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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 28 October 2025

Content SIR 2.0 to Begin in 12 States, UTs — Covering 51 Crore Voters Is the Dogri Language Losing Resonance in India? India’s Per Capita Income to Cross USD 5,000 by 2031 Kerala Reverses Policy to Implement the PM-SHRI Schools Scheme Twin Cyclonic Threats in the North Indian Ocean Region SIR 2.0 to begin in 12 States, U.T.s, cover 51 crore voters Why in News? The Election Commission of India (ECI) has launched the Second Phase of Special Intensive Revision (SIR 2.0) of electoral rolls across 12 States and Union Territories, covering 51 crore voters. The revision includes poll-bound States such as Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala, and Puducherry, ahead of their 2026 Assembly elections. Assam is excluded for now, given its citizenship verification process under Supreme Court supervision. Relevance: GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Electoral reforms, voter list integrity, transparency in elections, ECI’s constitutional mandate under Article 324. GS-2 (Government Schemes): Electoral Roll Management (ERONet, NVSP), Aadhaar–voter linkage (Section 23A, RPA 1950). GS-3 (Technology in Governance): Use of digital systems for voter verification and inclusion. Basic Context Election Commission of India (ECI): Constitutional body under Article 324 of the Constitution. Responsible for superintendence, direction, and control of elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and offices of President & Vice-President. Electoral Roll: The official list of all eligible voters in a constituency. Maintained under the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1950. Continuous updating is essential to remove duplicates, include new voters, and ensure error-free elections. Special Intensive Revision (SIR): Periodic mass verification and updating of voter rolls to maintain accuracy. Conducted before major elections or to implement voter-linked reforms (like EPIC–Aadhaar linkage, gender ratio correction, etc.). Key Features of SIR 2.0 (2025) Coverage: 12 States/UTs including Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Kerala, Puducherry, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep. Scale: Covers ~51 crore voters, one of the largest voter verification exercises globally. Timeline: Rolls to be frozen after the revision begins, typically from midnight of announcement day, as per EC norms. Assam Exception: Separate notification to be issued later. Citizenship verification under Supreme Court-monitored NRC process ongoing. Administrative & Political Context ECI Objective: Clean, inclusive, and updated electoral rolls. Removal of deceased/duplicate voters. Enrollment of first-time voters (18+ as of Jan 1, 2026). Address gender and urban-rural voter disparities. Political Concerns: Trinamool Congress (West Bengal) and DMK (Tamil Nadu) expressed concerns about potential misuse or selective targeting during revision. EC reiterated transparency and adherence to RPA norms. Legal & Constitutional Basis Provision Relevance Article 324 Empowers ECI for conduct and supervision of elections. RPA, 1950 (Sections 14–23) Deals with preparation and revision of electoral rolls. RPA, 1951 Governs conduct of elections, corrupt practices, and disqualification. Article 326 Guarantees adult suffrage (18 years and above). Delimitation Act, 2002 Ensures constituency boundaries are based on latest census data (though frozen till 2026). Data Significance India’s total electorate (2024): ~97 crore voters. SIR 2.0 coverage: 51 crore → covers over 50% of total voters. First-time voters: Estimated 1.5–2 crore additions expected. Gender ratio correction: Female-to-male voter ratio in some States below 940:1000, ECI aims for parity. Institutional Mechanisms Booth Level Officers (BLOs): Local officials verifying voter details door-to-door. ERONet (Electoral Roll Management System): Digital platform ensuring uniformity and real-time updates. Voter Helpline App / NVSP Portal: Allow citizens to check and update details online. Aadhaar-linkage (under Section 23A, RPA 1950): Voluntary linkage to prevent duplication. Reform and Integrity Focus De-duplication drive: Using Aadhaar and demographic data to eliminate multiple entries. Gender and youth inclusion: Focus on urban youth (lowest registration rates). Voter migration tracking: Pilot project to track internal migration using digital voter IDs. Transparency Mechanisms: Political parties given access to draft rolls for verification. Challenges Data Privacy Concerns: Linking Aadhaar with voter rolls raises surveillance fears. Urban Apathetic Voters: High non-registration rates in metros. Political Allegations: Accusations of bias or selective deletions during revision. Administrative Coordination: Synchronizing across 12 State Election Departments and multiple BLOs. Keywords Explained Term Explanation Electoral Roll Freezing Period during which no addition/deletion is allowed; usually before elections. Booth Level Officer (BLO) Field-level official verifying voter data at the polling station level. ERONet Centralized software system integrating all State election databases. EPIC Electors Photo Identity Card – official voter ID issued by ECI. Adult Suffrage Right of all citizens aged 18 and above to vote, regardless of gender, caste, or wealth. Comparative Perspective Country Practice Key Feature India Continuous roll revision (annual + SIR) Door-to-door verification + online update USA State-level roll maintenance Decentralized; prone to purges UK Annual canvass Central voter registration office Australia Compulsory registration Automatic enrollment via tax records Way Forward Digital Integration: AI-based tools to detect duplicates and deceased voters. Awareness Campaigns: “My Vote, My Identity” drives in schools/colleges. Voter Inclusion Index: To measure gender, age, and region-based inclusion rates. Transparency Measures: Publish anonymized deletion and addition data publicly. Data Protection: Strict adherence to DPDP Act, 2023 for Aadhaar-linked voter data. Is the Dogri language losing resonance in India?  Why in News UNESCO (2024 report): India tops the global list of countries with the maximum number of endangered dialects. Dogri, spoken in the Jammu region, faces a sharp decline in usage despite being an official language of J&K (since 2020) and part of the Eighth Schedule (since 2003). Concern raised by linguists like D.G. Rao (former Director, Central Institute of Indian Languages): India lost over 220 languages in the last 50 years. Relevance GS-1 (Culture): Language as a component of India’s intangible cultural heritage. GS-2 (Governance): Policy implementation gaps in linguistic inclusion. GS-3 (Social Issues): Impact of globalization and migration on cultural identity) Basic Context Dogri Language: Belongs to the Indo-Aryan family (subgroup: Western Pahari). Spoken mainly in Jammu, parts of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and northern Pakistan. Recognized under Eighth Schedule of the Constitution (92nd Amendment, 2003). Official status in J&K under the Official Languages Act, 2020, alongside Urdu, Hindi, Kashmiri, and English. Current Issue: Linguistic Extinction Trend Globalisation & Migration: People prioritise economically dominant languages (Hindi, English) for mobility and jobs. Regional languages lose intergenerational transmission. Cultural Assimilation: Younger speakers identify more with national/global culture than regional identity. Digital Neglect: Dogri lacks digital presence (content creation, social media, or e-learning resources). Survey Insights (Jammu Region) Sample Size: 130 respondents, across 20 locations. Method: Random sampling (intervals of 3–4 households). Findings: 48%: Government has failed to give adequate policy support. 43.2%: Dogri has little career or employment relevance. Generational Divide: Elderly (>60 years): Fluent speakers. Youth (<30 years): Understand but rarely use Dogri in public/education. Dimensions Policy Dimension Delayed Recognition: Dogri added to Eighth Schedule only in 2003, long after languages like Konkani (1992). Implementation Deficit: Despite official status, Dogri not widely used in administration or education. Lack of Institutional Support: Insufficient funding for Dogri literature, teacher training, and curriculum integration. Weak implementation of the National Policy on Languages (draft form). Socio-Economic Dimension Urban Aspirations: Urban youth prefer Hindi/English for employability. Migration: Outmigration to metros erodes community language use. Media Dominance: Bollywood and digital media reinforce Hindi over Dogri. Generational Dimension Language Shift: Shift from “mother-tongue use” to bilingualism or language abandonment. Cultural Disconnect: Folklore, songs, oral traditions in Dogri are vanishing due to lack of transmission. Keywords Explained Term Explanation Eighth Schedule List of 22 languages recognized by the Indian Constitution (Article 344(1) & 351) for promotion and representation. Endangered Language A language at risk of falling out of use because speakers shift to other dominant languages. Linguistic Diversity Index (LDI) Measures probability that two randomly selected individuals speak different mother tongues; India’s LDI ≈ 0.93 (high). Language Shift Gradual replacement of one language by another within a speech community. Revitalization Policy Measures to preserve and promote endangered languages through education, documentation, and media presence. Constitutional & Institutional Framework Article 29: Protection of linguistic and cultural rights of minorities. Article 350A: Instruction in the mother tongue at the primary stage. Article 351: Duty of the Union to promote the spread of Hindi without interfering with other languages. Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL): Apex body for research and preservation. Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages (SPPEL): Launched by Ministry of Education to document endangered tongues. Challenges Specific to Dogri Low inclusion in school curriculum (except a few optional papers in J&K). Negligible administrative use despite official recognition. Declining literary publication and print media presence. Weak community initiatives for cultural revival. Comparative Insight Region Language Revival Strategy Outcome Northeast India Bodo Added to Eighth Schedule + language academies + textbooks Revival successful South India Tulu Active digital movement (#TuluOfficialLanguage) Awareness growing Jammu (Dogri) Dogri Constitutional + official recognition only (no education/media base) Decline continues Way Forward Educational Integration: Make Dogri mandatory in primary schools in Jammu region. Develop digital Dogri learning platforms. Administrative Implementation: Ensure use of Dogri in local governance, signage, and official documents. Cultural Revitalization: Encourage Dogri theatre, cinema, and literature festivals. Promote Dogri on Doordarshan, AIR, and digital platforms. Documentation & Research: Expand SPPEL coverage with academic partnerships (CIIL, JNU, University of Jammu). India’s per capita income to cross $5,000 by 2031 Why in News ? A Franklin Templeton research report (2025) projects that India’s per capita income (PCI) will exceed USD 5,000 by 2031, nearly doubling from USD 2,729 (2023). This will trigger a structural shift in consumption, marking India’s entry into a mass affluent economy. Relevance GS-3 (Economy): Growth models, structural transformation, inequality, behavioral economics. GS-2 (Governance): Welfare design, inclusive policy frameworks. Key Data & Projections Indicator 2023 2031 (Projected) Per Capita Income (USD) 2,729 5,242 Share of Upper-Middle Income Households 11% (2010) 24% (2035) Non-essential Spending Share 1950s: <20% Now: ~60% Premium Product Growth 2–3× faster than mass market   Top 20% Households Hold ~85% of savings, drive consumption   Relevant Keywords Per Capita Income (PCI): Average income earned per person in a given year (GDP ÷ population). Indicator of standard of living and economic welfare (GS-3: Growth & Development). Consumption-Led Growth: Economic growth primarily driven by domestic demand rather than exports/investment. India’s consumption ≈ 60% of GDP — higher than China (~38%). Premiumization: Consumers shifting from mass-market to higher-value (premium) products. Reflects rising disposable income and urban aspirations. Affluence Elasticity of Demand: As incomes rise, demand for non-essential goods grows disproportionately faster. Middle-Income Trap: When growth slows after reaching middle-income status due to lack of innovation or productivity gains. India’s challenge: avoid this trap through structural reforms and skills development. Demographic Dividend: Economic growth potential from a young working-age population. India’s median age ≈ 28 years, offering a long window of consumption-driven expansion. Discretionary Expenditure: Spending on non-essential items — leisure, electronics, personal care — linked to consumer confidence. Structural Transformation Trends Rising Disposable Income: Urban and semi-urban households witnessing real income growth. Shift to Services: Growth in finance, health, education, recreation, and digital economy. Digital Consumption: E-commerce, UPI payments, and BNPL (Buy Now Pay Later) reshaping access. Urbanization: 40% population projected to be urban by 2035 — concentrated consumption hubs. Financialization of Savings: Shift from physical assets (gold, real estate) → financial assets (mutual funds, equities). Economic & Policy Implications Positive Multiplier Effect: Rising consumption fuels production, job creation, and tax revenues. Inclusive Growth Challenge: Need to ensure that rural and informal sectors also share income gains. Fiscal Implications: Higher incomes widen the tax base, improving fiscal space. Inflationary Pressures: Greater discretionary spending can elevate core inflation. Environmental Costs: Expansion of consumption must align with green growth strategies (LiFE Mission, circular economy). Behavioural Shift Aspirational Economy: Middle class driving demand for better housing, education, and healthcare. Consumer Confidence: Indicates economic optimism; linked to job stability and real wage growth. Cultural Convergence: Small towns adopting metro consumption patterns → “Tier-2 Urban Boom”. Global Context Comparative Perspective: India at USD 5,000 ≈ China in 2008; Suggests a decade-lagged but similar trajectory in consumption growth. India’s Global Ranking (IMF 2025): Per capita income rank ~136 globally but fastest among major economies. Potential Market Size: India projected to become 3rd largest consumer market by 2035, after US & China. Challenges & Concerns Income Inequality: Gini coefficient around 35–37; top 10% own ~65% of national wealth. Jobless Growth Risk: Rising income without commensurate employment generation. Rural Distress: Consumption growth remains urban-heavy. Supply Bottlenecks: Infrastructure, logistics, and energy gaps can limit consumption scalability. Way Forward Boost Rural Incomes: Strengthen agriculture, MSMEs, and rural employment. Skill-Based Growth: Align workforce with formal-sector opportunities. Sustainability: Promote green consumption, recycling, and LiFE initiatives. Digital Financial Inclusion: Deepen UPI and credit access for lower-income groups. Balanced Fiscal Policy: Use consumption growth to enhance public investment and social equity. PM-SHRI Schools Scheme and Kerala’s Policy Reversal Why in News ? Kerala’s LDF government (CPI-M led) has decided to implement the PM-SHRI Schools Scheme, reversing its two-year opposition. This has political and governance implications, highlighting tensions between Centre–State relations, NEP 2020 adoption, and federal financial incentives. Relevance GS-2 (Governance): Centre–State relations, cooperative federalism, education policy reforms. GS-2 (Social Justice): School quality improvement, equitable access, NEP 2020 implementation. Background of PM-SHRI Scheme Launched: September 2022 Full Form: Pradhan Mantri Schools for Rising India Aim: Develop 14,500 model schools as NEP 2020 exemplars across India. Coverage: Includes Central, State, and local government schools (like KVs, NVs, and state-run schools). Funding Pattern: 60:40 (Centre:State) for general states. 90:10 for NE & Himalayan states; 100% for UTs. Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Education, Department of School Education and Literacy. Core Objectives Demonstrate NEP 2020’s vision of holistic and multidisciplinary education. Integrate vocational training, art, ICT, and multilingual pedagogy. Establish School Quality Assessment Framework (SQAF) to evaluate and improve learning outcomes. Foster environment-friendly, inclusive, and digitally equipped learning environments. Reasons for Policy Reversal Financial Pressure: Kerala faced reduced Samagra Shiksha allocations since non-participation in PM-SHRI led to funding exclusion. In FY 2024–25, no funds were received under Samagra Shiksha; partial release in FY 2023–24 (~₹115 crore). Pragmatic Adjustment: Implementing PM-SHRI ensures access to central funds (~₹150 crore annually). Aligns with federal fiscal reality rather than ideological rigidity. Administrative Efficiency: Integration with existing state education infrastructure under Samagra Shiksha makes implementation smoother. National Context — Other States Agreed: Delhi (AAP), Punjab, West Bengal, and now Kerala. Holding Out: Tamil Nadu and earlier West Bengal cited NEP-related concerns. Trend: Gradual convergence of opposition-ruled states towards implementation for fiscal and developmental reasons. Policy Implications Centre–State Federalism: Reflects a shift towards “cooperative pragmatism”—states aligning with centrally funded schemes despite ideological reservations. Education Governance: Shows how financial design (conditional funding) influences policy compliance. Implementation Model: Use of SQAF for performance-linked disbursal introduces outcome-based governance in school education. Political Optics: “PM” branding raises questions about decentralized recognition in joint schemes. Criticisms and Challenges Federal Concerns: Central “branding” seen as undermining state ownership. NEP Alignment Issues: Kerala yet to fully endorse NEP 2020 — may create curricular friction. Equity Challenge: Risk that better-performing schools benefit disproportionately. Administrative Load: Monitoring transformation via SQAF requires strong data infrastructure and human resources. Twin Cyclonic Threats in the North Indian Ocean Region Why in News ? The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has reported two simultaneous cyclonic systems developing on either side of India — Cyclone Montha in the Bay of Bengal, and a persistent depression in the Arabian Sea. Such twin cyclonic formations are rare but indicate a hyperactive North Indian Ocean phase. Cyclone Montha is expected to make landfall near Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh) on October 28, 2025, while the Arabian Sea system is moving towards Gujarat. Relevance: GS-1 (Geography): Tropical cyclones – formation, classification, and regional patterns (Bay of Bengal vs Arabian Sea). GS-3 (Environment): Climate change impact on cyclone intensity and frequency (IPCC AR6 linkage). GS-3 (Disaster Management): Role of IMD, NDMA, NCRMP, and early warning systems. Meteorological Context Formation dates: Bay of Bengal system formed October 24, intensified rapidly into Cyclone Montha by October 26. Arabian Sea depression formed on October 22 — has not intensified or dissipated. Movement patterns: Cyclone Montha: Moving NNW at ~18 km/hr, currently ~520 km ESE of Chennai. Arabian Sea depression: Highly erratic track — NW → NE → N → W → S → N again; now drifting towards Gujarat coast. Wind speeds (IMD forecast): Sustained: 90–100 km/hr Gusts: Up to 110 km/hr Classified as a Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS). Expected impact: Storm surge: ~1 metre above astronomical tide, threatening low-lying areas of coastal Andhra Pradesh and Yanam (Puducherry). Rainfall: Very heavy to extremely heavy rainfall over Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana. Technical & Climatic Analysis Faster-than-expected intensification due to: High sea surface temperature (SST): ~30–31°C in Bay of Bengal. Strong convection and latent heat release in the mid–upper troposphere. Low vertical wind shear enabling organized circulation. Twin cyclones phenomenon: Known as “Basin Dipole Activity”, where simultaneous low-pressure systems form in both the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Typically arises from enhanced Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity and Indian Ocean warm pool anomalies. Climatic context: October–November is the post-monsoon cyclone season, contributing 25–30% of annual cyclonic activity in the North Indian Ocean. Bay of Bengal accounts for ~80% of cyclones in this basin; Arabian Sea for the remaining 20%. Comparative Dynamics Feature Cyclone Montha (Bay of Bengal) Arabian Sea Depression Formation Date October 24, 2025 October 22, 2025 Status Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) Depression Wind Speed 90–110 km/hr 30–40 km/hr Landfall Forecast Near Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh) Moving towards Gujarat coast SST Influence 30–31°C 29–30°C IMD Alert Red alert for East Coast No official alert yet Environmental & Socioeconomic Implications Risk to coastal infrastructure: High wind + storm surge → potential damage to ports, power lines, and fishing harbours. Agricultural impact: Possible crop loss in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and Telangana, especially in paddy and horticulture zones. Marine hazards: Disruption of shipping routes in both Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Humanitarian preparedness: NDRF and state disaster management authorities placed on high alert. Scientific and Policy Significance IMD’s Early Warning System: Use of INSAT-3D/3DR, GFS, and ECMWF data for real-time tracking. Demonstrates improved predictive accuracy under the National Monsoon Mission. Climate linkage: Strengthening evidence of warming-induced cyclone intensification in the North Indian Ocean. Aligns with IPCC AR6 finding — increase in rapid intensification events since 1990s. Policy relevance: Supports India’s National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) under NDMA. Reinforces need for urban flood resilience and coastal infrastructure hardening under PM Gati Shakti and Blue Economy Vision 2047. Conclusion The twin cyclonic systems — Montha in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea depression — represent a critical climate–weather intersection.While Cyclone Montha is a near-term threat to the east coast, the western depression underscores persistent oceanic heat anomalies and shifting monsoonal dynamics. This episode highlights the growing complexity of India’s cyclonic climatology, demanding integrated early-warning systems, coastal adaptation measures, and regional cooperation in disaster risk reduction. Static Revision Definition and Classification Cyclone: Rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, strong winds, and heavy rainfall. Types (based on wind speed – IMD classification):   Wind Speed (km/hr) Example Low Pressure Area <31 Monsoon lows Depression (D) 31–49 Monsoon depressions Deep Depression (DD) 50–61 Pre-cyclone phase Cyclonic Storm (CS) 62–88 Cyclone Sitrang (2022) Severe Cyclonic Storm (SCS) 89–117 Cyclone Montha (2025) Very Severe Cyclonic Storm (VSCS) 118–165 Cyclone Tauktae (2021) Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm (ESCS) 166–220 Cyclone Amphan (2020) Super Cyclonic Storm (SuCS) ≥221 Odisha Super Cyclone (1999) Structure of a Tropical Cyclone Eye: Calm center with descending air and clear skies. Eye Wall: Ring of towering cumulonimbus clouds with strongest winds and rainfall. Spiral Rainbands: Bands of clouds and thunderstorms spiraling towards the center. Energy Source: Latent heat released by condensation over warm ocean waters (≥26.5°C). Conditions Favourable for Cyclone Formation Warm sea surface temperature (≥26.5°C) up to 60 m depth. Coriolis force (absent near Equator → cyclones form between 5°–15° N/S). High humidity in the lower–mid troposphere. Atmospheric instability promoting convection. Low vertical wind shear (<10 m/s). Pre-existing low-pressure disturbance or intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) perturbation. North Indian Ocean (NIO) Cyclone Basin Extent: Between 45°E–100°E longitude, including Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Arabian Sea (AS). Seasonal Peaks: Pre-monsoon: April–June Post-monsoon: October–December (more intense) Cyclone frequency (IMD average 1891–2020): Bay of Bengal: ~5.5 cyclones/year (~80% of total NIO cyclones) Arabian Sea: ~1.5 cyclones/year (~20%) Recent trend: Frequency in Arabian Sea increasing due to rapid warming; BoB remains dominant in intensity. Reasons for Bay of Bengal’s Higher Cyclonic Activity Warmer SSTs (average 29–31°C). Abundant moisture from rivers and monsoon outflow. Shallow sea and high latent heat flux. Remnant low-pressure systems from Pacific crossing over via Myanmar. Weak vertical wind shear during transition seasons. Favorable Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase more frequent. Arabian Sea Cyclones — Emerging Concern Earlier: Cooler waters and stronger wind shear inhibited cyclones. Now (post-2000): Warming trend of +1.2°C/decade; conducive for more VSCS (Tauktae, Mekunu, Vayu, Biparjoy). Driven by: Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phases. Anthropogenic warming of Western Indian Ocean. Reduced aerosol loading increasing solar absorption. Naming of Cyclones Initiated in 2004 by WMO/ESCAP Panel on Tropical Cyclones. Member countries: 13 (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Myanmar, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Oman, UAE, Yemen, Qatar, Iran, Saudi Arabia). Names are pre-determined and rotated in lists — next name after Montha will be from Myanmar’s contribution. Indian Meteorological Institutions & Monitoring Nodal Agency: India Meteorological Department (IMD) – Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC), New Delhi. Other key institutions: National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) Technology used: INSAT-3D/3DR, Doppler weather radars, GFS, ECMWF, and satellite-based SST data.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 27 October 2025

Content Classical Languages of India Jal Jeevan Mission Classical Languages of India Background and Context India’s linguistic diversity: Over 19,500 languages/dialects spoken as per Census 2011, reflecting deep civilisational heritage. Policy intent: Recognition of “Classical Languages” aims to preserve, promote, and academically institutionalize India’s ancient linguistic traditions. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Culture, in coordination with Ministry of Education (Language Bureau & CIIL, Mysuru). Relevance GS 1 (Culture): Linguistic evolution, ancient literature, heritage preservation. GS 2 (Governance): Policy design for cultural preservation, institutional architecture. Key Update (October 2024) Union Cabinet Decision (3 Oct 2024): Conferred Classical Language status on Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali. Total Classical Languages (as of Oct 2025): 11 Earlier 6 (2004–2014): Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014). Newly added 5 (2024): Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali. Significance of Classical Language Status Cultural recognition: Acknowledges the antiquity, continuity, and intellectual contribution of a language. Knowledge preservation: Safeguards epics, scriptures, philosophy, grammar, and ancient sciences. Academic promotion: Enables creation of Centres of Excellence, research grants, digitisation projects, and translation initiatives. Cultural diplomacy: Enhances India’s soft power and identity as a civilisational knowledge hub. Criteria for Recognition (Defined by Ministry of Culture; approved by Union Cabinet) Antiquity of 1,500–2,000 years of recorded history. Rich ancient literature or texts considered as heritage by generations. Presence of prose, poetry, epigraphy, inscriptions beyond oral traditions. Distinctness between ancient and modern forms of the language. Expansion of Linguistic Heritage (2024 Additions) (A) Marathi Speakers: ~110 million (Ethnologue 2024); among top 15 global languages. Origin: From Maharastri Prakrit (Satavahana era, 2nd century BCE–2nd CE). Key Texts: Gathasaptasati (1st century CE, King Hala) – earliest literary work. Lilacharitra & Jnaneswari – medieval milestones (~13th century). Naneghata Inscription (~1st BCE) – early Marathi epigraphy. Notable Saints: Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Tukaram – Bhakti movement figures. (B) Pali Timeframe: c. 500 BCE; language of early Buddhist canon. Region of use: India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand; extended to East Asia. Canonical Works (Tipitaka): Vinaya Pitaka – monastic rules. Sutta Pitaka – Buddha’s discourses. Abhidhamma Pitaka – philosophy & psychology. Scholars: Buddhaghosa (commentaries), early grammarians. Cultural Impact: Vehicle of Buddhist thought and moral philosophy across Asia. (C) Prakrit Nature: Middle Indo-Aryan linguistic group; evolved from Sanskrit; mother to several modern Indian languages. Prominent Forms: Ardhamagadhi, Maharastri, Shauraseni. Use: By Buddha and Mahavira for sermons; language of masses. Inscriptional Evidence: Ashokan edicts, Kharavela inscriptions. Texts: Gaha Sattasai, Natyashastra mentions Prakrit as people’s language. Contribution: Foundation for Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Rajasthani. (D) Assamese Roots: From Magadhi Apabhramsa (Eastern Prakrit line). Evolution: 7th century CE onward; shares lineage with Bengali and Oriya. Earliest Texts: Charyapadas (8th–12th centuries, Buddhist Tantric hymns). Later Literature: Katha Gurucharit; writings of Srimanta Sankardeva. Distinct Features: Retains Magadhan phonetics; evolved script by 13th century. (E) Bengali Origin: From Magadhi Prakrit → Apabhramsa → Old Bengali (~10th CE). Early Literature: Charyapadas (47 hymns by Siddhacharyas). Medieval Works: Mukunda Ram (Chandimangal), Bharat Chandra, Ram Prasad. Renaissance Period (19th century): Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra. Bande Mataram (Bankim) & Jana Gana Mana (Tagore). Global Impact: Language of Tagore (Nobel 1913); shaped India’s nationalism. Institutional Framework for Promotion (A) Nodal Body Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysuru under MoE’s Language Bureau. Mandate: Research, documentation, digitisation, and academic promotion. (B) Centres of Excellence Language Centre Location Tamil Central Institute of Classical Tamil Chennai Telugu Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Telugu (CESCT) Nellore, Andhra Pradesh Kannada CESCK University of Mysore Malayalam CESCM Tirur, Kerala Odia CESCO Bhubaneswar, Odisha Examples of Activities: Digitisation of manuscripts & epigraphs. Translation of classical texts (e.g., Tirukkural in 28 Indian + 30 world languages, and Braille). Research on Dravidian grammar and comparative linguistics. Compilation of 10,000+ classical Telugu works. Publication of critical editions (e.g., Telugu Sasanaalu, Sankeerthana Lakshanam in Kannada). Odia projects: palm-leaf manuscripts, murals, archaeological documentation. Sanskrit Promotion Initiatives 3 Central Sanskrit Universities (2020): Central Sanskrit University, New Delhi. Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University, New Delhi. National Sanskrit University, Tirupati. Financial Assistance: To Adarsh Sanskrit Mahavidyalayas and Shodha Sansthans. Key Objectives of Centres for Classical Languages Preserve & propagate India’s classical linguistic legacy. Conduct multidisciplinary research (epigraphy, archaeology, anthropology). Facilitate translations, audio-visual documentation, scholar training. Establish global chairs & linkages (e.g., Tamil Chairs in global universities). Connect ancient linguistic knowledge with indigenous epistemologies. Broader Policy Vision Embodies “Virasat Bhi, Vikas Bhi” – heritage with progress. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and Culturally Rooted India vision. Strengthens national integration by connecting linguistic diversity with cultural unity. Enhances India’s soft power diplomacy through global promotion of classical languages. Data Snapshot (As of 2025) Parameter Data Total Classical Languages 11 Institutions under CIIL 5 active Centres of Excellence Sanskrit Universities 3 (established 2020) Translation outreach (Tamil) 28 Indian + 30 global languages Marathi speakers ~110 million (Ethnologue 2024) Oldest Classical Text Evidence Tolkāppiyam (Tamil, ~500 BCE) Earliest Literary Work (North India) Charyapadas (8th–12th CE) Jal Jeevan Mission Why in News ? As of October 2025, over 15.72 crore rural households (≈81% coverage) now have functional tap water connections under the Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM). Central outlay:₹2.08 lakh crore, marking one of the largest rural infrastructure programmes globally. WHO, SBI Research, IIM Bangalore–ILO, and global agencies have validated its public health, gender, and economic impacts. Relevance GS 2 – Governance, Welfare Schemes, Service Delivery : Decentralized governance, community-led implementation, women’s empowerment. GS 3 – Environment, Economy, and Technology : Water resource management, sustainability, digital governance in infrastructure. Basics Launch: 15 August 2019 Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Jal Shakti Objective: To provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household by 2024, ensuring: Adequate safe drinking water (55 lpcd) Quality monitoring Source sustainability Community participation Mission Motto: “Har Ghar Jal” Funding Pattern: 90:10 (NE states, UTs), 50:50 (other states), 100% central for UTs without legislature. Progress and Key Data (as of 22 Oct 2025) Parameter 2019 Baseline 2025 Status Growth Rural households with tap water 3.23 crore (16.7%) 15.72 crore (81%) +12.48 crore Districts with full coverage — 192 (116 certified) — States/UTs with 100% coverage — 11 (Goa, Haryana, Gujarat, Telangana, etc.) — Schools with tap water — 9.23 lakh — Anganwadi centres — 9.66 lakh — Women trained in water testing — 24.8 lakh — Water samples tested (2025–26) — 38.78 lakh — Water labs operational — 2,843 — Quality Assurance and Institutional Strengthening Water Testing Network: 2,843 labs (2,184 institutional + 659 plant-based). Community Testing: 24.8 lakh women trained to use Field Testing Kits (FTKs) across 5.07 lakh villages. Certification System: Reported: State/UT confirms tap water in all HHs. Certified: Verified through Gram Sabha resolution post-inspection. Components of JJM In-village piped water infrastructure – Ensuring last-mile connectivity. Sustainable water sources – Rainwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, reuse. Greywater management – Treatment and reuse at household level. Water quality interventions – Arsenic and fluoride removal technologies. Digital governance – Real-time dashboards, GIS mapping, RPWSS IDs. Capacity building – Community mobilization, IEC campaigns, skill training. Contingency and O&M funds – Ensuring sustainability. Digital Governance: RPWSS & ‘Jal Mitra’ Rural Piped Water Supply Schemes (RPWSS) ID: Unique digital ID for every water scheme (to be completed by Nov 2025). Integrated with GIS and PM Gati Shakti for real-time monitoring. ‘Jal Mitra’ Application (West Bengal): Tracks 13.7 crore activities, functionality checks for 80.39 lakh HHs. Created 4,522 Jal Bachao Committees for participatory governance. Employment & Economic Impact IIM Bangalore–ILO Study: ~3 crore person-years of employment generated. SBI Research (2025): 9 crore women freed from fetching water daily. +7.4% rise in women’s participation in agriculture and allied work. Economic savings: Estimated ₹8.2 lakh crore in health and productivity costs (WHO). Health and Social Impact (WHO & Research) 4 lakh diarrheal deaths averted annually (WHO). 14 million DALYs prevented. 30% reduction in under-5 child mortality (Prof. Michael Kremer). 5.5 crore hours saved daily — 75% of which were women’s time. Improved attendance in schools and Anganwadi centres due to safe water. Community-led Success Models a) Maharashtra – Women-led Management Amritnath Mahila Samuha manages full water utility cycle. 100% bill recovery; ₹1.7 lakh earned through community management. b) Nagaland – Source Protection Catchment restoration through recharge pits, trenches, and afforestation. Climate-resilient water systems with convergence of Forest Dept. c) Assam – Health Transformation 27 waterborne disease cases (2022–23) reduced to zero post-piped water. Community funds system (₹1/day/HH) for O&M sustainability. d) Rajasthan – Water Security Planning Ridge-to-valley approach increased water level by 70 feet. 11.77% rise in annual storage; 5% community cost sharing. e) West Bengal – Digital Monitoring ‘Jal Mitra’ MIS ensures transparency, replaced manual record system. Governance and Sustainability Framework Community Ownership: Village Water & Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) managing local systems. Convergence: MGNREGS, SBM-G, 15th Finance Commission grants, and watershed programmes. Focus on Marginal Areas: Arsenic/fluoride belts, drought-prone districts. Capacity Building: Over 25 lakh women trained; IEC drives fostering Jan Andolan. Challenges Ahead Ensuring source sustainability amid depleting groundwater. Operation & maintenance (O&M) post-completion — ensuring local financial viability. Water quality monitoring in arsenic-fluoride belts (e.g., Bengal, Bihar, Rajasthan). Climate-induced water stress; integration with Atal Bhujal Yojana needed. Building skilled Jal Doots for decentralized management. Broader Implications SDG Alignment: SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) SDG 3 (Good Health & Well-being) SDG 5 (Gender Equality) SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) Economic Multiplier: Every ₹1 invested in water yields ₹4 in health, productivity, and education returns. Governance Benchmark: Real-time dashboards and GIS mapping model for other schemes (e.g., PMGSY, SBM).

