Karan Thapar and Siddharth Varadarajan for allegedly undermining national security through interviews/articles published in The Wire. Legal Provision Invoked: Section 152 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, which criminalises acts endangering the “sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.” Judicial Intervention: Supreme Court ordered no coercive action (August 2025) but investigation continues. Significance: Seen as a re-emergence of sedition in a new form despite its formal repeal. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Fundamental Rights) Practice Question : The repeal of sedition law was hailed as a progressive step, yet Section 152 of the BNS risks reintroducing it in another form. Discuss with reference to constitutional morality, rule of law, and democratic accountability.(250 Words) Legal and Constitutional Framework Freedom of Press: Rooted in Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech & expression. Recognised explicitly in Romesh Thapar v. State of Madras (1950, SC Constitution Bench). Restrictions: Article 19(2) – reasonable restrictions on grounds like sovereignty, integrity, public order, security of the State. Sedition Law History: IPC Section 124A (colonial sedition law) struck down in 2022–23 review process; not included in BNS. Section 152 BNS introduced instead – broader wording, covering “subversive activities” & “encouraging separatist feelings.” Judicial Standards: In Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962), SC held only speech inciting violence or armed rebellion qualifies as sedition. By analogy, mere dissent or criticism should not fall under Section 152 BNS. Key Issues Raised by Justice Lokur (a) Nature of Section 152 – “Sedition in Sheep’s Clothing” Though sedition is gone, Section 152 has similar scope with vaguer language. Punishment includes life imprisonment → high potential for misuse. “Endangering sovereignty/integrity” can be misinterpreted to target dissent, unlike earlier sedition’s defined threshold. (b) Chilling / Freezing Effect on Free Speech Journalists may self-censor to avoid FIRs. Even TV panelists or critics risk charges if their speech is misinterpreted as undermining sovereignty. National security becomes a catch-all excuse to silence criticism. (c) Process as Punishment Summons in distant states (e.g., Guwahati) impose: Financial costs (travel, lawyers, stay). Time burden with repeated hearings. Harassment without accountability of police officers. Alternative like video-conferencing questioning exists, but not adopted. (d) Police Arbitrariness & Impunity Violation of SC’s Youth Bar Association of India (2016) ruling → accused must get FIR copy. Journalists tried to obtain FIR but were denied; Magistrate too had no copy. Raises questions of rule of law, state accountability, and judicial oversight. Wider Implications For Democracy & Press Freedom: Creates a “freezing effect” worse than the chilling effect of sedition. Undermines watchdog role of media, core to constitutional democracy. For Federalism & Policing: Journalists in Delhi summoned to Assam → raises forum shopping concerns. State police can harass individuals across India without safeguards. For Rule of Law & Accountability: Police act without following SC-mandated safeguards. Lack of accountability jurisprudence → innocents spend years in jail (as in Mumbai wrongful incarceration example). For Separation of Powers: Judiciary’s cautious interim relief (no coercive action) helps, but systemic misuse continues until a Constitution Bench reviews Section 152. Comparative Perspective UK & USA: Sedition laws repealed decades ago; only actual incitement to violence punishable. India: Repeal of sedition hailed as progressive, but Section 152 risks becoming “new sedition” with broader misuse potential. Challenges Identified Vague and broad wording of Section 152 → scope for arbitrary application. Over-criminalisation of dissent under the garb of national security. Lack of police accountability → harassment via summons. Inaccessibility of justice → high litigation costs discourage ordinary citizens. Way Forward (Justice Lokur’s Implied Suggestions) Legal Review: Constitution Bench must test constitutionality of Section 152. Safeguards: Clear guidelines limiting application to actual secessionist/violent acts. Procedural Reform: Ensure FIR copies provided immediately. Mandate video-conferencing for questioning. Accountability: State should bear costs of summoning accused across states. Democratic Culture: Protect critical journalism as part of democratic checks & balances. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes. India–Japan ties — Old Partners, New Priorities Historical Background of India–Japan Relations Cultural ties: Buddhism was the earliest link (6th century onwards). Diplomatic relations: Established in 1952 after the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Japan’s role post-1991 reforms: Became one of the first major investors when India liberalised its economy. 2000s onwards: 2000 – “Global Partnership” announced. 2006 – Elevated to “Strategic and Global Partnership”. 2008 – “Joint Declaration on Security Cooperation” (only 2nd country after Australia). 2014 – Modi & Abe elevated ties to “Special Strategic and Global Partnership”. Common outlook: Both democracies, maritime nations, wary of China’s rise. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Evaluate the significance of Japan’s long-term investment and strategic commitments to India in shaping the Indo-Pacific order. How does this balance India’s relations with China and the United States?(250 Words) Current Economic Engagement Japan’s Investment Pledge (2025): ¥10 trillion (~$68 billion) over 10 years → One of the largest Japanese overseas commitments. Focus: Infrastructure, clean energy, manufacturing, semiconductors, and digital technologies. Ongoing Projects: Mumbai–Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Shinkansen E10 technology; Japan funding ~80% via soft loans. Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) and other industrial zones. Trade: Bilateral trade 2023–24: ~$22 billion (India exports $6.4B; imports $15.6B). Japan = India’s 5th largest source of FDI (~$38B cumulative till 2024). Technology: Expanding cooperation in AI, startups, green hydrogen, and digital innovation. Security & Strategic Cooperation Defence Cooperation: 2008 security pact being updated to address new realities. Regular 2+2 dialogues (Defence + Foreign Ministers). Joint exercises: JIMEX (naval), Dharma Guardian (army), and participation in Malabar (Quad naval exercise). Economic Security Initiative (2025): Cooperation in semiconductors, critical minerals, pharma supply chains, clean energy. Aimed at reducing dependence on China-dominated supply chains. Indo-Pacific Vision: Both advocate Free, Open, Rules-based Indo-Pacific (FOIP). Maritime cooperation in South China Sea, Indian Ocean, and under Quad. Geopolitical Context of 2025 Visit China Factor: India–China ties still tense post-Galwan (2020), but limited thaw (trade facilitation, resumed flights, visas). Modi’s parallel visit to China (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit) shows strategic balancing. U.S. Factor (Trump 2.0): U.S. reliability questioned due to erratic foreign policy, weakening of Quad commitment. India seeks strategic autonomy — deepening Japan ties cushions against U.S. unpredictability. Quad’s Uncertainty: Japan, India, Australia want continuity; U.S. disengagement threatens Quad’s operational credibility. Political & Diplomatic Messaging Japan as Anchor Partner: Unlike U.S. (unpredictable) and China (competitive, mistrust), Japan offers consistency, resources, and shared democratic values. India’s Flexibility: Engaging China for stability, Japan for strategic depth, U.S. despite unpredictability. Shows “multi-alignment” strategy without compromising on Indo-Pacific clarity. Signal to Region: India is deepening ties with like-minded democracies (Japan, Australia) while keeping open dialogue with rivals. Enhances India’s image as an independent pole in multipolar Asia. Challenges in the Relationship Implementation delays: Bullet Train project faces land acquisition hurdles. Trade imbalance: India imports 2.5x more from Japan than it exports. Japan’s domestic constraints: Ageing population, slow growth may limit overseas commitments. Geopolitical risks: China’s pushback against Indo-Pacific cooperation and Quad. Future Prospects Economic: Strengthening supply chains (semiconductors, EVs, green hydrogen, digital infra). Strategic: Closer defence-industrial cooperation; more joint exercises. Regional Role: Co-lead Indo-Pacific initiatives in Southeast Asia and Indian Ocean. Support for capacity building in Africa (third-country cooperation). Global Governance: Japan’s support for India’s UNSC permanent seat bid. Collaboration in G20, Quad, and climate forums. Strategic Significance For India: Reliable economic and security partner amidst U.S. unpredictability and Chinese rivalry. Key to Make in India, Digital India, and Atmanirbhar Bharat. For Japan: India as growth market + counterweight to China in Asia. Partner for securing critical supply chains. For Indo-Pacific: India–Japan axis forms the most stable leg of the Quad. Reinforces democratic values, maritime security, and rule of law.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 August 2025

Content SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What does the new online gaming Act outline? Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas SC asks Union govt. to draw up rules on social media conduct   Basics Free Speech (Article 19(1)(a), Constitution of India): Fundamental right but not absolute. Reasonable Restrictions (Article 19(2)): Speech can be regulated in the interest of decency, morality, public order, defamation, etc. Case Context: Comedians faced complaints for insensitive jokes about persons with disabilities. Petition filed by an NGO (SMA Cure Foundation). Question before SC: How to balance freedom of expression with dignity of vulnerable groups in a diverse society. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Constitution ) Supreme Court Observations Commercialisation of Free Speech: Social media influencers use speech for profit; such speech can amplify harm. Impact on Communities: Speech must respect dignity of persons with disabilities, women, children, senior citizens, and minorities. On Humour: Recognised humour’s value, but cautioned that levity should not cross into hurtful stereotyping. Main Concern: Insensitive jokes undermine the constitutional goal of inclusion for disabled persons. On Guidelines: Need clear rules with specific and proportionate consequences for violations. Guidelines must draw a line between free speech vs. prohibited/hurtful speech. Consequences must not be “empty formalities.” Government’s Position (Attorney-General R. Venkataramani) Objective: Focus on sensitisation of social media users, not censorship. Accountability: Violators must take responsibility. Observation: Many online blogs/podcasts “feed egos” rather than serve public good. Legal Classification of Speech (as noted by SC) Free Speech – protected expression. Commercial Speech – profit-oriented, subject to regulation. Prohibited Speech – unlawful (hate speech, obscenity, etc.). Overlap Concern: Online comedy shows and influencer content often blend commercial and potentially prohibited speech. Wider Issues Highlighted Influence of Social Media: What influencers say shapes attitudes of an entire generation. Dignity vs. Expression: Vulnerable groups risk mockery, reinforcing exclusion. Precedent Risk: Today disability, tomorrow jokes on women/children/elders → slippery slope of insensitivity. Directions by Court Comedians asked to tender unconditional apology through their shows. Centre asked to frame social media guidelines in consultation with stakeholders (National Broadcasters and Digital Association). Case listed again in November 2024. Comprehensive Analysis Constitutional Balance: Court is not curtailing free speech but seeking a balance with Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity). Evolving Jurisprudence: Expands interpretation of restrictions on speech in digital age. Treats influencers as responsible public figures, not private speakers. Policy Implications: Rules may cover podcasts, comedy shows, reels, stand-ups with commercial intent. Likely to emphasise sensitisation, grievance redressal, proportionate penalties. Global Parallels: EU’s Digital Services Act (2022): accountability of online platforms for harmful content. U.S.: Free speech absolute but limited by hate speech jurisprudence in practice. India is moving towards a hybrid model: protect speech but curb offensive, discriminatory content. Way Forward Guideline Formation: Involve civil society, disability rights groups, digital platforms. Sensitisation Campaigns: Make influencers ambassadors of inclusion. Stronger Grievance Redressal: Quick complaint resolution on platforms. Graduated Penalties: Apology → Fines → De-platforming for repeated violations. Judicial Oversight: SC ensures rules don’t become tools for censorship. India, Fiji call for open Indo-Pacific region, agree to deepen defence ties   Basics Indo-Pacific Region: Geopolitical concept spanning the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Central to global trade, maritime security, and strategic competition (notably India–China–US dynamics). Fiji’s Position: An island nation in the South Pacific. Strategically located within the “Blue Pacific Continent,” often seen as a gateway to Pacific island states. India–Fiji Relations: Historical ties through Indian diaspora in Fiji (approx. 40% of Fiji’s population). Enhanced defence ties since 2017 Defence Cooperation MoU. Member of the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Key Announcements during Rabuka’s Visit (2024) Defence Cooperation: Training & equipment support for Fiji’s maritime security. Capacity building for Fijian armed forces. Cooperation on UN peacekeeping, military medicine, and White Shipping Information Exchange. Planned Indian naval ship port call to Fiji for enhanced interoperability. Two ambulances gifted to Fiji’s military; Defence Wing to open at India’s High Commission in Suva. Strategic Statements: Both countries reaffirmed support for a “free, open, inclusive, secure, and prosperous Indo-Pacific”. India sees Fiji as a hub in its Pacific outreach. Implicit balancing of China’s growing influence in Pacific islands (notably naval base concerns). Other MoUs Signed: Super-specialty hospital in Fiji. Migration & mobility agreement. Cybersecurity cooperation, including a new training cell in Fiji. Strengthening counter-terrorism cooperation. Strategic Significance For India: Expands India’s strategic footprint in the Pacific islands. Strengthens FIPIC and Act East + Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Counters China’s attempts to gain military bases and leverage over Pacific states. Enhances India’s image as a development partner and security provider. For Fiji: Gains military, maritime, and cyber capacity-building support. Protects its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and maritime resources. Diversifies security partnerships beyond China. Benefits from Indian aid in health, mobility, and counter-terrorism cooperation. For Indo-Pacific: Strengthens the principle of open seas, freedom of navigation, and rules-based order. Reinforces coalition-building among like-minded states (India, Fiji, Japan, Australia, US). Highlights role of smaller island nations as pivotal players in regional security. Underlying Geopolitics Fiji’s PM Sitiveni Rabuka has earlier opposed China’s naval base plans in the Pacific islands. Joint India–Fiji statement subtly signals alignment with Quad principles. India balances soft power (diaspora, hospital, training) with hard power (naval visits, defence cooperation). Fiji leverages partnerships to avoid strategic overdependence on China. Stealth frigates Udaygiri, Himgiri to join Navy today Basics What are frigates? Medium-sized warships, versatile for escort, patrol, anti-submarine, and surface warfare roles. Crucial for maintaining maritime security and projecting naval power. Project 17A: Follow-on of the Project 17 (Shivalik-class) stealth frigates. Envisages 7 stealth frigates, designed by the Warship Design Bureau (WDB). Key focus: stealth features, modular construction, advanced sensors and weapons, and high indigenous content. Shipbuilders involved: Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. (MDL), Mumbai – builder of Udaygiri. