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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 October 2025

Content Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Are workers’ rights being eroded? India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Manipur data mask scale of crimes against women in 2023 Why is it in News ? The 2023 NCRB report on Manipur presents a striking anomaly: While most categories of crime skyrocketed during the ethnic conflict, Crimes against women reportedly declined by 30% — contradicting eyewitness reports, FIRs, and the Supreme Court’s own observations of widespread sexual violence. The data exposes a major crisis of underreporting and institutional breakdown in conflict zones. Relevance: GS-1 (Social Issues): Gender-based violence, women’s safety, conflict impact on vulnerable populations. GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Institutional failures, NCRB data integrity, Supreme Court interventions, law enforcement accountability. The 2023 Manipur Ethnic Conflict Conflict began: May 3, 2023 Parties involved: Meitei community (valley-based, largely Hindu) Kuki-Zo tribes (hill-based, largely Christian) Trigger: Meitei demand for Scheduled Tribe (ST) status. Impact: Over 200 deaths and 70,000 displaced (as per government & media estimates). Massive destruction of property, arson, and targeted violence. Reports of systemic gender-based violence amid the conflict. Supreme Court’s Observation (July 2023) The apex court termed the sexual violence in Manipur as of “systemic” and “unprecedented magnitude.” Ordered: Special investigation teams (SITs) under the supervision of former High Court judges. Transfer of some cases to the CBI, including those involving sexual violence against women. Emphasis on victim protection and fair trial mechanisms. Key NCRB Data (Manipur, 2022 vs 2023) Category of Crime 2022 2023 % Change / Observation Arson 27 6,203 22,800% Rioting 84 5,421 6,350% Dacoity 1 1,213 Massive rise Murder 47 151 221% Attempt to Murder 153 818 434% Robbery 7 330 4,614% Burglary 39 183 369% Theft 1,286 2,394 86% Crimes under Arms Act 64 116 81% Promoting enmity between groups 15 473 3,053% Crimes Against Women (overall) – – ↓ 30% decline Contradiction: Despite extensive media coverage and legal action highlighting sexual violence, NCRB recorded: Rape cases: 42 → 27 Assault on women’s modesty: 67 → 66 Sexual harassment: 5 → 1 POCSO (minor rape): 44 → 43 Ground Reports of Gendered Violence Multiple verified cases indicate widespread sexual crimes despite official denials: May 4, 2023: Women working at a car wash in Imphal East tortured by a mob (FIR accessed by The Hindu). Kuki-Zo legislators’ statement (July 2023): At least four incidents of rape/murder of Kuki women. Complaints to NCW and civil groups: Harassment of Kuki-Zomi women on Manipur University campus. Assaults at Nightingale Nursing Institute. Alleged rape and murder of four women in Imphal. Reasons for Underreporting Institutional Collapse: Police and administrative systems fragmented along ethnic lines, eroding neutrality. Displacement of communities meant many survivors had no access to police stations. Social Stigma and Fear: Strong cultural taboo against reporting sexual violence, worsened by community conflict. Fear of retaliation and lack of witness protection. Data Suppression: Local police reluctant to register cases that implicate dominant groups or security forces. Technical Classification: Many incidents recorded under “rioting” or “violence”, not as sexual crimes. Displacement Barrier: Many victims in relief camps or migrated out of the state — FIRs never registered or pursued. Implications Humanitarian: Survivors denied justice and trauma care. Institutional: NCRB’s credibility questioned — data may not reflect real ground situation in conflict zones. Constitutional: Violation of Article 21 (Right to Life with Dignity) and Article 14 (Equality before Law). Judicial: Reinforces the Supreme Court’s finding of a “systemic failure of law enforcement.” Broader Pattern Underreporting of sexual violence is a national issue, but the Manipur case amplifies it due to: Militarization and ethnic polarisation. Collapsed trust in state machinery. Lack of gender-sensitive policing in emergencies. Similar patterns seen in conflict zones like Kashmir (1990s) and Northeast insurgencies. Way Forward Independent Investigations: Expand Supreme Court-monitored SITs and CBI probes. Involve NHRC and NCW for transparent documentation. Conflict-Sensitive Policing: Deploy gender-balanced police teams trained for humanitarian and relief contexts. Data Reform: NCRB must annotate conflict-related cases separately to avoid statistical distortion. Survivor-Centric Approach: Ensure psychological counselling, compensation, and rehabilitation for victims. Witness and survivor protection under the Victim Compensation Scheme (2015). Accountability: Fix command responsibility for non-registration of FIRs. Periodic judicial audits of police response in conflict zones. Conclusion The 2023 Manipur data exposes a deep institutional and moral failure — where recorded statistics obscure lived realities. While the State burned and women were brutalized, official data painted a false picture of safety. This disjuncture between record and reality underscores the urgent need for transparent data governance, accountable policing, and gender-sensitive conflict resolution mechanisms to restore trust and justice in Manipur. Are workers’ rights being eroded? Why is it in News ? A series of fatal industrial accidents between June–September 2025 has highlighted India’s persistent failure in ensuring workplace safety: June 30, 2025 (Telangana): Chemical reactor burst at Sigachi Industries killed 40 workers, many unregistered. July 1, 2025 (Tamil Nadu): Explosion at Gokulesh Fireworks, Sivakasi killed 8 workers. September 30, 2025 (Chennai): Collapse of a 10-metre-high coal-handling plant at Ennore Thermal Power Station killed 9 workers. The British Safety Council estimates that 1 in 4 fatal workplace accidents worldwide occur in India, a figure likely underreported due to informal employment and data concealment. Triggered a nationwide debate on dilution of labour protections, corporate accountability, and state oversight. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Labour law enforcement, regulatory failures, government accountability. GS-3 (Economy): Industrial safety, informal workforce, labour market reforms, impact on productivity. Basic Facts India’s industrial base employs a large informal workforce: ~80–85% of industrial labour is either contract-based or unregistered. Underreporting: Many deaths and injuries go unrecorded because of lack of registration, falsified records, and absence of inspections. ILO data: Industrial accidents are rarely random — they result from systemic neglect, poor enforcement, and cost-cutting by employers. Why Do Workplace Accidents Occur Negligence and poor prevention: Outdated or unsafe machinery (as in Sigachi Industries). Lack of alarms, maintenance, or trained safety officers. Operating equipment at twice permissible limits. Regulatory failure: Missing inspections or corrupt inspection systems. “Self-certification” replacing independent oversight. Unsafe practices: Long working hours, low wages, and excessive workloads. Use of unregistered labour to avoid accountability. Absence of on-site medical facilities and rescue mechanisms. Legal Framework for Worker Safety Factories Act, 1948 Cornerstone of India’s industrial safety law. Covers factory licensing, machinery maintenance, working hours, rest breaks, and welfare (canteens, crèches). Amended in 1976 and 1987 (post-Bhopal Gas Tragedy) to tighten safety norms. Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 Ensures compensation for injury or death due to workplace accidents. Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948 Provides medical benefits and income protection for industrial workers. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSHWC) Code, 2020 Aims to consolidate 13 existing laws. Criticism: Shifts safety from statutory right to executive discretion, allowing dilution of worker protections. Still in abeyance (not yet implemented). Structural Weaknesses in Enforcement Post-1990s reforms: Shift from labour protection to “labour flexibility”. Ease of Doing Business policies: States allowed self-certification (e.g., Maharashtra, 2015). Reduced physical inspections to promote business ease. COVID-era relaxations: Some States (e.g., Karnataka, 2023) extended working hours and reduced rest periods, permanently weakening safeguards. Criminal accountability gap: Employers rarely prosecuted for preventable deaths. Governments use public funds for compensation, absolving corporate liability. Consequences Human cost: High death tolls in hazardous sectors (chemical, mining, thermal, fireworks). Economic cost: Lost productivity, medical expenditure, and reputational damage to Indian industry. Moral cost: Systemic disregard for the right to safe work — a constitutional right under Article 21 (Right to Life). Way Forward Reinstate workplace safety as a legal right, not an administrative favour. Mandatory inspections — a mix of scheduled and surprise checks by independent authorities. Criminal liability for negligent employers under IPC and labour laws. Transparent reporting of workplace accidents and public access to safety audits. Strengthen union representation and whistleblower protection for labour complaints. Incentivize safety compliance — linking tax benefits or contracts to verified safety performance. Technological monitoring — use of AI-driven safety sensors, digital attendance and exit logs for factories. Conclusion India’s unsafe industrial ecosystem mirrors the post-liberalisation erosion of labour rights. The pattern of profit over protection shows that India’s growth narrative often sidelines worker welfare. Without reform, India risks both international censure (ILO, BSC) and domestic social unrest over labour exploitation. India’s invasive species present a dilemma: document or conserve Why in News ? Conservation scientists warn about “stealth invader” species—invasive alien species (IAS)—that are rapidly transforming Indian landscapes and eroding local biodiversity. India faces a research-policy dilemma: whether to first document all IAS impacts or simultaneously conserve and study. The issue has gained urgency amid rising economic and ecological losses globally from IAS. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Biodiversity conservation, invasive alien species (IAS), ecosystem services, SDG 14 & 15. GS-2 (Governance/Policy): National Biodiversity Action Plan, IAS management, biosecurity policies. What Are Invasive Alien Species (IAS) Definition: Non-native species introduced intentionally or accidentally into new ecosystems. Pathways of introduction: Accidental: through trade, transport, or ballast water. Intentional: for ornamental purposes, pest control, or land restoration. Once introduced, these species: Outcompete native flora and fauna, Alter habitats and food webs, Reduce agricultural productivity, Cause local or global extinctions. Global Scenario 37,000 established alien species introduced worldwide due to human activity. ~200 new alien species added every year. 10% (~3,500 species) have documented harmful impacts on ecosystems and people (K.V. Sankaran, former Director, Kerala Forest Research Institute). Economic and non-economic losses: biodiversity degradation, soil decline, crop yield loss, and altered hydrology. Status in India 139 identified invasive alien species, mostly insect pests of crops (Ankila Hiremath, ATREE). Others indirectly affect crops by disrupting native pest-control insects. IAS threaten ecosystems ranging from forests to freshwater bodies. India’s invasion biology research remains fragmented and poorly documented. Case Studies: Key Invasive Species in India A. Lantana camara Introduced as ornamental shrub during British rule. Now widespread, blocking conservation of elephants and other large herbivores. Thrives in diverse soil types, unpalatable to herbivores, forms dense thickets. Ecological consequences: Restricts movement of elephants → human-wildlife conflict increases. Alters habitat structure, impeding regeneration of native plants. B. Prosopis juliflora (“Gando Bawar”) Introduced from South America/Caribbean in 19th century; later spread in Gujarat’s Banni grasslands (1960s–70s). Originally meant to reduce soil salinity and boost green cover. Now covers 50–60% of grassland, causing: Severe groundwater depletion (“thirsty” tree). Competition with native Acacia and grasses. Soil salinisation and ecosystem imbalance, harming pastoralist livelihoods. C. Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) Among world’s 10 worst invasive species. Dominates paddy fields, lakes, wetlands, including Kaziranga National Park. Impacts: Blocks sunlight → reduces oxygen in water. Harms migratory bird habitats and aquatic biodiversity. Increases vector-borne diseases by providing mosquito breeding grounds. D. Other Aquatic Invaders Alligator weed, duckweed, water lettuce — degrade freshwater ecosystems. Alien fish (626 species) introduced via aquarium trade, aquaculture, mosquito control, sport fishing (Rajeev Raghavan, Kerala University of Fisheries). Now found in Dal Lake (Kashmir), Manipur, Telangana, Kerala, etc. Major threat to 1,070 freshwater fish species in India. Ecological Impacts of IAS Level Impact Type Examples Species Level Reduced survival, reproduction, and genetic diversity Native fishes and ants displaced Population Level Decline in population size, reduced range Native ant populations replaced by yellow crazy ant Community Level Disruption of food webs, altered predator-prey balance Herbivore-plant interactions altered by Lantana Ecosystem Level Changes in soil porosity, water turbidity, nutrient cycles Prosopis altering Banni hydrology, hyacinth affecting lakes Key Scientists’ Perspectives Ankila Hiremath (ATREE): IAS like Lantana and Prosopis modify soil and water balance, worsening wildlife conflicts. Achyut Banerjee (Azim Premji University): IAS degrade natural habitats, disrupt predator-prey dynamics. Rajeev Raghavan: Alien fishes threaten India’s endemic freshwater fauna; freshwater invasion biology is “still in its infancy”. Alok Bang (Azim Premji University): Emphasizes defining “conservation” scientifically, given differing stakeholder perceptions. Advocates for simultaneous documentation and conservation instead of waiting for exhaustive records. Documentation and Research Gaps Most IAS in India lack invasion histories, spread maps, and ecological assessments. Absence of standardised methods for: Impact measurement, Cumulative effect mapping, Cross-species ecological modeling. Freshwater invasion biology particularly underdeveloped. Need for micro-level data on distribution, native–alien interactions, and ecosystem-level impacts. Policy Dilemma: Document or Conserve? Option 1: Wait for full documentation → impractical, resource-heavy, time-consuming. Option 2 (preferred): Parallel approach — conduct conservation planning and impact studies simultaneously, learning from global experiences. India should: Use foreign ecological case studies to anticipate local outcomes. Prioritize high-impact species and regions for early intervention. Recommended Strategies Develop standardized quantitative methods to assess IAS impacts (species & ecosystem scale). Create IAS atlases through citizen science and digital mapping tools. Identify invasion hotspots and prioritize management pathways. Encourage multi-stakeholder collaboration among scientists, forest departments, farmers, and local communities. Integrate IAS management into: National Biodiversity Action Plan, National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing, State Wildlife Action Plans (2023–2033). Promote biosecurity measures for imports, aquaculture, and ornamental trades. Broader Implications IAS threaten India’s biodiversity hotspots — Western Ghats, Northeast India, and Andaman–Nicobar. Undermines ecosystem services like pollination, carbon sequestration, and soil fertility. Causes economic losses in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Aggravates human-wildlife conflict and pastoral distress. Affects SDG 14 (Life Below Water) and SDG 15 (Life on Land) targets. Conclusion Invasive alien species are a silent but escalating threat to India’s ecological stability. Their multi-level, cascading impacts demand immediate, integrated, and adaptive management. India must move beyond fragmented studies to a national IAS strategy emphasizing: Rapid detection, Risk assessment, Restoration of invaded ecosystems, Public participation and awareness. Without decisive action, IAS could irreversibly reshape India’s biodiversity and rural livelihoods. Making ‘room’ for new uses of Chemistry Why is it in News ? The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar Yaghi. Recognition for creating Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous materials with huge potential in climate, environmental, and industrial applications. The award highlights growing relevance of MOFs in India and worldwide, especially in carbon capture, water harvesting, and gas storage. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Technology): Materials chemistry, MOFs applications in carbon capture, water harvesting, energy storage. GS-3 (Environment): Climate mitigation technologies, clean energy, pollution control. What are MOFs MOFs are materials with a lattice structure where metal atoms are connected to organic molecules. Unique feature: large, well-defined empty spaces inside the molecular structure. Analogy: Normal materials: tightly packed atoms like solid brick walls with small rooms. MOFs: structured like pillars and beams forming large, controllable rooms (pores) for storing other substances. Key Scientists and Contributions Richard Robson – Conceptualized linking metals with molecules to create spread-out molecules with empty spaces (1970s). Susumu Kitagawa – Experimented with “usefulness of useless” ideas, demonstrated MOFs’ practical potential. Omar Yaghi – Expanded MOF design and applications; developed numerous MOFs with controlled porosity. Special Properties of MOFs Customizable porosity: Size and number of empty spaces can be pre-designed. Selective absorption: MOFs can target specific molecules (e.g., carbon dioxide, toxic gases, water). Stability & scalability: MOFs can be engineered for industrial-scale applications. Versatility: Unlike random porous materials (bread, sponge), MOFs offer precise molecular control. Applications Environmental Carbon dioxide capture: Helps mitigate climate change by selectively trapping CO₂. Water harvesting: Extracts water from arid air efficiently. Industrial Gas storage: Methane, hydrogen, and toxic gases for energy and safety purposes. Catalysis: MOFs act as frameworks for chemical reactions. Scientific & Medical Controlled delivery of molecules for drug delivery and chemical research. Significance of the Nobel Prize Scientific impact: MOFs represent a major advancement in materials chemistry. Economic & policy relevance: Encourages governments and private sector to invest in MOF research and industrialisation, including in India. Sustainability potential: Supports climate change mitigation, water security, and clean energy technologies. Current Trends Thousands of MOFs have been designed, demonstrating high versatility and industrial relevance. Growing research focus on redesigning MOFs for specific challenges: Carbon capture from atmosphere Water purification and storage Selective adsorption of pollutants or hazardous gases India is increasingly investing in MOF research, inspired by global attention and Nobel recognition. Conclusion MOFs are a revolution in material science, combining customizable structure, porosity, and selective absorption. The Nobel Prize underscores their practical importance, particularly in environmental sustainability and industrial chemistry. The award may catalyze greater research, funding, and application of MOFs in India, boosting both scientific innovation and climate solutions. Microplastics impact coral reproduction at multiple stages: Report Why in News A new study published in Frontiers in Marine Science (Oct 2025) reveals that chemicals leaching from microplastics significantly impair coral reproduction and larval settlement. The report coincides with bleaching-level heat stress affecting 84.4% of global coral reef areas (Jan 2023–Sep 2025) — a double ecological threat. Mass bleaching recorded across 83 countries and territories (NOAA