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 27 October 2025

Content The contours of constitutional morality Winding up the clock of India-Nepal economic ties The contours of constitutional morality  Why in News ? Justice N. Anand Venkatesh (Madras High Court) revisited the concept of Constitutional Morality, emphasizing its role as a living ethos for constitutional governance. Comes amid growing judicial debates (e.g., Sabarimala review, Delhi Government vs LG, Puttaswamy) on whether morality in law should derive from majoritarian public morality or constitutional morality anchored in justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Relevance GS-2 (Polity & Governance): Constitutional values, judicial interpretation, and democratic ethics. Role of judiciary in upholding justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. Separation of powers and moral foundations of governance.  Practice Questions What do you understand by the term “Constitutional Morality”? Discuss its significance in maintaining a balance between majority rule and constitutional governance in India.(250 Words) The Classical Relationship: Law and Morality Ancient Indian Thought: The idea of Dharma in Vedic and post-Vedic traditions united law, morality, and justice (no separation between legal and ethical norms). Thirukkural stressed Aram (virtue), aligning moral duty with social order. Western Jurisprudence: Natural Law Theorists (e.g., Aquinas): Law derives validity from moral order. Legal Positivists (e.g., Bentham, Austin, H.L.A. Hart): Law is valid because it’s enacted by authority, not because it is moral. Hart-Devlin Debate (1960s): Lord Devlin: Law should enforce moral standards to preserve social cohesion. H.L.A. Hart: Individual liberty must be protected from moral majoritarianism; law should not police private morality. Sparked global discourse on morality’s place in liberal democracies. The Indian Position: Law Reflecting Moral Evolution P. Rathinam vs Union of India (1994) SC quoted Justice Frankfurter: Law embodies moral principles aligned with fairness and justice. Example of Divergence: Law leads morality: Abolition of untouchability (Article 17) before social acceptance. Law follows morality: Recognition of gender equality and LGBTQ+ rights over time. Lesson: Indian constitutionalism treats law as a moral enterprise, not merely a command. Rise of the Idea of “Constitutional Morality” Origin: Coined by historian George Grote (1846) in History of Greece: “A paramount reverence for constitutional forms combined with free speech and civic confidence.” Indian Adoption: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, citing Grote in the Constituent Assembly: “Constitutional morality is not a natural sentiment; it has to be cultivated.” Warned that democracy in India is a “top dressing on undemocratic soil.” Understanding Constitutional Morality Meaning: Adherence to the core values, procedures, and spirit of the Constitution beyond its literal text. Essence: Rule of law + Respect for institutions + Protection of minorities + Ethical exercise of constitutional power. Distinction: Public Morality → Majoritarian social values. Constitutional Morality → Justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity as guiding principles. Key Judicial Landmarks Case Year Core Idea / Holding S.P. Gupta v. Union of India 1981 Justice Venkataramiah: Violation of constitutional conventions = breach of constitutional morality with political consequences. Manoj Narula v. Union of India 2014 Constitutional morality = adherence to rule of law; PM is expected (not compelled) to exclude tainted ministers. Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of Kerala (Sabarimala case) 2018 (CJI Dipak Misra) Public morality under Art. 25 should mean constitutional morality — not societal biases. Later referred to 9-judge bench. State (NCT of Delhi) v. Union of India 2018 CM-LG relationship must reflect constitutional morality — cooperative federalism, consensus, and accountability. Justice K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India 2017 Right to Privacy anchored in constitutional morality; state actions must respect rule of law and individual dignity. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India 2018 Constitutional morality protects LGBTQ+ rights; law cannot reflect public prejudice. Theoretical Foundations Prof. A.V. Dicey: Distinguished “law of the constitution” (enforceable) vs “conventions of the constitution” (non-justiciable but morally binding). Ambedkar’s Vision: Constitutional morality = moral compass guiding exercise of constitutional power. Needed to “hold together the diverse strands of democracy.” Data & Facts: Institutional Embedding Constitutional Morality in Action: Judicial Discipline: Over 70 references to “constitutional morality” across Supreme Court judgments (2014–2025). Governance Practice: 2024–25 Lok Sabha debates cited it in contexts of ordinance misuse, governor powers, and freedom of expression. India’s CPI ranking declined to 96 (2024, score 38) from 85 (2021, score 40), reflecting governance and institutional ethics gaps — highlighting Ambedkar’s warning that “constitutional morality must be cultivated, not presumed. Philosophical and Governance Implications Moral Legitimacy of Law: A law may be valid but not just (e.g., Section 377 pre-2018). Constitutional Morality as a Democratic Guardrail: Prevents elected majorities from undermining constitutional principles. Judicial Use: Expands interpretative horizons—guiding constitutional evolution through moral reasoning. Risk: Excessive moralization of law can blur boundaries of separation of powers, leading to judicial overreach. Challenges Subjectivity: Who defines morality — judges, legislature, or society? Over-judicialization: Morality-based activism may intrude on legislative domain. Cultural Pluralism: Single moral code incompatible with India’s diversity. Selective Invocation: Morality often cited inconsistently across judgments and governance contexts. The Road Ahead Institutional Reforms: Codify conventions of constitutional ethics (e.g., cabinet norms, governor conduct). Civic Education: Embed constitutional values in school curricula (NEP 2020 provision for citizenship education). Political Accountability: Foster adherence to moral governance through transparency and citizen vigilance. Judicial Restraint: Courts must balance moral interpretation with textual fidelity. Conclusion The relationship between morality and law in India is symbiotic — law shapes morality, and morality legitimizes law. Constitutional Morality, as envisioned by Ambedkar, is not static but evolutionary — the moral foundation of India’s constitutional democracy. It ensures that majority rule never degenerates into moral tyranny, and that the spirit of justice remains the soul of governance. Winding up the clock of India-Nepal economic ties  Context and Background Date & Announcement: On October 1, 2025, RBI Governor Sanjay Malhotra unveiled three measures aimed at internationalising the Indian Rupee (INR). Geoeconomic backdrop: Follows RBI’s broader agenda of “Rupee Globalisation” and the South Asia currency integration drive under India’s Neighbourhood First Policy. Significance: Enhances India–Nepal economic interdependence, regional trade in local currencies, and de-dollarisation momentum in South Asia. Relevance GS-2 (International Relations): India–Nepal bilateral relations and neighbourhood diplomacy. Economic interdependence and cross-border cooperation mechanisms. Regionalism and financial integration in South Asia. GS-3 (Economy): Internationalisation of the Indian Rupee (INR). External sector management, currency stability, and de-dollarisation. Role of RBI in fostering regional financial architecture. GS-3 (Internal Security & Economy Linkage): Economic resilience of neighbouring states and its implications for India’s security and border stability. Practice Questions Discuss how the Reserve Bank of India’s recent rupee internationalisation measures can strengthen India–Nepal economic relations and promote regional currency integration.(250 Words) The Three RBI Measures INR Lending to Non-Residents (Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka) Authorised Dealer (AD) banks can now lend INR for cross-border transactions. Impact: Enables Nepalese industries to access Indian credit lines, easing liquidity and scaling trade operations. Expansion of Special Rupee Vostro Accounts Foreign banks’ INR accounts in Indian banks (Vostros) can now invest in: Corporate Bonds Commercial Papers Earlier permitted only for central government securities. Impact: Deepens INR capital markets’ accessibility to foreign participants. Transparent Reference Rate Mechanism RBI to establish a reference rate for major trading partners’ currencies. Impact: Reduces volatility and ensures consistency in INR-based invoicing and settlements. Historical Context: INR–NPR Peg Peg ratio: 1 INR = 1.6 Nepalese Rupee (NPR) (in place since 1993). Stability: Peg has shielded NPR from sharp depreciation against USD and other hard currencies. Caution: Economists warn against disturbing a working peg system, which underpins Nepal’s monetary stability. Nepal’s Economic Challenges GDP slowdown: Post-COVID rebound driven by remittances (≈25% of GDP) faded by 2024. Industrial stagnation: Limited access to institutional credit; banks are oligarch-controlled. MSMEs face severe working capital crunch. Unemployment: >11% (ILO 2024), highest among SAARC countries after Afghanistan. Supply chain disruptions: Domestic ancillary units struggling due to low demand and liquidity. Result: Political volatility and high economic vulnerability. Potential Benefits for Nepal Access to Indian Credit: RBI’s INR lending move could inject liquidity into Nepal’s industrial ecosystem. Lowers dependency on expensive USD loans or foreign donor credit lines. Boost to Bilateral Trade: India accounts for 65% of Nepal’s international trade. Exports (FY24): India → Nepal: USD 6.95 billion (FY24). Nepal → India: ~USD 1 billion Major exports: edible oil, tea, coffee, jute. Nepal’s rank as Indian export destination: 28th (2014) → 17th (2024). Attraction of Investment: Indian firms contribute 33% of Nepal’s total FDI stock, worth ~USD 670 million. INR-denominated trade will improve FDI flows, especially for cross-border value-added supply chains. De-dollarisation and Forex Stability: Reduces Nepal’s dependence on USD; shields from exchange rate shocks. Eases hard currency shortages, improving Current Account Deficit (CAD) management. Employment & Industrial Multipliers: INR credit enables scaling up of small and medium enterprises, generating local jobs. Facilitates joint ventures and value addition industries (e.g., agro-processing, light manufacturing). Strategic and Financial Multiplier Effects Rupee Trade Settlement System (RTSS): Builds on 2022 framework enabling INR-based invoicing with 18 countries. Regional Integration: Encourages South Asian Monetary Cooperation under India’s leadership. Resilience to USD cycles: Protects smaller economies like Nepal from Fed-driven volatility. Macro stability: Encourages balanced BoP management and stronger monetary coordination between RBI and Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB). Institutional and Policy Implications For Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB): Must frame prudential norms and risk assessment frameworks for cross-border INR lending. Need for regulatory convergence with RBI guidelines on compliance, transparency, and borrower eligibility. For RBI: Maintain prudential oversight to prevent misuse or arbitrage via INR lending. Monitor liquidity flows and non-performing exposure risks from overseas borrowers. For Governments: Opportunity for India–Nepal Sovereign Credit Framework, joint risk rating, and bilateral trade insurance mechanisms (e.g., EXIM Bank–NRB tie-up). Broader Geoeconomic Context USD dominance: Globally, the US dollar accounts for ~54% of trade invoicing but dominates ~88% of foreign exchange turnover (IMF, BIS 2024). INR globalisation: India pushing for INR settlement with Russia, UAE, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and now Nepal. Strategic payoff: Reduces transaction costs (~2–3% savings) and enhances India’s financial soft power in South Asia. Challenges and Caveats Interest rate competitiveness: Indian banks must offer rates viable for Nepalese borrowers. Regulatory risk: NRB’s cautious stance could delay uptake. Credit monitoring: Cross-border lending requires robust credit evaluation and recovery mechanisms. Political sensitivities: Perceptions of “INR dominance” must be mitigated through joint consultation mechanisms. Way Forward Institutional coordination: Establish India–Nepal Financial Coordination Council (INFCC). Regular review of INR–NPR peg sustainability. Capacity building: Encourage joint banking ventures and financial literacy programmes for Nepalese SMEs. Promote Rupee Corridor Initiatives via SAARC framework. Long-term goal: Achieve South Asian Local Currency Settlement Mechanism (LCSM) akin to ASEAN’s system. Position the INR as a regional anchor currency by 2030. Conclusion RBI’s October 2025 measures mark a watershed in India–Nepal financial diplomacy. They represent the fusion of rupee internationalisation, regional integration, and developmental partnership. If prudently executed, the move can make INR not just India’s currency, but South Asia’s stability instrument—advancing both economic sovereignty and strategic depth for India and its neighbours.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 27 October 2025

Content Uttarakhand’s Proposed ‘Green Cess’ on Outstation Vehicles. The ‘Dunki Route’ and the Dark Side of Irregular Migration IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 22nd India–ASEAN Summit (Kuala Lumpur, 2025) Municipal Bonds Now Eligible for Repo and Reverse Repo Deals Uttarakhand’s Proposed ‘Green Cess’ on Outstation Vehicles Why in News The Government of Uttarakhand plans to introduce a “Green Cess” on vehicles entering from outside the state. Aim: Combat rising vehicular pollution, fund green infrastructure, and improve air quality in ecologically sensitive hill regions. Estimated annual revenue: ₹100 crore, to be managed by the Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board (UKPCB). Relevance GS-3 (Environment, Conservation & Pollution Control): Fiscal instruments for sustainability, vehicular pollution mitigation. GS-2 (Governance): Policy design, fiscal decentralization, environmental regulation. GS-1 (Geography): Himalayan ecology and environmental vulnerabilities. GS-3 (Economy): Green budgeting and fiscal federalism. Background and Context Uttarakhand witnesses massive tourist inflow — over 5 crore visitors (2022–24) — leading to traffic congestion, dust pollution, and ecosystem stress. Vehicular emissions and road dust contribute to PM2.5 and PM10 pollution, especially in Dehradun, Nainital, Haridwar, Rishikesh. The state’s fragile Himalayan ecology is already under pressure due to urbanization, road-widening projects, and pilgrimage tourism (Char Dham, Kedarnath). Aligns with India’s larger goals of Net-Zero by 2070 and National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). Key Features of the Green Cess Applicability: All vehicles registered outside Uttarakhand entering the state. Objective: Internalize environmental costs by applying the Polluter Pays Principle. Estimated Annual Collection: ~₹100 crore. Administering Body: Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board (UKPCB) under the State Environment Department. Revenue Utilization: Air quality monitoring & sensor network expansion. Dust suppression and road vacuuming projects. Green infrastructure: Urban forests, EV charging stations, green corridors. Public awareness & behavioural change campaigns. Promotion of electric vehicles and clean mobility. Economic & Environmental Rationale Environmental Fiscal Reform (EFR): Uses taxation to disincentivize pollution and generate revenue for mitigation. Tourism-linked Environmental Stress: Heavy influx of vehicles (especially diesel SUVs) from Delhi-NCR and UP. Polluter Pays Principle: Embeds the cost of environmental externalities within market mechanisms. Co-benefits: Encourages public transport, shared cabs, EV adoption. Reduces congestion and particulate emissions. Creates dedicated green fund for continuous ecological improvement. National Parallels (India) State/City Measure Key Outcome Delhi NCR Environment Compensation Charge (ECC) on commercial vehicles Reduced entry of old diesel trucks, improved AQI marginally Himachal Pradesh Green Fee on vehicles entering tourist towns (Manali, Shimla) Finances solid waste and parking management Goa Entry Tax on out-of-state vehicles Used for coastal zone management Ladakh Eco-tax on