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), Kolkata – builder of Himgiri. Relevance : GS 3(Defence , Internal Security) Key Highlights of Commissioning First-ever simultaneous commissioning of two frontline warships built at different shipyards. Udaygiri is the 100th vessel designed by WDB, marking 50 years of indigenous design capability. Udaygiri was delivered faster due to modular construction techniques. Names Udaygiri and Himgiri revive the legacy of earlier Indian Navy warships. Both join the Eastern Fleet, enhancing presence in the Indian Ocean. Technical Features Stealth Capabilities: Reduced radar, infrared, acoustic, and magnetic signatures. Propulsion: Combined Diesel or Gas (CODOG) system. Combat Systems: Advanced weaponry and modern sensor suite for anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare. Automation: Integrated Platform Management System for efficient operations. Indigenisation: ~75% indigenous content, including Indian-made weapons and sensors, supported by MSMEs. Strategic Significance Blue-Water Navy Expansion: Capable of sustained operations in distant waters, bolstering India’s regional and global maritime role. Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Strengthens India’s indigenous defence manufacturing ecosystem. Inter-Yard Collaboration: Demonstrates coordination between MDL and GRSE, a milestone in India’s shipbuilding sector. Force Multiplier: Enhances India’s ability to safeguard Sea Lanes of Communication (SLOCs) and counter maritime threats in the Indian Ocean. Symbolic Continuity: Heritage revival through warship names reflects India’s naval traditions. Like other relics, India’s fossils are at high risk of being sold abroad What are Fossils? Definition: Preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient life forms (plants, animals, microorganisms). Age criteria: Must be at least 10,000 years old to be considered a fossil. Types: Body fossils (bones, shells), trace fossils (footprints, burrows), plant fossils. Scientific importance: Reconstruct Earth’s history. Help study evolution, paleo-climate, geology. Provide evidence of extinct species. Relevance : GS 1(Heritage) , GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Science) Fossil Richness in India Geological context: India split from Gondwanaland (~150 million years ago). Isolated for ~90 million years → unique biodiversity. Collision with Asia (~50–60 million years ago) → emergence of new species (ancestral horses, whales). Important fossil records: Dinosaurs (Jabalpur, Balasinor, Kutch). Earliest plant fossils. Human ancestors’ skulls. Whale ancestor Indohyus (M.P.). Recently discovered Vasuki indicus (giant snake, ~47 million years old, ~15m length). Global Context & Commercialisation Fossil trade abroad: Ammonites sold in Paris shops. Dinosaur fossils sold in auctions. July 2024: Sotheby’s sold a Stegosaurus fossil for $44.6 million (record). Private collectors: 71 important T. rex fossils in private hands vs. 61 in public institutions (U.S. data, 2024). Celebrities (Nicolas Cage, Leonardo DiCaprio) and billionaires actively purchase fossils. Heritage risk: Fossils becoming luxury commodities rather than scientific specimens. India’s Situation Challenges: No dedicated national fossil repository (a draft plan exists but stalled). No clear legal framework to regulate extraction, trade, or preservation. Risk of theft, vandalism, or sale in black markets. Examples: Buddhist relics (1898, UP) nearly auctioned abroad in 2025 → Govt intervention stopped sale. Fossils like dinosaur eggs stolen from Mandav museum (M.P.). Private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao–Obergfell Trust) contain unsorted and unstudied fossils, some kept in homes and gardens. Custodianship & Individual Efforts Palaeontologists: Sunil Bajpai (IIT-Roorkee) → discovered Vasuki indicus. Ashok Sahni → veteran palaeontologist highlighting theft issues. Amateurs & enthusiasts: Vishal Verma (schoolteacher, M.P.) rescues fossils from riverbeds and hills. Deposited some finds in govt museums but faced theft and poor protection. Issue: Individual efforts cannot substitute institutional frameworks. Risks of Fossil Loss Scientific loss: Once fossils are destroyed or sold abroad, they are lost to science. Weakens India’s contribution to global evolutionary studies. Cultural loss: Fossils are part of natural heritage, akin to monuments. Economic loss: Fossils could enrich geotourism and museums. Their illegal trade denies India potential cultural economy benefits. Policy & Legal Gaps India: Archaeological Survey of India protects monuments but fossils are largely outside its ambit. No comprehensive legislation for fossil protection (unlike antiquities, monuments, or wildlife). Abroad: U.S., China, and Europe → stricter fossil export laws + public repositories. India’s Draft Plan: Proposal for a National Fossil Repository (still not implemented). Way Forward Legal framework: Enact a National Fossil Protection Act to regulate excavation, storage, and trade. Classify fossils as national heritage objects, akin to antiquities. Institutional measures: Establish a National Fossil Repository & Museum Network. Fast-track cataloguing of existing private collections (e.g., Ranga Rao collection). Capacity building: Strengthen training in palaeontology at universities. Fund fossil excavation and preservation projects. Public participation: Encourage citizen science (schoolteachers, local communities) with safeguards. Awareness campaigns on fossil importance. Security measures: Prevent thefts via digital cataloguing, museum security, legal export bans. About 30% of MPs and MLAs face serious criminal cases What are “Serious Criminal Charges”? Definition: Offences punishable with 5 years or more imprisonment, OR Non-bailable offences. Examples: Murder, rape, kidnapping, corruption, extortion, rioting, etc. Declared in self-sworn affidavits filed by candidates to the Election Commission (mandatory since Supreme Court ruling in ADR vs Union of India, 2002). Relevance : GS 2(Democracy , Constitution ,Polity) National Trends Lok Sabha (2009–2024): 2009 → 14% MPs with serious criminal cases. 2024 → 31% MPs with serious criminal cases (more than doubled). State Assemblies (2024): 29% MLAs face serious criminal charges (~1,200 MLAs). Indicates a rising criminalisation of politics. State-Wise Analysis MPs (2024): Telangana → Highest share (71%). Bihar → 48%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (34 MPs). MLAs (2024): Andhra Pradesh → Highest share (56%). Telangana → 50%. Uttar Pradesh → Highest absolute number (154 MLAs, 38% of total). Why does this happen? Electoral factors: Candidates with muscle and money power have higher winnability. Voters sometimes prefer such candidates for “protection” or local influence. Legal loopholes: Conviction (not charges) leads to disqualification (Representation of People Act, 1951). Cases drag for years; candidates contest despite multiple charges. Party incentives: Parties prioritise “winnability” over criminal record. Criminals often fund their own campaigns. Weak enforcement: Poor police/judicial capacity → cases pending for decades. Consequences Democratic credibility: Declining public faith in institutions. Governance impact: Policy-making influenced by vested interests. Rule of law weakened: Lawmakers themselves accused of serious offences. Institutional capture: Politicians influence police, bureaucracy, and judiciary to delay/derail cases. Social fabric: Criminalisation linked with rise in violence, caste/communal politics. Judicial & Institutional Responses Supreme Court directives: 2013 Lily Thomas case: Convicted legislators disqualified immediately. 2014 SC: Ordered EC to collect affidavits on criminal, financial, educational background. 2020 SC: Ordered parties to publish reasons for giving tickets to candidates with criminal cases (not just winnability). Election Commission efforts: Voter awareness campaigns (NOTA, background disclosures). But limited powers to reject nominations. Parliamentary inaction: No comprehensive law passed to debar charge-sheeted candidates (Law Commission 244th Report, 2014 had recommended this). Way Forward Legal reforms: Amend RPA, 1951 to bar candidates with serious charges (framed by court, not just FIRs). Fast-track courts for speedy disposal of cases against politicians. Electoral reforms: State funding of elections to reduce dependence on money-criminal nexus. Stricter scrutiny of party candidate selection. Judicial reforms: De-clog criminal justice system → quick trial and conviction/acquittal. Political will: Parties must self-regulate by denying tickets to tainted candidates. Public pressure: Civil society + media vigilance. Voter awareness campaigns against criminal candidates. What does the new online gaming Act outline? What is Online Gaming? Definition: Any game played on an electronic/digital device, operated via internet-based software. Three Segments (as per the Act): E-sports → Competitive skill-based games, recognised under National Sports Governance Act, 2025 (e.g., Call of Duty, Grand Theft Auto). Social Gaming → Recreational/educational games with no financial stakes. Govt can promote these under Section 4. Real Money Games (RMGs) → Games played with payment/fee, with expectation of monetary reward or convertible stakes (tokens, coins, credits). Examples: Rummy, Poker, Fantasy Cricket, Ludo variants. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues ,Governance) Why was the Bill introduced? User protection: Govt data → Indians losing ~₹15,000 crore annually on RMGs. WHO findings: RMGs linked to compulsive behaviour, psychological distress, financial hardship, family disruption. Social harms: 32 suicide cases (Karnataka, 31 months) linked to gaming addiction. Financial crimes & frauds: ₹2,000 crore tax evasion (Financial Intelligence Report, 2022). ₹30,000 crore GST evasion (Govt reports). ED case → Chinese app FIEWIN defrauded Indians of ₹400 crore. Parliamentary Panel (2023) → Gaming portals linked to terror funding. Opaque business models: Manipulative algorithms, use of bots, offshore operations bypassing domestic laws. Key Provisions of the Act Ban on RMGs & their advertisements. Penalties: Offering RMGs / fund transactions → Up to 3 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹1 crore, or both. Unlawful advertisements → Up to 2 years’ imprisonment, fine up to ₹50 lakh, or both. Offences under BNSS, 2023 → Cognisable & non-bailable. CERT-IN role: Empowered to block/disable apps; Interpol may be roped in for offshore violators. No penal action against players (only operators targeted). Budget allocation: From Consolidated Fund of India for promoting social gaming. Regulatory Authority: Central Govt to set up a body for recognition, categorisation, and registration of online games. Regulation vs Federal Structure Constitutional context: Entry 34 & 62, State List (Seventh Schedule) → States have jurisdiction over betting and gambling regulation/taxation. Past state-level actions: Telangana (2017) → Ban on all online gaming. Andhra Pradesh (2020) → Ban on online gambling. Tamil Nadu (2022) → Ban on Poker, Rummy. Centre’s intervention: Uniform regulation across India, citing financial fraud, money laundering, and digital security. Economic & Industry Concerns Industry estimate: Ban may affect 2 lakh jobs across 400+ companies. GST issues: 2023 → 28% GST imposed on full deposit/entry fee (not just platform commission). Gaming firms → Claim retrospective taxation unfair, as their platforms are “skill-based”. Supreme Court stay (2024–25) → On notices issued for GST dues; verdict pending. Judicial Standpoints Skill vs chance debate: SC earlier → Games like Rummy and Fantasy Sports involve substantial skill, not gambling. Current Act → Treats all RMGs alike (no distinction skill/chance). Possible constitutional challenge: Critics argue blanket ban may violate Article 19(1)(g) (Right to Trade & Occupation). SC may examine proportionality, state vs centre jurisdiction, and whether “games of skill” deserve exemption. Broader Implications Social: May reduce gambling addiction, debt traps, and associated suicides. But risks pushing users to illegal or offshore apps via VPNs. Economic: Potential job losses, slowdown in India’s gaming/start-up ecosystem. Reduced tax revenues if companies relocate abroad. Federalism: Could trigger state-centre tussles over jurisdiction. Governance & Digital Regulation: Strengthens role of CERT-IN. Adds to India’s growing digital regulatory framework (IT Rules, DPDP Act, etc.). Way Forward Balanced regulation: Instead of blanket bans, consider age limits, spending caps, parental controls. Clear distinction: Between skill-based games (Fantasy Sports, Rummy) vs chance-based gambling. Consumer awareness: Education campaigns on risks of addiction & fraud. Transparency mandates: Algorithms, fairness audits, disclosure of odds. Tax clarity: Rational GST framework to avoid litigation. International cooperation: Tackle offshore firms via treaties and cyber-security collaboration. Videshi in One’s Own Country: India’s Internal Diasporas What is Diaspora? Conventional definition: Diaspora refers to people migrating and settling outside their homeland (international migration). Internal diaspora: People who migrate within the same country across linguistic, cultural, or regional boundaries. Example: A Tamilian worker in Surat, a Punjabi trader in Bengaluru. They may sometimes feel like “videshi” (foreigner) due to cultural and linguistic differences, despite being in India. Relevance : GS 1(Society) Size & Scale of India’s Internal Diaspora Overseas diaspora: High-Level Committee Report on Indian Diaspora (2001) → 20 million Indians abroad. Today → over 30 million overseas Indians. Internal diaspora: Much larger — estimated at 100+ million people (10%+ of India’s population). Linguistic groups with highest internal diasporas (2010 data, Census & academic estimates): Punjabi: 4.3 million Malayalam: 4.6 million Tamil: 7.9 million Telugu: 6.9 million Gujarati: 4.9 million Hindi (incl. Bhojpuri, Marwari): 39.1 million Marathi: 5.5 million Kannada: 2.9 million Bengali: 3.6 million Most dispersed: Punjabi, Malayalam, Tamil. Least dispersed: Marathi, Kannada, Bengali. Drivers of Internal Diaspora Economic migration: Movement for jobs, construction, industries, IT hubs. Business & trade: Gujarati, Marwari, Sindhi, Telugu traders established across regions. Education & urbanisation: Movement towards metro cities and educational hubs. Historical patterns: “Old” diasporas → e.g., Gujarati traders in Tamil Nadu (centuries-old). “New” diasporas → e.g., IT professionals in Bengaluru/Hyderabad since 1990s. Socio-Cultural Dynamics Language & identity: Migrants may face difficulties in communication and integration. Community associations: Migrants preserve culture through organisations (e.g., Gujarati Samaj, Telugu Sangham). Festivals & religion: Adaptation of regional festivals (Durga Puja in Mumbai, Onam in Delhi). Generational differences: 1st generation → Strong attachment to native culture, limited assimilation. 2nd generation → Greater integration, bilingual/multicultural identity. Issues & Challenges Cultural alienation: Some migrants feel treated as “outsiders”. Language barriers: Can affect access to services, education, employment. Urban tensions: High inflows into cities → housing shortages, social frictions. Balancing identities: Preserving cultural roots vs. integrating into local society. Comparative Lens Similarities with international diaspora: Preservation of culture. Creation of associations. Challenges in assimilation. Differences: Internal diaspora less studied than NRI/PIOs. Internal migration does not involve legal/visa restrictions. Global parallel: Telugu diaspora in the U.S. resembles internal Telugu migration (e.g., Andhra → Karnataka). Implications for India Democracy & diversity: Internal diasporas highlight India’s pluralism and cultural coexistence. Federalism: Necessitates accommodative policies for inter-state migrants. Urbanisation: Migrant inflows reshape demographics of metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru). National identity: Internal migration fosters both regional pride and pan-Indian identity. Way Forward Policy recognition: Acknowledge and study internal diasporas alongside international diaspora. Inclusive governance: Ensure equitable access to housing, healthcare, education, and language support. Inter-state cooperation: Create mechanisms for better management of migrant populations. Cultural sensitisation: Encourage mutual respect between locals and migrants. Research & academia: Expand diaspora studies to include internal migration for informed policymaking.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 August 2025