Satellite and Information Services). Relevance: GS-3 (Environment & Biodiversity): Marine pollution, microplastics, coral reef degradation, climate change impact. GS-2 (Governance): Policy gaps in marine plastic regulation, international frameworks (MARPOL, UNEP). Coral Reproduction Basics Corals reproduce sexually via two modes: Brooding species: Fertilization and larval development occur internally; larvae are released ready for settlement. Spawning species: Eggs and sperm released externally; fertilization occurs in the water column. The planula larvae phase is crucial — larvae must settle on suitable substrates guided by chemical cues to metamorphose into reef-building polyps. Once settled, corals become sessile (immobile), thus exposure to pollutants early in life has lasting consequences. About the Study Conducted on two coral species: Montipora capitata (broadcast spawner) Harbor Porites (brooder) Exposure setup: Leachates from 4 plastic polymers: Nylon, PP (Polypropylene), HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene) Concentrations: 50, 100, 200 particles per litre Duration: 7 days Aim: Assess chemical (not physical) effects of microplastics on larval survival, settlement, and development. Key Findings Negative impacts observed across multiple coral life stages: Reduced fertilization success due to chemical and physical interference (especially from larger or weathered plastic particles). Altered fatty acid composition and endocrine disruption in coral eggs (Montipora capitata). Reduced survival and settlement of planula larvae due to exposure to microplastic leachates. Species-specific and time-dependent effects: Harbor Porites larvae showed relatively higher survival than M. capitata. Significant effects emerged late in the experiment (days 5–7) — indicating cumulative or delayed toxicity. Polymer-type variation: LDPE (200 particles/L) → Lower survival rates. HDPE (100 particles/L) → Notable decline in both species’ larval survival. Mechanism of Impact Chemical leachates (e.g., phthalates, BPA, and flame retardants) disrupt: Endocrine systems → affect reproduction and metamorphosis. Membrane integrity → hinder nutrient absorption. Chemical cue recognition → larvae fail to identify suitable settlement sites. Physical factors: Larger microplastic particles cause abrasion and mechanical interference with fertilization. Comparison with Earlier Studies Year Study Focus Key Outcome 2019 (Australia) Weathered PP effects on Acropora tenuis Reduced fertilization, minimal impact on embryo & larval stages 2024 Microplastic pollution & coral gametes Confirmed impact on gametes but not on larval development 2025 (Current) Full life-cycle impact Demonstrates multi-stage, cumulative chemical impacts on coral reproduction Ecological and Global Context Microplastic pollution + thermal stress form a compound threat: Microplastics weaken coral resilience → lower reproductive success. Heat stress causes bleaching → loss of symbiotic algae. Global reef status: 84.4% under bleaching-level heat stress. Lakshadweep reefs: Lost nearly 50% coral cover in 24 years. Coral reefs support ~25% of marine biodiversity and ~500 million people globally through fisheries and tourism. Policy and Conservation Implications Scientific relevance: Highlights the need for integrated monitoring of chemical pollution (not just physical microplastics). Policy gaps: Microplastic leachates remain largely unregulated under most marine pollution frameworks (e.g., MARPOL, UNEP plastic treaties). Current reef restoration efforts do not factor in chemical pollution impacts. Recommendations: Include leachate monitoring in coral reef health assessments. Reduce single-use plastics (especially LDPE and HDPE types). Expand coral cryobanking (e.g., Coral Triangle initiative). Integrate plastic pollution control in global reef resilience frameworks like the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030). Conclusion Microplastics’ chemical toxicity poses a hidden, long-term threat to coral reproduction and reef recovery. Effects are species-specific, cumulative, and delayed, complicating conservation strategies. Urgent need for: Comprehensive global microplastic regulation, Cross-stage coral biology research, and Synergistic mitigation addressing both climate and pollution stresses. Seneca Lake ‘Drums’ Mystery Why is it in News Researchers are investigating the centuries-old phenomenon of the “Seneca Guns” or “Seneca Drums”, mysterious booms heard near Seneca Lake, New York. Recent studies suggest the sounds may be caused by methane or other geological gases escaping from the lake bed — a potential scientific explanation for a folklore mystery. This news combines geology, folklore, and modern environmental science, capturing public attention. Relevance: GS-3 (Science & Tech/Environment): Geology, methane gas release, environmental monitoring. GS-1 (Culture/History): Folklore integration with scientific inquiry. What are the Seneca Drums Seneca Guns/Drums: Intermittent, unexplained booming sounds heard in the Seneca Valley for centuries. Folklore explanations: Seneca Native tradition: A deity punishing a warrior for violating sacred grounds. American folklore: Ghostly drumbeats of a lost Revolutionary War soldier. Scientific inquiry: Aimed at identifying a geological or environmental cause. Prevailing Scientific Theory First proposed by Herman Fairchild in 1934: Natural gas bubbles trapped under the lake bed escape to the water surface. Gas eruptions displace water, producing low-pitch, intermittent booming sounds. Previous lack of investigation due to: Random, unpredictable occurrence of sounds. Difficulty pinpointing exact locations in the lake. Recent Research Findings Sonar Survey (2024) Revealed 14 craters/pockmarks on the southern end of Seneca Lake. Cratered lake bed compared to moon’s surface. These craters are hypothesized as pathways for methane and other gases. Water Sampling (September 2025) Researchers from SUNY and Cornell University collected samples from five craters, hundreds of feet below the surface. Purpose: test for methane and other geologic gases that could explain the booming. Scientific Hypothesis Methane or other gases trapped beneath the lake bed may escape periodically, forming bubbles that: Reach the lake surface. Displace water rapidly. Create audible low-frequency sounds, perceived as “drums” or “booms”. Analogy: lake “burping” like a pimple releasing gas. Challenges in Studying the Phenomenon Intermittency: Booms occur randomly; many residents have never heard them. Spatial unpredictability: No fixed location for sound emissions. Data analysis pending: Researchers are still testing samples to confirm gas composition and exact mechanisms. Significance Scientific: Provides a geophysical explanation for a long-standing mystery. Environmental: Understanding methane release from lake beds can contribute to climate and ecological studies. Cultural: Bridges folklore with modern science, highlighting how legends may have natural explanations. Conclusion While the Seneca Drums were historically mysterious, modern research suggests methane gas eruptions from craters on the lake bed as a probable cause. Full confirmation requires analysis of water and gas samples, but the studies mark a major step in resolving a centuries-old mystery.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 08 October 2025

Content Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY): Nurturing Organic Farming in India Why in News ? As of 30 January 2025, ₹2,265.86 crore released under PKVY (2015–25). ₹205.46 crore released under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) for PKVY during FY 2024–25. 15 lakh hectares under organic cultivation; 52,289 clusters formed; 25.30 lakh farmers benefited (as of Feb 2025). Jaivik Kheti Portal records: 6.23 lakh farmers, 19,016 local groups, 89 input suppliers, and 8,676 buyers (Dec 2024). Relevance : GS III – Agriculture, Environment & Economy Promotes chemical-free organic farming, aligning with sustainable agriculture goals. Enhances soil fertility, biodiversity, and carbon sequestration — crucial for climate resilience. Strengthens agri-value chains, market linkages, and organic branding via Jaivik Kheti Portal. Example of eco-friendly technology integration in agriculture (traceability, blockchain). Contributes to doubling farmer income and inclusive rural development. What is PKVY ? Launch Year: 2015–16. Under: National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Objective: Promote cluster-based organic farming to reduce chemical inputs, restore soil health, and ensure sustainable livelihoods. Approach: Cluster approach—minimum 20 ha area per cluster managed collectively. Core Objectives Promote eco-friendly, low-cost, chemical-free agriculture. Enhance soil fertility and conserve biodiversity. Create market linkages for organic produce. Empower small & marginal farmers through collective certification and capacity building. Strengthen organic value chains and rural branding. Coverage and Scale (as of 2025) Clusters formed: 52,289. Farmers benefitted: 25.30 lakh. Area under organic farming: ~15 lakh hectares. Funds released (2015–25): ₹2,265.86 crore. RKVY support (FY 2024–25): ₹205.46 crore. Financial Assistance ₹31,500 per hectare over 3 years (per cluster). ₹18,700 – On-farm & off-farm organic inputs (biofertilizers, compost, green manuring). ₹7,500 – Certification & residue analysis. ₹5,300 – Marketing, branding, and training. Disbursed through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for transparency. Implementation Framework Regional Councils (RCs) act as facilitators between farmers and State governments. RCs prepare Annual Action Plans (AAPs) consolidating farmer applications. AAPs approved by Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (MoAFW). Central funds → State Govts → Regional Councils → Farmers (via DBT). Focus on training, certification, marketing, and infrastructure support. Certification Systems under PKVY (a) Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India): Community-based certification for domestic markets. Relies on peer verification, mutual trust, and collective responsibility. Cost-effective, ideal for small and marginal farmers. (b) National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP): Third-party certification for export markets. Ensures compliance with international organic standards (EU, USDA). Managed by APEDA, under Ministry of Commerce. Large Area Certification (LAC) Introduced: 2020–21. For regions where no chemical inputs ever used (tribal belts, hilly/island areas). Fast-track certification: Conversion period reduced from 2–3 years to a few months. Enhances market access and export readiness. Supports India’s Organic Bharat Vision by scaling certification rapidly. Technological & Market Integration Jaivik Kheti Portal: Online platform linking farmers → buyers → certifiers → consumers. Facilitates direct sale, traceability, and price transparency. Registered entities (as of Dec 2024): 6.23 lakh farmers 19,016 local groups 89 input suppliers 8,676 buyers Digital initiatives reduce intermediaries, promote fair pricing, and improve traceability. Benefits & Outcomes Economic: Reduction in input cost (up to 30–40%). Price premiums (20–25%) for organic produce. Increased income diversification via intercropping and value addition. Environmental: Soil health restoration and carbon sequestration. Enhanced biodiversity and pollinator population. Reduced groundwater contamination and chemical runoff. Social: Community-level cooperation and knowledge exchange. Empowerment of small/marginal farmers. Strengthening of local brands and cooperatives. North-East India Achievements Sikkim: 63,000 ha under organic farming via LAC. First fully organic state recognized globally. Received ₹1,849 crore under PKVY. Assam: 4,400 ha under organic farming; 9,740 farmers engaged. Received ₹3,013 crore. Other NE States (Arunachal, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, Tripura, Meghalaya): Combined 4,140 ha covered. Received ₹2,337 crore collectively. Impact: NE region emerging as a bio-diverse organic hub, leveraging low chemical dependency and unique agro-climatic zones. Challenges Limited market linkages in non-metro regions. High certification costs and complex processes for small farmers. Need for post-harvest infrastructure and value addition facilities. Insufficient consumer awareness and domestic demand for organic products. Need for scientific validation of yield and nutrient equivalence. Way Forward Strengthen public-private partnerships for marketing and exports. Expand Jaivik Kheti 2.0 with blockchain-based traceability. Promote Organic Clusters near urban areas for direct supply chains. Integrate with Soil Health Card Scheme and PM-PRANAM for synergy. Institutionalize Organic Research & Training Centres under ICAR. Encourage agri-startups for organic input production and logistics. Broader Significance Aligns with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production), and SDG 15 (Life on Land). Contributes to India’s Net Zero and soil carbon sequestration goals. Acts as a pillar of Atmanirbhar Krishi and Viksit Bharat 2047 vision through sustainable food systems. Ministry of Textiles celebrates ‘World Cotton Day’ 2025 Why in News Celebrated on 7 October 2025 in New Delhi by the Ministry of Textiles and Confederation of Indian Textile Industry (CITI). Theme emphasized long-term sustainability and competitiveness in the cotton value chain. Focus on Kasturi Cotton Bharat as India’s flagship brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability. Several MoUs signed between textile companies, farmer producer organizations, and research institutions to strengthen the brand and enhance cotton value addition. Relevance : GS III – Economy, Agriculture & Environment Illustrates farm-to-fashion value addition under India’s 5F Vision (Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign). Addresses low cotton yield and introduces Mission for Cotton Productivity to close yield gaps. Promotes traceable, sustainable cotton (Kasturi Cotton Bharat) – integration of blockchain and AI-based farming. Enhances export competitiveness, carbon neutrality, and circular textile economy. Supports India’s climate-smart agriculture and sustainable industry goals. Objectives and Targets Develop India into a USD 350 billion textile economy by 2030, including USD 100 billion in exports. Achieve carbon neutrality in the textile sector by 2030. Launch of a Mission for Cotton Productivity to bridge India’s yield gap with global standards. Promote climate-smart, traceable, and high-value cotton through technology and certification systems. Importance of Cotton to India Cotton supports over 6 million farmers and provides employment to 45 million people across spinning, weaving, processing, and apparel sectors. India cultivates 40% of the world’s cotton area but yields only ~450 kg lint/ha, compared to ~2,000 kg/ha in advanced cotton-growing countries. Cotton remains vital for farm incomes, export earnings, and India’s textile competitiveness. Core Themes of World Cotton Day 2025 Technology: Modernization of ginning, digital traceability, and precision farming. Climate: Adaptation strategies for rain-fed cotton regions, water efficiency, and soil conservation. Competitiveness: Branding, certification, contamination control, and export-oriented quality assurance. Key Initiatives Highlighted Mission for Cotton Productivity: To increase yield through high-density planting systems (HDPS), better seed quality, and mechanized practices. Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s official premium cotton brand emphasizing purity, sustainability, and traceability. Aims to position Indian cotton alongside premium global varieties like Egyptian Giza and American Supima. Digital Transformation: Blockchain-based traceability systems for contamination-free cotton. Smart labelling for verified origin and sustainable practices. Diversification: Promotion of natural fibres such as milkweed, ramie, and flax to reduce dependence on conventional cotton. Supporting Schemes and Institutional Mechanisms ATUFS (Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme): Financial support for modernization of textile units. PM MITRA Parks Scheme: Creation of integrated textile and apparel manufacturing hubs. National Technical Textiles Mission (NTTM): Development of new-age fibres and sustainable materials. Cotton Corporation of India (CCI): Procurement, digital marketing, and farmer support initiatives. CITI & TEXPROCIL: Industrial coordination for exports, quality enhancement, and global outreach. Technology and Sustainability Focus Promotion of precision agriculture, AI-based pest control, and sensor-based irrigation. Integration of renewable energy in cotton ginning and spinning operations. Encouragement of sustainability certifications (e.g., GOTS, OEKO-TEX) and eco-labelling. Expansion of data-driven extension services to train farmers in productivity and quality management. Quality, Certification, and Traceability Traceable supply chains from farm to fabric through Kasturi Cotton digital systems. Emphasis on contamination-free cotton, improved ginning standards, and quality labelling. Adoption of sustainability benchmarks to meet global trade requirements and boost consumer confidence. Key MoUs and Collaborations Commercial, Community, and Council MoUs signed under Kasturi Cotton Bharat with textile manufacturers, FPOs, certification agencies, and export clusters. Aim: Create a unified platform for quality assurance, branding, and international marketing of Indian cotton. Expected Outcomes Higher farmer income through yield improvement and price premium for branded organic cotton. Increased export competitiveness through standardized quality and traceable supply chains. Reduced carbon footprint via efficient water use, renewable energy, and sustainable production systems. Global recognition for India as a producer of trusted, traceable, and premium cotton. Broader Implications Contributes to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption & Production) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). Strengthens India’s textile ecosystem under the 5F Vision — Farm → Fibre → Factory → Fashion → Foreign. Positions India as a global hub for sustainable and ethical textiles by 2030. Cotton in India – Important Points Largest Cotton Area Globally: India cultivates about 40% of the world’s cotton area (~120 lakh ha) but contributes only ~25% of global production due to low yield (~450 kg lint/ha vs. global ~800–1,000 kg/ha). Major Producing States: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh dominate; classified into three cotton zones — Northern, Central, and Southern (ICAR-CICR). Agro-Climatic Needs: Warm climate (21–30°C), 50–100 cm rainfall, and black regur soil are ideal. Cotton is mainly a Kharif crop, often rain-fed in Central India. Economic Importance: Employs ~45 million people, supports 6 million farmers, and contributes 10% of agricultural GDP and 12% of export earnings. Institutions & Missions: Key bodies include Cotton Corporation of India (CCI), ICAR–CICR, and schemes like Technology Mission on Cotton, PM MITRA, ATUFS, and the upcoming Mission for Cotton Productivity (2025). Kasturi Cotton Bharat: India’s premium national cotton brand symbolizing purity, quality, and sustainability — aims to rival Egyptian Giza and American Supima in global markets. Bt Cotton Dominance: Introduced in 2002, covers ~90% of cotton area. Improved pest resistance and yields but led to monocropping, pest resurgence (pink bollworm), and biodiversity concerns.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 08 October 2025