tourists and vehicles Revenue for glacier and biodiversity conservation Sikkim Sustainable Tourism Fee Funds trekking route maintenance and reforestation Learning for Uttarakhand: Success depends on transparent fund utilization, earmarked green spending, and measurable pollution reduction. Global Parallels Country/City Mechanism Key Learning London (UK) Congestion Charge and Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) Reduced NO₂ levels by ~25%, boosted EV adoption Singapore Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) Dynamic pricing curbs congestion, reinvested in mass transit Norway CO₂-based Vehicle Tax Drastically increased EV share (over 80% new car sales) Sweden Carbon Tax (1991) Shift from fossil fuels to renewables; model for EFR success Bhutan Sustainable Development Fee (SDF) on tourists Controls inflow, funds environmental projects Inference: Globally, eco-taxes serve dual goals — behavioral change + revenue for sustainability projects. Administrative & Policy Dimensions Legal Backing: Can be notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, or through a State Finance Bill. Implementation Agencies: Uttarakhand Transport Department (collection mechanism) UKPCB (project financing and monitoring) Monitoring: Integration with FASTag or ANPR systems for automated cess collection. Transparency Measures: Annual Green Cess Utilization Report. Public dashboard for tracking revenue allocation. Potential Challenges Administrative: Setting up collection points at multiple entry routes (Haridwar, Rampur, Rudrapur). Equity Concerns: Frequent visitors and commercial transporters may face high burden. Economic: Tourism operators fear deterrence to visitors, affecting livelihoods. Accountability: Ensuring cess funds are not diverted to non-environmental uses. Coordination: Requires alignment with central programs like NCAP and National Mission on Sustainable Habitat. Long-Term Implications Positive: Builds a sustainable fiscal base for environmental protection. Encourages inter-state learning on green taxation. Strengthens Uttarakhand’s case as an eco-conscious tourist destination. Risks: If poorly implemented, may become a revenue tool rather than environmental reform. Possible pushback from tourism sector without visible green outcomes. Integration with Broader Policy Frameworks National: NCAP (2019) – Targets 40% reduction in PM levels by 2026. National Green Tribunal (NGT) directives on vehicular emissions. FAME-II Scheme promoting EV adoption. National Clean Energy Fund model for cross-sector green spending. International Commitments: Paris Agreement & Glasgow Pact – internalizing carbon pricing. SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities), SDG 13 (Climate Action), SDG 15 (Life on Land). Way Forward Institutionalize a “Green Fund” with independent audit and citizen oversight. Differential Cess Design: Lower rate for EVs, higher for diesel and heavy vehicles. Tourist Management Policy: Seasonal caps, parking limits, shuttle-based last-mile connectivity. Green Infrastructure Priorities: Urban forests in Mussoorie & Nainital. Solar-powered public transport. Dust-free road zones in pilgrimage circuits. Public Communication: Campaign linking tourism with ecological responsibility — “Clean Himalaya, Green Himalaya”. ‘Dunki Route’ and the Dark Side of Irregular Migration Why in News On October 26, 2025, 50 men from Haryana (aged 25–40) were deported from the United States after being caught for illegal entry and stay via the “Dunki route.” They had paid hefty sums (₹25–60 lakh each) to human traffickers promising entry into the U.S. through Latin America. The deportation is part of a U.S. crackdown on irregular migrants, under which ~2,500 Indians have been deported since January 2023. Relevance GS-2 (Governance, International Relations): Human trafficking, migration diplomacy, India–U.S. bilateral cooperation. GS-3 (Internal Security): Transnational crime, money laundering, illegal migration networks. GS-1 (Society): Rural distress, aspiration-driven migration, demographic pressures.  What is the ‘Dunki Route’? The “Dunki route” refers to illegal backdoor migration routes used by Indians to reach Western countries—especially the U.S., Canada, and Europe. The route typically passes through South America (Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico) and involves crossing dangerous terrains to enter the U.S. illegally. The term “Dunki” (Punjabi slang) derives from “donkey” — implying an underground, risky, and unapproved method of travel. Key Facts from the Current Incident Financial loss: Each migrant spent between ₹29–58 lakh, selling land or taking high-interest loans. Journey duration: 60–120 days via South America. Arrests: Many detained in Georgia and Texas, jailed for 10–14 months before deportation. Deportation logistics: Flights operated under U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) coordination. National Scale of the Issue MEA data (Jan 2023–Oct 2025): ~2,500 Indians deported or repatriated from the U.S. States most affected: Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh. Previous major deportation: Feb 5, 2025 — U.S. Air Force C-17 flight with 104 Indians landed in Amritsar, the longest deportation flight in U.S. history. India ranks among the top 5 source countries for irregular migrants intercepted at the U.S.–Mexico border. Economic and Social Drivers Push Factors (India): Agrarian distress and rural unemployment in North Indian states. Aspirations for better earnings and social mobility abroad. Social prestige associated with foreign migration in Punjab–Haryana belt. Weak local job opportunities for educated youth. Pull Factors (Destination Countries): Labour demand in U.S. service and agriculture sectors. Smuggler networks offering “guaranteed entry” packages. Circulation of social media success stories of those who settled illegally. The Human Trafficking and Agent Nexus Operated by interconnected networks spanning India, Latin America, and U.S.–Mexico border states. Payment model: Agents take partial advance in India; balance on “arrival.” False promises: Legal work permits, safe passage, or “political asylum.” Criminality: Violates the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, and Foreigners Act, 1946. Risk factors: Exposure to robbery, extortion, sexual exploitation, and even death. No legal protection or recourse abroad. U.S. Policy Context U.S. Immigration Enforcement: Since 2022, tightened asylum and border-entry policies under Title 8 deportations (post-Title 42 repeal). Bilateral cooperation: India and U.S. have agreed to streamline repatriations and combat illegal human trafficking networks. Deportees are flown back under ICE Air Operations, with coordination from MEA & Indian missions. Legal and Diplomatic Aspects India’s stance: Zero tolerance toward illegal migration but emphasizes humane treatment of deportees. MEA & MHA coordinate with Interpol and U.S. Homeland Security to identify trafficking rackets. Embassies facilitate verification, travel documents, and safe return. State police & CID investigate local agents under Sections 370 & 420 IPC (Trafficking & Cheating). Wider National Implications Highlights India’s irregular migration crisis, with thousands stranded or jailed abroad. Brain drain risk: Educated youth leaving rural India through illegal means due to lack of quality employment. Debt crisis: Families forced into bankruptcy after paying ₹30–60 lakh to agents. Governance challenge: Need for integration of deportees and rehabilitation schemes at the district level. Global Context and Parallels Country/Region Comparable Trend Policy Response Mexico–Central America “Coyote” networks smuggling Latin Americans to U.S. U.S. assistance programs, regional migration compacts North Africa–Europe Illegal crossings from Libya to Italy/Spain EU–Africa Migration Partnership; strict maritime border control Philippines Irregular migration via Gulf states Stringent licensing of recruitment agencies Bangladesh–Malaysia Human trafficking by sea routes Joint task forces and rehabilitation policies Lesson: Global responses combine law enforcement, safe migration awareness, and local job creation. Government and Policy Response (India) MEA Measures: Crackdown on fake travel agents through passport verification & police NOCs. Awareness drives via embassies and state governments. MHA & State Police: Haryana CID tracking 100+ suspected human smuggling agents. FIRs under IPC 420, 370, and Passport Act violations. Skill Development Link: Integration with PM Vishwakarma Yojana, Skill India Mission to generate domestic employment. Migration Governance Framework: Strengthen e-Migrate portal (currently for Gulf migration) to cover Western destinations. Introduce a National Anti-Human Smuggling Policy. Ethical and Societal Dimensions Reflects moral hazard where desperation overrides legality. Raises questions on agents’ accountability, state regulation, and society’s glorification of foreign success. Deportees face social stigma, making reintegration difficult. Long-term Way Forward Preventive: Awareness campaigns in rural belts on risks of “Dunki” migration. Stricter licensing and monitoring of travel and placement agents. Data-sharing MoUs with the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and Brazil. Curative: Rehabilitation schemes for deportees (skill training, debt relief). Legal aid and compensation for victims of trafficking. Collaboration with UNODC & IOM for safe migration corridors. Structural: Boost rural livelihoods under PMEGP, NRLM, Agri Value Chains. Promote legal migration routes through bilateral labour agreements. IUCN World Heritage Outlook 4 Why in News ? The IUCN’s World Heritage Outlook 4 (2025) categorised the Western Ghats, Manas National Park (Assam), and Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal) as “of significant concern” among Asia’s natural World Heritage sites. Marks a decline in global conservation performance, with only 57% of sites showing a positive outlook, down from 63% in 2014, 2017, and 2020. Relevance GS-3 (Environment): Conservation, Biodiversity, Environmental Degradation, Climate Change GS-2 (Governance): International Cooperation – IUCN, UNESCO, CBD, GBF About the IUCN World Heritage Outlook A global conservation assessment that evaluates the state of all natural and mixed UNESCO World Heritage Sites every three years. Uses categories: Good Good with Some Concerns Significant Concern Critical Evaluates management effectiveness, threat levels, and conservation prospects. Outlook 4 (2025) is based on 200+ site assessments conducted since 2014. Key Findings (2025) Global trend: Decline in positive conservation outlook (from 63% to 57%). New threats identified: Roads and railways among top 5 threats (not previously listed). Intensified climate change impact on ecosystems. Top four threats in South Asia: Climate Change Tourism Pressure Invasive Alien Species Infrastructure (Roads, Dams) Sites of “Significant Concern” (India) 1. Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot: Older than the Himalayas, rich in endemic flora and fauna. Home to: ~325 globally threatened species (IUCN Red List). Major threats: Hydropower projects (e.g.,₹5,843 crore Sillahalla Pumped Storage Project). Monoculture plantations (eucalyptus, acacia). Tourism-induced waste and elephant-human conflict. Climate-driven species migration (Nilgiri flycatcher shifting to higher altitudes). Policy context: Conflicts over Kasturirangan and Gadgil panel recommendations on Western Ghats protection. 2. Manas National Park (Assam) UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985, part of Manas Tiger Reserve. Concerns: Encroachment and illegal grazing. Political instability in Bodoland region in the past. Poaching pressure and invasive weeds. Habitat degradation affecting tigers, rhinos, and elephants. 3. Sundarbans National Park (West Bengal) World’s largest mangrove delta, shared by India and Bangladesh. Home to: Bengal Tiger, estuarine crocodile, fishing cats. Key threats: Rising sea levels and salinity. Heavy metal contamination and unregulated fishing. Storm surges and coastal erosion. Shrinking mangrove diversity. Other Indian Sites (Better Status) “Good with Some Concerns”: Kaziranga National Park Keoladeo National Park Great Himalayan National Park Nanda Devi & Valley of Flowers “Good”: Khangchendzonga National Park (Sikkim) — only Indian site in this top tier. Comparative Global Context China: Seven sites ranked “bestprotected,” including Mount Huangshan Chengjiang Fossil Site Badain Jaran Desert Global Significance: Natural WH sites = <1% of Earth’s surface Host >20% of mapped species richness (>1,00,000 species). Global Framework Link: Supports Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) targets to halt biodiversity loss by 2030. Structural and Policy Challenges (India & Asia) Habitat fragmentation: Roads, dams, and linear infrastructure bisect protected areas. Poor inter-agency coordination: Forest, energy, and tourism departments often work in silos. Invasive species management: Weak enforcement of biosecurity norms. Tourism mismanagement: Unregulated resorts, vehicular pollution, waste mismanagement. Climate adaptation gaps: Lack of wildlife corridors and assisted migration policies. Positive Interventions & Opportunities Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ) notifications under Environment (Protection) Act. Project Tiger & Project Elephant integration for landscape-level conservation. Global support: UNESCO-IUCN collaboration under the “World Heritage Leadership Programme”. Community-based conservation: Western Ghats’ sacred groves (community-preserved patches). Eco-development in buffer zones (e.g., Kaziranga’s rural livelihood schemes). Way Forward Policy Coherence: Integrate biodiversity into energy, infrastructure, and tourism planning. Climate-Resilient Conservation: Strengthen climate refugia within protected areas. Monitor species migration patterns. Restoration over Protection: Move from reactive to proactive habitat restoration. Technology Integration: Remote sensing, AI-based forest cover tracking, DNA barcoding for invasive species. Local Community Empowerment: Expand Joint Forest Management (JFM) to heritage zones. Global Partnerships: Use India’s G20 “LiFE” and CBD-GBF commitments to fund restoration and adaptation projects. 