Content PLI Scheme: Powering India’s Industrial Renaissance Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana PLI Scheme: Powering India’s Industrial Renaissance What is PLI? Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme = performance-based incentives given to firms for boosting domestic manufacturing, exports, and job creation. Incentives = linked to incremental sales/production, not subsidies upfront. Objective = raise India’s manufacturing share of GDP to 25% by 2025–30 (currently ~17%). Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Manufacturing Sector) Genesis and Rationale India’s economy = services-heavy (50%+ GDP), but manufacturing lagged behind. Dependence on imports for electronics, semiconductors, APIs (pharma), and solar weakened strategic autonomy. PLI launched in 2020 amid COVID-19 disruptions → to: Revive domestic manufacturing. Reduce import dependency. Strengthen Atmanirbhar Bharat & $5 trillion economy vision. Initial launch: mobile phones, electronic components, pharma APIs, medical devices. Later expanded → 14 key sectors (electronics, pharma, textiles, auto, semiconductors, food, solar, white goods, etc.). Scale and Coverage Incentive outlay: ₹1.97 lakh crore (over 5 years). Applications approved: 806 (as of 2025). Committed investments: ₹1.76 lakh crore (Nov 2024). Total sales by PLI firms: ₹16.5 lakh crore. Jobs created: 12+ lakh (direct + indirect). Coverage = 14 strategic sectors → sunrise industries (semiconductors, EVs, solar) + traditional strengths (pharma, textiles). Sectoral Impact a. Electronics & Mobile Manufacturing Production jumped 146% (₹2.13 lakh cr → ₹5.25 lakh cr, FY21–25). India = 2nd largest mobile phone producer globally. Attracted global OEMs (Apple, Samsung, Foxconn) + Indian firms. b. Automobiles & EVs Investment committed: ₹67,690 cr; invested: ₹14,043 cr. Incentives cover 19 categories of EVs & 103 auto-tech components. Linked to FAME scheme → EV ecosystem boost. c. Pharmaceuticals Shift from API import dependence to export surplus (₹2,280 cr FY25). Pharma sales under PLI (3 yrs): ₹2.66 lakh cr, exports: ₹1.7 lakh cr. Domestic value addition: 83.7%. d. Food Processing 171 projects approved; investments: ₹8,910 cr. Links with PM-FME & PMKSY → value-added exports, modern food branding. e. Solar PV Modules PLI Tranche I & II: 48 GW domestic capacity planned. Investment: ₹48,120 cr, jobs: 38,500. Import dependence cut, energy security strengthened. f. Semiconductors 6 projects approved + 4 new fabs (Odisha, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh). Incentive under India Semiconductor Mission (ISM). Job creation: 2,034 skilled professionals (direct), with multiplier effects. Goal = self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem by 2030. g. Textiles (MMF & Technical Textiles) Outlay: ₹10,683 cr. Exports up: MMF ₹499 → ₹525 cr; Technical textiles ₹200 → ₹294 cr. Linked with RoSCTL, RoDTEP schemes for zero-rated exports. h. White Goods (ACs & LED Lights) Outlay: ₹6,238 cr. Local value addition to rise from 20–25% → 75–80% by 2028–29. Local manufacturing of compressors, motors, LED chip packaging → reduces imports. Wider Economic Impact Job Creation: 12+ lakh (direct + indirect). MSME Ripple Effect: anchor firms create supply chains → new MSME vendors. Cluster Development: Display fabs & semiconductor parks → Gujarat. MMF textiles → Surat. Medical devices → Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu. Exports Boost: Pharma, electronics, textiles → stronger global footprint. FDI Push: India emerging as a China+1 manufacturing hub. Challenges & Concerns Implementation gaps: delays in project execution in some sectors. Over-dependence on incentives: risk of industries not sustaining post-PLI. Global competitiveness: India must match China, Vietnam, Taiwan in logistics, infrastructure, supply chains. Skill shortages: especially in semiconductors, EVs, advanced electronics. Budgetary pressure: large incentive outlays require fiscal balance. Strategic Significance Strengthens Atmanirbhar Bharat & resilience in critical supply chains (chips, APIs, solar). Aligns with Digital India (electronics, semiconductors), Green India (EVs, solar), Health India (pharma). Helps India position as a trusted manufacturing hub amid US-China decoupling. Supports $5 trillion economy target and India’s industrial renaissance. Conclusion PLI = more than subsidies → it’s a structural industrial policy tool. Demonstrated success in electronics, pharma, solar, textiles, EVs. If sustained with infrastructure upgrades, logistics efficiency, skill development, R&D push, India can achieve: Global competitiveness in advanced manufacturing. Resilient domestic supply chains. Inclusive job creation across regions. Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana Basics Launched: 1 January 2017. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Women & Child Development (MWCD). Umbrella Scheme: Mission Shakti → under Samarthya sub-scheme for women’s economic empowerment. Legal Backing: National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 (Section 4 – maternity benefits). Type: Conditional cash transfer scheme → to promote rest, nutrition, and institutional delivery. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Schemes) Why Needed? High undernutrition burden: 1 in 3 women undernourished. 1 in 2 women anaemic. Maternal-child health link: Undernourished mothers → low birth weight babies → lifelong deficits. Work pressure: Women often work till late pregnancy and resume soon after delivery → prevents recovery & exclusive breastfeeding. Health-seeking behaviour gap: Low institutional deliveries and ANC (Ante-natal Care) in poor households. Social dimension: Son preference and declining Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB). Objectives Cash incentive: Partially compensate wage loss → encourage rest pre & post-delivery. Health behaviour: Promote ANC check-ups, institutional delivery, exclusive breastfeeding. Gender equity: Promote positive attitude towards girl child (incentives for 2nd child if girl). Key Features PMMVY 1.0 (2017–2021): ₹5,000 cash incentive for first living child. PMMVY 2.0 (April 2022 onwards): ₹5,000 for first child. ₹6,000 for second child if girl → incentive for improving SRB. Linked with Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) → ~₹6,000 total maternity benefit package. Target group: Pregnant Women & Lactating Mothers (PW&LM), mainly disadvantaged households. Mode of transfer: DBT into Aadhaar-linked bank/post office accounts. Eligibility & Enrolment Beneficiaries: Pregnant women & lactating mothers (except Govt employees). Required documents: Mother & Child Protection (MCP) Card + ID + eligibility proof (e.g., BPL card). Enrolment modes: PMMVY Portal (https://pmmvy.wcd.gov.in). UMANG platform. Field-level workers: Anganwadi/ASHA via PMMVY App. Monitoring, Reporting, and Evaluation (Digital Reforms) PMMVYSoft (launched March 2023) – end-to-end IT platform for real-time monitoring. Real-Time Authentication: Aadhaar-based verification (UIDAI + NPCI). Biometric (facial recognition) at enrolment → prevents duplication. Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT): Seamless transfer to Aadhaar-seeded accounts. Transparency & Grievance Redressal: Toll-free multilingual helpline (14408). SMS alerts (12 languages) at each stage (registration → approval → payment). Online grievance module integrated into portal. Digital Reporting: Paperless enrolment + mobile app reporting at Anganwadi level. Training & Awareness: State-level workshops, YouTube tutorials, IEC campaigns. Performance & Impact (till 2025) Coverage: Over 3 crore women beneficiaries since 2017. Financial transfers: ₹5,000–6,000 per beneficiary → reduced financial stress. Health impact: Boosted ANC check-ups & institutional deliveries. Encouraged exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Gender impact: PMMVY 2.0 incentivizing girl child births → supports Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao. Digital governance: PMMVYSoft improved efficiency, transparency, and fraud prevention. Challenges & Criticisms Limited coverage: Restricted to first child (now 2nd if girl); excludes many mothers. Low awareness: Many rural women unaware of scheme or find procedures complex. Delayed payments: Despite DBT, fund transfer delays reported in some states. Wage loss compensation inadequate: ₹5,000–6,000 far below actual wage loss (~₹15,000–20,000 during maternity). State capacity gaps: Dependence on Anganwadi/ASHA workers, who are already overburdened. Strategic Significance Strengthens women-led development under Mission Shakti. Supports nutrition and health goals under POSHAN Abhiyaan. Contributes to SDG 3 (Health), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). Acts as a social security net for poor mothers. Links with NFSA 2013 → statutory entitlement dimension. Conclusion PMMVY addresses the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition, ensuring healthier mothers and children. With digital reforms (PMMVYSoft, DBT), the scheme has become transparent, scalable, and accountable. Yet, to fully empower mothers, coverage expansion, higher benefit amount, and stronger awareness drives are needed. PMMVY is not just a cash transfer scheme but a public health and gender equity intervention, shaping future generations.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 August 2025

Content The new Constitution Bill, the need for a balancing act Nourish to Flourish: The Nutrition–Cognition Link The new Constitution Bill, the need for a balancing act The Paradox of Moral Integrity in Indian Politics Electorate demand: Citizens expect high moral standards and clean governance. Ground reality: Rising criminalisation of politics. Leaders with serious criminal charges holding public office. Declining trust in governance and institutions. Contradiction: Integrity expected, but compromised political ethics persist. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Polity , Constitution) Practice Question : Discuss the merits and challenges of the 130th Amendment Bill, 2025 in addressing the criminalisation of politics.(250 Words) The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2025 – Key Provisions Introduced: 20 August 2025, Lok Sabha. Core clause: Ministers (Union & State), Chief Ministers, and the Prime Minister must resign or be automatically removed if in custody for more than 30 consecutive days in crimes punishable with ≥ 5 years imprisonment. Articles amended: Article 75 (Union Council of Ministers). Article 164 (State Council of Ministers). Article 239AA (Delhi Ministers). Mechanism: Removal on advice of PM/CM. Automatic removal if no advice given. Reappointment possible once released from custody. Constitutional Basis Doctrine of “Pleasure”: Articles 75(1), 164(1), 239AA(5) → ministers hold office at President’s/Governor’s pleasure. Judicial limits: Shamsher Singh vs State of Punjab (1974), Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2016). Judicial morality precedents: S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994): Constitutional morality is guiding principle. Manoj Narula vs Union of India (2014): Ministers with serious criminal charges ought not to be appointed. Lily Thomas vs Union of India (2013): Legislators disqualified immediately upon conviction (Section 8(3), RPA). Merits of the Bill (Progressive Dimensions) Strengthens accountability: Prevents leaders in custody from continuing in executive office. Public trust: Addresses citizen frustration with corrupt leaders retaining power. Normative shift: Elevates standards of political morality in line with judicial expectations. Checks criminalisation: Sends strong message against governance by tainted leaders. Concerns & Constitutional Quandaries (a) Violation of Presumption of Innocence Arrest ≠ conviction. Article 21: Right to life & liberty includes presumption of innocence. Detention without conviction cannot be equated to guilt. (b) Inconsistency with Legislators MPs/MLAs disqualified only on conviction (RPA, 1951). Ministers face harsher treatment (removal even on arrest). Creates paradox: Legislator convicted of corruption may remain until disqualified, but minister under arrest is removed. (c) Political Misuse & Partisanship Dual mechanism: Discretion of PM/CM + automatic removal. Risks political vendetta (hostile governments may allow rivals to fall; allies may be shielded for 30 days). May destabilize governance → frequent resignations/reappointments (“revolving door”). (d) Governance Instability Short-term detentions may cause weeks of political uncertainty. Frequent leadership changes erode executive stability. (e) Over-broad applicability Covers all offences punishable with ≥ 5 years. Includes minor non-serious offences → disproportionate consequences. The Larger Context: Criminalisation of Politics Data (ADR–NEW, 2024 General Elections): 46% of MPs have criminal cases. Up from 43% (2019), 34% (2014), 30% (2009). 55% increase in 15 years. Structural problem: Weak law enforcement. Electoral compulsions (winnability > morality). Delayed judicial process → charges remain pending for years. Possible Alternatives / Nuanced Models Trigger based on judicial scrutiny: Link removal not to arrest, but to framing of charges by a competent court. Prevents politically motivated arrests. Independent Review Mechanism: Tribunal/judicial panel to decide on minister’s removal. Insulates process from partisan misuse. Suspension, not Removal: Interim suspension of ministerial functions pending trial. Balances governance continuity & accountability. Scope refinement: Limit to offences involving moral turpitude, corruption, serious crimes. Avoid sweeping inclusion of minor offences. Critical Analysis Strength: Responds to moral deficit in politics; institutionalises integrity. Weakness: Risks undermining fair trial principles; creates inconsistency in treatment. Opportunity: Chance to set global precedent in ethical governance. Threat: Politicisation of law; destabilisation of governance. Conclusion The 130th Amendment Bill, 2025 reflects citizens’ yearning for clean politics and constitutional morality. However, its blunt approach risks compromising due process, stability, and fairness. True reform must lie in a nuanced framework: judicially backed triggers, impartial review, and focus on serious offences. As the Supreme Court cautioned in Bommai and Narula, morality in politics is indispensable, but it must align with constitutional values. Ultimately, integrity without fairness endangers democracy, just as power without integrity corrodes it. Criminalization of Politics – Data & Facts 2024 Lok Sabha Elections (Latest Data): 46% of MPs elected in 2024 (251 out of 543) have pending criminal cases – the highest number in history (Association for Democratic Reforms) 27 MPs have been convicted of crimes (National Election Watch data) 31% (170 MPs) are charged with serious criminal offences, including murder, attempt to murder, and crimes against women (ADR analysis) Success rate for candidates with criminal charges was 15.3%, while candidates without criminal cases had only 4.4% success rate (Election Commission data analyzed by ADR) Nourish to Flourish: The Nutrition–Cognition Link Understanding the Basics Critical Window (First 1,000 Days): From conception → 2 years of age. Equivalent to the “make-or-break” period for physical growth, brain development, and cognition. Missing this window = irreversible damage. Analogy: Just as missing the airport check-in “critical hour” leads to missing the flight, missing proper nutrition + stimulation in first 1,000 days leads to lifelong developmental setbacks. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Social Issues ,Health) Practice Question : Examine the role of ICDS and recent initiatives like Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi in integrating nutrition with cognitive development.(250 Words) Scientific Foundations of Nutrition–Cognition Link Brain Growth: By 2 years → brain = 80% of adult weight. Synaptic density peaks in early years; “neuroplasticity” strongest before 5 years. Frontal lobes (self-regulation, planning, language, executive function) develop in spurts in first 2 years. Nutritional Deficiencies → Cognitive Impairments: Iron deficiency → affects language, memory, and processing speed. Protein-energy malnutrition → stunting + reduced IQ. Micronutrient gaps (iodine, zinc, vitamin B12, folate) → impaired neurodevelopment. Many deficiencies are irreversible beyond age 3. Neuroplasticity & Learning: Early years = fastest and most permanent learning phase. Children retain language, rhymes, motor skills learned before 5 years. Poor nutrition in this window → weaker circuits → lifelong disadvantage. India’s Nutritional Context Progress: Decline in stunting (height-for-age). Challenge: At current pace → 10% stunting only by 2075. To reach by 2047 (Amrit Kaal target), pace must double. Data (NFHS-5, 2019–21): Stunting = 35.5%. Wasting = 19.3%. Anaemia (children 6–59 months) = 67%. Shows nutritional insecurity remains structural and intergenerational. Nutrition + Cognition = Integrated Approach Evidence: Stand-alone nutrition programmes = low-to-moderate impact. Stronger results when nutrition + early stimulation/learning combined. Tamil Nadu Vellore study: Early iron deficiency → poorer language skills & slower processing by age 5. Policy Framework in India ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services): World’s largest early childhood programme. Covers nutrition, health, early learning. Key Initiatives: Poshan Bhi Padhai Bhi (2023) → combines nutrition + early education. Navchetana (National Framework for Early Childhood Stimulation): Structured 36-month activity calendar. 140 stimulation activities for play-based learning + nutrition reinforcement. Delivered by Anganwadi/crèche workers & parents during home visits. Gaps and Challenges ICDS limitations: 14 lakh Anganwadis exist, but coverage, quality & consistency are uneven. Urban poor often left out. Monitoring & evaluation weak. Technology underutilised: Digital tools can enhance monitoring, caregiver education, and early learning but remain patchy. Human Resource Gaps: Anganwadi workers are overburdened (nutrition, pre-school, immunisation, record-keeping). Crèche provision inadequate: Weak link between women’s workforce participation & reliable child-care facilities. Broader Socio-Economic Linkages Child’s development → National development: Malnourished child = low learning → low-skilled adult → productivity trap. Nutritional lag perpetuates poverty cycle. Gender empowerment: Crèche services allow mothers to participate in workforce. Nutrition + stimulation → reduces care burden on women → boosts equality. Automation & AI economy: Future jobs will demand cognitive skills > physical labour. Malnutrition + poor cognitive base = India risks a demographic liability. Way Forward Strengthen ICDS & Anganwadis: Universalise high-quality coverage. Special focus on urban poor and tribal areas. Integrate Nutrition + Stimulation: Nutrition must go hand in hand with early learning activities. Adopt home-based play-learning as in Navchetana. Technology leverage: Mobile apps for mothers/caregivers on nutrition + learning. Real-time monitoring of growth data. Workforce support: Expand crèche models (public, community, PPP). Link with women’s skilling & employment. Targeted interventions: Micronutrient supplementation (iron, folate, iodine, zinc). Fortified food distribution. Evaluation & Monitoring: Regular cognitive, health, and psychosocial assessment of children <6 years. Conclusion The first 1,000 days = India’s true Amrit Kaal for child development. Nutrition and cognition are inseparable — “we are what we eat and what we think.” Investments in integrated early childhood care: Break intergenerational poverty cycles. Empower women. Build a cognitively strong workforce for a technologically advanced India. Bottom line: What is lost in early years can never be regained — nourishing children today is the only way to ensure India flourishes tomorrow. Child Malnutrition – Data & Facts NFHS-5 (2019-21) Confirmed Statistics: 35.5% of Indian children under five are stunted (National Family Health Survey-5) 19.3% are wasted (NFHS-5 data) 32.1% are underweight (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare) 57% of Indian women suffer from severe anemia (NFHS-5 findings) Trends and Patterns: Stunting improved slightly from 38.4% in NFHS-4 to 35.5% in NFHS-5 (Government health ministry data) Wasting prevalence increased slightly from 19.9% in NFHS-1 to 20.5% in recent surveys (UNICEF India analysis) Concurrent wasting and stunting decreased from 8.7% in 2005-06 to 5.2% in 2019-2020 (Indian Journal of Pediatrics study) The rate of stunting reduction slowed significantly – annual average rate of reduction was only 1.33% between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, compared to 2.20% between NFHS-3 and NFHS-4 (Public health researchers’ analysis) Critical Age Patterns: Concurrent wasting and stunting peaks at 19 months (8%), then drops after 24 months (Pediatric nutrition studies) Malnutrition rates are higher in rural areas than urban areas (NFHS-5 comparative analysis)

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 August 2025

Content The ASI is facing a credibility crisis Indians least concerned about the global economy: PEW survey How have deception techniques evolved? 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill ISRO holds air-drop test for Gaganyaan mission Cryptocurrency: unlocking the digital vaults Is India underestimating the cost of dealing with invasive species? Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) India and the world in dairy Arctic sea ice melting has slowed, but here is why this isn’t ‘good news’ The ASI is facing a credibility crisis Basics: What is ASI? Archaeological Survey of India (ASI): Premier national body under the Ministry of Culture, responsible for archaeological research, excavation, and conservation of monuments in India. Mandate: Excavation of ancient sites. Preservation of monuments. Publication of findings. Guiding India’s official archaeological narrative. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) The Keeladi Excavation Location: Near Madurai, Tamil Nadu (Vaigai river valley). Started: 2014. Findings: Around 7,500 artefacts uncovered in initial phases. Evidence of urban, literate, secular society. Bridged gap between Iron Age (12th–6th BCE) and Early Historic Period (6th–4th BCE). Suggested part of the second urbanisation of India (6th–2nd BCE). Significance: Challenges the North-centric narrative of early Indian urbanisation → highlights ancient Tamil civilisation’s sophistication. Scholars began calling it the “Vaigai Valley Civilisation”. The Controversy 2017: Lead archaeologist K. Amarnath Ramakrishna was abruptly transferred to Assam → perceived as an attempt to downplay findings. ASI halted excavation, claiming “no significant findings”. Sparked a political conflict between Tamil Nadu government and the Union government. Madras High Court intervened → excavation handed to Tamil Nadu State Department of Archaeology. State-led excavations (2018 onwards) → over 18,000 artefacts unearthed. Scientific Dispute 2023 Report by Ramakrishna: Substantiated early findings with Stratigraphic sequencing. Material culture analysis. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) dating → confirming antiquity of artefacts. ASI Response: Asked for “revision” of report → accused of political interference. Issue highlights politics within archaeological practice and credibility crisis of ASI. Broader Pattern of ASI’s Conduct a) Tamil Nadu Sites Adichanallur (Thoothukudi): Excavated 1900s, revived in 2004 by ASI. Iron Age artefacts (3,000+ years old). Findings delayed for 15 years, published only after court intervention. Sivagalai (Thoothukudi): Similar neglect in publishing findings. b) Rajasthan Site (Bahaj Village): Unearthed 23m-deep paleochannel → linked by ASI to mythical Saraswati River. Report claimed links to “Mahabharata period”. Example of mytho-historical narrative embraced without rigorous scientific basis. Key Criticisms of ASI Institutional Problems: Arbitrary transfers & politicisation (e.g., Keeladi case). Delayed publication of findings. Reliance on outdated Wheeler method (grid system excavation). Lack of comprehensive research design. Closed internal review system – most findings stay in internal reports, not peer-reviewed journals. Academic Critiques: Ashish Avikunthak (2021): Bureaucratic hurdles, poor infrastructure, stifled research environment. Supriya Verma & Jaya Menon (2003): Ayodhya excavation lacked scientific rigour. Dilip K. Chakrabarti, Jürgen Neuß: ASI stuck in outdated methodologies, fails in holistic interpretation. Contrast with Global Practices: Institutions in Germany (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut), France (INRAP), Japan (Agency for Cultural Affairs): Publish findings in international journals. Ensure transparency, accountability, and global engagement. Conceptual Issue: Methodological Nationalism ASI accused of projecting a state-sanctioned, singular narrative of India’s past. Characteristics: Privileging certain histories (civilisational unity, monolithic antiquity). Teleological interpretations (presenting history as linear progress towards modern Indian nationhood). Suppressing alternative regional narratives (e.g., Tamil civilisation). Implications Academic: Loss of credibility in global scholarly community. Political: Fuels regional vs central tensions (Tamil Nadu vs Union government). Cultural: Undermines India’s diverse historical past → promotes homogenised narratives. Institutional: ASI faces crisis of legitimacy as an objective scientific body. Way Forward Institutional Reform: Greater autonomy from political interference. Transparent review & publication system. Adoption of modern excavation techniques (remote sensing, digital stratigraphy). Decentralisation: Empower state archaeological departments to conduct excavations independently. Global Engagement: Publish in peer-reviewed international journals. Plural Histories: Recognise India’s regional diversities & multiple civilisational strands, not just a monolithic past. Capacity Building: Better training, funding, and infrastructure for archaeologists. Indians least concerned about the global economy: PEW survey What is the Pew Research Center Survey? Independent US-based think tank → conducts opinion surveys globally on politics, society, and international issues. 2025 Survey details: Conducted March 24–30, 2025. Covered 25 countries (including India). Compared with past surveys (2013, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020, 2022). Focused on five perceived global threats: Spread of false online information. Global economy. Climate change. Terrorism. Infectious diseases. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Global Findings (Across 25 Countries) False information online: Median 72% → major threat. Seen as No. 1 threat in 7 countries (Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, U.K., U.S., South Korea). Global economy: Median 70% → major threat. For first time since 2017, ranked above climate change. Driven by concerns over slowing growth, U.S. tariffs, and ongoing wars. Climate change: Median 67% → major threat. Ideological divide → Left more concerned than Right. No country ranked it as top single threat. Terrorism: Median 69% → major threat. Higher concern in middle-income countries (79%) vs high-income countries (60%). More concern among older, less educated, and right-leaning populations. Infectious diseases: Significant concern in Argentina, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico (ranked top threat). India-Specific Findings Terrorism: 79% Indians → major threat. Among the highest shares globally. Similar to Israel, Nigeria, Turkey. False online information: Close to 70% Indians saw it as a threat → similar to global median. Infectious diseases: Nearly 70% Indians saw it as a threat. Global economy: Only 49% Indians → major threat (among the lowest globally). Climate change: Only 55% Indians → major threat (again among the lowest shares globally). Contrasts with Advanced Economies (9 Countries) Advanced economies (U.S., U.K., Japan, Germany, etc.): More concerned about false online information & economy. Climate change concern stronger among left-leaning populations. India: More concerned about terrorism & infectious diseases than economy/climate. Reflects security-focused public psyche vs eco-climate anxieties in developed nations. Reasons for India’s Unique Response High terrorism concern: Legacy of cross-border terrorism (Pakistan, Afghanistan spillover). Domestic insurgencies (Kashmir, Naxal-affected regions). Media amplification of security threats. Lower climate change concern: Climate change seen as long-term/global issue, less immediate. Developmental priorities (jobs, poverty, growth) dominate public perception. Awareness gap despite frequent heatwaves, floods, air pollution crises. Lower economy concern: India’s relatively high growth rate (7%+ in recent years) compared to slowing global economies. Strong government narrative on resilience of Indian economy may reduce perceived risk. False information concern: Reflects India’s high social media penetration and rise of misinformation in elections, communal tensions. Implications of Survey Results For India: Public opinion shaped more by immediate security threats than long-term structural challenges. Possible policy-populism gap: Govt needs strong climate & economy focus, even if people under-prioritise them. Rising misinformation threat → need for digital literacy, stronger regulation of online platforms. For Global Governance: False information becoming the new universal threat → undermines democracy, trust, and global cooperation. Economic anxieties outweighing climate concerns could weaken global climate commitments (e.g., COP negotiations). Divergent threat perceptions between rich and middle-income countries complicate multilateral policy alignment. Way Forward for India National security: Continue strengthening counter-terrorism measures. Climate change: Improve public awareness linking local disasters (floods, heatwaves) to climate change. Economy: Enhance resilience amid global shocks, communicate real risks better. Digital governance: Invest in fact-checking, AI moderation, cyber laws. Health security: Strengthen pandemic preparedness, integrate infectious disease monitoring. How have deception techniques evolved? Basics of Decoys in Warfare Definition: Deliberate use of fake signatures, objects, or signals to mislead enemy sensors, targeting systems, or decision-making. Traditional role: Camouflage, dummy equipment, false troop movements (e.g., WWII inflatable tanks). Modern transformation: Digital-era electronic spoofing. Multispectral deception (radar, thermal, acoustic, infrared). AI-enabled decoys. Strategic purpose: Confuse/saturate enemy targeting systems. Waste enemy munitions. Protect high-value assets (fighters, ships, tanks). Provide time for counter-manoeuvre or retaliation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence) India’s Deployment of Decoys Air Force: Fibre-Optic Towed Decoy (FOTD) – X-Guard Context: Used during Operation Sindoor by IAF Rafales. Function: Trailed ~100m behind aircraft. Mimics Radar Cross-Section (RCS), Doppler velocity, and spectral signature. Integrated with Rafale’s SPECTRA EW suite. Generates 360° jamming signals. Impact: PAF J-10C fighters misidentified decoys as real Rafales. Wasted PL-15E beyond-visual-range missiles. Possibly led PAF to wrongly claim shootdowns. Significance: First known operational Indian use of AI-enabled aerial decoys. India seeking emergency procurement of more units. Comparable Global Systems Leonardo’s BriteCloud (Eurofighter, Gripen-E, F-16). Raytheon/BAE’s AN/ALE-50/55 (F/A-18). Adaptations possible for UAVs (Heron, MQ-9 Reaper). Navy: Torpedo and Missile Decoys INS Karanj (Scorpene-class submarine): Equipped with state-of-the-art torpedo decoy system. Creates misleading acoustic signatures to divert incoming torpedoes. Surface warships: Use floating chaff, acoustic decoys, offboard active deception systems. Comparable to Nulka decoy (Australia-U.S.) → mimics radar signature of larger ship, diverts anti-ship missiles. Army: Land-Based Decoys Current use: Inflatable, radar-reflective, and heat-emitting dummies (tanks, artillery, missile batteries, command posts). 