Content A path to progress that is paved with gold It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms A path to progress that is paved with gold Context and Why in News ? The editorial emphasizes Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) as a philosophy beyond economics, calling for financial self-reliance through domestic capital mobilization, especially gold monetisation. Context: Global FDI and project finance declined in 2024 (FDI -11%, project finance -27%). Rising global interest rates and deglobalisation increase vulnerability of external capital dependence. India holds $2.4 trillion worth of household gold (25,000 tonnes) — untapped domestic wealth. Relevance: GS2 (Governance & Economic Policy) Financial self-reliance, gold monetisation schemes, domestic resource mobilisation. GS3 (Economy & Macro-finance) Balance of Payments (gold imports vs domestic holdings). Impact on Current Account Deficit (CAD) and external borrowing. Practice Question: Discuss the paradox of India’s gold holdings and imports. How does it impact India’s macroeconomic stability?(250 Words) Meaning and Evolution of Atmanirbharta Etymology: “Atmanirbharta” = self-reliance; “Atma” (self) + “Nirbharta” (dependence). Philosophical meaning: Inner strength leading to global confidence. Economic meaning: Building domestic capacity to reduce external dependence and enhance resilience. Historical Phases of Indian Self-Reliance Phase Crisis Self-Reliance Response Outcome 1960s Food crisis Green Revolution Food self-sufficiency 1990s Tech transition IT & digital revolution Global digital hub 2020 COVID pandemic Indigenous vaccines & pharma Vaccine self-reliance 2020s Defence dependence Indigenisation under Make in India Towards strategic autonomy 2025 (current) Capital dependency Financial Atmanirbharta Mobilising domestic wealth Problem Statement: External Capital Dependence FDI inflows since 2000: > $1 trillion (gross). But: External capital is volatile and cyclical, influenced by global liquidity and geopolitics. India’s future growth (target: $5 trillion economy) cannot hinge on foreign savings alone. Hence, need to tap India’s own household and institutional wealth. India’s Gold Paradox 1. Scale of Wealth Gold holdings: ~25,000 tonnes (world’s largest private reserve). Value: ~$2.4 trillion = 55% of India’s GDP (FY26 est.). Comparison: Exceeds total bank credit outstanding in India. 2. Paradox of Import Dependence 87% of demand met via imports. Gold imports = 8% of total import bill; contributed ~33% of trade deficit (2010–13). Thus, despite huge domestic reserves, India continues to import gold, worsening CAD. The Case for Gold Monetisation Why Monetisation Matters Unlock idle household gold → formal financial capital → domestic credit expansion. Reduces gold imports → improves current account balance. Creates a low-cost fund source (4.5–6.5%) compared to external borrowing costs (~8–9%). Aligns with financial inclusion, Make in India, and National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) funding goals. Challenges with Past Schemes Issue Description Trust deficit Fear of purity mismatch, bureaucratic scrutiny, and taxation deterred depositors. Infrastructure gaps Limited hallmarking and purity testing centres. Complex procedures Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS, 2015) suffered from low awareness and complicated documentation. Low institutional capacity Banks lacked expertise in physical gold logistics. Proposed Framework for a Reimagined Gold Monetisation Model 1. Infrastructure Expansion Scale hallmarking and purity testing centres under BIS. Network of collection & assaying centres nationwide. As of 2025, BIS-registered centres have doubled, but coverage remains urban-centric. 2. Logistics Framework Banks: Manage fund flows. Certified agencies: Handle gold movement, storage, and security transparently. Use of insured, digitally tracked channels. 3. Digitalisation & Transparency Each depositor should access metal balance digitally, akin to a savings account. Use of mobile apps, digital ledgers, and blockchain to track gold flow and prevent fraud. 4. Policy & Trust Enablers Remove GST/customs scrutiny for deposited gold. Simplify KYC: “No questions asked” assurance for household deposits. Assured returns and transparency in redemption value. Economic Impact Estimate Impact Area Mechanism Expected Outcome External sector Reduction in gold imports Improves CAD stability Banking sector Low-cost fund mobilisation Expands credit for infra & MSMEs Monetary policy Enhances domestic liquidity Reduces external vulnerability Investment cycle Domestic wealth recycling Boosts private capital formation Employment Growth in hallmarking, logistics, fintech Creates new skill-based jobs Philosophical and Civilisational Angle Gold monetisation isn’t just financial — it’s civilisational self-trust. Echoes India’s ethos of self-sufficiency through shared participation, not coercion. Reinforces the Atmanirbhar spirit: “Bharat can fund Bharat.” Way Forward Public awareness campaigns to build trust and participation. PPP model for hallmarking & logistics infrastructure. Digital gold exchange under SEBI for transparency. Integration with UPI & Jan Dhan to reach rural households. Financial literacy drive linking gold to productive savings. Periodic audit & publication of gold mobilisation data. Conclusion Atmanirbharta 2.0 = Financial Sovereignty. Mobilising India’s domestic gold wealth represents the next major self-reliance revolution — akin to the Green and Digital Revolutions. Success depends on trust, technology, and transparency — turning cultural assets into developmental capital. The goal: India financing India, ensuring sustainable, sovereign, and inclusive growth. It’s time for Maoists to lay down arms Why in News Union Home Minister ruled out talks with Maoists, urging them to surrender under the government’s rehabilitation policy. Government aims for complete Maoist eradication by next year (2026). Editorial argues that the CPI (Maoist) is at its weakest point in history, both militarily and ideologically. Relevance GS2 (Governance & Internal Security) Counter-insurgency policies: SAMADHAN doctrine, DRG, CoBRA deployment. GS3 (Internal Security & Defence) Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) as an internal security challenge. Practice Questions Analyse the factors leading to the decline of the Maoist movement in India. How can governance and development interventions consolidate this success? (250 Words) Understanding Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) Definition: A violent movement seeking to overthrow the democratic State through armed struggle, based on Maoist ideology. Main group:Communist Party of India (Maoist) — formed in 2004 through the merger of: CPI (Marxist–Leninist) People’s War Group (PWG) Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) Core Ideology: Inspired by Mao Zedong’s “Protracted People’s War” — to capture rural areas, encircle cities, and seize state power. Peak Influence: Around 2009–2011, LWE affected over 200 districts across 20 states (“Red Corridor”). The Present Context — A Movement in Decline Organisational Weakness Year Central Committee Members Politburo Members Cadre Strength 2004 42 25 ~10,000 2025 13 7–8 <2,000   Most top leaders are over 60, ailing, and fatigued. The Central Committee has shrunk drastically; no fresh intellectual leadership has emerged. Internal divisions and leadership crisis following the death of General Secretary Nambala Keshava Rao (Basavaraju). Geographic Decline Once-dominant in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh. After police modernization in Andhra and Odisha, they were pushed into Chhattisgarh’s dense forests. Even their “Liberated Zone” in South Bastar (Sukma, Dantewada, Bijapur, Narayanpur) is now fragmented. Maoist influence in Jharkhand and Bihar also significantly reduced due to coordinated inter-State operations. Turning Point in Counter-Insurgency 1. Security Reforms Commando Battalion for Resolute Action (CoBRA) – specialized CRPF unit trained in jungle warfare. District Reserve Guard (DRG): Comprised of surrendered Maoists and ex-Salwa Judum members. Highly effective due to local terrain familiarity. Crucial in Operation Black Forest — destroyed Maoist HQ at Karregutta hills. 2. Operational Outcomes (2024–25) Maoists killed: ~430 (including 5 Central Committee members and 45 women cadres). Surrenders: ~1,450 Maoists. Arrests: ~1,460. Leadership elimination: 5 senior-most commanders, including General Secretary Basavaraju. Internal Crisis: Ideological and Social Faultlines 1. Leadership vs. Cadre Divide Leaders: Predominantly upper-caste, from Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Cadres: Primarily tribal, especially Gonds of Chhattisgarh. Emerging identity friction between ideological leadership and ground-level fighters. 2. Shift in Motivation Tribal recruits joined not from ideology but due to cultural mobilisation — songs, plays, and propaganda by Maoist cultural wings. Ideological conviction diluted; tribal participation increasingly coerced or survival-driven. 3. Intellectual Decline In early decades, supported by urban intellectuals and students (e.g., post-Naxalbari 1967 phase). Today, no urban sympathy networks, weak political articulation, and loss of ideological legitimacy. Role of State Response 1. Effective Counter-Insurgency Model Multi-pronged: Security + Development + Governance. Enhanced coordination between State Police and Central Forces under SAMADHAN doctrine (Smart Leadership, Aggressive Strategy, Motivation, etc.). Improved Intelligence sharing and use of drones, GIS mapping, and satellite data for real-time tracking. Rehabilitation & Surrender Policy: Monetary incentives, housing, skill training, and employment opportunities for surrendered Maoists. 2. Development Push Aspirational District Programme, Road Connectivity (PMGSY), Eklavya Model Schools, and Jan Dhan–Aadhaar–Mobile (JAM) architecture reducing isolation of tribal regions. Integrated Tribal Development Projects addressing the socioeconomic roots of insurgency. Chhattisgarh – A Unique Case Study Unlike Andhra or Bengal, Maoism in Chhattisgarh was imported, not indigenous. Served as a strategic retreat zone after losses elsewhere. Salwa Judum (2005–07): State-sponsored militia movement — Initially aimed to counter Maoists but led to atrocities against tribals. Many displaced tribals later joined Maoists — backfiring effect. Now, DRG (District Reserve Guard) — formed from reformed Judum cadres — has reversed that narrative effectively. Causes of Maoist Decline Leadership vacuum after deaths/arrests of key figures. Technological edge of security forces. Erosion of urban-intellectual support. Improved tribal welfare schemes reducing alienation. Diminished ideological appeal in the era of democratic empowerment. Internal ethnic and caste divides. Rise of local governance institutions (PESA, Gram Sabhas) empowering tribals directly. Infiltration of surrendered cadres (DRG) into Maoist structures disrupting operational secrecy. Lessons and Way Forward 1. Security Consolidation Maintain high-intensity operations until complete dismantling of Maoist bases. Focus on border coordination among affected states. Deploy technology-driven policing (AI surveillance, drones, satellite tracking). 2. Governance Continuity Prevent re-emergence by filling the governance vacuum post-clearance. Prioritise land rights, forest livelihoods, and tribal inclusion. Implement PESA & FRA in spirit to empower Gram Sabhas. 3. Rehabilitation & Reintegration Strengthen surrender and rehabilitation schemes — skill training, psychological counselling, and employment. Showcase success stories of reformed cadres to build trust. 4. Preventing Ideological Resurgence Promote democratic activism and civil society participation for grievance redress. Encourage peaceful, rights-based movements like Niyamgiri and Sompeta, which achieved results without violence. Broader Message Violence-based movements are unsustainable in democratic societies. The Maoist decline shows the success of India’s democratic resilience, security modernisation, and developmental governance. True empowerment of tribal and backward areas must come from participatory governance, not armed rebellion. Conclusion The Maoist movement, once India’s gravest internal security threat, is now at its lowest ebb. Sustained reforms in security capacity, development outreach, and political inclusion have reversed the insurgency. The message is clear: “Where democratic development delivers, extremism declines.”   The final step is ensuring that post-conflict zones remain peace zones, through justice, inclusion, and dignity for tribal communities — the true meaning of mainstreaming.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 08 October 2025

Content Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly What is a supermoon? India-UK ties: much to build on Trio wins Physics Nobel for building device showing ‘quantum tunnelling’ Basics Event: 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis. Field: Quantum mechanics — study of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic scale. Objective: To gain greater insight into quantum phenomena by designing novel experiments that manipulate single particles. Relevance GS3: Science & Technology Quantum computing, superconductors, and Josephson junctions. Emerging technologies shaping India’s digital and defence capabilities. Core Concepts Quantum Mechanics Governs behaviour of particles at ultra-small scales (electrons, photons, atoms). Deviates from classical physics; particles can exist in superpositions, tunnel through barriers, or be entangled. Quantum Tunnelling Phenomenon where particles pass through energy barriers they shouldn’t classically cross. Analogy: Cricket ball hitting a wall → normally bounces back, but quantum ball sometimes passes through. Basis for many modern technologies (e.g., tunnel diodes, scanning tunnelling microscopes). Superconductors Materials with zero electrical resistance at low temperatures. Enable current to flow indefinitely without energy loss. Josephson Junction Structure of two superconductors separated by a thin insulating layer. Exhibits quantum tunnelling of Cooper pairs (pairs of electrons bound together in superconductors). Crucial for quantum circuits and experimental control of quantum states. Contribution of Clarke, Devoret, and Martinis Experiment Design Created electrical circuits capable of manipulating single quantum particles. Enabled observation and control of quantum tunnelling in a macroscopically measurable system. Significance Transforms abstract quantum phenomena into engineered, controllable devices. Lays the foundation for quantum computing and quantum information processing. Applications Quantum Computers: Using superconducting qubits, capable of parallel computation beyond classical limits. Quantum Sensors: Ultra-sensitive measurements of magnetic fields, gravity, or time. Advanced Electronics: Next-generation transistors, precision circuits, and superconducting electronics. Historical Context Quantum Mechanics → Technology Pathway 1950s: Quantum principles led to transistors and silicon chips, enabling the modern electronics revolution. Now: Controlled quantum systems → quantum computing era. Experimental Milestone First time coherent control of single quantum systems in superconducting circuits achieved. Bridges the gap between theory (quantum weirdness) and practical engineering. Broader Implications Science & Technology Opens avenues for high-performance computing, secure communication (quantum cryptography), and simulation of complex systems. Quantum circuits may revolutionize drug discovery, materials science, and artificial intelligence. Societal & Economic Quantum computing could lead to breakthroughs in cybersecurity, finance, logistics, and climate modelling. Potential to position countries at the forefront of next-gen technology race. Philosophical/Conceptual Demonstrates human ability to manipulate the fundamental laws of nature. Illustrates the shift from understanding quantum behaviour passively to actively engineering quantum systems. Why Indian capital needs to invest domestically Basics Context: India faces a policy dilemma between: Long-term benefits of global trade and liberalisation. Short-term harms to large sections of the population (low wages, unemployment). Issue Highlighted: Current macroeconomic frameworks often prioritize supply and private profits, ignoring the domestic demand needs of the larger population. Key Idea: Domestic capital (Indian businesses) must align with public interest to ensure inclusive growth and mitigate external shocks. Relevance GS3: Indian Economy Domestic capital, private investment, macroeconomic demand-supply balance, wage policies, R&D investment. Trade vs domestic demand in a globalized economy. GS2: Governance & Policy Role of government-business coordination for national interest. Policy interventions to boost domestic consumption and inclusive growth. Historical Evolution of Capital Pre-liberalisation India Indian businesses grew under protectionist policies. Benefited from inward-looking policies and supernormal profits in domestic markets. Post-liberalisation Indian firms leveraged accumulated wealth to expand globally. Some Indian conglomerates became major players in international markets, though such depth is limited to a few giants. Current Scenario Global uncertainties: tariffs, distortions, and shrinking external demand threaten Indian exports and aggregate demand. Domestic capital needs reorientation toward internal markets and public-aligned strategies. Key Economic Concepts Mass Markets & Demand Creation Three drivers historically: Creation of wage-labour class. Industrial mass production enhancing productivity. Growth in personal incomes altering demand composition. Modern challenge: Policies often assume demand passively responds to supply; neglecting active stimulation of domestic demand. Domestic vs. External Demand Early industrialisation: focus on domestic consumption. Later phases: global markets emphasized. Current turbulence: external demand weak, highlighting the need for domestic consumption-driven growth. Role of Domestic Capital Enhancing Private Investments Private sector profits high post-COVID, but investment lags behind. Public investment has surged: ₹3.4 lakh crore (FY20) → ₹10.2 lakh crore (FY25), CAGR 25%. Indian capital shows higher inclination toward foreign FDI (CAGR 12.6%) than domestic investment. Need: Reverse trend by incentivizing domestic capital deployment. Moderate Wage Growth Corporate profits at 15-year high; wages stagnating. Contractualisation reduces collective bargaining → slower real wage growth. Real wages projected to decline (FY26: 6.5% vs FY25: 7%). Importance: Higher wages → higher domestic demand → inclusive growth. Research & Development (R&D) India’s gross R&D spending: 0.64% of GDP (low vs global standards). Private sector contributes ~36% of R&D (much lower than US, China, Japan, Korea where >70%). Sector focus: Pharmaceuticals, IT, transport, defence, biotech. Need: Increase long-term innovation investment across diverse sectors. Challenges Highlighted Domestic capital prioritizes profit over national interest. Global uncertainties (tariffs, supply chain disruptions) threaten exports and aggregate demand. Wage stagnation and low R&D impede inclusive and innovation-driven growth. Private sector investments in domestic infrastructure remain subdued despite government incentives. Policy and Strategic Recommendations Unified Approach: Government and domestic capital must cooperate for macroeconomic stability. Active Private Investments: Deploy record-high profits into domestic infrastructure, industry, and public-interest projects. Inclusive Wage Policies: Ensure wage growth keeps pace with profits to boost consumption. Strengthen R&D: Encourage private sector to invest in long-term fundamental research. Domestic Demand Focus: Shift attention from purely global export orientation to internal market development. Broader Implications Economic: Domestic capital mobilisation can buffer India against global shocks. Stimulates aggregate demand and strengthens GDP growth. Social: Higher wages and employment stability reduce income inequality. Inclusive growth fosters social cohesion. Strategic: Self-reliant domestic production reduces dependence on volatile global supply chains. Aligns with “Atmanirbhar Bharat” philosophy in economic policy. Pharmaceutical Oversight Gaps and Public Health Risks: MP Cough Syrup Case Context Incident: Adulterated cough syrup Coldrif caused 20 child deaths in Madhya Pradesh, mainly in Chhindwara (17), Betul (2), and Pandhurna (1). Five children remain under treatment for kidney failure. Culprit: Sresan Pharmaceuticals (Tamil Nadu) — syrup contaminated with over 45% diethylene glycol, a toxic chemical. Timeline: Recent deaths: 2 children died on Tuesday, 1 on Monday, 17 prior deaths. States affected: Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. Relevance GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory governance of pharmaceuticals (CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS). Accountability and legal frameworks for public health. Role of judiciary in ensuring public safety. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health, toxicology, pharmaceutical quality management. Public health policy, preventive measures, emergency response systems. Importance of research and quality standards in MSME pharma. Key Issues Highlighted Drug Safety and Regulatory Compliance Schedule M (Revised): Central govt’s pharmaceutical manufacturing regulations include: Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA): Quality management methodology to investigate and resolve manufacturing issues. Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS): Digital, single-window licensing system for uniform approval processes across states. Current Status: 18 state drug authorities have adopted ONDLS. No state fully compliant with CAPA guidelines, crucial for proactive quality maintenance. 3,838 of 5,308 MSME pharma companies comply with revised Schedule M GMP. Regulatory Failures Manufacturer allegedly blacklisted earlier but still supplied syrup. Gaps in inspection and monitoring allowed toxic syrup to reach children. Legal & Ethical Dimensions Arrest of Dr. Praveen Soni (paediatrician) for prescribing the syrup triggered a doctors’ strike, highlighting: Debate over liability: prescribing vs. manufacturing. Doctors demand action against manufacturers, not individual prescribers. Special Investigation Team (SIT) formed to probe the case. Political & Social Response Congress demands judicial probe and compensation to victims’ families. State government committing to cover treatment costs. Public outrage over preventable child deaths. Underlying Causes Toxic Contaminant: Diethylene glycol — causes acute kidney failure, liver damage, death. Weak Regulatory Enforcement: Poor CAPA implementation. Incomplete adoption of ONDLS & Schedule M compliance checks. Systemic Issues in Pharma Oversight: Small and medium pharma units often inadequately monitored. Lack of real-time auditing and accountability mechanisms. Policy and Governance Dimensions Strengthen Drug Regulation Ensure full CAPA compliance across all states. Strict enforcement of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices), inspections, and penalties. Continuous monitoring via ONDLS and digital tracking of pharmaceutical products. Liability Clarity Distinguish prescriber vs manufacturer responsibility in legal and policy frameworks. Create guidelines to protect healthcare providers from undue criminalisation when prescribing approved drugs. Public Health Measures Immediate recall of toxic batches. Emergency treatment protocols for affected children. Awareness campaigns on risks of unverified or adulterated medicines. Judicial Oversight Demand for judicial probe to investigate negligence in production, approval, and distribution. Compensation mechanisms for victims and families. Long-Term Measures Strengthen pharmaceutical quality audits and lab testing infrastructure. Mandatory digital tracking of drug batches. Training and accountability for drug inspectors and regulators. By reusing old genes, bats became the only mammals able to fly Basics Mammalian limb structure: All mammals share a common five-digit limb blueprint (pentadactyl limb). Bats’ uniqueness: Only mammals capable of true powered flight, achieved via wings. Wing formation: Forelimbs elongate digits 2–5; thin skin sheet called chiropatagium stretches between them. Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Biotechnology Evolutionary biology, genetics, regulatory evolution. Developmental biology insights applicable to medicine (congenital limb disorders, syndactyly). Comparative genomics and single-cell analysis techniques. Scientific Question How do bats develop wings while sharing the same genes as other mammals? Early embryos of bats, mice, dolphins, etc., look almost identical. Key concept: Regulatory evolution — altering when, where, and how genes are activated, rather than changing gene sequences. Chiropatagium Mystery Traditionally, mammals lose skin between fingers via apoptosis (programmed cell death). Hypothesis: Bats suppressed interdigital apoptosis → wing formation. New study challenges this: apoptosis still occurs in bat wing tissue; something else must sustain the chiropatagium. Study Approach Species used: Bats (Carollia perspicillata) and mice. Methodology: Single-cell RNA sequencing of >180,000 embryonic limb cells. Created an interspecies limb atlas for developmental comparison. Computational modelling to identify cell types and gene activity. Key Findings Cell-level similarity: Bat and mouse limbs have almost identical cell types; no novel cell type was invented. Specialized fibroblasts: A population of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) is repositioned between digits in bats. These fibroblasts express transcription factors MEIS2 and TBX3, switched off in other mammals at this stage. Evolutionary co-option: Existing gene programs redeployed in a new context → new structures without new genes. Functional validation in mice: Transgenic mice expressing bat MEIS2 and TBX3 in distal limbs → fused, webbed digits resembling early bat wings. Shows regulatory changes alone can drive structural innovation. Mechanistic Insights Regulatory shifts: Key to bat wing evolution; small changes in gene timing/location produce dramatic morphological differences. Apoptosis still occurs: Wing webbing persists due to specialized fibroblasts, not apoptosis suppression. Transcription factors as “genetic dials”: MEIS2 and TBX3 are sufficient to partially activate wing-building programs. Broader Implications Evolutionary biology: Supports the concept that diverse limb morphologies (bat wings, bird wings, whale flippers, fish fins) arise from modifying universal developmental blueprints. Developmental biology & medicine: May inform understanding of syndactyly (fused digits in humans). Insights into gene regulation during limb formation could aid diagnosis and treatment of congenital limb disorders. Research tools: Single-cell RNA sequencing and cross-species analysis enable mapping of regulatory changes driving evolution. Takeaways Bat wings evolved through regulatory evolution, not new genes. Existing cell types were repurposed and strategically deployed. Small genetic shifts can yield major morphological innovations. Study demonstrates the power of transcription factors in shaping limbs across species. Highlights the potential of comparative genomics and single-cell analysis in unraveling evolutionary mechanisms. What is a supermoon? Basics Definition: A supermoon occurs when a full moon or new moon coincides with the moon’s closest approach to Earth (perigee) in its elliptical orbit. Perigee distance variation: The moon’s orbit is not a perfect circle; distance from Earth varies by ~50,000 km. Visual effect: Full moon at perigee appears ~14% larger and ~30% brighter than at apogee (farthest point). Relevance : GS3 – Science & Technology / Space Astronomy: Moon’s orbit, perigee/apogee, tidal effects. Scientific observation opportunities, satellite impact, tidal studies. GS1 – Geography (Physical) Earth-moon interactions affecting tides, coastal flooding, and oceanography. Recent Occurrences Supermoon visible on October 7, 2025. Two more supermoons expected in November and December 2025. Origin and Popularisation Term “supermoon” popularised by astrologer Richard Nolle in the 1970s. Widely adopted by astronomers and media to describe visually striking lunar events. Astronomical Significance Brightness perception: Subtle size difference may not be easily noticed with the naked eye; brightness and low-horizon view make it appear vivid. Tidal impact: Causes perigean spring tides — tides slightly higher/lower than usual. Results from moon’s stronger gravitational pull aligning with the sun. Can exacerbate coastal flooding if coinciding with storm surges. Cultural and Scientific Relevance Cultural impact: Supermoons have inspired folklore, mythology, and spiritual observances across civilizations. Scientific opportunities: Enables astronomers to observe lunar surface details more clearly. Facilitates study of tidal effects and oceanographic impacts. Offers photography opportunities due to enhanced brightness and apparent size. Key Takeaways Supermoon = astronomical + cultural phenomenon. Visual impact is enhanced near horizon; effect on tides is modest but not negligible. Highlights the interaction between celestial mechanics (moon’s orbit) and Earth phenomena (tides). Serves as a reminder of how orbital dynamics influence everyday life and culture. Pediatric Drug Safety Concerns: Coldrif Cough Syrup Contamination Incident Basics Issue: At least five states in India banned the sale, distribution, and use of Coldrif cough syrup following deaths in Madhya Pradesh linked to contaminated syrup. Cause of concern: Some samples of Coldrif were found adulterated with Diethylene Glycol (DEG, 48.6%), a toxic substance that can cause kidney injury and death. Regulatory context: The Government Analyst at the Drug Testing Laboratory, Chennai, flagged the product as potentially injurious to health. Relevance: GS2 – Governance & Public Policy Regulatory oversight of pharmaceuticals: CDSCO, Schedule M, CAPA, ONDLS. Accountability and legal frameworks for manufacturers and prescribers. GS3 – Health & Human Development Child health and safety, toxicology, adverse drug reactions. Public health policy: preventive measures, emergency treatment protocols. Types of Cough Syrups Cough suppressants: Treat dry coughs, which are distressing but non-productive. Active ingredient example: Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide. Decongestants: Treat nasal congestion, runny nose, or cough triggered by nasal drip. Can include ingredients like phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, or dexamethasone in some cases. Safety Concerns Dangers for children: Children under 6 years are particularly at risk if syrup is contaminated. Over-the-counter syrups may not be safe without strict medical supervision. In India, unlike the US, OTC cough syrups are widely available; parents often self-administer. Adverse effects: Overdose can cause sedation, drowsiness, heart rate issues, nausea, or addiction (in adolescents). DEG contamination can lead to kidney failure. Dosage guidance: Administer only under a pediatrician’s prescription. Dosage usually calculated in mg/kg body weight, not household teaspoons. Special caution for children under 4 years. Regulatory & Manufacturing Issues Past bans: Several states banned syrups containing dextromethorphan after deaths of children. Manufacturer responsibility: Contamination often arises from using cheap, industrial-grade chemicals (e.g., DEG as solvent). Companies should ensure safe, pharmaceutical-grade solvents and packaging. Doctor’s role: Only prescribe when medically necessary; do not self-medicate children. Improper use by parents can lead to serious harm. Alternatives for Cough Relief Dexamethasone: Anti-inflammatory; used under medical supervision. Phenylephrine & Chlorpheniramine: Second-line antihistamines; suitable for children over 2 years. Non-medicinal: Saline nasal drops, humidified air, adequate hydration. Systemic & Public Health Lessons Digital drug licensing: Adoption of Online National Drugs Licensing System (ONDLS) exists, but compliance with Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) guidelines is incomplete. Policy gap: States must ensure strict adherence to drug safety norms, especially for pediatric formulations. Parental awareness: Critical to avoid self-administration and check expiry, packaging, and manufacturer legitimacy. Key Takeaways Pediatric cough syrup can be dangerous if contaminated or misused. Proper prescription, dosage, and manufacturer quality are crucial. Regulatory oversight (CAPA & ONDLS) must be strengthened to prevent tragedies. Safer alternatives and parental education are essential for child health protection. India-UK ties: much to build on Context British PM Keir Starmer visiting India (Oct 2025) for two days; first visit since assuming office in July 2024. Visit is reciprocal: follows PM Modi’s UK visit in July 2025. During Modi’s UK visit, India-UK Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed. The FTA has bipartisan support in the UK, reflecting continuity in India-UK relations despite domestic political changes. Boris Johnson initiated FTA negotiations in 2022; Starmer pursued early conclusion after Labour’s election win. Relevance : GS2 – International Relations Bilateral trade and diplomatic ties; strategic partnership with the UK. GS3 – Economy & Science & Technology FTA, trade volumes, investment, innovation hubs, joint R&D in AI/quantum. Defence tech collaboration, emerging technologies, and industrial growth. Strategic & Political Significance India-UK ties offer stability and predictability in an uncertain global environment (e.g., US policy unpredictability). Starmer prioritizes India as a key bilateral partner, signaling long-term strategic interest. The Vision 2035 document provides a roadmap for comprehensive bilateral cooperation. Vision 2035: Key Pillars Economic Growth & Trade – mutual prosperity goals. Education & Skills Partnership – joint programs, talent mobility. Tourism & Culture – expanding soft power engagement. Science & Technology Cooperation – joint research, innovation, AI, quantum technology. Defence & Security – co-development of advanced technologies. Climate & Critical Economic Cooperation – joint initiatives on sustainable development and tech transfer. Economic Cooperation Bilateral trade (goods + services) ~£38 billion by 2023-end; aim to double in 10 years. UK investments in India increased by 120% since 2016. Indian exports to the UK valued at ~£15 billion. Early FTA “harvest deals” resolved issues like Indian whisky exports. FTA expected to enhance market access, reduce tariffs, and facilitate investment flows. Research & Innovation India-UK Science and Innovation Council (SIC) oversees bilateral R&D collaboration biennially. UK = India’s second largest research & innovation partner; 400+ collaborative projects; £300–400 million joint programmes. May 2024: 20 AI and quantum grants announced, reinforcing focus on emerging tech. UK-India Innovation Hub at University of Surrey; AI Innovation branch campus at GIFT IFSC, Gujarat. Defence Cooperation Defence Industrial Roadmap launched July 2024: joint research and co-development of future defence systems. Focus areas: jet engines, maritime power, cybersecurity, complex weapons. Participation by major UK companies: Rolls-Royce, BAE Systems. Framework planned for SMEs, startups, and defence manufacturers. Education & Skills Mobility 140,000 Indian students in the UK.   Migration and Mobility Pathway (July 2025) facilitates: Transition from studies to graduate jobs. Easier entry for dependents and family reunification. Young Professionals Scheme: ~3,000 Indian professionals migrate annually to the UK. Connectivity & Cultural Exchange Aviation links: direct Mumbai–Manchester flights; restored and streamlined services (March 2024). Fast-track public services: visa, health services enhanced (March 2024). Film Co-Production Framework: updated July 2024; simplifies procedures and incentives for joint India-UK film projects. Comprehensive Overview Economic: FTA expected to deepen trade, diversify investment, and strengthen supply chains, especially in goods, services, and whisky exports. Technological: Collaboration in AI, quantum, and innovation hubs positions both nations for future competitiveness. Defence & Security: Joint R&D roadmap enhances strategic autonomy and interoperability. Education & Talent: Mobility pathways and professional schemes support human capital flow. Soft Power & Culture: Film and tourism partnerships enhance mutual cultural influence. Strategic Implication: In a multipolar, uncertain world, India-UK relations offer a stable, predictable partnership, potentially serving as a model for other bilateral ties.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 07 October 2025

Content Leprosy in India: The Road to a Disease-Free Future ICG conducts 10th NATPOLREX-X & 27th NOSDCP off Chennai Coast Leprosy in India: The Road to a Disease-Free Future Why in News ? As of March 2025, India has sustained leprosy elimination status nationally with 31 States and 638 districts achieving prevalence rate <1/10,000 population. Leprosy prevalence dropped from 57.2 (1981) to 0.57 (2025) per 10,000 population — a 99% reduction. Child cases reduced from 9.04% (2014–15) to 4.68% (2024–25) — key indicator of interrupted transmission. India’s National Strategic Plan (NSP) and Roadmap for Leprosy 2023–27 aims for zero indigenous cases by 2030. Relevance GS-2 (Health & Social Justice): NLEP, NHM integration, anti-discrimination, digital trackin (Nikusth 2.0), WHO alignment. GS-3 (Science & Tech): Vaccine research, AMR surveillance, ICT-based monitoring. GS-1 (Society): Stigma reduction, social inclusion, awareness campaigns. What is Leprosy ? Causative agent: Mycobacterium leprae (chronic bacterial infection). Transmission: Respiratory droplets during prolonged contact with untreated patients. Organs affected: Skin, peripheral nerves, eyes, upper respiratory tract. Types: Paucibacillary (PB): Few bacilli, mild infection. Multibacillary (MB): High bacilli density, severe infection. Symptoms: Discoloured skin patches, loss of sensation, non-healing ulcers, deformities in limbs and face. Treatment: Multi-Drug Therapy (MDT) introduced in 1983: Rifampicin, Clofazimine, and Dapsone — provided free by WHO. Prevents disability if diagnosed early. Evolution of India’s Leprosy Programme Phase I: Control (1955–1982) National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP, 1955): Focus on Survey, Education, and Treatment (SET). Relied on dapsone monotherapy, provided through domiciliary care. 1970s: Became a centrally sponsored scheme during Fourth FYP. Strengthened NGO participation; house-to-house surveys and community education initiated. Prevalence in 1951: 38.1/10,000 (13.74 lakh cases). Phase II: Eradication (1983–2004) National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP, 1983): Integration of MDT (endorsed by WHO, 1982). Shift from control to eradication approach. Impact: Prevalence reduced from 57.2 (1981) → 2.4 (2004) per 10,000. Grade II deformities declined from 20% (1981) → 1.5% (2004). World Bank projects (1993–2004): Funded community participation and IEC innovations. Focus on women, tribals, urban poor. 2005: India achieved elimination as a public health problem nationally (<1/10,000 prevalence). Phase III: Sustaining Elimination (2005–Present) Core Strategies under NLEP Free diagnosis and MDT for all cases. Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP): Single dose rifampicin (SDR) for contacts of leprosy patients. Early Case Detection Campaigns (ECDC): Leprosy Case Detection Campaign (LCDC) – Door-to-door surveys. Focused Leprosy Campaigns – Targeted surveillance in affected clusters. ABSULS – ASHA-Based Surveillance for Leprosy Suspects (grassroots detection). Disability Prevention and Medical Rehabilitation (DPMR): Distribution of MCR footwear, Self-care kits, aids and appliances, ₹12,000 compensation for reconstructive surgery-related wage loss. Community Awareness: Sparsh Leprosy Awareness Campaign on Anti-Leprosy Day. Digitalization: Nikusth 2.0 (2023): ICT-based portal for patient tracking and drug logistics. Anti-Discrimination Drive: States encouraged to repeal discriminatory laws against leprosy. Institutional and Legal Strengthening Integration with NHM: Centrally sponsored scheme under National Health Mission. Inclusion in national health platforms: Screening integrated with Ayushman Bharat (30+ years), RBSK, and RKSK. AMR Surveillance: National Anti-Microbial Resistance Surveillance for Leprosy launched in 2023. Mental Health Integration: National Framework for Integration of Mental Health Services for Leprosy Patients (2023). Revised Treatment Regimen (2025): Triple-drug therapy standardized for both PB & MB cases. Focus on PVTGs: Nikusth 2.0 tagging for PVTGs across 17 States under PM-JANMAN. Quantitative Outcomes (As of 2025) Indicator 2014–15 2024–25 % Change Prevalence rate (per 10,000) 0.69 0.57 ↓17% New case detection rate (per 100,000) 9.73 7.0 ↓28% Child cases among new detections 9.04% 4.68% ↓48% Grade II disability rate (per million) 4.68 1.88 ↓60% PEP coverage 71% (2019–20) 92% (2024–25) ↑21% LCDC cases detected (FY 2024–25) — 27,428 —   Top endemic states: Chhattisgarh (1.80), Jharkhand (1.46), Odisha (1.37), Maharashtra (1.12). Lowest prevalence: Meghalaya (0.03), Manipur (0.05), J&K (0.07). National Strategic Plan & Roadmap (2023–2027) Aligned with: WHO Global Leprosy Strategy 2021–2030 & WHO NTD Roadmap 2021–2030. Goal: Interrupt transmission by 2027 and achieve zero indigenous cases by 2030. Strategic Pillars: Accelerated case detection (targeted approach). Intensified surveillance and digitalization (Nikusth 2.0). Chemoprophylaxis for all contacts. Vaccine introduction (under evaluation). Anti-microbial resistance & adverse drug monitoring. Post-treatment surveillance & integrated rehabilitation. Behavioural change communication (BCC) to eliminate stigma. Repeal discriminatory laws. Multi-disease service integration and retention of leprosy expertise. International Cooperation WHO: Free MDT drug supply, technical guidance, evaluation, and training. Supported MLECs, COMBI (Bihar), and surveillance. World Bank: Funded community-oriented projects (1993–2004). ILEP, GPZL, Sasakawa Health Foundation, ALERT India, Schieffelin Institute, Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh: Strengthened IEC, rehabilitation, and advocacy against stigma. Global Recognition: WHO dropped India (2006) from the list of non-eliminated countries. India featured in The Global Appeal annually since 2006. Key Challenges Residual endemic pockets in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha. Persistent social stigma and legal discrimination in some states. Post-COVID disruption to active case detection and surveillance. Need for new diagnostics and vaccine development. Underreporting due to stigma and private sector data gaps. Way Forward Whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach integrating NHM, AYUSH, and social justice mechanisms. Sustain early detection through ASHA and digital surveillance tools. Enhance rehab and mental health support for affected persons. Focus on zero child cases for five consecutive years as proof of interrupted transmission. Policy integration: NLEP to merge with broader Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) platform. Continued international partnerships for research and innovation. Conclusion India’s leprosy control is a global public health success, reflecting: 99% drop in prevalence (1981–2025). 