22nd India–ASEAN Summit (Kuala Lumpur, 2025) Why in News ? PM Narendra Modi addressed the 22nd ASEAN–India Summit (October 2025, Kuala Lumpur) virtually. Highlighted that the India–ASEAN Comprehensive Strategic Partnership remains resilient amid global geopolitical uncertainties. Announced plans to enhance maritime security cooperation in 2026. Timor-Leste was formally welcomed as ASEAN’s newest member. Relevance   GS-2(International Relations) : India’s Act East Policy, Bilateral & Regional Groupings, Indo-Pacific Cooperation. India–ASEAN Partnership Initiated: 1992 (Sectoral Dialogue Partner) → Full Dialogue Partner (1996) → Strategic Partnership (2012) → Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (2022). Institutional Mechanisms: Annual ASEAN–India Summit (since 2002). East Asia Summit (EAS), ADMM+ (Defence Ministers’ Meeting Plus), ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum). ASEAN Members (11 including new entrant Timor-Leste): Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and Timor-Leste (2025). Highlights of PM Modi’s Remarks “Even in this era of uncertainties” (referring to wars, supply chain disruptions, and global power shifts), India–ASEAN partnership remains strong. Called ASEAN a “cultural partner”, emphasizing shared civilizational heritage — Buddhism, maritime trade, Nalanda links. Stated: “The 21st century is the century of India and ASEAN.” Proposed enhanced cooperation in maritime security, especially in: Freedom of Navigation and maritime domain awareness (MDA). Joint patrols, disaster response, and anti-piracy measures. Reaffirmed support for a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific, aligned with ASEAN Outlook on Indo-Pacific (AOIP) and India’s Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). Strategic & Economic Context India–ASEAN Trade (2024): Over USD 130 billion, with target to reach USD 200 billion by 2030. Investment: ASEAN is India’s 4th largest trading partner; India is ASEAN’s 6th largest. Key Sectors: Electronics, digital economy, renewable energy, pharmaceuticals, supply chains. Maritime Security Significance: ~90% of India’s trade by volume passes through the Indo-Pacific sea lanes. ASEAN’s centrality crucial for maintaining balance amid China’s assertiveness in South China Sea. Why the 2025 Summit Matters ? Geopolitical backdrop: Ukraine war and Israel conflict disrupting global energy and food security. China’s Belt and Road expansion and militarization in the South China Sea. India’s “Act East Policy” and Indo-Pacific vision gaining traction among ASEAN partners. Maritime cooperation push reflects: India’s strategic intent to counterbalance China. Strengthening of supply-chain resilience and digital connectivity through ASEAN. Inclusion of Timor-Leste expands ASEAN’s footprint, bridging Southeast Asia and the Pacific. Institutional Cooperation Frameworks Plan of Action (2021–2025): To implement the ASEAN–India Partnership Vision. Next Plan (2026–2030): Expected to integrate maritime, digital, and climate dimensions. ASEAN–India Maritime Exercise (AIME 2023): First joint naval drill in South China Sea. Connectivity Initiatives: India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway. Kaladan Multimodal Transit Project. ASEAN–India Air Transport Agreement (under negotiation). Cultural & People-to-People Ties Shared Heritage: Ancient trade and cultural links — from Chola–Srivijaya maritime ties to spread of Buddhism. Scholarship & Education: Over 1,000 ASEAN students study in India under ASEAN–India Fellowship Programme. Tourism & Connectivity: Promotion of Buddhist circuit, direct air links, and digital visas. Challenges Trade Imbalance: ASEAN’s exports to India outweigh imports. Slow Project Execution: Connectivity projects (like IMT Highway) face delays. China’s Influence: ASEAN’s economic dependence on China limits strategic alignment with India. Political Instability: Military coup in Myanmar complicates connectivity routes. Global Comparisons Japan–ASEAN (2023): “Golden Friendship” initiative for green and digital partnerships. US–ASEAN (2024): Comprehensive Strategic Partnership focusing on AI, semiconductors. India–ASEAN (2025): Prioritising maritime security, youth exchanges, and resilient supply chains, balancing economic and strategic goals. Way Forward Strengthen Indo-Pacific Partnerships: Align ASEAN’s AOIP with India’s IPOI for regional synergy. Focus on Blue Economy: Marine resource sustainability, ocean energy, and fisheries. Accelerate Connectivity: Fast-track IMT Highway & Kaladan projects for trade integration. Digital and Green Corridors: Promote EV supply chains, renewable energy linkages. Institutional Deepening: Launch ASEAN–India 2.0 framework (2026–2030) with measurable goals. Municipal bonds now eligible for repo, reverse repo deals Why in News ? The Finance Ministry has allowed municipal bonds to be used as eligible collateral in repo and reverse repo transactions, as per a notification under the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992. This move effectively creates a new investible asset class and aims to deepen India’s municipal bond market. Relevance GS-3 (Economy): Financial markets, urban infrastructure financing, fiscal decentralization. GS-2 (Governance): Strengthening local governance and municipal accountability. GS-1 (Urbanization): Financing challenges of rapidly urbanizing India. Concept Basics: What are Municipal Bonds Definition: Debt instruments issued by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to raise funds for infrastructure projects (e.g., water supply, sanitation, urban mobility). Types: General Obligation Bonds: Backed by the issuer’s credit and taxing power. Revenue Bonds: Secured by specific revenue streams (e.g., tolls, user charges). Legal Framework in India: SEBI’s 2015 Regulations – Issue and Listing of Debt Securities by Municipalities. Requires credit rating, financial disclosure, and no default record in previous 365 days. Significance of Allowing Repo Eligibility Liquidity and Depth Before: Municipal bonds were largely illiquid, held mainly by long-term investors (pension funds, ESG investors). Now: Can be used for short-term borrowing/lending, attracting banks, mutual funds, insurers, etc. Enhances market depth, price discovery, and liquidity. Broader Investor Base Expands participation from institutional investors who prefer liquid securities. Improves credit visibility and market confidence in ULBs. Infrastructure Financing Enables cash-strapped municipalities to fund urban infrastructure (water, waste, transport, green projects) through market borrowings rather than dependence on grants. Fiscal Decentralization Strengthens financial autonomy of urban local bodies, consistent with the 74th Constitutional Amendment and Atmanirbhar Bharat’s decentralisation goals. Inclusion in Money Market Ecosystem Puts municipal bonds on par with sovereign and corporate bonds for short-term liquidity operations. Challenges & Constraints Challenge Explanation Low Credit Quality of ULBs Most municipalities have weak balance sheets, limited revenue sources (property tax collection <0.2% of GDP). Lack of Disclosure & Transparency Many ULBs don’t maintain audited accounts or meet SEBI disclosure norms. Limited Investor Appetite Past issuances (₹3,300 crore as of Sep 2025) are minuscule compared to central/state issuances (₹20–25 lakh crore annually). Risk of Default Despite being “secured”, weak governance and revenue unpredictability raise credit risk. Capacity Gaps Small/medium ULBs lack technical capacity to issue or manage bonds effectively. Data & Trends First modern municipal bond: Ahmedabad, 1998. Total raised till 2025: ~₹3,300 crore (SEBI). Top issuers: Pune, Hyderabad, Indore, Surat, Ahmedabad, and Lucknow. GoI incentive: ₹13 crore for every ₹100 crore bond issue (since FY18). Credit Costs: Gradual moderation in H2FY26 as repayment trends improve (Kotak Mahindra Bank). Global Context Country Model / Lesson United States $4 trillion municipal bond market; deeply liquid; backed by local tax revenues and often insured; key to financing schools, roads, and hospitals. Japan Local government bonds supported by strong fiscal discipline and transparent credit data. Brazil Uses municipal debt for urban transport and housing, supported by fiscal transfer guarantees. South Africa Johannesburg pioneered local government bonds (2004) to fund urban infrastructure; backed by robust local governance frameworks. Learning for India: Need for robust credit rating system, disclosure norms, and municipal finance reform to emulate mature bond ecosystems. Policy & Institutional Enablers SEBI 2015 Regulations – standardised issuance process. 15th Finance Commission – recommended incentives for municipal bond issuances. AMRUT 2.0 and National Urban Infrastructure Fund (NUIF) – facilitate city-level creditworthiness enhancement. Smart Cities Mission – encourages credit rating of cities. RBI & SEBI Coordination – repo eligibility links bond market to central liquidity mechanisms. Way Forward Credit Enhancement Mechanisms: State guarantees, pooled finance models (like Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund). Transparency Reforms: Mandatory annual financial disclosures of ULBs. Digital Municipal Market Infrastructure: Centralized municipal bond exchange portal for real-time trading. Capacity Building: Training local officials on project finance and bond issuance. Green & Social Bonds: Promote ESG-focused municipal instruments to attract sustainable finance.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 October 2025

Content PM-ABHIM India’s Expanding Green Footprint PM-ABHIM Context Background: COVID-19 exposed critical gaps in India’s public health infrastructure—testing, surveillance, ICU capacity, and rural accessibility. Lesson: India required a decentralized, multi-tiered, and resilient health infrastructure for pandemic preparedness and public health emergencies. Response: Launched PM-ABHIM (Pradhan Mantri–Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission) on October 25, 2021, as part of India’s long-term pandemic response strategy. Relevance GS-2 (Governance & Health Policy): Strengthening health systems, cooperative federalism in health governance, and decentralised service delivery. GS-2 (Social Justice): Universal Health Coverage (UHC), equitable healthcare access, and public health preparedness. GS-3 (Disaster Management): Pandemic resilience, critical care infrastructure, and One Health integration. Objectives Strengthen health systems across primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. Ensure pandemic preparedness through upgraded surveillance, research, and critical care. Bridge service delivery gaps between urban and rural healthcare. Support Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and SDG-3 (Good Health & Well-being). Policy Frameworks and Linkages National Health Policy (2017): Stressed community-level health resilience and trained first responders. Envisioned integrated disaster preparedness at all levels of governance. National Health Mission (2005): Established decentralized, community-owned healthcare systems. Improved MCH, disease control, and infrastructure—served as PM-ABHIM’s foundation. Ayushman Bharat (2018): Four Pillars PM-JAY: Secondary & tertiary care insurance. Arogya Mandirs (HWCs): Strengthened primary care. ABDM: Digital health ecosystem. PM-ABHIM: Physical infrastructure for resilience. Budget and Timeframe Total Outlay (2021–26): ₹64,180 crore Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS): ₹54,204.78 crore Central Sector (CS): ₹9,339.78 crore Year-wise Allocation (₹ crore): Year Allocation (₹ crore) 2021–22 9,155.97 2022–23 10,465.09 2023–24 11,015.80 2024–25 13,551.30 2025–26 19,356.40 Total 63,544.56 + M&E (1%) = ₹64,180 crore  15th Finance Commission: Supported ₹19,272.43 crore share for health infrastructure augmentation. Core Components Primary Level (Community Access) Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (AAMs): Conversion of sub-health centres and PHCs into HWCs. 17,788 building-less SHCs approved for AAMs. 9,519 AAMs & 5,456 U-AAMs (urban slum areas) sanctioned. Secondary Level (Block-level Strengthening) Block Public Health Units (BPHUs): 3,382 planned; enhance surveillance, HR, and diagnostics. Integrate with e-health and disease monitoring systems. District Level Integrated Public Health Laboratories (IPHLs): 730 under development (1 per district). Ensure real-time testing, diagnostics, and outbreak investigation. Critical Care Hospital Blocks (CCBs): 602 being set up in districts >5 lakh population. Aim: 50–100 ICU beds per district for pandemic response. Pandemic Preparedness and Surveillance Network Real-time IT-enabled Disease Surveillance: Connects block → district → state → national labs. Enables early detection and containment of infectious disease outbreaks. One Health Approach: Integrates human, animal, and environmental health surveillance. Aligns with global zoonotic disease control frameworks (e.g., WHO Pandemic Agreement). Research and Innovation Encourages research on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Supports collaboration with ICMR, DBT, and WHO’s PABS system for pathogen sharing and benefit access. Establishment of regional research hubs and bio-containment labs. Global Framework links WHO Pandemic Agreement (May 2025): Promotes equity in vaccine and diagnostic access. Introduces Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing (PABS) and Global Supply Chain & Logistics Network (GSCL). Complements International Health Regulations (IHR, amended 2024) — both enhance outbreak readiness. Alignment with SDG-3 Targets: End epidemics of communicable diseases by 2030. Ensure access to safe, effective, affordable vaccines and medicines. Achieve UHC through strengthened national health systems. Administrative Progress Total approvals: ₹32,928.82 crore to States/UTs. Infrastructure Approved: 9,519 AAMs 5,456 U-AAMs 2,151 BPHUs 744 IPHLs 621 CCBs Coverage: All States and UTs under CSS implementation mode (FY 2021–26). Implementation Model Governance Mechanism: Convergent approach between MoHFW, State Health Departments, and Local Bodies. Regular monitoring via Health Management Information System (HMIS). Financing: 60:40 (Centre: State) for most States. 90:10 for NE & Hill States. 100% for UTs without legislature. Integration: PM-ABHIM + PM-JAY + ABDM = holistic health ecosystem (digital + financial + infrastructure). Significance Marks India’s largest health infrastructure investment since Independence. Builds “Health Security Architecture” — resilient, responsive, and equitable. Supports Make in India in Health by boosting diagnostics and medical technology ecosystems. Strengthens India’s epidemic intelligence and critical care readiness. Challenges Implementation capacity: Varies across States. Human resources: Shortage of trained epidemiologists, lab technicians, ICU staff. Maintenance: Sustainability post-2026 depends on State funding continuity. Urban-rural disparity: Urban AAM coverage still lower than target. Way Forward Institutionalize National Public Health Cadre under NHP 2017 vision. Expand Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) for all 700+ districts. Leverage Digital Health Mission (ABDM) for telemedicine and data integration. Strengthen One Health and AMR surveillance through inter-ministerial coordination (MoHFW–MoA–MoEFCC). Periodic simulation exercises and pandemic drills across States. Conclusion PM-ABHIM (2021–26) represents India’s transition from a reactive to proactive health system, embedding pandemic readiness into national development planning. With ₹64,180 crore investment, integration across levels, and alignment with SDG-3 and WHO’s Pandemic Agreement (2025), it has redefined India’s approach to health security. As India moves toward Universal Health Coverage by 2030, PM-ABHIM remains the backbone of a resilient, inclusive, and self-reliant healthcare infrastructure. India’s Expanding Green Footprint Context Report Released: Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2025 by FAO on 22 October 2025. FAO (UN Agency): Leads international efforts on food security and sustainable natural resource management, including forests. Significance: GFRA is the world’s most comprehensive official database on forest area, change, and carbon balance, based on national submissions. Relevance: GS-3 (Environment): Afforestation, carbon sequestration, and sustainable forest management. GS-3 (Climate Change): India’s contribution to global carbon sinks, NDC targets, and climate resilience. GS-2 (Governance): Community-based forest governance, JFMCs, and decentralised natural resource management. GS-1 (Geography): Distribution and trends in forest cover and land use change. Global Forest Scenario (GFRA 2025) Total Global Forest Area: ~4.14 billion hectares, covering 32% of Earth’s land area (~0.5 ha per person). Regional Distribution: Europe: 25% of global forests (largest area). South America: 49% of its land area under forests (highest proportion). Top 5 forest-rich nations: Russia, Brazil, Canada, USA, China (hold 54% of total global forests). Trend: Net forest loss declined from 10.7 million ha/year (1990–2000) to 4.12 million ha/year (2015–2025) → indicates global slowdown in deforestation. India’s Performance Rank in Total Forest Area: 9th globally (up from 10th in 2020). Rank in Net Annual Forest Area Gain: 3rd globally (maintained). Rank among Global Carbon Sinks: 5th — forests remove 150 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂ per year (2021–25). India’s Forest Area: 72,739 thousand hectares (~72.7 million ha) → about 2% of global forest area. Share of Global Wood Removals: 9%, ranking 2nd globally (2023). Forest Category Classification (FAO Framework) Naturally Regenerating Forests: Native species regenerating without planting. Planted Forests: Plantation Forests: Managed for commercial species (e.g., rubber, eucalyptus). Other Planted Forests: Planted but not commercially managed. Primary Forests: Intact native forests, no human intervention. India’s Success in Planted Forests Bamboo Global Bamboo Area: 30.1 million ha. Asia: 21.2 million ha (70%). India: 11.8 million ha → largest in Asia after China. Increase (1990–2025): +8.05 million ha globally → driven by India & China. Rubber Global Rubber Plantations: 10.9 million ha. India: 831 thousand ha (0.831 million ha) → 5th globally. Agro-forestry Contribution Asia’s Agroforestry Area: ~39.3 million ha, almost entirely from India & Indonesia. Global Agroforestry: 55.4 million ha → India + Indonesia = 70% share. Significance: Enhances carbon sequestration, rural livelihoods, and climate resilience. Deforestation and net gains (1990–2025) India: Achieved net forest gain due to large-scale afforestation and reduced deforestation. Global Trend: Decline in deforestation rates + expansion in Asia and Europe. Drivers of India’s Net Gain: National Afforestation Programmes. Green India Mission. Community-based Joint Forest Management (JFMCs). Global Forest Carbon Sink Trends (2021–2025) Parameter Global Estimate (2021–2025) Forest carbon sequestration 3.6 Gt CO₂ per year Emissions from net forest conversion 2.8 Gt CO₂ per year Net global sink effect 0.8 Gt CO₂ per year (down from 1.4 Gt in 2011–15) Strongest regional sinks Europe (1.4 Gt), Asia (0.9 Gt) India’s Contribution Carbon removals: 150 Mt CO₂ per year (2021–25). Forest carbon sink rank: 5th globally. Emission reduction: Asia-wide deforestation emissions have declined significantly. India’s domestic forest status (ISFR 2023) Total Forest Cover: 7,15,343 sq. km = 21.76% of India’s geographical area. Tree Cover (outside recorded forest): 2.82%. Combined Forest + Tree Cover: ~24.62% of India’s area. Top States by Forest Area Rank State Forest Area (sq km) 1 Madhya Pradesh 77,073 2 Arunachal Pradesh 65,882 3 Chhattisgarh 55,812 Mangroves India’s total mangrove cover: 4,992 sq km. Key states: A&N Islands, Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal. Protected Areas (2025) National Parks: 106 Wildlife Sanctuaries: 573 Conservation Reserves: 115 Community Reserves: 220 Govt. initiatives towards forest expansion (a) Budgetary Support (2025–26) MoEFCC Allocation: ₹3,412.82 crore (↑9% from ₹3,125.96 crore in 2024–25). Revenue Expenditure: ₹3,276.82 crore (96% of total). (b) National Mission for a Green India (GIM) Launch: February 2014 under NAPCC. Objectives: Expand 5 million ha of new forest/tree cover. Improve quality of 5 million ha of existing forests. Enhance carbon sinks & biodiversity. Improve livelihoods of ~3 million forest-dependent families. (c) National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Focus: Regeneration of degraded forests and adjoining areas. Implementation: State Forest Development Agency (SFDA) – State level. Forest Development Agency (FDA) – Division level. Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) – Village level. (d) Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) Global Recognition: UN Environment Assembly adopted a resolution based on India’s Mission LiFE philosophy. Initiatives: MeriLiFE Portal – promotes sustainable actions. “Ek Ped Ma Ke Naam” – mass plantation campaign linking environment to emotion. Outcomes and Impact India’s Forest Cover (1990–2025): Continuous net positive growth. Carbon Sink Function: +150 Mt CO₂/year → vital for India’s NDC target of 2.5–3 Gt CO₂ equivalent carbon sink by 2030. Global Standing: 9th in total area, 3rd in net gain, 5th in carbon removals. Social Impact: Improved rural livelihoods via agroforestry and bamboo-based industries. Challenges Forest Degradation: Despite area gain, quality (canopy density) remains a concern — only dense forests form ~9.5% of area. Invasive Species: Lantana camara, Prosopis, etc., affecting biodiversity. Balancing Development & Conservation: Infrastructure projects encroaching into forest lands. Institutional Fragmentation: Overlaps among MoEFCC, State Forest Departments, and JFMCs. Way Forward Increase Quality Forests: Focus on natural regeneration and dense cover improvement. Expand Urban Forestry: Integrate under Smart Cities and AMRUT 2.0. Promote Bamboo & Agroforestry Industries: For carbon credits and green jobs. Leverage Carbon Markets: Use India’s forest carbon removals in international carbon trading. Digitize Forest Data: Integrate ISFR + GFRA + Forest Fire Alerts + LiFE Portal into one unified dashboard. Community Empowerment: Incentivize JFMCs and Eco-Development Committees through Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES). Conclusion India’s consistent rise in forest cover, carbon sink rank, and afforestation pace demonstrates a model of development aligned with ecological balance. With 72.7 million ha of forests, 9% of global wood removals, and 150 Mt CO₂ sequestration annually, India has emerged as a key contributor to global climate stability. Through policies like GIM, NAP, and Mission LiFE, India’s green growth aligns both with SDG-13 (Climate Action) and SDG-15 (Life on Land) — marking a decisive step toward carbon neutrality and environmental leadership by 2070.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 October 2025

Content Please Mind the Gap Respect the health rights of India’s children Please Mind the Gap Context The Government of India is considering a policy to attract Indian-origin “star faculty” in STEM fields from abroad to work in Indian institutions. The move coincides with restrictive US immigration and funding policies (Trump-era tightening, continuing post-COVID). Objective: Strengthen India’s research ecosystem, reverse brain drain, and establish India as a global knowledge hub. Relevance GS-2 (Governance): Administrative reforms, institutional capacity, public service efficiency. GS-3 (Science & Technology): R&D ecosystem, innovation policy, human capital, brain drain. GS-3 (Economy): Technological self-reliance, knowledge economy, global competitiveness. Practice Question The Government’s plan to attract Indian-origin “star faculty” from abroad can help reverse India’s brain drain only if accompanied by deep institutional reforms. Discuss.(250 Words) Background Over 3.32 lakh Indian students were enrolled in US universities in 2023–24 (IIE Open Doors Report, 2024). India is one of the largest source of STEM PhD talent in the US — ~12% of all foreign PhDs (NSF, 2023). The scheme seeks to convert this “brain drain” into “brain circulation”, offering return pathways with infrastructure and autonomy. Objectives of the Scheme Long-term engagement (not short-term consultancies). Integration into premier institutions — IITs, IISc, IISERs, AIIMS, CSIR labs. Substantial set-up grants (potentially ₹5–10 crore per investigator, modeled on DST’s Swarnajayanti Fellowships). Foster collaborative innovation ecosystems between domestic and global research communities. Major Challenges Identified (a) Administrative & Bureaucratic Barriers India’s research process is heavily bureaucratic: Scientists spend 20–30% of time on administrative tasks (DST internal audit, 2022). Example: Delays of 6–12 months in equipment tendering are common due to overlapping financial oversight. (b) Institutional & Cultural Adjustment Returning scientists face a rigid hierarchy and lack of academic autonomy. Indian institutions have low international faculty ratio — only 0.5% (QS World Rankings, 2025). Sudden re-entry into bureaucratic culture contrasts with the performance-based, decentralized systems of US/Europe. (c) Financial Disparities Average assistant professor salary: India: ₹12–16 lakh/year US: ₹90,000–$120,000/year (~₹75–100 lakh/year) Even adjusted for PPP (Purchasing Power Parity), India’s net advantage remains below 40%. Research funding per faculty: IITs: ~$40,000/year US R1 universities: ~$300,000/year (NSF, 2023). (d) Social & Logistical Constraints Public services (housing, schooling, healthcare) often inadequate for global returnees. Limited international schooling in Tier-II research cities (IISER Bhopal, NISER Bhubaneswar, etc.). Frequent transfers, poor campus facilities, and red-tape in relocation deter long-term engagement. Comparative Example – China’s “Thousand Talents Program” Launched: 2008; later expanded as “Overseas High-Level Talent Program.” Offers: RMB 1–3 million (₹1–3 crore) in start-up grants, Tax-free relocation benefits, Housing subsidies, and Guaranteed tenured positions. Result: Over 7,000 top Chinese-origin researchers returned by 2020. China’s GERD (Gross Expenditure on R&D) rose from 1.4% (2008) to 2.7% of GDP (2023). Contributed to rise in Nature Index ranking — China now ranks #2 globally (after the US). Challenges: Native faculty resentment and occasional cases of “dual loyalty” scrutiny. India’s Current R&D Landscape (Data-Driven Snapshot) Indicator India (2023–24) Comparator GERD (% of GDP) 0.7% China: 2.7%, USA: 3.4%, Israel: 5.4% Govt share of R&D 55% OECD Avg: 25% Private sector share 45% OECD Avg: 75% Researchers per million 262 Global Avg: 1,341 No. of publications (Scopus, 2024) 2.75 lakh USA: 7.1 lakh Patent filings (WIPO, 2024) 83,000 China: 17 lakh Global Innovation Index (2024) Rank 40 China: 12, USA: 3 Policy Implications India’s brain drain costs ~0.5% of GDP annually in lost R&D productivity (World Bank, 2023). For “brain gain,” policies must integrate structural reform + ecosystem improvement, not just repatriation. Ease of Research Index (proposed by NITI Aayog, 2025) can help track administrative efficiency. Focus should be on research clusters — like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune — to ensure scale and collaboration. Key Recommendations Simplify procurement & fund utilization: Introduce single-window research portals (expand SERB’s PRISM and SPARK initiatives). Long-term institutional autonomy: Replicate IISc’s self-governing model for other institutes. Balanced privileges: Equal benefits to resident and returning scientists to prevent resentment. R&D spending target: Raise to 1.5% of GDP by 2030, aligning with National R&D Policy (Draft 2023). Diaspora collaboration hubs: Create Global Indian Research Network (GIRN) under DST for remote collaboration. Socio-economic enablers: Provide schooling, housing, and spousal employment support to attract families sustainably. Author’s Central Argument Mere financial incentives will fail if domestic research culture remains bureaucratic. India must first ensure a vibrant ecosystem for existing scientists before expecting NRIs to return. Without long-term autonomy, flexible funding, and respect for meritocracy — the “star faculty” initiative may repeat past failures. Conclusion India stands at a crossroads: between brain drain and brain circulation. The proposed NRI scientist scheme can succeed only if backed by deep institutional reforms, sustained funding, and merit-based governance. If executed well, it could position India as a scientific powerhouse by 2047, aligned with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. Respect the health rights of India’s children  Context Incident: Death of 25 children in Madhya Pradesh due to contaminated cough syrup in October 2025. Trigger: The syrup, banned by the Union Health Ministry (April 2025) for use in children below 4 years, continued to be prescribed. Scandal: The prescribing doctor reportedly earned a ₹2.54 commission per bottle — symbolizing systemic collapse and ethical failure. The tragedy underscores regulatory weaknesses in India’s drug oversight and the lack of paediatric pharmacovigilance infrastructure. Relevance GS-2 (Governance, Social Justice): Child welfare, Article 39(f), policy implementation. GS-3 (Science & Technology, Health): Drug regulation, pharmacovigilance, WHO standards. GS-4 (Ethics): Medical ethics, public accountability, duty of care. Practice Question The recurring incidents of contaminated cough syrups highlight a deeper governance and ethical crisis in India’s pharmaceutical regulation. Discuss.(250 Words) Constitutional & Policy Backdrop Article 39(f) (DPSP): Mandates the State to ensure children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner and are protected from exploitation and moral/material abandonment. Children’s share in population: 39% (Census projection, 2024 ≈ 520 million). Existing child-focused policies (13 major): National Policy for Children, 1974; National Health Policy, 2017; Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram, 2013; India Newborn Action Plan, 2014, etc. Key child-related legislations (10+): PCPNDT Act, 1994; Juvenile Justice Act, 2015; RTE Act, 2009; POCSO Act, 2012; Aadhaar Act, 2016, etc. Gap: None directly regulate paediatric pharmaceuticals or establish child–specific drug safety frameworks. The Regulatory Architecture Regulatory Body Jurisdiction Key Issues CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation) Large manufacturers, export approvals Limited manpower (only ~1,800 officers nationwide) State Drug Control Authorities SMEs, retail distribution Weak enforcement, fragmented coordination Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI) Adverse drug reaction reporting Poor coverage for paediatric drugs FSSAI (in OTC products) Monitors nutraceutical syrups Overlaps and confusion in jurisdiction India has 10,500 licensed drug manufacturers, of which 70% are small-scale, often outside rigorous central oversight. India’s Paediatric Pharmacovigilance Gap Children are not “small adults”; drug absorption, metabolism, and toxicity differ drastically. 90–95% of global drug trials are on adults (Lancet Global Health, 2023). In India, only 2–3% of drug trials involve paediatric subjects. Result: Dosage extrapolated from adult data, leading to off-label or unlicensed use. Termed by Dr. Harry Shirkey as “therapeutic orphans” — children’s medicine needs remain neglected. International Best Practices Country/Region Key Law/Policy Key Provisions United States Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act (BPCA), 2002 Research incentives, FDA-mandated paediatric studies European Union Paediatric Use Marketing Authorisation (PUMA) Requires paediatric investigation plans before approval WHO (Global) Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) Defines safe, age-appropriate essential drugs Contrast: India lacks a dedicated paediatric drug act, relying only on CDSCO advisories. Even the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM 2022) updates adult formulations frequently, but the EMLc (India) remains under-reviewed since 2011. Broader Public Health Dimension Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs (esp. for cough, cold, fever) are widely available without prescription. Estimated OTC market size: ₹38,000 crore (ASSOCHAM, 2024). Urban misuse: 58% of parents self-medicate children for minor ailments (AIIMS Pediatric Study, 2023). Pharmacist compliance: Less than 40% read or communicate label warnings (FSSAI, 2023). Public sector shortfall: Only 1 pharmacist per 6,000 citizens (WHO recommends 1:2,000). Global Context of Indian Cough Syrup Controversies Between 2022–2025, WHO issued multiple medical product alerts over Indian–madecoughsyrups linked to child deaths in: Gambia (70 deaths, 2022) – Maiden Pharmaceuticals (Haryana) Uzbekistan (65 deaths, 2022) – Marion Biotech (Noida) Cameroon, Indonesia (2023–24) – diethylene glycol (DEG) and ethylene glycol contamination DEG contamination is lethal at 1 ml/kg; used improperly as a solvent substitute. These incidents tarnished India’s global image as the “Pharmacy of the Global South.” Key Data on India’s Drug Regulation Indicator India (2025) Comparator Drug inspectors ~3,000 nationwide Needed: 12,000 (Mashelkar Committee, 2003) Manufacturing units 10,500 70% uninspected in last 3 years Pharmacovigilance centers 650 (PvPI data, 2024) Only 10% linked to child drug data Testing labs 50 (Central + State) Only 18 accredited to WHO-GMP Export value of formulations $28.4 billion (FY2024–25) 45% to Global South markets Ethical, Social, and Legal Dimensions Violation of Child Rights: Using untested/off-label medicines breaches Article 39(f) and UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), ratified by India in 1992. Economic inequality: 63% of child deaths from drug toxicity occur in households below₹10,000/month income (NFHS-5 data extrapolation). Moral hazard: Low commissions and incentives drive unethical prescriptions — commercialization of care. Policy Recommendations Legislative Action Draft a Paediatric Drug Safety and Regulation Act (PDSRA) — akin to BPCA (US). Mandate Paediatric Investigation Plans (PIPs) before drug licensing. Data and Research Establish a National Paediatric Pharmacovigilance Network (NPPN) under ICMR. Fund child-specific drug trials using indigenous data. Essential Medicines Reform Annual revision of India’s EMLc (Children). Prioritize affordability and availability under Ayushman Bharat & Jan Aushadhi. Regulatory Strengthening Expand drug inspectorate by 4×; digital track-and-trace for all paediatric drugs. Zero tolerance for DEG/EG contamination; establish batch-level testing in exports. Public Awareness & Training Pharmacist and caregiver education on child dosages and labelling. Strict control of OTC sales; mandatory prescriptions for paediatric cough syrups. International Cooperation Align with WHO’s Global Surveillance and Monitoring System (GSMS) for substandard medicines. Build shared R&D with UNICEF and GAVI for safe paediatric formulations. Author’s Core Argument India’s pharmacovigilance for children is fragmented, reactive, and under-institutionalized. Children remain therapeutic orphans, denied safe medicines due to adult-centric drug frameworks. India’s responsibility as a global pharma exporter must be matched with ethical and child-safe production standards. Conclusion The Madhya Pradesh tragedy is not isolated — it is symptomatic of regulatory anemia, data vacuum, and ethical collapse. Paediatric drug safety requires legislation, infrastructure, and accountability. Protecting children’s right to safe medicine is not charity — it is a constitutional and fiduciary obligation under Article 39(f) and the UNCRC. India must shift from being the “Pharmacy of the Global South” to being the “Guardian of Safe Medicine.”