2025 RFI (Request for Information): For decoys replicating T-90S/SK tanks. Must mimic dimensions, thermal, and acoustic signatures. Aimed at confusing enemy drones, loitering munitions, precision-guided missiles. Comparisons: Russia’s Inflatech → simulates entire armoured brigades. Ukraine’s wooden/3D-printed fakes → drain Russian missile stocks. U.S. decoy vehicles tested against Javelin ATGMs. China → extensive investment in camouflage & deception. How the X-Guard FOTD Works (Mechanics) Weight: ~30 kg, retractable, reusable. Functions: Projects false RCS & velocity → radar thinks it’s a real aircraft. Replicates onboard ECM signals of Rafale. Creates a convincing phantom aircraft for human operators & AI targeting systems. Integration with SPECTRA EW suite: SPECTRA detects threats, manages jamming. X-Guard acts as an expendable decoy shield. Importance of Decoys in Modern Warfare Asymmetric advantage: Decoys cost a fraction of real platforms. Force enemy to expend expensive munitions. Multi-domain necessity: Air: Protects 4th/5th gen fighters against advanced radar-guided missiles. Land: Protects tanks/artillery against drones, PGMs, ATGMs. Sea: Protects ships/submarines against anti-ship missiles, torpedoes. Future trajectory: AI-enhanced autonomous decoys. Networked deception swarms (air & sea drones). Greater role in countering drone/loitering munition saturation. Strategic Implications for India Operational: Enhances survivability of high-value platforms (Rafales, Scorpenes, T-90s). Economic: Low-cost, high-return investment. Psychological: Creates fog of war, undermines enemy confidence. Defensive posture: Especially critical against Pakistan’s and China’s advanced missile/drone arsenals. Industrial opportunity: Scope for domestic R&D in decoys under Atmanirbhar Bharat. Global Lessons for India From Ukraine: Low-cost decoys can exhaust superior adversaries. From U.S./Australia: Offboard, independent decoys (like Nulka) vital for naval survival. From Russia/China: Mass deployment of fake formations creates operational paralysis for enemies. Conclusion Decoys have moved from supplementary camouflage to a strategic asset equal to firepower. India’s adoption of X-Guard, torpedo decoys, and land-based fakes indicates recognition of this trend. The future battlefield will likely see AI-enabled swarms of decoys operating alongside real systems, blurring the line between illusion and reality. 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill Context of Criminalisation of Politics Definition: Entry and participation of individuals with criminal background in legislative and executive positions. Magnitude (ADR Data): 46% of sitting MPs and 45% of MLAs face criminal cases. Candidates with criminal records have 15.4% chance of winning vs 4.4% for clean candidates. Consequences: Weakens democracy, undermines rule of law. Promotes muscle-power & money-power in elections. Public distrust in political institutions. Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution ) Existing Legal Framework Representation of the People Act (RP Act), 1951: Section 8: Disqualification on conviction if sentence ≥ 2 years. Applies for entire sentence duration + 6 years post-release. Section 8(4): Earlier allowed MPs/MLAs to continue in office if appeal was filed → struck down in Lily Thomas (2013) case. Current gap: Law disqualifies MPs/MLAs from being legislators, but no explicit provision for disqualification from being a minister (PM/CM or cabinet). What does the 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill propose? Amendments: To Articles 75, 164, and 239AA (Union Council of Ministers, State Council of Ministers, and NCT of Delhi). Key provisions: If a Minister is arrested and detained for 30 consecutive days in connection with an offence punishable with ≥ 5 years imprisonment, they must be removed. Process: Removal based on advice of PM/CM. If no advice is given, automatic cessation from office on 31st day. PM/CM themselves: Must resign on 31st day if detained ≥ 30 days. Once released, they can be re-appointed. Extension: Similar provisions proposed for J&K and Puducherry. Procedure: Needs 2/3rd majority in both Houses (since constitutional amendment). Rationale Behind the Bill Address criminalisation of politics by ensuring that individuals facing serious criminal charges do not hold executive authority. Prevent misuse of executive power by tainted ministers during investigation/trial. Bring executive disqualification in line with legislative disqualification norms under RP Act. Issues and Criticisms Undermines Parliamentary Democracy: PM/CM should have freedom to choose their council of ministers (basic feature of Constitution). External restriction weakens this discretion. Police Action Before Trial: Even without conviction, mere arrest + detention for 30 days leads to removal. Violates principle of “innocent until proven guilty”. Scope for Misuse: Governments may misuse police machinery to arrest opposition ministers. Particularly dangerous in Centre–State conflicts (e.g., opposition-ruled states). Temporary Nature: Ministers can be reappointed after release → little real deterrent effect. Focus on Effect, Not Cause: Bill addresses ministers already in office, not selection of candidates. Real issue: Political parties nominating tainted individuals in the first place. Alternatives and Reforms Needed Election Commission’s 2016 Recommendation: Bar candidates from contesting elections once charges are framed by a competent court for offences punishable ≥ 5 years. Judicial Oversight: Safeguards against frivolous cases (screening by independent judicial body before disqualification). Political Party Responsibility: Stop giving tickets to candidates with criminal background. Supreme Court (2018, 2020 judgments): Parties must publicly justify selection of candidates with criminal cases. Voter Awareness: Strengthening disclosure norms under affidavits (Form-26). Fast-Track Courts: To decide cases against MPs/MLAs quickly → prevent prolonged uncertainty. Strategic Implications Positive: Symbolic move against corruption & criminalisation. May enhance executive accountability. Negative: Weakens federalism, creates potential for political vendetta. Risks destabilisation of governments through misuse of arrests. Conclusion The 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill reflects India’s attempt to tackle criminalisation of politics, but it risks constitutional overreach and misuse. True reform lies in preventing criminal candidates from entering politics, not only in removing them after being elected/appointed. A balanced approach requires: Judicial safeguards, Political party self-discipline, Electoral reforms (pre-screening of candidates), Strengthening institutional mechanisms like ECI and judiciary. ISRO holds air-drop test for Gaganyaan mission  Gaganyaan Mission Objective: India’s maiden human spaceflight mission. Timeline: Targeted for execution in coming years (preparatory missions ongoing). Goal: To send a 3-member crew to low-Earth orbit (LEO) (~400 km altitude) for 3 days and bring them back safely. Agencies involved: ISRO (lead), Indian Air Force, Navy, Coast Guard, DRDO. Relevance : GS 3(Space) What is the IADT (Integrated Air Drop Test)? Purpose: End-to-end demonstration of parachute-based deceleration system for crew module recovery. Why important: Safe descent and splashdown are critical risk phases in human spaceflight. Process: A dummy crew capsule (~5 tonnes) was lifted by an Indian Air Force Chinook helicopter. Capsule released mid-air → descended from a few km altitude. Drogue parachutes deployed first to stabilise → followed by sequential deployment of main parachutes. Parachutes slowed capsule for safe splashdown speed. Critical Systems Involved Crew Module (CM): Houses astronauts. Requires controlled descent and recovery. Parachute Recovery System: Designed for redundancy (multiple parachutes to ensure safe deceleration). Crew Escape System (CES): 5 types of solid motors tested; ensures astronauts can escape in case of launch failure. Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS): Provides oxygen, pressure, and climate control inside capsule. Significance of IADT-1 Validation step: Proves reliability of parachute-based deceleration and recovery system in near-real conditions. Human-rating of systems: Essential before flying astronauts. Ensures safety compliance. Cross-agency coordination: Demonstrates synergy between ISRO, IAF, DRDO, Navy, Coast Guard for recovery operations. Infrastructure readiness: Facilities like crew training centres, control centres, and modified launch pads already established. Why Recovery Phase is High Risk Atmospheric re-entry: Capsule faces extreme heat, requiring robust heat shields. Descent dynamics: High velocity (~7–8 km/s in orbital return) must be reduced drastically. Splashdown precision: Capsule must land safely at pre-identified zones in sea for Navy recovery. Human safety: Even minor failure in parachutes/ECLSS can risk astronaut lives. Preparatory Steps Before Human Flight Unmanned Test Missions: Test vehicle flights (abort & escape systems). Pad Abort Tests (crew escape reliability). IADT series: More tests to validate parachute deployments at different conditions. Orbital Module Preparation Facility: Readying crew and service modules. Crew training: Indian astronauts undergoing training in Russia + advanced training in Bengaluru. Strategic Significance India’s entry into human spaceflight club: After USA, Russia, and China. Boost for indigenous aerospace tech: Parachutes, life-support, CES—all indigenously developed. Spinoffs: Enhanced capabilities in re-entry vehicles, space tourism, future lunar missions. National prestige & soft power: Strengthens India’s standing as a space power. Cryptocurrency: unlocking the digital vaults What is Cryptocurrency? Etymology: Derived from Greek word “kryptos” = hidden/secret. Definition: Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. Nature: Not physical (can’t be touched/seen). Stored in virtual wallets (software or hardware). Not controlled by RBI, SEBI, or Govt. of India – fully decentralised. Medium: Works on decentralised computer networks (nodes). Transactions: Peer-to-peer (P2P), no banks/intermediaries required. Example: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, etc. Relevance : GS 3(Economy – Currencies) How is it Different from Traditional Money? Traditional Currency: Regulated by central banks (RBI, Federal Reserve). Physical + digital form. Requires intermediaries (banks, payment gateways). Transactions can be altered/reversed. Cryptocurrency: Decentralised, no central regulator. Purely digital, secured by cryptography. Transactions are irreversible and recorded permanently. Runs on blockchain technology. What is Blockchain? (The Backbone of Crypto) Definition: A decentralised, digital, distributed ledger storing all transaction history of a cryptocurrency. Analogy: Like a global accountant’s notebook + Google Sheet shared with everyone. Every page = a block. Once a block is filled, it is time-stamped, sealed, and linked to the next via a hash (unique code). Together, they form a chain of blocks = blockchain. Key Features of Blockchain Transparency: Anyone can view transactions. Immutability: No one can delete/alter past records. Security: Encrypted and verified by multiple nodes. Decentralisation: No central authority. Trustless System: Transactions validated by code, not institutions. How Do Transactions Work? Initiation: Ram sends a crypto coin to Shyam. Bundling: This transaction + previous ones grouped into a block. Validation: Nodes verify authenticity using cryptography. Linking: Once block is full → sealed with hash → linked to previous block. Updating: Blockchain updated across all nodes instantly. Example analogy: Shared Google Sheet where everyone can see entries, add new ones, but no one can delete past data. Why Do People Invest in Crypto? High returns: Potentially exponential growth (e.g., Bitcoin rise since 2009). Borderless: Works across countries, independent of banks. Transparency & security: Immutable records. Diversification: Alternative asset class beyond stocks, gold, real estate. Utility: Used for payments, smart contracts (Ethereum), NFTs, DeFi. Risks and Challenges Volatility: Prices fluctuate wildly (e.g., Bitcoin crashed >70% in 2022). Regulatory uncertainty: India, US, EU still evolving laws. Security threats: Hacks, scams, phishing, wallet theft. No consumer protection: Unlike banks, no recourse for fraud/loss. Speculative nature: Without knowledge, investment = gambling. India and Cryptocurrency Adoption: Millions of Indians hold crypto assets. Payments: Some firms accept crypto payments globally. Regulation: Not legal tender in India. 30% tax on crypto gains (since Union Budget 2022). 1% TDS on transactions. Future: India exploring CBDC (Central Bank Digital Currency) as regulated alternative. Why Blockchain is Revolutionary (Beyond Crypto) Applications: Banking & finance (faster, transparent settlements). Supply chains (track authenticity). Healthcare (secure patient records). Governance (land records, e-voting). NFTs & Metaverse (digital ownership). Is India underestimating the cost of dealing with invasive species? Basics: What are Invasive Alien Species (IAS)? Definition: Non-native plants, animals, or microbes introduced (intentionally/unintentionally) into a new ecosystem where they outcompete native species. Pathways of spread: Global trade (timber, crops, live animals, plants). Shipping (ballast water, hull fouling). Travel and tourism. Agriculture, aquaculture, ornamental trade. Examples in India: Lantana camara, Prosopis juliflora, Parthenium hysterophorus (Congress grass), African catfish, Golden apple snail. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Findings of the New Study (Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2025) Global economic cost: Over $2.2 trillion (1960–2022). Underestimation: Actual costs may be 16 times higher than earlier reported. Regional costs: Europe: $1.5 trillion (71.4% of global costs). North America: $226 billion. Asia: $182 billion. Africa: $127 billion. Australia & Oceania: $27 billion. India: No exact absolute cost estimated. Highest discrepancy in reporting: 1.16 billion % difference in recorded vs. real management expenditure (suggesting hidden/unreported costs). Global median discrepancy: 3,241%. Europe: 15,044%. Asia (excl. India): 3,090%. Africa: 1,944%. Who are the Major Invaders? Plants: Largest economic impact, $926.38 billion (1960–2022). Example: Lantana camara (covers Bandipur NP, highly combustible). Example: Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) – costly per sq. km. Arthropods (insects, spiders, etc.): $830.29 billion. Mammals: $263.35 billion. Impact of Invasive Species Economic Crop yield loss. Forestry destruction. Increased fire hazards (lantana). Higher management/control costs. Ecological Displacement of native species. Alteration of soil chemistry and water cycles. Spread of diseases. Reduced biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. Social Threats to food security. Human health impacts (e.g., allergies from Parthenium). Higher burden on resource-constrained economies (India, Africa). Why Underreporting in India? Lack of centralised data systems. Poor inter-agency coordination (forest, agriculture, fisheries, environment departments). Limited funding for monitoring & control. Reports in local/regional languages often excluded from global databases (InvaCost bias). Competing conservation priorities (e.g., tiger reserves, afforestation drive). Policy and Management Strategies Global treaties: Ballast Water Management Convention – prevent spread via shipping. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – parties (including India) must prevent, control, or eradicate invasive species. Response strategies: Prevention of introduction (quarantine, stricter import checks). Eradication (if caught early). Control & suppression (mechanical removal, biocontrol agents). Slow spread management (buffer zones, awareness). Challenge: Complete eradication often impractical, since many agricultural crops themselves are non-native. India-Specific Issues High invasion intensity in forests, wetlands, and agricultural landscapes. Examples: Parthenium in farmlands. Prosopis juliflora degrading grasslands. Eichhornia crassipes (Water hyacinth) choking wetlands. Costs: Hidden/unrecorded, but among the highest globally. Need: Centralised national invasive species database, scientific monitoring, integration of invasion control in policies like National Biodiversity Action Plan. Big Picture Analysis Dual challenge: Mitigating economic losses & ecological damage. Reconciling with globalisation and trade, which accelerates invasions. Climate change: Increases invasibility of ecosystems, aiding spread of alien species. Way forward for India: National-level invasive species action plan. Stronger quarantine laws at ports. Integration with agriculture and forest policies. Regional cooperation (since invasions cross political borders). Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) Basics Air Defence Systems (ADS): Designed to detect, track, intercept, and destroy hostile aerial threats (aircraft, UAVs, missiles). Can be short-range, medium-range, or long-range. In modern warfare, integrated systems combine radars, missiles, guns, lasers, and electronic warfare tools. Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS): A multi-layered defence shield being developed by DRDO. Successfully completed maiden flight tests off Odisha coast (Aug 24, 2025). Part of Mission Sudarshan Chakra (announced by PM Modi on Independence Day 2025). Target year: 2035 for full operationalisation. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence , Science and Technology)   Components of IADWS Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missiles (QRSAM): Short-to-medium range missile. Mobile, can engage multiple aerial targets quickly. Advanced Very Short Range Air Defence System (VSHORADS): Portable, shoulder-fired or tripod-based. Effective against low-flying aircraft, UAVs, helicopters. Directed Energy Weapons (DEW): High-power lasers. Future-oriented technology for soft kill (jamming, blinding) and hard kill (destroying drones, missiles). Surveillance & Cybersecurity Integration: Combines radar-based tracking with networked surveillance & cyber defence systems. Aimed at intercepting threats across domains (air, cyber, electronic). Strategic Context Why Needed? Rising threats from long-range missiles, drones, UAV swarms, stealth aircraft, and cyber warfare. China and Pakistan both developing advanced missile systems and UAV capabilities. India’s critical installations (nuclear plants, command centres, metro cities, defence bases) require a layered security shield. Global Comparison: Similar systems: US: Patriot & THAAD. Russia: S-400, S-500. Israel: Iron Dome, David’s Sling, Arrow. India is moving towards self-reliant, indigenised solutions instead of heavy dependence on imports. Significance for India National Security Will provide multi-layered protection at borders and critical infrastructure. Better defence against Pakistan’s Nasr missiles and China’s cruise/hypersonic threats. Strategic Autonomy (Atmanirbhar Bharat) Reduces reliance on foreign systems like Russian S-400. Boosts India’s indigenous defence R&D and defence exports. Technological Leap Integration of cyber, laser weapons, AI-based tracking marks entry into futuristic warfare. Enables network-centric warfare capability. Private Sector Participation Defence organisations + private companies will jointly develop system. Encourages growth of Indian defence-industrial ecosystem. Challenges Technology complexity: Directed energy weapons and multi-layered integration are highly advanced fields. Costs: Extremely high financial burden; long-term sustained funding required. Timelines: Target year 2035 may face delays (common in defence projects). Adversary countermeasures: China/Pakistan may develop decoys, electronic countermeasures, or hypersonic glide vehicles. Big Picture The IADWS is a strategic leap towards building a robust, indigenous, multi-layered air defence system. Complements India’s existing S-400 system (Russian import), Akash, and other missile defence layers. Strengthens deterrence posture, providing credible defensive depth against modern aerial threats. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and India’s ambition to become a global defence exporter. India and the world in dairy Basics India’s Dairy Sector India is the world’s largest milk producer (~22% of global output). Milk = key contributor to rural income and nutrition. Dairy in India is largely smallholder-driven, unlike large mechanised farms in the US/EU. Cooperatives (like Amul/GCMMF) play a major role in procurement, processing, and marketing. Global Dairy Trade Major exporters: US, EU, New Zealand, Australia. Major importers: China, Southeast Asia, Middle East. India is mostly self-sufficient; exports are limited. Pressure from WTO & bilateral trade deals (esp. US) to open Indian market to global dairy products. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture , Dairy Farming) Price Competitiveness Comparison with US: Example: Corn (feed input) – US farmers get maize at ₹15.4/kg vs ₹22–23/kg in India → lowers US dairy input cost. But India’s farm-gate milk price (~₹34/litre for cow milk in Maharashtra) is comparable or lower than US. Reason: Unpaid family labour in India → keeps costs artificially low. India’s low-cost model relies on labour intensity, not productivity. Efficiency & Value Chain Price Transmission: In Gujarat, farmers get 45–46 per litre for cow milk (3.5% fat, 8.5% SNF) vs ₹34–35 private dairies pay. Farmers share 55–57% of consumer rupee – higher than US (35%). Cooperatives compress the value chain → better margins for farmers. Processing Efficiency: Cooperatives like Amul add value through butter, cheese, ghee, etc. Procurement, transport, marketing more integrated in India → efficiency in converting farm milk to retail. Challenges Sustainability of Low-Cost Advantage Based on cheap/unpaid labour, not productivity gains. As rural wages rise & alternative employment grows, labour-based competitiveness may weaken. Input Constraints Scarcity of high-quality fodder. Small, unviable herd sizes → limited economies of scale. Labour-intensive milking (manual), unlike automation in US/NZ. Global Competition Countries like New Zealand have abundant pastures → cost-effective, grass-fed milk. US/EU → high mechanisation, selective breeding, advanced fodder genetics → higher yields. Climate & Resource Stress Dairying in India is water-intensive (fodder, cattle rearing). Climate change may impact feed availability & productivity. Big Picture: India’s Position Strengths: World’s largest producer, self-sufficiency. Strong cooperative model (Amul success story). High farmer share of consumer rupee. Weaknesses: Cost competitiveness based on low wages, not efficiency. Productivity per animal much lower than global standards (India’s ~1,800 litres/year vs US/NZ >10,000 litres/year). Poor fodder base & fragmented production. Opportunities: Genetic improvement (cross-breeding, selective breeding). Mechanisation & automation (milking machines, feed technology). Fodder innovation (high-yield fodder, hydroponics). Dairy exports (value-added products like ghee, paneer, casein). Threats: Trade liberalisation → cheap US/NZ dairy may undercut Indian farmers. Rising labour costs → erode low-cost advantage. Climate change & resource pressure. Arctic sea ice melting has slowed, but here is why this isn’t ‘good news’ Context : Arctic Sea Ice Floating ice formed from seawater in the Arctic Ocean. Seasonal: expands in winter, shrinks in summer. Important climate indicator → reflects solar radiation (albedo effect), regulates global climate, supports ecosystems. Why It Matters Sea ice decline accelerates global warming (less reflection, more heat absorption). Impacts global ocean currents, weather patterns, ecosystems, human settlements (sea-level rise indirectly via Greenland). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)   Key Findings of Study Conducted by researchers from University of Exeter, Columbia University, UC Irvine. Analysed Arctic Sea Ice Loss since 1980s. Found: rate of Arctic ice loss has slowed in past 20 years, compared to 1990s. BUT: slowdown is due to natural climate variability, not reduced global warming. Why has Arctic ice loss slowed down? Natural variability in climate systems: Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), and ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation). These fluctuations alter sea surface temps, circulation, cloud cover, influencing Arctic climate. Ice loss reduced from 8.3 lakh sq km per decade (1992–2012) to 3.1 lakh sq km per decade (2003–2022). Why this is not ‘good news’ Not a recovery, only temporary The slowdown doesn’t mean melting has reversed. Ice is still thinning and fragile → makes sudden collapse more likely in the near future. Masking the trend Natural variability is temporarily offsetting the greenhouse-gas-driven warming. Once variability shifts, ice loss could accelerate dramatically. No evidence of climate action impact The slowdown is not due to reduced CO₂/GHG emissions. Thus, policy inaction continues to be dangerous. Future Risks If melting accelerates again, collapse could be faster than previously modelled. This would trigger abrupt climate shifts (feedback loops like methane release, disrupted monsoons, altered jet streams). Scientific Context Arctic amplification: Arctic warms 2–4 times faster than global average. Tipping Point Risk: A critical threshold exists beyond which sea ice loss becomes irreversible, even if emissions are reduced later. Analogy by scientists: Ice loss is like a ball rolling downhill. Temporary slowdown = ball pauses, but slope ensures it will roll down faster later. Implications For Climate Science Need to account for natural variability in climate models. Avoid misinterpreting slowdown as progress. For Policy Reinforces urgency of deep emission cuts. Reliance on natural pauses is dangerous. For Global Climate Systems Faster future melting could disrupt: Monsoons (South Asia). North Atlantic currents (AMOC). Global temperature regulation.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 23 August 2025

Content Harnessing the Blue Economy: India’s Fisheries at a Glance ISRO’s National Space Meet 2.0 Charts Roadmap for Viksit Bharat 2047 Through Space Applications Harnessing the Blue Economy: India’s Fisheries at a Glance What is Blue Economy? Concept: Sustainable use of ocean, river, and water resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and environmental health. Fisheries’ Role: Provides food security (protein for millions). Generates employment across capture, aquaculture, processing, and marketing. Supports exports (major foreign exchange earner). Ensures inclusive livelihoods, especially for coastal, inland, and tribal communities. Relevance : GS 3(Blue Economy) India’s Global Position Second largest fish producing nation after China. Contributes ~8% of global fish output. Key transformation: shift from capture fisheries → aquaculture-led inland fisheries. Production Growth (2013–14 → 2024–25) Total production: 96 lakh tonnes → 195 lakh tonnes (+104%). Inland fisheries: 61 lakh tonnes → 147.37 lakh tonnes (+142%). Marine sector: slower growth, but diversification into value-added products. Trend: Aquaculture dominance due to RAS, Biofloc, cage culture. Budgetary Push 2025–26 Union Budget: ₹2,703.67 crore (highest ever). PMMSY approved projects: ₹21,274.16 crore (till July 2025). Infrastructure outlay: ₹17,210.46 crore (till July 2025). KCC disbursement: ₹3,214.32 crore to 4.76 lakh fishers/farmers. Policy Evolution Blue Revolution (2015): Productivity, infrastructure, modern practices. Limitations: Post-harvest losses, lack of traceability, fisher welfare, weak credit linkages. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY, 2020): Holistic value chain approach, employment, sustainability. PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY, 2024): Focus on financial inclusion, insurance, digitalisation. Key Schemes & Mechanisms a) PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) Investment size: ₹20,050 crore (2020–26). Objectives: Boost production, traceability, modern infra, fisher welfare. Employment: Direct + indirect jobs in fishing, aquaculture, logistics, processing. Supported: 2000 co-ops converted into FFPOs + 195 new FFPOs. b) PM Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) Outlay: ₹6,000 crore (2023–27). Focus: Formalisation, insurance, credit, quality standards. Early sanction: ₹11.84 crore (April 2025). Supported by World Bank & AFD funding. c) National Fisheries Digital Platform (NFDP) Launched Sept 2024. Over 26 lakh stakeholders registered by Aug 2025. Benefits: Digital IDs, single-window credit access, insurance, traceability. d) Fisheries & Aquaculture Infrastructure Development Fund (FIDF) Fund: ₹7,522.48 crore (2018). Extended till 2026 with credit guarantee facility (up to ₹12.5 crore/project). 