98% decline in patients under treatment. From stigma to integration: India’s journey aligns medical success with social justice. However, elimination ≠ eradication — vigilance must continue. With political will, digital innovation (Nikusth 2.0), community participation, and global collaboration, India is poised to achieve zero transmission by 2030, marking a historic humanitarian milestone in global disease elimination. ICG conducts 10th NATPOLREX-X & 27th NOSDCP off Chennai Coast Why in News Indian Coast Guard (ICG) conducted 10th National Level Pollution Response Exercise (NATPOLREX-X) and 27th National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP) meeting off Chennai coast on October 5–6, 2025. 40 foreign observers from 32 countries and 105 national delegates participated. Aimed to test and strengthen national preparedness and inter-agency coordination for marine oil spill response. Relevance GS-3 (Environment & Disaster Management): Marine pollution control, NOSDCP framework, coastal resilience, SDG-14, Blue Economy. GS-2 (Governance & IR): Inter-agency coordination, institutional roles (ICG, ministries), international maritime cooperation. Background & Institutional Context Indian Coast Guard (ICG) is the Central Coordinating Authority for oil spill response since March 1986. NOSDCP (National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan): Drafted by ICG and approved in 1993. Provides a national framework for preparedness and response to oil spills. Supported by four Pollution Response (PR) Centres: Mumbai, Chennai, Port Blair, Vadinar (Gujarat). NATPOLREX is a biennial flagship exercise under NOSDCP. Tests operational readiness, equipment efficacy, and joint coordination among agencies. Objectives of NATPOLREX-X Assess national capability to detect, contain, and clean up oil spills. Evaluate coordination between ICG, central ministries, coastal states, and ports. Validate communication, logistics, and decision-making protocols. Strengthen international collaboration and knowledge sharing in marine environmental protection. Key Highlights of NATPOLREX-X (2025 Edition) First-ever shoreline clean-up drill at Marina Beach, Chennai. Conducted by Greater Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, State Disaster Management Authority, Police, and other state agencies. ICG Asset Deployment: Pollution Control Vessels (PCVs) Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs) Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs) Chetak helicopters and Dornier aircraft for aerial surveillance and dispersant spraying. Supervision: Exercise overseen by DG Paramesh Sivamani, Director General, ICG & Chairperson, NOSDCP. Reviewed response coordination, operational efficiency, and inter-agency synergy. Technical Sessions – Contemporary Focus Areas Nurdle Spills and their Environmental Impact: Microplastic pollution from plastic pellets. Case Studies on Hazardous & Noxious Substances (HNS). Post-Spill Monitoring & Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA). Shoreline Cleanup Lessons from MV MSC ELSA 3 Incident. Provided a platform for scientists, policymakers, and experts to exchange best practices and recovery strategies. National and International Participation Attended by: Central ministries, Coastal State Governments, Major Ports, Oil Handling Agencies, Maritime Organizations, and Foreign Observers. 32 countries represented — enhancing global cooperation in marine spill management. Reinforced India’s regional leadership role in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) for maritime environmental protection. Strategic and Policy Significance India imports over 75% of its crude oil by sea → oil spill preparedness is strategically critical. Exercise enhances energy security resilience and environmental safety. Aligns with PM Modi’s Aatmanirbhar Bharat vision: Showcased indigenous pollution response technology and Make in India maritime assets. Encouraged self-reliance in environmental response systems. Broader Environmental and Governance Linkages Supports Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14 – Life Below Water. Integrates with Blue Economy framework through marine pollution control. Promotes inter-agency collaboration among: ICG, MoEFCC, MoPNG, Shipping Ministry, and Coastal States. Enhances marine biodiversity protection and resilience of coastal ecosystems. Outcome and Way Forward Validated the multi-layered pollution response mechanism of the ICG. Improved response coordination protocols across agencies and ports. Strengthened international engagement for capacity building in the Indian Ocean Region. Will feed into updating the NOSDCP 2026–2030 roadmap, incorporating: New technologies (AI-based surveillance, satellite mapping). Local community participation in shoreline response. Conclusion NATPOLREX-X (2025) marks a milestone in India’s marine environmental governance. Reinforces India’s commitment to clean oceans, climate resilience, and maritime sustainability. Positions ICG as a regional hub for pollution response expertise under the broader Indo-Pacific cooperation framework.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 07 October 2025

Content Calling out the criticism of the Indian judiciary Ensure compliance Calling out the criticism of the Indian judiciary Why in News Sanjeev Sanyal, member of the Prime Minister’s Economic Advisory Council, recently claimed that India’s judicial system is the single biggest hurdle to achieving Viksit Bharat within 25 years. This sparked debate on whether judicial inefficiency or governmental failures actually impede India’s development. Relevance: GS 2: Polity & GovernanceStructure, Organization, and Functioning of the JudiciarySeparation of Powers between various organs Practice Question : Judicial delay is often a symptom of deeper governance and legislative inefficiencies rather than a cause. Critically examine this statement in light of recent debates over the judiciary’s role in India’s development. (250 words) Core Issue A growing narrative is blaming courts for slowing economic progress. Such oversimplified criticism ignores deeper governance and legislative failures. Problems with the Claim Misinformed criticism: Courts are portrayed as lazy and over-vacationed — misleading and factually incorrect. False attribution: Delays stem from systemic weaknesses, not solely judicial inefficiency. Judiciary mirrors governance failure: Courts reflect the broader administrative and legislative shortcomings of the State. Structural Realities of the Judiciary Workload: Judges handle 50–100 cases daily; preparation, drafting, and research continue beyond court hours. Vacations: Used to write reserved judgments; vacation benches function throughout. Vacancies: Severe shortage of judges compounds case pendency — among the highest in the world. Legislative and Executive Failures Feeding Delays Poorly drafted laws:Vague, inconsistent, and optics-driven legislation creates confusion and litigation. Example: Section 12A, Commercial Courts Act (2015) — mandatory pre-suit mediation, a parliamentary, not judicial creation. Excessive government litigation: Government = India’s largest litigant. Ministries and tax authorities appeal routine orders up to the Supreme Court. Public servants and pensioners forced to litigate for basic entitlements. The “99-to-1 Problem”: Laws overdesigned to prevent misuse by a few — a legislative flaw, not a judicial one. Illustrations of Flawed Lawmaking Criminal Law Reforms 2023: Cosmetic renaming of IPC/CrPC/Evidence Act to Sanhitas without true structural reform. New Income-Tax Act (2025): Claimed “simplification” adds greater complexity; replacing ‘notwithstanding’ with ‘irrespective’ increases ambiguity — old problems in new form. The Lower Judiciary Crisis Real delays and inefficiencies occur in district and subordinate courts, where most citizens interact with justice. Infrastructure outdated, vacancies high, digital systems uneven — chronic bottlenecks persist. Broader Constitutional Context Courts’ role: Serve as checks on executive and legislative excess, not mere instruments of “speedy governance.” Democracy vs. Development: Judicial independence and due process are essential pillars of real development. Way Forward Judicial reform must focus on: Filling vacancies swiftly. Modernising court infrastructure and digital systems. Curbing government litigation through pre-screening and accountability. Improving legislative drafting for clarity and precision. Shift from blame narrative to systemic accountability and institutional reform. Takeaway India’s judiciary is imperfect but indispensable. The true hurdles to Viksit Bharat lie in bad lawmaking, bureaucratic inertia, and unrestrained government litigation, not the courts. Real reform begins with governance, not judicial scapegoating. Data and Facts Case Pendency and Workload Supreme Court: 80,963 cases pending as of March 2025; reached 88,047 in August 2025, showing a net increase. High Courts: 62,46,095 cases pending. District & Subordinate Courts: 4,67,69,935 cases pending. District/Subordinate Courts Output: Over 32 crore orders/judgments issued; 4.6 crore cases still pending nationwide (mid-2025). Judges and Vacancies Total Judges: About 21,000 (≈15 judges per million population). Law Commission Recommendation: 50 judges per million. Vacancies: High Courts: 33% District Courts: 21% Workload and Diversity High Caseload per Judge: Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Kerala district courts report 4,000+ cases per judge. Women in Judiciary: District Courts: 38% judges are women. Police Force: 8% of officers are women, but 78% of police stations have Women Help Desks. Judicial Infrastructure Court Halls: Increased to 22,062 (2025) from 15,818 (2014). Residential Units: Expanded substantially for judicial officers. Indicates significant investment in infrastructure under e-Courts and modernization initiatives. Speed and Efficiency Supreme Court: Disposal rate fluctuates with working days and case priorities. Fast Track Courts: 725 operational, including 392 exclusive POCSO courts. 3.34 lakh+ cases disposed of (2025). Focus on vulnerable groups and gender-based crimes. Ensure compliance Context and Background Aatmanirbhar Bharat aims to make India self-reliant across key sectors, including pharmaceutical manufacturing, a global strength for India. However, recurring incidents of substandard drug quality, especially cough syrups, threaten India’s credibility as the “pharmacy of the world.” Relevance: GS 2: Governance, Health, and Policy Implementation GS 3: Science & Technology, Economy, and Public HealthHealth Sector ReformsRegulatory Mechanisms in Pharmaceutical Sector Practice Question : “Aatmanirbhar Bharat cannot be achieved by manufacturing alone; it demands uncompromising quality assurance.” Discuss with reference to India’s pharmaceutical sector. (250 words) Recent Trigger Union Health Ministry has sought strict compliance with revised Schedule M norms under the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules. This came after the Tamil Nadu Drugs Control Department found Diethylene Glycol (DEG) above permissible limits in Coldrif cough syrup. The syrup was linked to the deaths of at least 14 children in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Investigation Findings DEG detected in one batch by Tamil Nadu authorities despite the Health Ministry initially ruling it out in other samples. The manufacturing facility violated several Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). The contamination occurred due to use of non-pharmacopoeial grade propylene glycol, leading to DEG and ethylene glycol contamination — both nephrotoxic (kidney-damaging) substances. CDSCO recommended cancellation of the company’s manufacturing licence. A doctor who prescribed the syrup to many deceased children was arrested. Larger Structural Concerns India’s drug regulation and quality control systems remain reactive, not preventive. Lax enforcement, weak inter-State coordination, and infrequent inspections enable recurring quality lapses. Regulatory authorities often act only after fatalities occur, not when early warning signs emerge. Existing Frameworks India already has a Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) framework. Schedule M (revised) sets stringent production, hygiene, and record-keeping norms for all pharmaceutical manufacturers. However, implementation and enforcement remain inconsistent across States. Editorial’s Core Argument India must adopt a zero-tolerance policy for substandard drugs. “Hawk-like monitoring” and regular surprise inspections of manufacturing facilities are essential. Enforcement should be strict and continuous, not incident-driven. Every violation, irrespective of scale, must attract swift punitive action to create deterrence. Broader Implications Incidents of poor-quality drugs tarnish India’s global image as a trusted pharma exporter. Such lapses threaten public health, international trade credibility, and domestic confidence in healthcare systems. A robust quality control and regulatory mechanism is integral to achieving Aatmanirbhar Bharat and export competitiveness. Way Forward Institutional reforms: Strengthen the CDSCO and State-level drug regulators through manpower, training, and funding. Transparent inspections: Mandate real-time publication of inspection and test results. Strict penal action: Revoke licences, prosecute offenders, and ensure criminal liability for negligent manufacturers. Technology-enabled monitoring: Implement digital traceability systems for raw materials and drug batches. Public accountability: Ensure citizen reporting mechanisms for adverse drug reactions or suspected poor-quality drugs. Key Takeaway Self-reliance without safety undermines credibility. To truly achieve Aatmanirbhar Bharat, India must match manufacturing capacity with uncompromising quality control. Preventive vigilance, not post-crisis action, must define India’s pharmaceutical regulatory ethos.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 07 October 2025

Content Crimes against Children Surge in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala Securities Transaction Tax (STT) Challenge: Analysis Medicine Nobel for Scientists Who Demystified the Immune System MGNREGA Norms Tweaked for Water Projects Scientific Research in Resource-Constrained Settings: Challenges and Adaptations Why the Immune System Doesn’t Attack the Body Crimes against children surge in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala Why in News The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2023 data shows a sharp rise in crimes against children in Assam, Rajasthan, and Kerala. The increase is significant compared to the national average rise of 25%, prompting policy, media, and governance attention. The trends highlight issues in child protection, legal enforcement, and reporting mechanisms. Relevance : GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Child protection policies and mechanisms Legal reforms like POCSO Act, Prohibition of Child Marriage Act Role of state machinery in prevention, rescue, and rehabilitation GS-3 (Social Issues & Internal Security): Trends in crimes against children Reporting mechanisms and classification of offences Targeted interventions for vulnerable groups Overall National Trend National increase in crimes against children (2018–2023): 25%. Focus States: Assam, Kerala, Rajasthan — all exceeding the national average. State Average Cases (2018–2022) Cases in 2023 % Increase Assam 5,100 10,000 ~100% Kerala 2,800 5,900 106% Rajasthan 6,200 10,500 70% State-wise Drivers of the Rise Assam Main Cause: Crackdown on child marriage. Data: Cases under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006: 2020–2022: ~150 cases/year 2023: 5,267 cases Share of child marriage cases in total crimes against children: 52% (2023) vs 3–4% previously. Insight: Rise reflects active enforcement, not necessarily a spike in incidence. Rajasthan Drivers: Reclassification under POCSO Act, 2012 Shifted from IPC Section 376 (rape) to POCSO provisions. Cases under Sections 4 & 6 of POCSO read with IPC Section 376: 3 → 3,500+ cases (2022–2023). Indicates more accurate classification, alongside a real increase in offences. Kidnapping and abduction: Cases under child kidnapping/abduction provisions rose sharply. Share in total crimes against children: >54% (2023). Kerala Drivers: POCSO cases surge due to improved classification and reporting. Increase reflects both better detection and possibly a genuine rise in offences. Broader Observations Reporting vs Incidence: Higher numbers may partly reflect improved reporting and classification rather than purely higher crime rates. POCSO Act 2012 Impact: Enhanced legal focus on child sexual offences. Uniform classification helps in policy formulation and tracking. Policy Implication: States need better child protection mechanisms, rapid response teams, and awareness programs. NCRB data aids in targeted interventions and resource allocation. Key Takeaways Assam, Kerala, and Rajasthan are high-alert states for child protection interventions. Legal reforms like POCSO Act implementation improve classification, monitoring, and enforcement. Policy focus should balance prevention, rescue, rehabilitation, and reporting mechanisms. Data-driven approach is crucial to distinguish between reporting artefacts and real increase in crimes. Securities Transaction Tax (STT) Challenge Why in News The Supreme Court of India has issued notices on a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the Securities Transaction Tax (STT). The petitioner claims STT violates fundamental rights, particularly: Article 14: Right to equality Article 19(1)(g): Right to trade or profession Article 21: Right to live with dignity The case has drawn attention because it could impact stock market regulation, direct taxation, and financial market participants. Relevance GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Constitutional rights: Article 14, 19(1)(g), 21 Role of judiciary in reviewing legislative competence GS-3 (Economy & Finance): Taxation policy and financial market regulation Double taxation, equity and efficiency in taxation Basics of STT Introduction: STT was introduced in 2004 under the Finance Act. Purpose: To curb tax evasion in securities markets. Applied on transactions on listed stock exchanges. Nature of Tax: Levied on all securities transactions, including buying and selling shares, derivatives, and equity mutual funds. Charged irrespective of profit or loss, unlike income tax which is applied on net profit. Key Claims in the Petition Double Taxation: STT is levied even when capital gains tax is paid on the profit from the same transaction. Example: If a trader earns ₹1 lakh profit: Capital Gains Tax (CGT) applies STT is additionally charged, increasing the effective tax burden. Punitive Nature: Tax is applied even on loss-making trades, unlike most Indian taxes which are profit-linked. Viewed as deterrent to free trade. Violation of Fundamental Rights: The petitioner argues STT infringes the right to earn a livelihood and equal treatment under law. No refund or adjustment mechanism like TDS in salaried income exists for STT. Legal Context Current Framework: STT is mandated under Finance Act, 2004, applied to: Equity shares Derivatives Equity-oriented mutual funds Collected at the time of transaction, automatically deducted by brokers. Comparative Mechanism: TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) for salaried individuals can be adjusted/refunded annually. STT has no such provision, making it unique and potentially punitive. Broader Implications Financial Market Impact: If SC strikes down or modifies STT, it could reduce compliance burden for traders. Potentially increase trading volume and liquidity in stock markets. Government Revenue: STT revenue in FY 2023-24: ~₹9,500 crore (approximate, from Union Budget data). Challenging STT could affect direct tax revenue from securities transactions. Policy Debate: Balances tax collection efficiency vs fundamental rights. Raises questions on design of financial market taxation in India. Medicine Nobel for scientists who demystified the immune system Why in News The 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan), Mary Brunkow, and Fred Ramsdell (USA). Recognition is for discoveries related to the human immune system, particularly regulatory T cells (Tregs) and peripheral immune tolerance. Significance: Findings have paved the way for novel therapies in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplantation. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Advances in immunology and biotechnology Implications for healthcare, personalized medicine, and public health GS-2/3 (Ethics & Innovation): Research ethics, translational research, and equitable access to advanced therapies Human Immune System Components: B cells: Produce antibodies to neutralize pathogens. T cells: Mediate cellular immunity; can kill infected cells or regulate immune response. Neutrophils & Macrophages: Innate immune cells; engulf pathogens. Function: Identify and eliminate foreign antigens while maintaining tolerance to self-cells. Tolerance: Prevents immune system from attacking body’s own tissues. Two types: Central tolerance: Elimination of self-reactive T cells in thymus. Peripheral tolerance: Mechanisms outside the thymus, ensuring immune cells do not attack self-cells in circulation. Key Discoveries by the Laureates Shimon Sakaguchi (1995): Identified a previously unknown class of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. Showed these cells suppress autoimmunity by controlling other T cells. Introduced the concept of peripheral immune tolerance beyond central tolerance. Mary Brunkow & Fred Ramsdell (2001): Discovered that mutations in the Foxp3 gene cause severe autoimmune disease (IPEX syndrome) in humans. Demonstrated the mechanistic link between Foxp3 and Tregs, establishing Tregs as the immune system’s “security guards.” Mechanism of Peripheral Immune Tolerance Regulatory T Cells (Tregs): Express Foxp3 gene. Monitor and regulate other immune cells to prevent self-reactivity. Deficiency or mutation leads to autoimmune disorders, where the body attacks its own tissues. Impact on Disease: Cancer: Manipulating Tregs can boost anti-tumor immunity. Autoimmune Diseases: Treg-targeted therapies reduce abnormal immune attacks (e.g., Type 1 diabetes, IPEX). Transplantation: Enhances graft acceptance by controlling immune rejection. Clinical & Research Significance Peripheral Tolerance: Launched a new field of research. Medical Applications: Novel immunotherapies for cancer (checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T). Treatments for autoimmune diseases (immune modulation via Tregs). Organ transplantation: Reduces rejection risk. Ongoing Research: Several therapies targeting Tregs are in clinical trials. Broader Scientific Context Previously, immune tolerance was thought to occur only through central tolerance (elimination in thymus). Discoveries reveal multi-layered immune regulation, highlighting: Complexity of immune system Need for balance between immunity against pathogens and self-tolerance Showcases how basic research can translate into therapeutic breakthroughs. Numbers & Facts Foxp3 mutations: Cause IPEX syndrome, a rare but life-threatening autoimmune disorder. Treg discovery timeline: 1995: Sakaguchi identifies Tregs in mice 2001: Brunkow & Ramsdell link Foxp3 mutations to autoimmune disease Clinical trials: Multiple Treg-based therapies underway globally for autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation. MGNREGA Norms Tweaked for Water Projects Why in News The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) revised the Schedule-I norms of MGNREGA to increase allocation and spending on water conservation, water harvesting, and water-related rural works. Objective: Address groundwater depletion and promote productive assets, aligning MGNREGA with climate resilience and agriculture sustainability. Relevance GS-3 (Economy & Rural Development): MGNREGA implementation, rural employment, and resource allocation. Water conservation and sustainable agriculture linkages. GS-3 (Environment & Ecology): Groundwater depletion, water security, and climate-resilient infrastructure. GS-2 (Governance): Policy reforms, targeted fund allocation, and state-level planning under a central scheme. What is MGNREGA? Full form: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005. Purpose: Provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per rural household annually. Scope: Rural works under employment guarantee are funded by the Central Government. Work types: infrastructure creation, water conservation, land development, afforestation, etc. Key provision: Minimum wage payment for 100 days per household, with priority to the poorest and most vulnerable. What Changed in the Norms? Previous rules: Funds could be spent flexibly across sectors; water-related works had a maximum 30–35% allocation. New rules: Minimum 60% of MGNREGA funds at the district/block level must go to water conservation, water harvesting, and water-related works. Other works (productive assets, agriculture-related, and livelihood-focused) will compete for the remaining allocation. Reason for change: To create productive assets that directly support agriculture and rural income. Responds to Prime Minister’s directive emphasizing water security. Classification of Blocks Blocks categorized based on groundwater extraction: Semi-critical: groundwater depletion moderate; some intervention needed. Critical: severe depletion; urgent intervention needed. Over-exploited: excessive extraction; recharge and conservation critical. Funding priority: Blocks with over-exploited or critical status get the majority of MGNREGA allocations. Objective: replenish groundwater and improve agricultural productivity. Financial Implications Allocation: About ₹35,000 crore earmarked for water-related works under MGNREGA. State-wise impact: Priority to states with over-exploited or critical blocks. Example: Rajasthan (214 blocks), Punjab (115), Tamil Nadu (106), Haryana (88), Uttar Pradesh (59). Rationale Behind the Move Groundwater depletion: Over 70% of blocks in over-exploited or critical zones face declining water tables. Agriculture support: Water conservation critical for irrigation, crop resilience, and rural livelihoods. Climate resilience: Addresses rainfall variability and drought-prone areas. Prime Minister’s push: Aligns MGNREGA with productive asset creation, beyond mere wage employment. Strategic and Policy Implications MGNREGA as a multi-purpose tool: Provides employment Builds climate-resilient infrastructure Supports water security and agriculture productivity Monitoring and implementation: Focus on district/block-level planning Ensures targeted interventions in critical areas Expected outcome: Improve groundwater recharge Ensure sustainable agriculture and livelihoods Reduce rural migration due to water scarcity Scientific Research in Resource-Constrained Settings: Challenges and Adaptations Why in News Highlighted at the Student Conference on Conservation Science (Bengaluru, September 2025) by Dr. Sammy Wambua, conservation genomics scientist from Pwani University, Kenya. Focus: How researchers in the Global South, including India and Kenya, navigate bureaucratic, financial, and technological obstacles. Relevance: Highlights systemic issues in Indian scientific research and points toward South-South collaboration and innovative solutions. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Challenges in scientific research infrastructure, technology adoption, and funding. Role of innovation and collaboration in overcoming systemic barriers. GS-2/3 (Governance & Policy): Regulatory bottlenecks and procurement rules in government-funded research institutions. Importance of policy reform and accountability. Context of Scientific Research in the Global South Scientific research in developing countries faces structural barriers: Bureaucratic red tape Limited funding Expensive and rapidly evolving equipment Yet, researchers continue work through innovation, improvisation, and collaborations. Indian and African scientists face similar challenges, making comparative learning relevant. Bureaucratic Challenges Multiple overlapping policies and opaque approval processes stall research. Oral directives can override written rules; official communication often silent or delayed. Example: Wildlife permits in India: delays of up to 8 months, even when legally allowed. DNA sequencing procurement in public universities: cycles often exceed six months, leading to obsolete equipment. Dr. Wambua advocates that government offices should function like service counters: transparent, clear, and proactive. Funding Constraints Postgraduate scholarships and project funding often delayed or denied. Indian context: Fellowships disbursed months late, forcing students into teaching or personal loans. Workarounds: Partner with NGOs or conservation organizations to link research outcomes with capacity building. Ensure research budgets cover student fees and stipends. Technological Limitations Equipment such as DNA sequencers are expensive (tens of lakhs INR) and quickly become outdated. Workarounds: Ship samples to labs abroad for processing using state-of-the-art facilities. Leverage international collaborations to access cutting-edge technology. Collaborative Solutions Frameworks of Collaboration: Provisional agreements allow work to start while formal MoUs are processed. International collaborations: Essential to bridge funding and technology gaps. Facilitate knowledge transfer and capacity building. South-South collaboration emphasis: Pooling resources among African and Asian countries can align research priorities and avoid isolated, ineffective efforts. Indian Context and Jugaad Procurement rules: “Lowest price” norms create challenges for specialized reagents. Recent reforms: direct purchase limit increased from ₹1 lakh → ₹2 lakh; VCs can approve tenders up to ₹200 crore. Jugaad culture: Scientists develop quick fixes to overcome bureaucratic hurdles, e.g., sitting in offices, improvising timelines. Publication metrics: 2014–2023: Indian agricultural scientists coauthored ~2,100 papers with US institutions → 33,000+ citations. Shows international collaboration boosts visibility and impact. Lessons and Recommendations Transparency and responsiveness: Governments should provide real-time updates on permits, approvals, and funding. Flexible procurement: Simplify processes for specialized equipment and reagents. Collaborative networks: Encourage cross-border research frameworks (South-South and North-South). Pool resources and share facilities to mitigate technology and funding constraints. Innovation and resilience: Researchers can sustain work using creative problem-solving, persistence, and networking. Broader Implications Ensures equitable science by enabling researchers from resource-constrained settings to contribute globally. Addresses systemic gaps in Indian scientific ecosystem: bureaucracy, funding delays, and outdated rules. Highlights need for policy reforms in research funding, procurement, and international collaboration. Why the Immune System Doesn’t Attack the Body Basics of the Immune System The immune system defends the body against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and harmful molecules. Key players: T cells, a type of white blood cell, coordinate immune responses and destroy infected cells. Problem: How does the immune system avoid attacking the body’s own healthy cells? This is called immune tolerance. Relevance GS-3 (Science & Technology): Advances in immunology and biotechnology Implications for healthcare, personalized medicine, and public health GS-2/3 (Ethics & Innovation): Research ethics, translational research, and equitable access to advanced therapies The Discovery By the 1980s, scientists hypothesized the existence of a special type of T cell that prevents the immune system from attacking itself. These were later identified as regulatory T cells (Tregs), also known as “police” T cells. Function of Tregs: Suppress overactive immune responses. Maintain tolerance to self-antigens. Prevent autoimmune diseases (conditions where the body attacks itself). Key Experiments Shimon Sakaguchi’s study (1995): Surgically removed the thymus (T cell maturation site) in newborn mice. Result: Mice developed autoimmune conditions unless Tregs were present. Conclusion: Thymus is crucial for producing regulatory T cells; without them, self-attack occurs. Later experiments identified FOXP3 gene as essential for Treg development. Mutations in FOXP3 → autoimmune conditions like IPEX syndrome in humans and Scurfy mice in animals. Contributions of Researchers Shimon Sakaguchi (Japan): Discovered Tregs and their role in immune tolerance. Coined the term “police T cells.” Mary F. Brunkow & Frederick J. Ramsdell (USA): Identified the FOXP3 gene controlling Treg development. Linked genetic mutations to autoimmune diseases in humans. Significance of Regulatory T Cells Autoimmunity: Prevents the immune system from attacking organs and tissues. Cancer therapy: Some therapies target Tregs to enhance immune attacks on tumors. Understanding Tregs helps balance immune activation and suppression. Drug development: Potential to create therapies for autoimmune diseases by modulating Treg activity. Gene therapy: FOXP3 gene research enables interventions in rare immune disorders. Why This Is in the News 2025 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine awarded to Sakaguchi, Brunkow, and Ramsdell. Recognises the decades-long work in immune tolerance and regulatory T cell biology. Implications for: Understanding autoimmune diseases. Development of immunotherapies for cancer. Potential future therapies to balance immune overactivity. Highlights the integration of genetics, immunology, and therapeutic innovation. Bottom Line Regulatory T cells are the body’s internal “police”, ensuring that immune responses target invaders but not healthy cells. Discovery of these cells and their genetic control mechanisms has transformed: Basic immunology. Clinical management of autoimmune conditions. Precision medicine approaches in cancer therapy.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 06 October 2025

Content PKVY: Nurturing Organic Farming in India People’s Plan Campaign: Strengthening Grassroot Governance, Fostering Inclusive Growth PKVY: Nurturing Organic Farming in India The Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), launched in 2015, is India’s flagship organic farming scheme aimed at promoting sustainable agriculture, enhancing soil health, and empowering farmers through eco-friendly practices. Basic Overview Full Form: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Launch Year: 2015 Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Objective: Promote organic farming through cluster-based models to improve soil fertility, reduce chemical inputs, and enhance farmer incomes. Coverage (2015–2025): ₹2,265.86 crore released (as of Jan 2025) 15 lakh hectares under organic cultivation 52,289 clusters formed 25.30 lakh farmer beneficiaries Relevance : GS III – Environment & Agriculture: Promotes sustainable, chemical-free farming; enhances soil fertility and biodiversity; aligns with India’s organic and natural farming goals . Aligns with SDG-2 (Zero Hunger) and SDG-12 (Responsible Consumption and Production); supports climate-resilient and eco-friendly agriculture. GS II – Governance: Implements farmer-centric, DBT-based support system ensuring transparency and accountability in scheme execution. GS III – Economy & Inclusive Growth: Empowers small and marginal farmers through cluster-based farming, organic certification, and direct market linkages; boosts rural incomes and entrepreneurship. Core Objectives Promote eco-friendly and chemical-free farming. Enhance soil health and conserve natural resources. Lower input costs and improve farm incomes. Provide safe, premium-quality food to consumers. Encourage farmer collectives for production, processing, and certification. Build entrepreneurship through direct market linkages. Cluster-Based Farming Model Farmers are grouped into clusters of 20 hectares each. Ensures uniform standards and resource-sharing. Reduces cost of cultivation and drives collective learning. Facilitates training on organic inputs, crop diversity, and soil rejuvenation. Financial Assistance Structure (per hectare for 3 years) ₹15,000 for on-farm & off-farm organic inputs (DBT) ₹4,500 for marketing, packaging & branding ₹3,000 for certification & residue testing ₹9,000 for training & capacity building Total: ₹31,500 per hectare for 3 years Implementation Framework All small and marginal farmers with landholding up to 2 hectares are eligible. Farmers approach Regional Councils for enrolment and certification. Annual Action Plans (AAPs) prepared by Councils and approved by the Ministry. Fund flow: Central Govt → State Govt → Regional Councils → Farmers (via DBT). Ensures accountability, transparency, and timely financial assistance. Organic Certification Systems 1. National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) Third-party certification under Ministry of Commerce & Industry. Globally recognized; enables access to export markets. Covers production, processing, and trading supply chains. 2. Participatory Guarantee System (PGS-India) Farmer-led, community-based certification. Mutual verification & peer inspection. Focused on domestic markets and low-cost certification for smallholders. 3. Large Area Certification (LAC) Introduced in 2020–21. Targets regions with no prior use of chemicals (tribal belts, islands). Fast-tracks certification—reduces conversion time from 2–3 years to a few months. Accelerates income generation and market entry for farmers. Digital Ecosystem: Jaivik Kheti Portal Online platform to connect farmers, buyers, and suppliers of organic produce. Enables direct farmer-to-consumer transactions. As of Dec 2024: 6.23 lakh farmers registered 19,016 local groups 89 input suppliers 8,676 buyers Achievements (2015–2025) ₹2,265.86 crore disbursed under PKVY; ₹205.46 crore in FY 2024–25 under RKVY. 15 lakh hectares under organic farming; 52,289 clusters established. 25.30 lakh farmers benefitted. 1.26 lakh hectares continued under PKVY (2023–24); 1.98 lakh hectares new area under conversion (2024–25). Success Stories : 50,279 ha in Dantewada (Chhattisgarh) and 4,000 ha in West Bengal. Car Nicobar & Nancowry Islands: 14,491 ha certified. Lakshadweep: Entire 2,700 ha cultivable land certified. Sikkim: 60,000 ha fully organic; world’s first 100% organic state. Ladakh proposal: 5,000 ha supported with ₹11.475 lakh. 9,268 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) formed under related schemes. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact Strengthened rural livelihoods and income security. Promoted soil resilience, water conservation, and biodiversity. Enhanced consumer awareness of safe, organic food. Integrated digital platforms for traceability and e-commerce. Supported Atmanirbhar Bharat and climate-resilient agriculture goals. Conclusion PKVY has evolved from a pilot organic cluster initiative into a nationwide sustainable farming ecosystem. By combining traditional wisdom, modern certification, and digital linkages, it has empowered farmers, improved ecological balance, and positioned India as a global leader in organic agriculture. Expansion through LAC and integration with the National Mission on Natural Farming strengthens the pathway toward a self-reliant, environmentally sustainable rural economy. People’s Plan Campaign: Strengthening Grassroot Governance, Fostering Inclusive Growth Basics Full Name: People’s Plan Campaign (PPC) Launch Year: 2018 Theme: “Sabki Yojana, Sabka Vikas” Objective: Annual preparation of participatory Panchayat Development Plans (PDPs) at village, block, and district levels. Coverage: Applies to Gram Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and District Panchayats across all States and UTs. Scale: Over 18.13 lakh PDPs prepared from FY 2019–20 to FY 2025–26. Relevance : GS II – Polity & Governance: Strengthens grassroots democracy via participatory planning under the 73rd Amendment; institutionalizes decentralized governance at Panchayat level. GS II – Social Justice: Ensures inclusion of women, SHGs, and marginalized groups in decision-making through Gram Sabhas and participatory planning. GS II – Governance & e-Governance: Promotes transparency and accountability through digital tools like eGramSwaraj, Meri Panchayat App, and Panchayat NIRNAY. Constitutional & Institutional Background Constitutional Basis: 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 institutionalized the three-tier Panchayati Raj system. Article 243G empowers Panchayats to prepare plans for economic development and social justice. Linked to Eleventh Schedule subjects (29 functions such as agriculture, rural roads, drinking water, health, education). Importance: Gram Panchayats are the closest governance tier to citizens, addressing basic service delivery, marginalized communities, and conflict resolution. Gram Panchayat Development Plan (GPDP) Definition: A plan prepared annually by Gram Panchayats for economic development & social justice. Nature: Comprehensive, participatory, transparent, and aligned with community needs & available resources. Hierarchy: GPDP – Gram Panchayat Development Plan. BPDP – Block Panchayat Development Plan. DPDP – District Panchayat Development Plan. Covers all 29 subjects of Eleventh Schedule, aligned with SDGs through nine thematic groupings. Linked with other community-driven plans like Village Prosperity and Resilience Plans (VPRPs) prepared by SHGs. People’s Plan Campaign — Core Features Launch Date: 2 October 2018. Purpose: Strengthen people’s participation in local planning. Process: Structured Gram Sabha meetings with presentations from frontline workers. Inclusion of women, SHGs, community-based organizations, elected representatives, and officials. Convergence of central/state schemes through Panchayat plans. Integration: Incorporates: Localization of Sustainable Development Goals (LSDGs) in PDPs. Village Prosperity and Resilience Plans (VPRPs) by SHGs. Gender-responsive governance participation by Women Elected Representatives (WERs). PPC 2025–26 Special Focus Launch: 2 October 2025 across all States/UTs. Preparatory Measures: Training of facilitators, appointment of nodal officers, finalization of Gram Sabha schedules, public information displays. Virtual consultations with States, UTs, SIRD&PRs. Digital Tools: eGramSwaraj platform for plan preparation & review. Meri Panchayat App & Panchayat NIRNAY for progress tracking. SabhaSaar for improving deliberations. Guiding Index: Panchayat Advancement Index (PAI) for grading and guiding planning quality. Key Focus Areas in 2025–26: Review unfinished projects, particularly with unspent Central Finance Commission grants. Strengthen Own Source Revenue (OSR). Tribal empowerment through the Adi Karmayogi Abhiyaan. Achievements (2019–2025) Total PDPs Uploaded: 18.13 lakh. Breakdown: 17.73 lakh GPDPs. 35,755 BPDPs. 3,469 DPDPs. Impact: Enhanced participatory governance, increased transparency, improved service delivery alignment with SDGs, and stronger local ownership of development. Conclusion The People’s Plan Campaign has evolved into a mission-mode grassroots planning exercise that strengthens the democratic process, promotes participatory development, and builds institutional capacity at the Panchayat level. Its alignment with SDGs, integration of digital tools, and focus on inclusivity make it a cornerstone initiative for achieving Viksit Bharat through empowered, accountable, and transparent local governance.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 06 October 2025

Content Treat employment as a national priority India’s direction for disaster resilience Treat employment as a national priority Context and Background Demographic Advantage India is the world’s most populous and one of the youngest nations. By 2050, India’s average age will still be below 40. Over next 25 years, India will add 133 million working-age people (15–64 years) — ~18% of total global workforce increase. However, window of demographic dividend is short — expected to peak around 2043. Core Concern: Job creation not keeping pace with population growth. The challenge is not just quantity but quality and inclusivity of employment. Relevance : GS II – Governance & Social Justice: Policy formulation for employment and livelihoods Centre-State coordination and institutional governance (Empowered Group of Secretaries, District Planning Committees) Gender and regional inclusion in policy design GS III – Economy & Labour: Employment as a driver of inclusive growth and economic resilience Formalisation of informal sector, MSME support, gig economy regulation Urban employment schemes and skill–industry linkages Practice Question : India’s demographic dividend will remain unrealised unless employment creation becomes a national mission. Critically analyse the need for an Integrated National Employment Policy in this context.(250 Words) Why Employment is Central to Growth Equity & Inclusion: Quality jobs reduce poverty, bridge regional/social disparities, and ensure inclusive growth. Economic Resilience: In a consumption-driven economy, higher employment → broader consumption → stable and accelerated GDP growth. Social Stability: Employment ensures dignity, curbs unrest, and reduces dependence on welfare transfers. Structural Issues in India’s Employment Landscape A. Lack of Unified Framework Despite multiple initiatives (Skill India, PMKVY, MGNREGA, NCS, etc.), India lacks a National Employment Policy (NEP) that aligns: Labour market supply (skills, education) Demand (sectoral growth, private investment) Social security and mobility systems B. Labour Market Dualities Formal sector < 20% of total workforce; rest in informal/unorganised sector. Large urban–rural and gender gaps persist. Employability crisis: Many graduates remain jobless due to curriculum–industry mismatch. C. Fragmented Governance Employment responsibilities spread across ministries (Labour, Skill Development, MSME, Rural Development, etc.), causing policy dilution and lack of accountability. The Editorial’s Core Proposal: Integrated National Employment Policy (INEP) Key Features Proposed: Integration and Coordination Consolidate all existing employment and livelihood schemes. Coordination among Centre, States, and industry stakeholders. Governance by an Empowered Group of Secretaries; District Planning Committees for local implementation. Time-bound Goals & Sector Targeting Define measurable outcomes (e.g., jobs per sector/year). Identify high-employment-potential sectors and align trade, industrial, and education policies. Tackle Labour Market Frictions Address regional disparities, gender barriers, skill mismatches. Promote labour mobility through a “One India” Employment Mobility Framework. Technology Integration Update skilling and curricula for AI, robotics, digital platforms, and Industry 4.0. Data and Evidence-Based Policy Establish real-time employment data systems to track labour trends and policy impact. Dedicated task force to improve data quality, timeliness, and coverage of informal sectors. Sectoral Priorities for Job Creation A. Labour-Intensive Sectors Textiles, Tourism, Agro-processing, Real Estate, Healthcare — absorb low-to-mid-skilled labour. Require ease of doing business reforms, credit access, export incentives, and logistics improvements. B. MSME Sector Employs ~25 crore people. Needs integrated support: Finance + Technology + Skilling + Market access. Encourage cluster-based industrialisation and digital adoption. C. Gig and Platform Economy Current size: 80 lakh–1.8 crore workers; projected to reach 9 crore by 2030. Spread to Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities. Requires: National Gig Economy Policy Centralised worker registry for easy onboarding, work history, and social security Fair contracts, safety norms, grievance redress mechanisms D. Urban Employment Proposes an Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme (UEGS) in pilot cities — similar to MGNREGA, to reduce urban distress. E. Women’s Labour Force Participation Strategies: Employment Linked Incentives (ELI) for companies hiring women. Formalisation of Anganwadi/ASHA workers. Investment in childcare & eldercare infrastructure. Social campaigns to counter patriarchal work restrictions. Institutional and Policy Reforms Needed Implement Four Labour Codes (Wages, Industrial Relations, Social Security, Occupational Safety): With clear transition support to businesses. Simplify compliance, reduce litigation, and formalise jobs. Strengthen Skill–Industry Linkages Make college curricula employment-oriented; promote dual apprenticeship models. Align Skill India and PMKVY 4.0 with emerging sectors (EVs, semiconductors, renewables, digital services). Promote Regional Balance Focus on 100 most underdeveloped districts for targeted employment missions. Incentivise BPOs, remote work centres, and rural internships to decentralise opportunities. Infrastructure for Workforce Affordable housing near industrial zones. Transport connectivity for labour mobility. Digital public infrastructure for job-matching and benefits delivery. Need for Better Employment Data Present data (e.g., PLFS, CMIE) suffer from lag and under-coverage of informal sector. Suggestion: Create National Employment Data System under NSSO/NSO. Use real-time data from EPFO, e-Shram, NCS platforms. Improve granularity — by district, gender, and occupation. Strategic Linkage: Viksit Bharat 2047 & CII Vision CII’s “Policies for a Competitive India” Report: Employment generation is a pillar of competitiveness and inclusive growth. Integrated employment policy aligns with India’s vision of “Viksit Bharat @2047.” Critical Appraisal Strengths: Holistic — covers demand, supply, and institutional aspects. Integrates technology, gender, and regional balance. Pragmatic — focuses on both formal and gig sectors. Limitations: Implementation depends heavily on Centre–State coordination and bureaucratic capacity. Labour codes still face political resistance and compliance costs for MSMEs. Urban employment guarantee pilot could face fiscal sustainability issues. Does not address agricultural underemployment comprehensively. India’s direction for disaster resilience Context and Overview India is a vast, multi-hazard country, prone to: Heatwaves and extreme temperatures Cyclones and floods Landslides and glacial lake outburst floods Forest fires and urban waterlogging Governance Framework: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA): Overall coordination and implementation National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA): Policy, planning, and capacity building Guiding Principle: Prime Minister’s Ten Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction (2016) DRR in India is multi-phase: Pre-disaster: Preparedness, capacity building, mitigation Post-disaster: Response, reconstruction Relevance GS II – Governance & Disaster Management: Institutional roles of MHA, NDMA, State authorities Multi-level disaster governance (Centre–State, inter-ministerial committees) Pre-disaster and post-disaster planning GS III – Environment & Disaster Management: Climate resilience, extreme weather events, and nature-based solutions (NbS) Early warning systems, urban flood mitigation, glacial lake monitoring Finance-linked DRR (15th Finance Commission allocation) Practice Question: “India’s disaster management strategy has evolved from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction.” Analyse the role of pre-disaster mitigation, community capacity building, and technology integration in building resilience against multi-hazard risks. How can India’s international cooperation enhance its disaster preparedness and response? (250 Words) Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Financing 15th Finance Commission (2021–26): ₹2.28 lakh crore allocated for DRR over five years (~$30 billion). Allocation Split: Pre-disaster (30%): Preparedness & capacity building: 10% Mitigation: 20% Post-disaster (70%): Response: 40% Reconstruction: 30% Significance: Shifts focus from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction, leveraging technology and local capacities. Pre-Disaster Initiatives A. Preparedness & Capacity Building Fire Safety Modernisation: ₹5,000 crore allocated. Volunteer Networks: Apda Mitra and Yuva Apda Mitra: 2.5 lakh volunteers each. Training & Research: National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM): 36-stream standard disaster management course. Geo-spatial labs and faculty-led, action-oriented research. B. Mitigation (20% of Pre-Disaster Funds) Innovative projects (~₹10,000 crore approved) focus on: Nature-based solutions for climate and disaster resilience Slope stabilization using bio-engineering Urban flood mitigation through green spaces and waterbody rejuvenation Glacial lake monitoring with remote sensing and automated weather stations Forest fire management via fuel evacuation and break lines Precursor Programme: National Cyclone Mitigation Programme (2011–22, ₹5,000 crore) reduced coastal vulnerability with: 7-day early warning systems Cyclone shelters and embankments Post-Disaster Measures Reconstruction packages approved (~₹5,000 crore) in States: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Kerala Scientific damage assessments conducted for extreme rainfall events. Budget-to-Project Pipeline: Centre-State and inter-ministerial appraisal committees Ensures proper use of funds and accountability Key Infrastructure and Technology Early Warning Systems: Multi-media Common Alerting Protocol delivers hazard alerts in local languages Automated weather stations, glacial lake monitoring, and flood early warnings Community Capacity Building: 327-member network of universities NDRF Academy, National Fire Service College, NIDM for training public servants Mock exercises, school safety programs, hazard awareness campaigns Nature-Based Solutions: Restoration of beels along Brahmaputra Urban green spaces and waterbody revitalization Slope stabilization and bio-engineering International Coordination India leads and participates in DRR globally: Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) Engagements in G20, SCO, BIMSTEC, IORA Exchanges knowledge and implements innovative, sustainable DRR solutions. Strategic Approach and Highlights Multi-Faceted Approach: Pre- and post-disaster, mitigation, preparedness, capacity building, and reconstruction. Nature-Based Solutions (NbS): Long-term climate adaptation, ecosystem restoration, hazard risk reduction. Community & Institutional Strengthening: Volunteer mobilisation, training, and research Panchayat-level integration for local DRR mainstreaming Technology Integration: Remote sensing, early warning systems, geospatial monitoring, digital alert platforms Financing Innovation: Dedicated Finance Commission allocation ensures structured risk management, moving away from ad hoc post-disaster debt funding. Achievements and Impact Mitigation Projects: ₹10,000 crore in 1 year; focus on nature-based solutions. Reconstruction Packages: ₹5,000 crore approved for five states. Capacity Building: Large-scale volunteer networks and NIDM programs institutionalised. Coastal Cyclone Resilience: Reduced casualties via shelters and early warning systems. Urban & Rural Preparedness: Waterbody rejuvenation, green space development, slope stabilization, forest fire prevention. Key Takeaways India is moving from reactive disaster response to proactive, integrated DRR. Finance Commission-led DRR funding ensures structured, risk-informed budgeting. Prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and capacity building are now core components of national disaster strategy. Community, technology, and nature-based solutions are central to risk reduction. International cooperation positions India as a global leader in DRR policy and practice.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 06 October 2025

Content Why ADR is Crucial for India’s Courts How AI is Transforming Teaching and Learning in Indian Classrooms Philippines Pioneers Coral Larvae Cryobank to Protect Threatened Reefs Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India Sir Creek Dispute Between India and Pakistan Darjeeling Disaster 2025 Why is ADR crucial for India’s courts? Context and Background Recent Developments: Law and Justice Minister Arjun Ram Meghwal reaffirmed India’s commitment to legal reforms rooted in civilisational ethos, citing the Panch Parmeshwar doctrine (collective consensus in dispute resolution). Emphasis on global cooperation to strengthen ADR mechanisms. Current Challenges in India’s Justice System: Pending cases: 4.57 crore overall; Supreme Court: 81,768; High Courts: ~62.9 lakh. Vacancy rates: High Courts 33%, district courts 21%. Judicial workloads: Over 4,000 cases per judge in UP, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala. Delays in case disposal, inter-State disparities, and accountability gaps undermine access to justice. Relevance GS II – Polity & Governance: Constitutional provisions: Article 39A, Sixth Schedule of CPC. Legal reforms, access to justice, rule of law, accountability. GS II & III – Governance & Economy: Court efficiency impacts business and commerce. ADR reduces litigation costs, fostering economic growth. Constitutional and Legal Basis of ADR Article 39A, Constitution of India: Mandates the State to provide free legal aid and ensure equal justice. Forms the foundation for pre-litigation dispute resolution mechanisms. Legal Provisions Governing ADR: Section 89, Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908: Courts can refer cases to arbitration, conciliation, mediation, or Lok Adalat. Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 & 2021 Amendment: Civil and compoundable criminal disputes can be resolved via binding awards. Indian Arbitration Council established to oversee arbitration. Maximum dispute resolution period: 180 days. Parties dissatisfied can exit after two mediation sessions. Lok Adalats: Governed by Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987; inspired by Article 39A. Variants: Permanent Lok Adalat, National Lok Adalat, e-Lok Adalat. Features: Decisions are final; no appeal, as disputes are resolved pre-litigation. Emphasis on socially inclusive, accessible, and language-appropriate dispute resolution. Rationale for Strengthening ADR Reduce Court Pendency: Pre-litigation mediation prevents inflow into regular courts. Ensures faster disposal of cases, particularly in high-backlog States (Andhra Pradesh, UP, Bihar). Increase Access and Equity: ADR is cost-effective and socially inclusive, reducing barriers for marginalized communities. Supports constitutional mandate of equal justice. Promote Social Harmony: Mediation encourages dialogue, consensus-building, and reconciliation. Protects social relationships while resolving disputes. Enhance Accountability: Real-time data through National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) improves monitoring of case pendency and judicial performance. Mechanisms of ADR Arbitration: Parties submit disputes to a neutral arbitrator; award is legally binding. Speedy resolution; maximum period capped at 180 days. Mediation & Conciliation: Voluntary exchange of views under neutral facilitation. Focus on social norms aligned with constitutional values (D.Y. Chandrachud). Lok Adalats: Resolve disputes before litigation. Include e-Lok Adalats for wider accessibility. Decisions are final and enforceable, minimizing litigation fatigue. Challenges in the Justice System High Case Pendency: 4.57 crore cases; backlog >10 years in many High Courts and subordinate courts. Judicial Vacancies: Over 30% in High Courts; delays exacerbate access to justice issues. Inter-State Disparities: States like UP, Andhra Pradesh, and Bihar lag significantly. Infrastructure Gaps: Court infrastructure and digitization uneven across States. Public Awareness: ADR mechanisms underutilized due to lack of awareness. Strategic Importance and Reforms Needed Integrate ADR in Judicial Policy: Mandatory pre-litigation mediation for civil and commercial disputes. Expand Lok Adalats and e-Lok Adalats for rural and urban populations. Institutional Strengthening: Empower Indian Arbitration Council and legal aid bodies. Real-time monitoring via NJDG and data analytics. Capacity Building: Train mediators, conciliators, and judicial officers in ADR principles. Promote ADR as part of legal education and civil awareness campaigns. Global Cooperation: Learn best practices from international ADR systems. Encourage cross-border arbitration for commercial disputes. How is AI transforming teaching and learning practices in Indian classrooms? Why It’s in the News OpenAI’s First Office in India: ChatGPT (U.S.