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 October 2025

Content Gyan Bharatam Mission to ink pact with institutes EC warns parties against misuse of AI-generated content during elections Makhanomics Pendency issue in courts: Why SC flagged execution petitions Pratibha Setu Portal & Rozgar Melas Gyan Bharatam Mission to ink pact with institutes Why in News The Union Ministry of Culture is signing MoUs with around 20 institutes (and 30 more soon) under the Gyan Bharatam Mission for the conservation, digitisation, and promotion of India’s manuscript heritage. Key institutes: Asiatic Society (Kolkata), University of Kashmir (Srinagar), Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (Prayagraj), Government Oriental Manuscript Library (Chennai). Relevance GS-1 (Indian Culture): Preservation of cultural heritage and manuscripts. GS-2 (Governance): Institutional collaboration and administrative reforms in heritage management. GS-3 (Science & Technology): Application of digital technologies in heritage conservation. Background India is home to one of the largest manuscript heritages globally — over 10 million manuscripts across 80+ languages (Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Persian, Arabic, Tamil, etc.). Many are inaccessible or deteriorating due to lack of preservation, cataloguing, or digitisation. Earlier attempts: National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM) – launched in 2003 under the Culture Ministry; documented over 5 million manuscripts. Gyan Bharatam builds on this framework, introducing digital integration and research promotion. Launch and Institutional Framework Announced: Union Budget 2024–25 as a flagship cultural heritage initiative. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Mission Objective: Identify, conserve, digitise, preserve, research, and promote India’s manuscript heritage. Core Objectives Identification & Documentation: Comprehensive survey and cataloguing of manuscripts nationwide. Digitisation & Preservation: Use of advanced imaging and metadata standards to create a National Digital Repository (NDR). Research & Translation: Promote scholarship, translation, and publication of rare texts. Capacity Building: Train conservators, cataloguers, and digitisation experts. Outreach & Awareness: Public exhibitions, seminars, and digital access to manuscripts globally. Key Components Vertical Activities Institutional Role Survey & Cataloguing Identification, listing, and metadata creation Institutes & cluster centres Conservation & Capacity Building Restoration, preservation labs, training programs Technical institutions Technology & Digitisation Scanning, metadata tagging, cloud storage NIC, CDAC support expected Linguistics & Translation Rendering ancient texts into modern Indian languages Universities & linguistic institutes Research & Publication Critical editions, annotated translations Academia & cultural bodies Outreach Exhibitions, public lectures, educational content Partner centres  Institutional Structure Cluster Centres: Each manages up to 20 partner centres in its region. Responsible for coordination, quality assurance, and data sharing. Independent Centres: Manage their own manuscript collections independently. Gyan Bharatam Cell: Dedicated in each centre for project coordination, voluntary service, and liaison with the Ministry. Financial Framework Funding Model: 2-installment structure 1st installment (70%) – released upon annual budget approval. 2nd installment (30%) – after submission of progress reports, utilisation certificates (UCs), and verified outcomes. Budget Allocation: Based on approved work plans, milestones, and quality checks. Support Provided: Equipment, digitisation tools, conservation materials, and expert assistance. Expected Outcomes Creation of a National Digital Repository (NDR) to globally showcase India’s manuscript wealth. Improved physical and digital preservation of endangered texts. Enhanced research access for scholars and students. Revival of Indic knowledge systems (Ayurveda, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, polity). Integration with Digital India and Viksit Bharat@2047 goals for cultural preservation. Data & Impact Potential Estimated corpus: 10 million+ manuscripts (per NMM records). Languages covered: 80+ (including Sanskrit, Pali, Persian, Tamil, Arabic, Bengali, etc.). Institutes onboard (Phase-1): 20 (Phase-2: additional 30). Digital Access Goal: 100% online accessibility via NDR by 2030. Challenges Condition deterioration: Nearly 40% manuscripts in fragile state (as per NMM estimates). Lack of skilled conservators and standardised metadata. Dispersed ownership (temples, mutts, private collections). Digital divide in smaller regional centres. Significance Cultural Diplomacy: Showcases India’s civilizational knowledge to the world. Knowledge Economy: Opens pathways for research in ancient science, arts, and philosophy. Heritage Conservation: Aligns with UNESCO conventions on safeguarding intangible heritage. National Identity: Reinforces Bharat’s legacy as a global Vishwaguru in knowledge. EC warns parties against misuse of AI-generated content during elections  Why in News ? Ahead of the upcoming Bihar Assembly elections, the Election Commission of India (ECI) issued an advisory to all political parties regarding the responsible use and disclosure of AI-generated content and synthetic information during election campaigns. Trigger: Reports of hyper-realistic AI-generated political content potentially misrepresenting leaders or spreading false narratives, threatening a level playing field. Relevance GS-2 (Governance): Electoral reforms, use of technology in elections, regulatory oversight. GS-3 (Science & Technology): Artificial Intelligence, cybersecurity, digital ethics. GS-1 (Society): Voter awareness, media literacy, democratic participation. Background Election Integrity at Risk: AI tools can generate synthetic images, videos, and audio depicting political leaders in misleading contexts. Risk: Manipulation of voters’ perception and undermining public trust. Previous Steps by ECI: May 2024: Guidelines on social media ethics for general elections. January 16, 2025: Advisory specifically on labeling AI-generated content, emphasizing transparency. Core Objectives of the Advisory Ensure transparency and accountability in political campaigning. Preserve electoral integrity and voter trust. Prevent the misuse of hyper-realistic synthetic content that can influence election outcomes unfairly. Reinforce the level-playing field among political participants. Key Guidelines for Political Parties Disclosure Requirement: Any AI-generated or AI-altered content (image, audio, video) must carry a clear and legible label such as “AI-Generated.” Responsible Use: Parties and candidates must verify the content before dissemination. Monitoring & Accountability: Campaign representatives must ensure compliance with the advisory, reporting any misuse. Ethical Boundaries: Avoid using synthetic content to defame, mislead, or manipulate public opinion. Context of Use AI-generated content could be used for: Political messaging or endorsements. Satire or criticism (with ethical labeling). Campaign advertisements. Risks without regulation: False perception of leader statements. Manipulation of voter sentiment and opinion polls. Legal and reputational challenges for parties using unlabelled AI content. Technical Challenges Deepfakes & Hyper-realism: AI-generated videos/images can be indistinguishable from real footage. Scale & Speed: Social media allows rapid dissemination to millions of voters. Detection Difficulty: Existing automated detection systems are not fully reliable; hence ECI emphasizes self-regulation by parties. Data & Facts Global Context: Deepfake political content incidents reported in USA, Germany, Brazil, influencing campaigns and legal frameworks. India-Specific Observations: During General Elections 2024, multiple parties flagged misleading AI content, prompting prior ECI guidelines. Election Coverage: Bihar Assembly elections involve 243 constituencies, high stakes for digital campaigning. Significance Preserves Democratic Process: Ensures fair competition and prevents digital manipulation. Builds Voter Awareness: Labels like “AI–Generated” help voters distinguish real from synthetic content. Legal Precedent: Strengthens ECI’s regulatory framework in the era of AI and deepfakes. Global Alignment: India joins countries setting standards for AI ethics in political campaigns. Key Challenges Ahead Ensuring strict compliance across parties and candidates. Detecting unlabelled AI content in real-time during elections. Addressing technological sophistication of deepfakes used in political propaganda. Balancing freedom of speech with electoral integrity. Makhanomics Why in News Ahead of the Bihar Assembly elections 2025, the government is promoting the makhana (foxnut) industry as a key economic and political initiative. Prime Minister Narendra Modi referred to the recently inaugurated National Makhana Board as a “revolution” during a poll rally in Samastipur, highlighting government support for the sector. Relevance GS-1 (Indian Culture & Society): Regional agricultural practices, Maithil community, socio-economic structures. GS-2 (Governance): Policy-making, institutional support, government initiatives for rural economy. GS-3 (Economy & Agriculture): Agro-based industrialisation, value addition, food processing policy, rural livelihoods, export promotion. Background Makhana (Foxnut): Dried seeds of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), grown in freshwater ponds. Primary region: Bihar, contributing ~90% of India’s makhana production, mainly in Mithilanchal districts: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Araria, Kishanganj, Sitamarhi. Top 4 districts (Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar) produce ~80% of Bihar’s output. Cultivation area & production: Area: ~15,000 hectares (Bihar) Popped makhana production: ~10,000 tonnes (ICAR, 2020) Nutritional & Commercial Potential Superfood trend: Low-fat, nutrient-dense, high protein, antioxidants; increasingly popular nationally and globally. Ritual use: Traditionally consumed during religious ceremonies and fasting. Commercialisation efforts: Marketing campaigns, industrial infrastructure, value addition, and export linkages. Formation of National Makhana Board with Rs 100 crore budget for ecosystem development. Challenges in the Industry Low productivity: Labour-intensive cultivation and harvesting; seeds sown in water, harvested manually. Raw material export: Bihar lacks processing and export infrastructure; sells raw makhana to Punjab and Assam. Technology adoption: Farmers slow to adopt high-yield varieties like Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1. Lack of food processing ecosystem: Weak value addition, storage facilities, and supply chain management. Government Initiatives National Makhana Board: Focus: Production, processing, value addition, marketing Budget: Rs 100 crore Support: Funding, food processing institute creation, research & training, marketing support. Food processing ecosystem: Aim to develop storage chains, export facilities, and industrial linkages. Value addition: Promotion of popped makhana products, snacks, and packaged health foods. Economic & Social Impact Employment: ~10 lakh families involved in cultivation and processing. Community benefit: Primarily supports Maithil farmers, concentrated in riverine belts of North Bihar. Vote-bank significance: Maithils: 2.6% of population, but can influence >6% vote share in North Bihar constituencies. Political Context Ahead of elections, “Makhanaomics” serves as: A poll strategy to support a key local community (Maithils). Part of ruling coalition’s broader economic vision beyond infrastructure. Criticism faced by prior governments for narrow economic focus (roads, power) motivates agriculture-led development messaging. Potential to boost rural income, promote regional economic identity, and strengthen political support. Data & Facts Bihar produces ~90% of India’s makhana. Cultivation area: 15,000 hectares; output: 10,000 tonnes of popped makhana. Top producing districts: Darbhanga, Madhubani, Purnea, Katihar (80% of state output). Initial Makhana Board budget: Rs 100 crore. High-yield seed varieties: Swarna Vaidehi, Sabour Makhana-1. Employment impact: ~10 lakh families. Maithil population: 2.6% of Bihar; political influence in North Bihar >6% vote share. Key Challenges Ahead Enhancing productivity and mechanisation. Building food processing infrastructure in Bihar. Developing export chains to reduce dependency on other states. Encouraging adoption of improved seed varieties among farmers. Ensuring equitable benefit-sharing for smallholder Maithil farmers. Pendency issue in courts: Why SC flagged execution petitions  Why in News The Supreme Court flagged the “alarming” pendency of execution petitions in district courts, describing delays in enforcing decrees as a “travesty of justice.” Trigger: Contempt petition by Anil Yadav, highlighting that litigants often wait years even after winning a case for enforcement of the decree. High-profile remarks by Justices B.R. Gavai and K.V. Viswanathan emphasized that delayed execution undermines the value of judicial victories. Relevance GS-2 (Governance): Judicial reforms, efficiency of public institutions, rule of law. GS-2/3 (Law & Justice/Economy): Legal frameworks, dispute resolution mechanisms, impact of judicial delays on economic justice. GS-3 (Society & Infrastructure): Access to justice, regional disparities, social trust in legal system. What is an Execution Petition? Definition: A legal mechanism to enforce a decree passed by the court. Purpose: Ensures the winning party actually receives what they are legally entitled to, such as payment of money, possession of property, or other reliefs. Procedure: Court issues notice to losing party (debtor or defendant). Opportunity for objections. Enforcement via: Court (civil enforcement) Police or other agencies (commonly for property possession or recovery) Problem: Delays mean that even after adjudication, the decree cannot be effectively realised, rendering litigation costly and inefficient. Data & Facts: Pendency Statistics Average Civil Suit Duration: 4.9 years (3.9 years for adjudication + 1 year for execution). Execution Petition Delay: Additional 3.9 years, making total enforcement duration over 7 years. Regional Disparities (2025 Data): Maharashtra & Goa + Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu: >34 lakh pending execution petitions. Tamil Nadu & Puducherry: 8.82 lakh pending execution petitions. Tamil Nadu: 3,368 execution petitions disposed on April 10, 2025; issues persist. Data Source: National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG); Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy highlights limited data granularity on types of executions. Reasons for Delays Procedural Complexity: Notices, objections, hearings add significant time. Manual & Court-Based Enforcement: Court-led enforcement slower than police/agency route. Regional Judicial Infrastructure Constraints: Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra show high pendency due to overloaded courts. Lack of Monitoring: No systematic state-level oversight committees until SC intervention. Resource & Personnel Gaps: Insufficient judges, clerical staff, and enforcement officers. Special Focus: Partition & Property Cases High Pendency: Partition suits and property-related decrees often take longer due to: Multiple heirs or parties. Complicated asset valuation and distribution. Disputes over enforcement methods (cash, possession, or structural division). Judicial Responses Supreme Court Directions: Urged state governments, especially Tamil Nadu, to set up monitoring committees. Bench of Justices Gavai & Viswanathan emphasized time-bound disposal. Bench of Justices Parthiv & Mithal instructed district courts to ensure execution petitions are disposed within six months. Tamil Nadu Measures: Senior judges issued mandatory directions for six-month deadlines for execution petitions. Implications For Litigants: Years of delay can erode value of legal victories and trust in judiciary. For Justice System: Pendency highlights structural inefficiencies and enforcement bottlenecks. For Governance: Underscores need for digitisation, monitoring, and capacity expansion in district courts. Socio-economic Impact: Delays in property possession or financial recoveries impact business, inheritance rights, and economic activity. Key Takeaways Execution petitions are crucial final stage of civil suits. Pendency extends total resolution time to over 7 years on average. States like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and UTs show highest backlog, affecting millions of litigants. Need for: Digitisation of enforcement processes Special task forces or monitoring committees Better resource allocation and infrastructure improvement Time-bound disposal mechanisms PRATIBHA SETU PORTAL & ROZGAR MELAS Why in News ? Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Pratibha Setu Portal to connect UPSC candidates who narrowly miss final selection with employment opportunities in public and private sectors. Launched during the Rozgar Mela, a platform distributing appointment letters for government jobs, highlighting youth employment initiatives. Relevance GS-2 (Governance): Public service delivery, youth employment, government initiatives. GS-3 (Economy): Skill development, employment generation, digital governance, public-private collaboration. GS-3 (Infrastructure & Technology): Digital portals for recruitment and job matching. Pratibha Setu Portal Objective: Ensure optimal utilisation of talent among candidates who qualify UPSC Written exams but do not clear the Personality Test. Functionality: Connects highly capable candidates with institutions seeking skilled talent. Bridges the gap between education/exam preparation and productive employment. Significance: Avoids wastage of trained and educated youth talent. Enhances public-private collaboration in talent acquisition. UPSC Context 2024 UPSC Civil Services Exam: Written (Main) Exam qualifiers: 14,627 candidates. Personality Test qualifiers: 2,845 candidates. Final appointments: 1,009 candidates (725 men, 284 women). Implication: Majority of candidates who invest years in preparation remain unutilised, creating a talent gap. Rozgar Melas Objective: Mass recruitment and appointment of youth in government jobs. Recent Achievements: Over 51,000 youth received appointment letters during the latest Rozgar Mela. Cumulative impact: Over 11 lakh appointment letters distributed in recent years. Government Schemes: PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana: Targeting 3.5 crore employment opportunities. Skill India Mission: Bridging skill gaps. National Career Service (NCS) portal: Facilitates job matching, with 7+ crore vacancies shared. Policy Rationale Youth Empowerment: Leveraging skills and hard work of young candidates. Talent Retention: Prevents brain drain and demotivation among highly trained aspirants. Nation-building: Encourages capable youth to contribute to public and private sectors. Digital Integration: Portal ensures direct engagement between talent and institutions, increasing transparency. Political & Social Significance Portal launch coincided with Rozgar Mela, symbolically marking a “double Diwali” — festival + employment. Enhances government’s image of youth-centric governance. Promotes Nagarik Devo Bhava, encouraging dedication, service, and integrity among recruits. Data & Facts Total civil servants recruited (2024): 1,009. Rozgar Mela appointments: 51,000 in recent event; 11 lakh cumulatively. UPSC Written Exam qualifiers not selected: ~11,782 candidates (14,627 – 2,845). NCS platform: >7 crore vacancies shared. PM Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana: Targeting 3.5 crore jobs. Key Takeaways Pratibha Setu: Addresses underutilised talent among UPSC candidates. Rozgar Melas: Provide large-scale employment, reinforcing youth empowerment policies. Integrated Approach: Combines digital platforms, skill development, and government employment schemes. Supports India’s vision of harnessing youth potential for national growth and governance.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 October 2025