3% interest subvention → minimum credit rate at 5%. e) Kisan Credit Card (KCC) for Fisheries Lending limit raised from ₹2 lakh → ₹5 lakh. Issued: 4.76 lakh cards; disbursement: ₹3,214.32 crore (till June 2025). f) Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan Tribal-focused: Fish culture support for 10,000 groups + 1 lakh individuals. Allocation: ₹375 crore (₹225 cr Centre + ₹150 cr State). Infrastructure & Modernisation Fishing Harbours (Smart & Eco-friendly): Vanakbara (Diu), Karaikal (Puducherry), Jakhau (Gujarat). Features: AI-based port management, IoT, e-auctions, solar energy, green waste processing. Aquaparks: 11 approved, cost ₹682.60 crore – end-to-end hubs (seed → farming → processing → markets). Clusters: 34 notified; organic fisheries clusters in Sikkim & Meghalaya. Technology Innovations Recirculatory Aquaculture System (RAS): 12,000 units approved (₹902.97 crore). Water reuse + minimal land → high-density aquaculture. Biofloc Technology: 4,205 units approved (₹523.30 crore). “Green soup” → natural feed + water quality management. Digitalisation: NFDP, smart harbours, traceability systems. Inclusivity & Social Impact Women in Fisheries: Projects worth ₹3,973.14 crore (2020–25). Tribal Empowerment: Dedicated schemes + PMMSY alignment. Startups: 39 projects approved (₹31.22 crore subsidy). Micro & Small Enterprises: Supported via PM-MKSSY (₹6,000 crore scheme). International Engagement FAO Collaboration (2025): Technical cooperation for “Blue Ports”. French Development Bank (AFD): Joint workshop on eco-fishing ports. Global Positioning: India aligning with FAO’s “Blue Port Initiative” for climate-resilient fishing hubs. Challenges & Concerns Overfishing in marine sector → sustainability risks. Post-harvest losses (~20–25% due to cold chain gaps). Climate vulnerability: Cyclones, salinity intrusion, rising sea temps. Credit dependence: Small fishers rely on informal borrowing despite KCC. Skill gaps: Need for tech adoption training. Way Forward Strengthen export competitiveness: processed fish, value-added aquaculture products. Deepen sustainability standards: eco-certifications, traceability. Expand insurance & social security to reduce fisher vulnerability. Encourage startups & R&D in feed, seed, disease management. Promote blue diplomacy: joint ocean governance, marine biodiversity conservation. Integrate fisheries into climate adaptation plans. Conclusion India’s fisheries have doubled production in a decade, driven by inland aquaculture, modern tech, and government schemes. Schemes like PMMSY & PM-MKSSY are game-changers, enabling digitalisation, inclusivity, and value-chain strengthening. With smart harbours, aquaparks, RAS/Biofloc, and tribal/women empowerment initiatives, India is moving towards a sustainable, technology-driven, globally competitive fisheries sector. The sector is central to India’s Blue Economy vision, balancing growth, equity, and environmental sustainability. ISRO’s National Space Meet 2.0 Charts Roadmap for Viksit Bharat 2047 Through Space Applications Why Space Matters for Viksit Bharat Space ≠ Prestige only: It is about applied benefits → governance, livelihoods, environment, disaster response. Foundational Role: Satellites + space tech = backbone for agriculture, weather, telecom, navigation, education, healthcare. Vision 2047: Space is positioned as a core enabler of socio-economic transformation, not just science. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Space) Context of National Space Meet 2.0 Occasion: 2nd National Space Day (commemorating Chandrayaan-3’s Vikram lander soft landing). Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi. Participants: Govt ministries (60+), states/UTs, industry, academia, startups, experts, citizens. Background: Similar meet in 2015 → shaped governance reforms through space apps over the last decade. Goal: Define roadmap for Viksit Bharat 2047 via whole-of-government + whole-of-nation approach. Structure of the Meet 10 breakout sessions → domain-specific problem solving: Agriculture & Water Forests, Environment & Energy Policy Infrastructure & Geo-Governance Health, Education & Social Welfare Communication, Navigation & Tech Diffusion Disaster Risk Reduction Ocean, Weather, Earth Resources North-Eastern Region & Hilly States Coastal States/UTs Inland States/UTs Hundreds of experts worked 4 months pre-meet to build ready-to-implement use cases. Highlights from Leadership Space = Earth-centric tool: Focus on agriculture, health, disaster resilience, climate monitoring. Whole-of-Government adoption: 60+ ministries use space tech in governance. Startup boom: 2 (2014) → 350+ (2025), driven by reforms, VC support, and tech transfers. Next-gen push: AI, quantum computing, big data integrated into satellites + ground infra. Private sector role: Innovation engine; startups seen as part of national mission. Roadmap to 2040: Autonomous constellations & integrated systems. Space embedded in food, water, energy, environment, governance. India on par with global leaders in rockets, satellites, applications. Policy & Strategy: Geospatial Policy 2022, Indian Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe regulator. Strategic security: Indigenous, resilient space infrastructure crucial for defence. Global leadership vision: International Alliance on Space for debris, surveillance, mining, energy. Roadmap Announced a) Satellite Targets Triple operational satellites in 3 years. 119 satellites by 2040 → EO, SATNAV, SATCOM. b) Application Strategy Govt-led satellites → societal/gov services (medium–coarse resolution EO, NAVIC). PPP-led satellites → high-res EO, comm satellites for commercial viability. Expand EO + SATNAV + SATCOM → mainstream governance and economy. c) Technology Agenda AI, quantum, big data → integrated with satellite & ground infra. New-generation instruments, autonomous constellations, advanced launchers. Strengthen infra for tech demonstration (DoS + ISRO lead). Key Themes Emerging Space for Governance: Agriculture monitoring, e-learning, telemedicine, disaster warning, fisheries, urban planning. Startup Ecosystem: Space startups now >350, spanning launch, satellites, data analytics. Reforms Backbone: Indian Space Policy 2023, IN-SPACe, liberalised FDI, PPP. Security Dimension: Defence use of satellites + protection from space threats. Global Role: India moving from user → leader in space diplomacy & climate satellites. Challenges Identified Balancing commercialisation vs sovereignty in space. Need for resilient indigenous infra (anti-satellite threats, cyber risks). Addressing space debris & sustainability as satellite count rises. Bridging capacity gap → training officials, startups, states to use satellite data effectively. Financing challenges for space-tech SMEs. Way Forward (Viksit Bharat 2047 Vision) Institutionalise National Space Meet annually for continuous roadmap. Expand Pan-India consultative mechanism to aggregate demand for EO/Comm/Nav services. Build global alliances for climate, debris, mining, legal governance. Strengthen PPP ecosystem: startups scale from innovation → execution. Space to become foundational infra: like railways (19th c.), electricity (20th c.), internet (21st c.). Conclusion ISRO’s National Space Meet 2.0 marks a shift from symbolic achievements to systemic transformation. Space will act as the connective tissue of governance, touching every citizen: farmer, student, patient, fisher, disaster survivor. India’s space journey = from Thumba rocket launches → global leadership by 2040. By 2047, space technology is envisioned as a pillar of Viksit Bharat, ensuring inclusivity, resilience, and global competitiveness.

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 August 2025

Content A Court order that was barking up the wrong tree Reforming the “Steel Frame” for India’s Deep-Tech Ambition A Court order that was barking up the wrong tree What happened (timeline & scope) Aug 11, 2025: SC directed Delhi civic bodies to capture 5,000 strays from “high-risk areas” for sheltering. Triggered concerns over legality, feasibility, and public health. Delhi’s street-dog population estimated at 0.5–1.0 million. Aug 22, 2025 (modified order): SC reversed course—dogs to be sterilised, vaccinated, dewormed, and returned to original localities. Only rabid/aggressive dogs to stay in shelters. Designated feeding zones mandated. Final hearing pending. Relevance : GS 2(Governance , Judiciary) Practice Question : “The Supreme Court’s recent directions on Delhi’s street dogs highlight the tension between legality, feasibility, and public health. In this context, examine the evidence-based pathway for humane and effective rabies control in India.” (250 words) First principles: what works for public health & safety Rabies control depends on 70%+ vaccination coverage, not mass sheltering/culling. National Action Plan for Dog-Mediated Rabies Elimination (NAPRE) emphasises mass dog vaccination + Animal Birth Control (ABC). Vacuum effect: Removing dogs leads to immigration/reproduction → problem recurs. Best practice: Capture–Neuter–Vaccinate–Return (CNVR) + waste control. Evidence: Jaipur (1996–2000s): ABC + vaccination cut human rabies deaths to near-zero; stabilised dog population. Jodhpur (2005–09): CNVR reduced fertility, increased vaccination coverage. Why mass shelters are high-risk, low-yield Epidemiological risk: Dense confinement = outbreaks (distemper, parvo, leptospirosis, rabies). Disposal & biosecurity challenges. Operational infeasibility: 5,000-dog capture target lacked basis; no updated census; past sterilisation coverage incomplete. Public safety: Removing stable, vaccinated packs increases territorial churn → more conflict. Current legal position Law: PCA Act, 1960 + ABC Rules, 2023 → capture only for sterilisation/vaccination; return mandatory; exceptions only for rabid/aggressive dogs. SC 2024 precedent: Compassionate, rules-compliant ABC mandated; indiscriminate removal rejected. Aug 22, 2025 order: Realigns with ABC Rules → sterilise, vaccinate, return, feeding zones, no blanket sheltering. Delhi problem in numbers Dog bites: ~3.7 million nationwide; ~25,000 in Delhi (2024). Solvable via vaccination + Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) + ABC. No fresh census: Last citywide count 2009; zone-wise 2016. Current estimates: 0.5–1.0 million → planning blind spot. Sterilisation throughput: Recent rise but still insufficient to hit ≥70% female sterilisation; without census targets, results weak. Evidence-based plan for Delhi A. Measure (0–3 months): Rapid photographic census ward-wise. One-Health dashboard (census, sterilisation, vaccination, bites, PEP stocks). B. Vaccinate (1–12 months): Mass parenteral vaccination to achieve ≥70% per ward. Ring-vaccinate hotspots; repeat annually. Ensure 24×7 PEP supply & reporting. C. Fertility control (1–24 months): Scale CNVR via fixed & mobile camps. Target ≥70% female sterilisation; microchip & ear-notch. Prioritise high-fecundity clusters (markets, waste hubs, peri-urban). D. Environmental levers (0–12 months): Contain food waste at mandis/hotels; fines for dumping. E. Human–dog interface (1–6 months): Designated feeding points with signage & feeder codes. Humane handling SOPs; helplines for escalation. F. Risk management: Capture & quarantine aggressive/rabid dogs per protocol. Shelters = quarantine/clinical nodes, not long-term storage. G. Governance & accountability: Monthly ward scorecards (vaccination %, sterilisation %, bite incidence). NGO payments tied to verified outcomes. Independent audit of ABC centres. Common misconceptions cleared “Shelter all dogs = safer streets” → false; increases conflict & disease. “Culling is faster” → false; only 70% vaccination ensures control. “Feeding causes bites” → unmanaged feeding risky; designated feeding + CNVR reduces conflict. What to watch before final adjudication Ensure uniform protocol under ABC Rules, 2023. Define “aggressive” clearly to avoid misuse. Mandate census + ward-wise coverage targets with dashboards & audits. Glossary ABC: Animal Birth Control (sterilise + vaccinate + return). CNVR: Capture–Neuter–Vaccinate–Return. NAPRE: India’s roadmap to eliminate dog-mediated rabies by 2030. WHO/WOAH: Global technical guidance bodies. ICAM: Humane dog-population management coalition. MCD/NDMC: Delhi civic bodies. Bottom line Aug 22, 2025 SC modification restores scientifically sound, legally compliant strategy: sterilise, vaccinate, return. Key task ahead: census-based targeting, high-throughput CNVR, mass vaccination, waste control, transparent metrics. Not the solution: indiscriminate warehousing of dogs. Reforming the “Steel Frame” for India’s Deep-Tech Ambition What is the “Steel Frame” and why it matters for deep-tech “Steel frame” = Colonial-era administrative architecture (ICS → IAS/IPS and allied services). Designed for control, compliance, and revenue/security—not for innovation or risk-taking. Deep-tech (AI, semiconductors, quantum, space, defence, biotech, robotics, advanced materials) requires: Speed, specialised talent, risk capital Agile procurement and predictable regulation Strong IP protection and dispute resolution mechanisms Hence, state capacity in regulation, funding, procurement, and partnerships will decide success of Viksit Bharat 2047. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance) Practice Question : Reforming India’s “steel frame” is no longer about efficiency but about survival in a deep-tech world. Discuss the key administrative reforms needed to align India’s bureaucracy with its deep-tech ambitions for Viksit Bharat 2047. (250 words) Core Friction Points Generalist dominance in techno-bureaucratic posts; weak domain depth. Tenure volatility → risk aversion, loss of institutional memory. Rule-centric compliance → audit phobia, secrecy ethos, slow iteration. Procurement rigidities → L-1 price bias, no agile/prototype contracts. Regulatory fragmentation across AI, telecom, space, biotech, defence. Weak project finance plumbing → slow disbursals, limited advance payments. Limited public demand-pull → govt not acting as anchor customer for frontier tech. Talent pipeline gaps → sparse lateral entry, poor pay for PhDs/industry experts. Centre–State–Local frictions → land, clearances, inspectorates cause delays. Adjudication delays in IPR/contracts → high cost of capital, stalled innovation. What Has Improved Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC, ABDM prove scale capability. Space & defence reforms: IN-SPACe, iDEX/Make-I/II, test ranges crowd in startups. Decriminalisation & compliance pruning in some sectors. Mission-mode programmes: Semiconductor Mission, AI initiatives, PLI schemes. First Principles for a 2047-Ready Administrative State Prioritise outcomes > procedures; risk-managed agility over zero-risk stagnation. Specialisation for deep-tech posts; generalists only for coordination. Predictability & speed as legal entitlements (time-bound approvals). Government as anchor buyer to shape markets and standards. Transparent, data-rich governance to reduce discretion and increase accountability. Reform Blueprint — 12 Levers Talent & Cadre Architecture → specialist services, lateral entry, stable tenure. Mission Karmayogi 2.0 → deep-tech training, certifications for promotions. Procurement for Innovation → new procurement code, TRL-linked milestones, PCP Fund. Regulatory Design → sandbox-based, harmonised standards, single gateway. Time-bound Clearances → SLA clocks, deemed approvals, green lanes. Anchor Demand → mandatory innovation procurement, annual deep-tech demand plans. Finance & Grants Plumbing → milestone-based disbursal, IP-backed lending, credit guarantees. IPR & Adjudication Speed → fast-track benches, Bayh-Dole style clarity. Audit & Accountability Reform → ex-post audits, protection from audit fear. Centre–State Compact → GST Council-like innovation council, performance-linked grants. Institutional Separation → distinct roles for policy, regulation, and operations. Open Government & Metrics → dashboards, league tables, annual governance reports. Safeguards Rule of law & due process (speed with documentation, not discretion). Neutrality of civil service (avoid politicisation while enabling expertise). Privacy & national security compliance in sandboxes/DPI. Competition policy → avoid vendor lock-in, prefer open standards. Measuring Success Time for approvals, procurement, grant disbursal. Share of innovation procurement in govt spend. Patent & dispute resolution timelines. Number of lateral hires/domain specialists. Public financing & scale-up success rate of deep-tech startups. High-tech manufacturing GVA share; GERD/GDP and BERD/GDP growth. Export share of high-tech goods/services. Quick Wins (0–12 months) Notify procurement code + launch PCP Fund. Publish demand plans of 10 ministries with sandbox windows. Convert 100+ techno-reg posts into specialist tracks. Statutory SLAs for top approvals; public dashboard. IPR fast-track benches; pilot IP-backed lending. Medium Horizon (1–3 years) Establish National Innovation & Industrial Permits Council. Scale Mission Karmayogi Deep-Tech. Build national testbeds (AI safety, 6G, biotech BSL-3/4, space components). Operationalise regulatory convergence cells. Long Horizon (3–7 years) Mature specialist cadres, 10% posts lateral/specialist. Audit reform into statute. Resolve IPR disputes within 12 months median. Institutionalise annual innovation procurement targets. Bottom Line India’s deep-tech ambition hinges on administrative design. Reforming the steel frame is not just “cutting red tape” but re-platforming the state. Specialist talent, agile procurement, sandboxed regulation, anchor demand, fast adjudication, and measurable accountability are essential for Viksit Bharat 2047.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs Quiz 23 August 2025