-based) opened its first Indian office in 2025. AI Collaborations & Investments: NVIDIA partnered with Reliance Industries in 2023 for AI computing. Global tech giants like Google and Microsoft have invested in AI manufacturing, marketing, and research in India. India AI Mission: Aims to create a trusted, inclusive AI ecosystem. Focus on Centres of Excellence (CoE), AI compute capacity, skills development, and future applications. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology: AI as an emerging technology; India’s role in AI innovation and global collaborations. Public-private partnerships (OpenAI, NVIDIA, Reliance, Google, Microsoft). GS II – Governance: Policy initiatives: India AI Mission, Centres of Excellence. Digital inclusion and equitable access to technology in education. GS I & II – Social Issues & Education: Ethical, cultural, and philosophical implications of AI in pedagogy. Bridging the digital divide and enhancing teacher-student interaction. Basics of AI Integration in Education Tech-Savvy Teachers: About 70% of Indian school teachers are comfortable using digital tools and AI. AI is used to design pedagogy, curricula, and assessment tools. Digital Divide: NSS report indicates disparity not just in access, but in quality of use and meaningful engagement. Inclusion is measured by effective participation, not mere internet use. Opportunities of AI in Education Enhanced Pedagogy: Supports personalized learning, adaptive assessments, and interactive content. Can improve digital literacy and tech skills for both teachers and students. AI Infrastructure & Training: Centres of Excellence (CoE) aim to provide cloud-based tools for education. Training for teachers can enhance ethical understanding and critical evaluation of AI tools. Large-Scale Socio-Economic Impact: AI has potential for transformative, inclusive education. Application Development Initiatives can create context-sensitive AI solutions for classrooms. Challenges and Risks Philosophical Concerns: Pedagogy emphasizes humanistic dialogue, empathy, trust, and emancipatory learning. Over-reliance on AI risks reducing education to information accumulation, ignoring critical thinking and creativity. Ethical Issues: Teachers: AI often used to meet technical requirements rather than enhance dialogue. Students: Use of ChatGPT in exams has led CBSE to issue advisories against unfair AI use. Risks digital inequity if AI is implemented without attention to social, ethical, and cultural contexts. Superficial Use of Technology: Use of audio-visuals or apps is misconstrued as pedagogic innovation. True pedagogic smartness requires transformative teaching and meaningful integration of AI. Recommendations for Ethical AI Integration Teacher Training: In-service programs to develop critical, ethical, and context-sensitive AI literacy. Encourage independence, creativity, and imagination for both teachers and students. Curricular Integration: AI should complement humanistic pedagogy, not replace it. Design AI tools that support social equality and minimize digital inequities. Policy and Mission Alignment: India AI Mission pillars: AI Compute Capacity: Infrastructure to support AI education. Skills Development: Equip teachers for tech-savvy, meaningful AI integration. Future Application Development: AI solutions for large-scale socio-economic transformation. Ensure ethical, social, and political anchorage in AI educational policies. Philippines pioneers coral larvae cryobank to protect threatened reefs Why It’s in the News First Coral Larvae Cryobank in Southeast Asia: The Philippines is setting up a cryobank to preserve coral larvae. Part of a regional initiative linking research institutions across the Coral Triangle (Philippines, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand). Objective: Protect genetic diversity of corals threatened by climate change, pollution, and destructive fishing. Support research and reef restoration in one of the world’s richest marine ecosystems. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity: Coral Triangle conservation, coral bleaching, climate change impact, and marine biodiversity. GS II – Governance & International Cooperation: Regional collaboration between Southeast Asian nations for biodiversity conservation. Role of research institutions and government-backed platforms in marine conservation. Coral Triangle and Its Importance Geography & Biodiversity: Covers 5.7 million sq. km across tropical waters of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste. Known as the “Amazon of the Seas”; richest marine ecosystem globally. Hosts >75% of the world’s coral species, 1/3 of reef fish, vast mangrove forests, and 6 of 7 marine turtle species. Sustains food security and livelihoods for >120 million people. Threats: Climate change, ocean warming, and coral bleaching. Destructive fishing practices, pollution, and habitat loss. Potential loss of 70–90% of live coral cover by 2050 without limiting warming to 1.5°C. Coral Larvae Cryopreservation: Process & Science Cryobanks: Freeze coral larvae at –196°C in liquid nitrogen (vitrification). Larvae enter a glass-like state, avoiding ice crystal formation that can damage cells. Thawed using lasers, then rehydrated in seawater for revival. Species Focus: Start with model species like Pocillopora, Acropora, and Galaxsia. Technique ensures all coral species, not just endangered ones, can be preserved. Cryopreservation as Genetic Insurance: Protects coral genetic diversity and Symbiodiniaceae (algae living in corals). Allows future reef restoration and research, potentially mitigating biodiversity loss. Regional & Collaborative Significance Regional Collaboration: Cryobanks across Southeast Asia aim to share expertise and facilities. Supported by Coral Research & Development Accelerator Platform and Marine Environment & Resources Foundation. Capacity Building: Guidance from experts like Dr. Chiahsin Lin (Taiwan) and Preeyanuch Thongpoo (Thailand). Focus on developing coral husbandry protocols, larval collection, and cryopreservation methods. Community Involvement: Coral-dependent communities often lack awareness of reef value. Conservation requires active participation to address tourism, waste, and destructive fishing. Scientific and Conservation Relevance Climate Adaptation: Provides resilience against ocean warming and habitat degradation. Helps maintain marine biodiversity and ecological balance. Research Benefits: Cryobanks serve as a living seed bank for experimentation and restoration. Ensures long-term preservation of coral genetic material. Long-Term Warning: Without proactive measures, cryobanks may become repositories for extinct coral species. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in India Why It’s in News The Indian government is opening up Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) for private sector participation. Companies like Reliance Industries, Tata Power, and Adani Power have expressed interest in developing SMR-based projects. This comes amid legislative and regulatory tweaks to facilitate private investment in nuclear energy. The initiative is aimed at boosting India’s nuclear manufacturing ecosystem, ensuring energy security, and reducing reliance on conventional fossil fuels. Relevance : GS II – Governance & Policy: Regulatory frameworks for private sector participation in strategic sectors, legislative reforms enabling nuclear investment, and international cooperation in nuclear technology. GS III – Energy & Infrastructure: Nuclear energy policy, SMR deployment, integration with renewables, and energy security through low-carbon electricity. GS III – Environment & Climate Change: Contribution of SMRs to low-carbon energy, reduction of fossil fuel dependence, and alignment with climate goals. GS III – Science & Technology: Advanced nuclear reactor technologies (PHWR, LWR, SMR), R&D initiatives, and pilot projects in collaboration with domestic and international institutions. SMRs and Nuclear Power in India Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Nuclear reactors with capacity ≤300 MW per unit. Modular and scalable; can be deployed in industrial clusters or remote areas. Offer lower upfront capital costs compared to large reactors and provide flexible electricity generation. Advantages of SMRs: Compact and modular design allows faster construction. Can tap energy-intensive industries like steel, aluminium, and cement. Provide reliable, low-carbon, and clean electricity, complementing renewables. Can be deployed near industrial hubs or off-grid areas to address local power deficits. Indian Nuclear Context: Traditionally dominated by public sector units: Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), and heavy water reactors. Conventional reactors are large, expensive, and time-consuming to set up. SMRs present an alternative pathway for domestic nuclear expansion, leveraging private sector efficiencies. Key Players in India Private Sector: Reliance Industries Ltd. Tata Power Adani Power Public Sector/Research Support: BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) – developing SMR prototypes. NPCIL – overseeing regulatory and safety frameworks. International Technology Partnerships: India is engaging with US, Russia, and other advanced nuclear technology countries. Policy & Legislative Developments Current legal hurdles: Private companies previously could not operate nuclear plants, as NPCIL had exclusive rights. Liability, safety, and regulatory frameworks limited private participation. Planned legislative tweaks: Allow private companies to construct, own, and operate SMRs under NPCIL supervision. Ensure safety, liability, and regulatory compliance while granting operational freedom. Provide legal certainty for long-term SMR investment and technology deployment. Technical & Operational Aspects Technology: SMRs can utilize pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWRs), light-water reactors, or advanced nuclear designs. Can be installed in smaller footprints, suited for industrial clusters and remote regions. Deployment Timeline: NPCIL’s SMR pilot projects already operational in China and other countries serve as models for India. Government expects private sector to speed up commercialization of SMRs domestically. Complement to Renewables: SMRs provide baseload power, addressing intermittency of solar and wind energy. Strategic & Economic Implications Energy Security: Reduces dependence on imported fossil fuels and large-scale centralized energy projects. Enhances regional power availability for industrial growth. Economic & Industrial Boost: SMRs can power energy-intensive industries like steel, aluminium, and cement. Private sector participation can catalyze domestic manufacturing of reactors, fuel, and components. Global Positioning: Helps India establish leadership in next-generation nuclear technology. Opportunity for technology exports and international partnerships. Environmental Impact: Promotes low-carbon electricity, aligning with India’s climate goals. Challenges Technology Readiness: Many SMR designs are still under testing or demonstration worldwide. India must adapt foreign designs or develop indigenous models. Regulatory & Liability Issues: Ensuring safety, waste management, and emergency preparedness for private operators is critical. Legal frameworks must balance risk management with investment incentives. Public Acceptance & Awareness: Nuclear energy faces public skepticism due to safety and waste concerns. Community engagement is needed for smooth deployment. Key Takeaways SMRs represent a transformative opportunity for India’s nuclear energy landscape. Private sector involvement is expected to accelerate deployment, reduce costs, and expand industrial applications. Legislative and policy tweaks are crucial for operational and legal clarity. SMRs will complement renewable energy, support climate targets, and enhance energy security. Regional and global collaboration will boost India’s technological and strategic positioning in nuclear energy. Sir Creek Dispute between India and Pakistan Why It’s in News Recent statements by India’s Defence Minister emphasized a “symmetrical response” to any threats near Sir Creek, highlighting heightened security concerns. Reports indicate increased surveillance, military presence, and infrastructure upgrades by both India and Pakistan in the region. The long-standing unresolved border dispute continues to affect bilateral relations, maritime boundary negotiations, and the livelihoods of coastal fishing communities. The dispute is emblematic of broader India-Pakistan tensions and remains a recurring point in policy and security discussions. Relevance GS II – International Relations & Polity: India-Pakistan border disputes, maritime law, diplomacy, and bilateral security. GS III – Security & Geography: Strategic maritime locations, naval operations, and border infrastructure. Basics of the Sir Creek Dispute Location: Marshy estuary in the Rann of Kutch, separating Gujarat (India) from Sindh (Pakistan). Nature: Tidal, fluctuating estuary; its course changes seasonally due to sedimentation and soil erosion, complicating demarcation. Strategic Significance: Proximity to Karachi, a critical Pakistani economic and military hub. Essential for coastal surveillance, naval operations, and offshore security. Potential access to offshore oil, gas, and other maritime resources. Implications for Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims. Overview Geopolitical Relevance: Boundary disagreement affects maritime rights and economic zones in the Arabian Sea. India asserts the eastern bank as the boundary; Pakistan claims the creek’s midline. Historical Background: Dispute traces back to colonial-era maps and ambiguous agreements. Partition-era arbitration attempts failed due to inconsistent documentation and natural shifts in the creek. Economic Impact: Rich fishing grounds and potential hydrocarbon resources. Fishermen frequently arrested by both sides due to unclear demarcation, affecting livelihoods. Security Dimension: Regular patrols, surveillance posts, and infrastructure developments by both nations. Strategic control of Sir Creek ensures dominance over adjoining maritime corridors. Diplomatic Engagement: Multiple rounds of talks under Joint Working Groups; agreements remain elusive. Reflects persistent difficulties in broader India-Pakistan boundary resolution mechanisms. Legal and Environmental Challenges: Shifting terrain complicates physical demarcation and treaty enforcement. International law (UNCLOS) implications for maritime boundaries and resource entitlements. Environmental sensitivity of the Rann ecosystem demands careful management of development or military activity. Conclusion Sir Creek remains a critical flashpoint in India-Pakistan relations due to overlapping strategic, economic, and diplomatic stakes. The dispute affects national security, maritime boundary clarity, and livelihoods of local fishing communities, keeping it consistently relevant in policy, security, and current affairs discourse. Resolution requires a balanced approach combining diplomacy, security preparedness, legal clarity, and environmental stewardship. Darjeeling Disaster 2025 Why is Darjeeling in News Darjeeling witnessed heavy rainfall starting 3 October 2025, exceeding IMD warnings, leading to: Massive landslides and floods Destruction of Dudhipa bridge (Balason river), cutting off connectivity between Siliguri and Mirik Disruption of national and state highways Loss of human lives and property Highlights climate vulnerability of the region and raises questions about disaster preparedness and sustainable development. Relevance GS III – Environment & Ecology: Climate change-induced disasters, landslide and flood vulnerability, Himalayan ecosystem fragility, and biodiversity loss. GS III – Disaster Management & Risk Reduction: Early warning systems, municipal/panchayat preparedness, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) mitigation, and capacity-building for rescue and relief operations. Geography and Vulnerability Darjeeling, known as the “Queen of Hills”, is a fragile mountainous region in the Eastern Himalayas. Key vulnerabilities: Steep slopes prone to landslides Unpredictable rivers and streams (Jhoras) that can erode settlements High rainfall variability due to climate change (intense downpours in short periods) Historical disasters: Landslides: 1899, 1950, 1968, 1975, 1980, 1981, 2011, 2015 1968 floods: ~1000 human casualties Cloudbursts in Teesta Valley (1902–1978): 9 occurrences Key Causes of Current Disaster Climate Change Altered rainfall patterns: concentrated, intense, intermittent rainfall (“murkhua dharsyi” and “smooth sislanyay jhar” locally) Increased unpredictability of rivers, leading to sudden flooding and erosion Unsustainable Development Unchecked construction of hydro-power projects, highways, railways, townships Infrastructure often built without proper geo-hazard assessment Encroachment on fragile slopes, increasing landslide risks Population Pressure Influx from plains and neighboring countries Expansion of land/property demand over decades Institutional Failures Weak disaster management frameworks at municipal/panchayat levels Lack of funds, manpower, technology, and skills Inefficient waste management aggravates disaster risks Water crisis remains unresolved post-GLOF events Historical Neglect Despite past disasters, proactive mitigation, planning, and early-warning systems are limited LandSlide Atlas of India (ISRO): Darjeeling ranked 35th most exposed among 147 districts Consequences Human and Social Deaths, injuries, displacement Flooded habitations and disrupted basic services Economic Damage to tea cultivation, tourism, medicinal plant cultivation Destruction of transport infrastructure affecting trade and livelihoods Loss of revenue in foreign exchange earnings from hill products and tourism Environmental Degradation of slopes and river basins Loss of biodiversity Altered hydrological flows and increased sedimentation downstream National Security Implications Fragile Eastern Himalayan border areas exposed to climate-induced risks Impact on regional cooperation with Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar Necessitates disaster-resilient infrastructure to protect strategic and economic interests Comparative Reference Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in Sikkim, Oct 2023 Destroyed 1200 MW Chungthang Hydro Project Damages over ₹25,000 crore (~6% of Sikkim GDP) Demonstrates the catastrophic potential of Himalayan water bodies Action Needed Disaster Preparedness Strengthen municipal and panchayat disaster response Build early-warning systems for rainfall, landslides, floods Sustainable Development Enforce land-use planning, regulate hydro-power, roads, and townships Promote eco-sensitive construction Institutional Strengthening Capacity-building in rescue, relief, and mitigation Establish dedicated funds for climate disasters (e.g., Teesta River Flood Insurance Fund) Integrate climate change studies with planning Community Awareness Educate locals on risk management and evacuation protocols Support NGOs like Save the Hills for awareness campaigns Regional Cooperation Work with neighboring Himalayan states and countries to manage transboundary river hazards Key Takeaways Darjeeling is a climate hotspot and highly vulnerable to natural disasters. Anthropogenic factors (unsustainable development, population pressure) exacerbate natural hazards. Institutional failure is a critical concern, threatening both local livelihoods and national interests. Urgent need for comprehensive disaster management, sustainable planning, and climate adaptation strategies.

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