Content Migration essential to globalisation; diverse languages, communities in country matter of pride: Amartya Sen Supreme Court Modifies Stray Dogs Order The Great Nicobar Project – Forest Rights Issue Why not all viruses led to a pandemic after transmission ISRO’s 2040 Roadmap: 100+ Satellites, Private Sector Integration, and India’s Heaviest Rocket Migration essential to globalisation; diverse languages, communities in country matter of pride: Amartya Sen Context Speaker: Amartya Sen, Nobel Laureate in Economics. Themes Addressed: Role of migration in globalisation and progress. Diversity as India’s strength. Concerns about electoral roll revisions and exclusion risks. Broader reflections on human rights, discrimination, and political climate. Relevance: GS 1(Globalisation , Migration) Migration and Globalisation Migration as Driver of Progress: Across history, movement of people enabled knowledge-sharing, trade, and cultural synthesis. Example: Brahmagupta’s mathematics → translated into Arabic → influenced global knowledge. Types of Migration: Voluntary (for opportunities, education, trade). Forced (due to wars, climate, persecution). Globalisation Link: Migration is not just a consequence of globalisation but its core enabler. Without migration, “almost nothing would happen” in terms of cultural or scientific progress. Diversity as India’s Strength Pluralism: India has hundreds of languages, communities, and faiths. Civilisational Pride: Diversity is not a weakness but a core asset of Indian civilisation. Social Harmony: Coexistence and interaction among diverse groups fuel innovation, tolerance, and resilience. Contemporary Relevance: In times of polarisation, reaffirming diversity is vital for democracy and development. Human Rights and Equality Sen’s Stand: Policies must be guided by the motto of human rights for all. Warning Against Discrimination: Laws and practices must avoid exclusion on caste, class, language, religion, gender. Social Climate Concern: Normalisation of communal and exclusionary narratives erodes India’s democratic ethos. Broader Context & Implications For India: Migration → economic growth (migrant labour essential for construction, services, industries). Diversity → democratic vibrancy, but needs protection from identity-based politics. For Governance: Electoral reforms must balance accuracy vs inclusion. Documentation requirements should not disenfranchise poor and migrant workers. For Society: Need for inclusive nationalism, valuing India’s composite culture. Avoiding stigmatization of linguistic/religious minorities strengthens unity. Strategic Significance Economic: Migrants → cheap, flexible labour force; drivers of remittances and consumption. Political: Electoral roll exclusions could fuel alienation and conflict. Geopolitical: India’s image as a plural democracy matters for global partnerships. Social: Migration + diversity promote social mobility and innovation but also test state capacity for inclusion. Conclusion Amartya Sen’s intervention underscores that migration and diversity are not threats but engines of progress and strength. India must ensure that administrative exercises like electoral revisions do not undermine democratic rights. Human rights, inclusive policies, and protection of diversity are essential to preserve India’s democratic and civilisational ethos in the age of globalisation. Supreme Court Modifies Stray Dogs Order Case Background Original Order (August 11, 2025): SC directed civic authorities in Delhi & 4 adjoining districts to capture all stray dogs and confine them in shelters within 6–8 weeks. Rationale: To protect citizens from aggressive and rabid dogs. Problem: The order effectively mandated mass incarceration of strays, which was logistically unfeasible, scientifically questionable, and legally inconsistent. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary , Governance ) Modified Order (August 22, 2025) Court’s Position: August 11 order was “too harsh.” New Directive: Stray dogs to undergo sterilisation, deworming, immunisation. After treatment, dogs to be released back into the localities they were captured from. Reasoning: Total ban on release contradicts Rule 11(19), Animal Birth Control (ABC) Rules, 2023. These Rules are framed under the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. Rule 11(19) explicitly provides for release of sterilised, immunised strays into their original habitat. Legal & Policy Framework Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960: Governing law for animal welfare in India. ABC Rules, 2023: Mandates catch-neuter-vaccinate-release (CNVR) policy. Recognises right to life of strays in their environment while balancing public health concerns. SC Jurisprudence: Previously upheld animal rights as part of Article 21 (Right to Life – extended to non-human animals in Animal Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja, 2014). Issues at Stake Public Safety vs Animal Welfare: Public: Concerned about rising dog-bite cases, rabies spread. Animal Rights: Confinement violates ABC Rules & animal welfare ethics. Implementation Challenges: Inadequate sterilisation & vaccination coverage in cities. Lack of infrastructure & funding for shelters and ABC programs. Legal Ambiguity: Need to harmonise citizen safety with statutory protections for strays. Significance of the Modified Order Corrective Balance: Avoids mass confinement → aligns with existing law & humane practices. Strengthens CNVR Model: Reaffirms sterilisation + immunisation as the only sustainable solution. Judicial Sensitivity: Court acknowledged overreach in previous order, showing adaptability to law and science. Precedent for Urban Governance: Reinforces responsibility of municipalities to expand sterilisation-vaccination drives instead of opting for culling or confinement. Challenges Going Forward Execution Gaps: Scaling sterilisation/immunisation requires massive resources & coordination with NGOs. Urban Management: Stray menace linked to poor waste disposal and urban planning failures. Monitoring: Ensuring local bodies comply with ABC Rules uniformly across states. Public Awareness: Community engagement is critical to reduce hostility and encourage adoption of humane solutions. Implications For Judiciary: Shows judicial course-correction and deference to statutory frameworks. For Policy: Highlights urgent need for scientific, humane, and resource-backed stray management policy. For Society: Balances human safety with ethical animal rights – reflecting constitutional morality. Conclusion The SC’s modification restores legal and scientific balance in stray dog management. It underscores that sustainable solutions lie in sterilisation, vaccination, waste management, and community participation, not in mass confinement. This ruling reaffirms India’s commitment to animal welfare principles within the framework of public health and safety. The Great Nicobar Project – Forest Rights Issue Great Nicobar Project Project Components: Transshipment port, airport, power plant, and township. Cost: ₹72,000 crore. Forest Land Diversion: ~13,075 hectares (largest-ever clearance for a project in the islands). Location: Great Nicobar Island, part of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (A&N). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Legal Framework Involved Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Recognises rights of forest-dwelling Scheduled Tribes (FDSTs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs). Diversion of forest land requires settlement of rights + Gram Sabha consent. Protection of Aboriginal Tribes Act, 1956 (PAT56): Gives Administrator powers to divert forest land for “public purpose”. No requirement of Gram Sabha consent under PAT56. Conflict: A&N administration claimed FRA compliance but also argued FRA not applicable due to PAT56 protections. Tribal Council’s Complaint Claim: FRA process not even initiated; hence rights cannot be considered “settled”. Allegation: A&N administration issued a false certificate (Aug 18, 2022) stating rights were identified and settled. Consent Issue: Council says Gram Sabha of Nicobarese was not consulted. Govt claims Gram Sabha meeting on Aug 12, 2022, gave consent. Current Action: Council has written to Union Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram; awaiting response. Concerns Raised by Tribals Loss of Forests: 13,000+ hectares = ecological threat to fragile island ecosystems. Cultural Impact: Tribal land, livelihood, and identity at risk. Legal Bypass: Consent claimed without genuine participation. Vulnerability: Particularly impacts Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in Nicobar Islands. Larger Issues Governance Ambiguity: Whether forest clearance was under FRA (requiring Gram Sabha consent) or PAT56 (Administrator’s discretion). Rights vs Development: Clash between mega-infrastructure project and indigenous rights. Due Process Concerns: Possible misrepresentation by local administration to secure clearances. Accountability: Lack of clarity on Centre’s role in verifying compliance. Strategic Significance of Project Economic: Transshipment port to rival Singapore/Colombo; enhance India’s role in global trade routes. Strategic/Security: Strengthens India’s position in Indo-Pacific, close to Malacca Strait. Energy & Connectivity: Power plant + airport + township to support large civilian and military presence. Environmental Costs: Huge ecological footprint in a biodiversity hotspot. Challenges Ahead Balancing strategic imperatives vs indigenous rights. Reconciling FRA and PAT56 legal frameworks. Ensuring free, prior, informed consent (FPIC) of tribals. Addressing ecological fragility and disaster risks (seismic zone, tsunami-prone region). Implications For Tribals: Risk of marginalisation, loss of traditional rights, and displacement. For Governance: Highlights loopholes in implementation of FRA, need for stronger safeguards. For Environment: Raises red flags about large-scale deforestation in ecologically sensitive zones. For India’s Strategy: While project enhances national security and trade, it could face long-term legitimacy and legal challenges. Conclusion The Great Nicobar Project epitomises the development vs rights dilemma. Allegations of bypassing FRA raise serious questions about transparency and due process. Going forward, India must ensure legally sound, participatory, and environmentally sustainable decision-making to balance strategic needs with tribal rights and ecological preservation. Why not all viruses led to a pandemic after transmission Virus Transmission and Pandemics Zoonotic Spillover: When a disease-causing virus jumps from one species to another. Transmission Challenge: Most spillovers fail to establish sustained human-to-human (or host-to-host) transmission. Pandemic Trigger: Only rarely, when the virus adapts successfully in the new host environment, it can lead to a pandemic. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3(Science and Technology) Key Findings from the Study Determinants of Viral Persistence after spillover: Infection Prevalence: Fraction of exposed population that gets infected. Viral Shedding: Ability of infected hosts to release copies of the virus into the environment. Host Susceptibility: How vulnerable the hosts are to infection. Research Context: Study published in PLOS Biology. Conducted by David Kennedy (Pennsylvania State University). Aimed at predicting which viruses could potentially cause outbreaks and pandemics. Experiment Conducted Model Used: Worms exposed to the Orsas virus. Observation: Worms reproduced and grew for 5–13 days. 20 adult worms were then transferred to a new virus-free Petri dish → process repeated until no trace of the virus remained. Data Collected: Fraction of worms infected. Amount of virus shed into the air. Transmission ability across repeated cycles. Implications of Study Why Most Spillovers Fail: Insufficient infection prevalence. Low or unstable viral shedding. Low host susceptibility. Why Some Become Pandemics: Combination of high infection prevalence + high viral shedding + high host susceptibility. Public Health Utility: Helps identify which outbreaks to prioritize for monitoring. Guides allocation of public health resources to prevent and respond effectively. Provides a scientific basis for pandemic preparedness strategies. Conclusion Most viruses that jump species fail to establish sustained transmission, hence pandemics are rare. Key determinants of viral persistence: infection prevalence, viral shedding, and host susceptibility. The study offers a predictive framework to identify high-risk spillovers before they escalate. Findings strengthen pandemic preparedness by enabling targeted public health interventions. Emphasizes the need for scientific surveillance + One Health approach to manage emerging infectious diseases. ISRO’s 2040 Roadmap: 100+ Satellites, Private Sector Integration, and India’s Heaviest Rocket ISRO’s Future Plans Timeline: Next 15 years (till ~2040). Satellites: Over 100 satellite launches planned. Purpose: Earth observation, communication, navigation, science missions (Moon, Mars, Venus), and human spaceflight (Gaganyaan). Current pace: ISRO launches 6–7 satellites annually, but roadmap aims to scale to ~7–8 launches per year consistently. Relevance : GS 3(Space) , GS 2(Governance)   Key Developments 1. Satellite Missions Targets: >100 launches, averaging 7–8 per year. Includes flagship planetary missions (Chandrayaan, Mars, Venus) and Gaganyaan (human spaceflight). Expansion beyond routine launches → focus on deep space, exploration, human presence in space. 2. Private Sector Role ~350 private space firms in India, many working on innovative technologies. ISRO increasingly depending on private players for applications and hardware. Private sector success seen as crucial for ISRO’s 2047 vision (India@100). 3. Heaviest Rocket Development (LMV3 Successor / NGLV) LMV3 (GSLV Mk-III): Currently India’s most powerful rocket, used for Chandrayaan-3, Gaganyaan, and future human space missions. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Height: Equivalent to a 40-storey building. Timeline: Expected readiness by 2035. Payload capacity: 80 tonnes to low-Earth orbit (LEO), 27 tonnes to Moon. Designed for human missions to the Moon by 2040. Strategic Significance Space Transformation: ISRO shifting from a “slow but steady” approach to a high-frequency, mission-intensive strategy. Global Positioning: India emerging as a major space power, competing with NASA, ESA, Roscosmos, CNSA, and SpaceX. Human Spaceflight Capability: Chandrayaan-3 success + Gaganyaan + future Moon missions → stepping stones toward long-term human presence. Technology Development: Heavy-lift rockets essential for lunar bases, deep space missions, and international collaborations. Atmanirbhar Push: Indigenous heavy rockets, satellite technology, and growing private ecosystem reduce dependence on foreign launches. Challenges Scaling Up: From 6–7 launches/year → 7–8 consistently for 15 years. Cost & Funding: Large missions require sustained funding and global partnerships. Human Spaceflight Risks: India’s first human mission (Gaganyaan) still pending; lunar human missions far more complex. Private Sector Integration: Success depends on smooth collaboration between ISRO and startups/private firms. Implications for India Economic: Expanding commercial satellite launches and global space services market. Strategic: Strengthens India’s position in global space diplomacy, exploration race, and security. Scientific: Advances in planetary science, deep space studies, and human physiology in space. Geopolitical: Enhances India’s bargaining power in space governance regimes and multilateral initiatives. Conclusion ISRO’s roadmap to launch 100+ satellites and build its heaviest rocket marks India’s shift from regional space player to a global space leader. Success hinges on innovation, private sector collaboration, and sustained political-economic support. By 2040, India aims to achieve human lunar missions, robust satellite infrastructure, and a dominant space industry ecosystem.