Content National Blockchain Framework Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission National Blockchain Framework Conceptual Foundations What is Blockchain? Distributed digital ledger recording transactions across a network of computers. Ensures immutability, transparency, traceability, and decentralization — without intermediaries. Each block is cryptographically linked to the previous one, making alteration nearly impossible. Governance Relevance Current government databases are centralized → prone to manipulation, data silos, and fraud. Blockchain introduces trust without intermediaries, ensuring data integrity, accountability, and auditability. Evolution Transitioned from cryptocurrency origins (Bitcoin, 2008) → to governance-grade distributed systems supporting secure transactions, documentation, and compliance mechanisms. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & E-Governance): Public service delivery, transparency, accountability, and data integrity in administration. GS-3 (Science & Technology): Blockchain technology, digital infrastructure, cybersecurity, and data protection. GS-3 (Economy): FinTech, digital currency pilots, supply-chain traceability, and innovation ecosystems. Typology of Blockchains Type Nature Control Ideal Use Public Fully open None Cryptocurrency, citizen transparency Private Permissioned Single org (Govt/Institution) Governance, financial systems Consortium Semi-decentralized Multiple orgs Supply chain, inter-agency coordination Hybrid Public + Private Selective openness Smart governance, regulatory monitoring Genesis of the National Blockchain Framework (NBF) Initiated: March 2021 Launched: 4 September 2024 Budget: ₹64.76 crore (MeitY-led initiative) Objective: Create a unified architecture for blockchain-based e-governance, supporting interoperable, secure, and scalable public systems. Deployed across: NIC Data Centres – Bhubaneswar, Pune, Hyderabad. Documents verified: 34+ crore (as of 21 Oct 2025). Core Components of NBF Vishvasya Blockchain Stack (VBS) Indigenous modular platform forming the technical core of NBF. Features: Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS): Shared blockchain infrastructure for departments. Permissioned network: Only verified participants validate transactions. Distributed architecture: Multi-centre redundancy for resilience. Open APIs: Enables integration with e-Governance portals. Applications: Secure certificates, judiciary records, property documents. NBFLite – Blockchain Sandbox Sandbox environment for startups, academia, and R&D. Provides smart contract templates in sectors like supply chain, digital certificates. Promotes innovation, low-cost prototyping, and capacity-building. Praamaanik – App Verification Tool Blockchain-backed mobile app authenticity checker. Prevents fraud and malware by matching app credentials with blockchain-verified records. National Blockchain Portal Acts as a national repository and strategic policy hub for blockchain adoption. Enables standardization, cross-sectoral use, and policy transparency. Sectoral Blockchain Applications in Governance Sector Initiative Impact Education Certificate Chain (CBSE) Fraud-proof academic verification Citizen Services Document Chain – 48,000 docs verified Standardized verification for caste, income, birth certificates Health Aushada (Karnataka) Transparent medicine supply tracking Judiciary Judiciary Chain – 665 docs verified Electronic, time-stamped court orders Law Enforcement ICJS – 39,000 docs verified Integrates police, courts, prisons, and forensics Property Property Chain – 34 crore docs verified Immutable land record system, reduces litigation Logistics Supply Chain Blockchain Tracks goods’ movement, enhances accountability Institutional and Regulatory Integration Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Blockchain Technology – NIC Provides consulting, training, proof-of-concept support for ministries. Uses open-source blockchain frameworks — Hyperledger Fabric, Sawtooth, Ethereum. Promotes interdepartmental blockchain deployment. Role of Regulators TRAI: Implemented DLT-based SMS tracking for 1.13 lakh entities. Eliminated spam & phishing through end-to-end message traceability. RBI: Blockchain pilot for Digital Rupee (e₹) in retail since Dec 2022. Promotes financial inclusion, transparency, traceable digital payments. NSDL: DLT-based Debenture Covenant Monitoring System. Tracks asset cover ratios, creates audit trails → increases investor trust. Capacity Building and Skill Development Programme Conducting Agency Focus Skill Development Programme (214 programs) MeitY Trained 21,000+ govt officials in blockchain and ICT integration PG Diploma in FinTech & Blockchain (PG-DFBD) Digital India Corp. 900-hour course on Blockchain, FinTech, AI/ML BLEND (C-DAC) C-DAC Online course for engineers & developers FutureSkills PRIME MeitY + NASSCOM National re/up-skilling platform in 10 emerging tech domains including Blockchain Strategic and Policy Framework National Strategy on Blockchain (MeitY): Defines short- and long-term goals for blockchainadoption across governance, logistics, finance, and justice. Promotes open standards, interoperability, data privacy, and ethical deployment. Integration with Digital India & Aatmanirbhar Bharat: Encourages indigenous blockchain platforms, reducing foreign tech dependence. Future Use Cases (Proof of Concepts) Land Records: Immutable ownership trail. Blood Bank: Transparent donation-to-recipient tracking. GST Chain: Real-time tax monitoring for fraud reduction. Public Distribution System (PDS): Secure supply chain for food and subsidies. Agriculture Chain: Farmer-produce traceability and input authenticity. Challenges and Considerations Scalability: Large-scale adoption needs high computing capacity and network bandwidth. Interoperability: Multiple blockchains across departments must communicate effectively. Legal Framework: Absence of clear data protection and digital asset laws may delay standardization. Skilling Gap: Limited availability of blockchain-trained government personnel. Energy Efficiency: Need for low-energy consensus mechanisms (Proof-of-Authority > Proof-of-Work). Way Forward Expand blockchain integration across municipal services, healthcare, land management, and tax systems. Create interoperable blockchain standards through NIC and BIS. Institutionalize Blockchain-as-a-Service for startups via Digital India initiatives. Build indigenous consensus algorithms suited to India’s governance scale. Foster public-private-academic partnerships for scalable, secure blockchain ecosystems. Conclusion The National Blockchain Framework is India’s first nationwide, government-backed, permissioned blockchain ecosystem. It operationalizes the “Trust as a Service” model — a foundational pillar of Digital India 2.0. By integrating blockchain across governance layers, India is pioneering a transparent, tamper-proof digital state, enhancing both citizen trust and administrative integrity. With sustained focus on indigenous tech, capacity building, and interoperability, India is poised to be a global leader in blockchain-powered governance. Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission Introduction & Evolution Origin: Launched in 2011 (Mission mode); restructured from Swarnajayanti Grameen Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY). Renamed: Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana – NRLM in 2016. Implementing Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD). Funding Pattern: Centrally Sponsored (shared between Centre and States). Vision: “Mobilize 1 woman per rural household into a self-managed SHG” and enable diversified, sustainable livelihoods for poverty reduction. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Poverty alleviation, women’s empowerment, skill development, and social inclusion. GS-3 (Economy): Rural development, entrepreneurship promotion, financial inclusion, and sustainable livelihoods. GS-3 (Agriculture): Agro-ecological practices, Mahila Kisan empowerment, and farm–non-farm income diversification. Core Mission Pillars Social Mobilization & Institution Building Formation of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and their federations. Emphasis on women-led, self-managed institutions. Community Resource Persons (CRPs): Krishi Sakhi, Pashu Sakhi, Bank Sakhi, Bima Sakhi, etc. Financial Inclusion Universal SHG–Bank linkage; ₹11 lakh crore disbursed (2013–25). 98% repayment rate, highlighting credit discipline. Support via interest subvention & collateral-free loans. 47,952 Bank Sakhis deployed to bridge SHGs and banks. Sustainable Livelihoods Support for farm, non-farm, and micro-enterprises. 4.62 crore Mahila Kisans trained in agro-ecological practices. 3.74 lakh enterprises supported under Start-up Village Entrepreneurship Programme (SVEP). Social Development & Convergence Awareness campaigns on nutrition, gender issues, education, sanitation, domestic violence. Integration with MGNREGA, PMAY-G, PM KUSUM, and PMEGP. Quantitative Achievements (as of Oct 2025) 10.05 crore rural households mobilized into 90.9 lakh SHGs. 4.6 crore Mahila Kisans supported. 3.74 lakh enterprises created under SVEP. 47,952 Bank Sakhis deployed for rural financial inclusion. Rs. 11 lakh crore in credit accessed by SHGs (98% repayment). 17.5 lakh youth trained under DDU-GKY; 11.48 lakh placed. 56.69 lakh trained under RSETIs; 40.99 lakh settled. Key Sub-Components Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) Focus: Placement-linked skill training (age 15–35). 17.5 lakh trained; 11.48 lakh placed (2025). Top States: Training: UP (2.44 lakh), Odisha (2.15 lakh), AP (1.33 lakh). Placement: Odisha (1.77 lakh), AP (1.17 lakh). Rural Self Employment Training Institutes (RSETIs) Focus: Entrepreneurship training (age 18–50). 56.69 lakh trained; 40.99 lakh settled. Top States: UP (7.55 lakh trained, 5.54 lakh settled), Rajasthan, MP, Karnataka. Community Cadres – Women-Led Transformation Role Function Scale (2025) Krishi Sakhi Farm extension, agro-ecological practices 3.5 lakh Pashu Sakhi Livestock management, animal care 3.5 lakh Bank Sakhi SHG–Bank linkage, credit facilitation 47,952 Bima Sakhi Insurance awareness & claim facilitation State-level pilots High-Performing States (2024–25) Area Leading States Key Performance SHG Mobilization Bihar, UP, Andhra Pradesh Max households mobilized Capitalization Support UP (₹1,23,326 lakh), Bihar (₹1,05,132 lakh) Exceeded targets Bank Loans to SHGs Andhra Pradesh (₹34,83,725 lakh) Highest disbursement Agro-Ecological Practices Maharashtra, UP, AP Highest Mahila Kisan coverage SVEP Enterprises Assam (9,557), Kerala (5,802), WB (4,933) Leading in micro-enterprises Skill and Market Development SARAS Aajeevika Melas: National-level marketing platforms for SHG products. 2025 edition (5–22 Sept, New Delhi) featured 1,200+ SHGs. Training of Trainers (NIRD&PR): 44 capacity-building programmes on marketing in 3 years. Digital Platforms: e-SHRAM, Aajeevika Mart, and SHG e-commerce portals integrated. Institutional Ecosystem Implementing Agencies: SRLMs (State Rural Livelihood Missions) under MoRD. Support Institutions: NABARD, NIRD&PR, SIDBI, Banks. Convergence Framework: NRLM integrates with NRLM–NREGA, DAY–NULM, PMEGP, RSETI, and DDU–GKY for holistic development. Impact Analysis Economic: Rise in household income, diversification of rural livelihoods. Social: Gender empowerment, collective bargaining, leadership roles for women. Financial: Enhanced credit culture, near-zero NPA among SHGs. Institutional: Strengthened grassroots democracy via SHG participation in Panchayats. Challenges Uneven SHG performance across states. Limited penetration in tribal and hilly regions. Credit dependence on select banks; need for digital financial literacy. Market access and branding challenges for SHG products. Skill mismatch in DDU-GKY placements (retention issues). Way Forward Digital Integration: Strengthen SHG e-commerce, blockchain traceability for rural products. Sustainability Focus: Promote green livelihoods and climate-resilient farming. Social Inclusion: Greater outreach to SC/ST, PwD, and minority women. Credit Deepening: Scale interest subvention and livelihood collectives. Monitoring: AI-based MIS to track SHG performance and outcomes. Conclusion DAY-NRLM stands as the world’s largest women-led poverty alleviation mission. With 10 crore+ women mobilized, ₹11 lakh crore credit flow, and multi-sector convergence, it is redefining grassroots empowerment. Anchored in Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Digital India visions, DAY-NRLM symbolizes India’s transition from welfare dependency to self-reliant entrepreneurship—transforming the rural economy through collective strength and women’s leadership.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 October 2025

Content Public Sector Vacancies in India and its Impacts The UN matters, as a symbol of possibility Public Sector Vacancies in India and its Impacts CONTEXT Theme: Massive vacancies in India’s public sector and their socio-economic and national security implications. Trigger: Youth unemployment at a multi-decade high despite promises of large-scale public sector recruitment. Relevance: GS-2 (Governance & Social Justice): Efficiency and accountability of public institutions. Policy implementation challenges (Viksit Bharat 2047, employment guarantees). GS-3 (Economy & Security): Employment and labour market dynamics; youth unemployment. National security implications of vacancies in paramilitary forces and investigative agencies. Sectoral productivity: Education, health, transport, and R&D gaps. Practice Questions: “Vacancies in India’s public sector represent not only a governance deficit but also a strategic risk. Examine the causes, consequences, and measures to address this challenge.”(250 Words) MAGNITUDE OF THE CRISIS Youth Unemployment Public sector unemployment: Even the largest employer (Railways) has no new hires recently. Example: 2 crore applicants for 64,000 railway apprenticeships — illustrates mismatch between demand and supply. Vacancies Across Key Sectors Sector Vacancy Statistics Implications Education Kendriya & Navodaya Vidyalayas: 12,000+ vacancies; Central Universities: 25% posts vacant Compromises quality of education, teacher-student ratio, research output. R&D / Science & Technology ISRO, Sriharikota: >25% posts vacant; two-fifths of scientist positions unfilled India lags behind US/China in innovation, patents, scientific output. Medical / Healthcare CHCs: 20% doctor posts vacant; AIIMS: 20% posts vacant Compromises patient welfare, overburdens existing staff. Aviation / DGCA 40% posts vacant in safety & airworthiness; ATC shortages Hampers emergency response and operational safety. Railways / Safety >1.5 lakh safety posts vacant; 6.7% increase in accidents (2023) Risks public safety and transport security. National Security NIA: 3/10 posts vacant; Paramilitary: >1 lakh vacancies Weakens law enforcement, border protection, investigation capacity. Social Justice National Commission for Minorities & Scheduled Castes: multiple vacancies Delays protection of vulnerable groups. Revenue & Tax Administration CBDT: 34% posts vacant; Customs: 26% Impacts tax collection and compliance. Health & Family Welfare Dept. 25% posts vacant Weakens healthcare governance. STRUCTURAL AND GOVERNANCE IMPLICATIONS Quality deficit: Vacancies reduce efficiency and service delivery. Governance gap: Key institutions fail to perform mandated roles. National security risks: Vacancies in paramilitary forces and NIA weaken response capacity. Policy failure: Promises of mass employment (2 crore jobs annually) remain unfulfilled. Overburdened personnel: Leads to fatigue, burnout, and decreased productivity. Economic implications: Inefficient use of resources, hindered growth in education, healthcare, and research sectors. ROOT CAUSES (INFERRED) Recruitment processes are slow, bureaucratic, or politically influenced. Lack of strategic workforce planning in critical sectors. Insufficient focus on skilling and retaining talent in public institutions. Discrepancy between ambitious policy promises (Viksit Bharat 2047) and ground reality. CONSEQUENCES Education: Student-teacher ratio worsens; research output declines. Healthcare: Hospitals and CHCs under-staffed → patient care compromised. Scientific innovation: ISRO, DRDO, and research labs understaffed → reduced global competitiveness. Transport safety: DGCA, ATC, Railways vacancies → accidents, compromised operational safety. National security: NIA, paramilitary shortages → increased vulnerability to internal/external threats. Social justice: Commissions unable to protect vulnerable groups. Economic growth: Vacancies reduce productivity and service efficiency in critical sectors. CRITICAL INSIGHTS Vacancy epidemic = governance deficit: Public institutions are unable to deliver mandates efficiently. Impact on Viksit Bharat 2047: Promises of development undermined by structural workforce gaps. National security at stake: High vacancy in paramilitary and investigative forces is a strategic risk. Policy credibility at risk: Unmet employment promises erode public trust. RECOMMENDATIONS Immediate recruitment drives: Focus on sectors with maximum vacancies (railways, health, education, security). Strategic workforce planning: Align recruitment with long-term national priorities. Modernise HR processes: Reduce bureaucracy, implement digital recruitment platforms. Retention policies: Incentives for scientists, teachers, healthcare professionals, and law enforcement. Periodic audit of vacancies: Ensure transparency and accountability. Policy alignment: Make Viksit Bharat 2047 goals realistic and implementable. KEY TAKEAWAYS Magnitude: 14.5 lakh+ vacancies across central institutions. Multi-sector impact: Education, health, R&D, security, governance, and social justice. Consequences: Governance deficits, quality erosion, strategic vulnerability, loss of public trust. Solution focus: Recruitment, retention, workforce planning, and alignment with national priorities. The UN matters, as a symbol of possibility Historical Context Founded: 24 October 1945 (UN Charter came into force) after World War II. Purpose: Prevent future wars, promote peace, uphold human dignity, and ensure rule of law. Founding Members: 51 nations (now 193). Core Bodies: General Assembly Security Council (UNSC) ECOSOC ICJ Secretariat Trusteeship Council (inactive now) Relevance: GS-2 (International Relations & Global Governance): UN’s role in peacekeeping, humanitarian interventions, and norm-setting. Reform of UNSC: India’s push for permanent membership and reformed multilateralism. Practice Mains Questions: “At 80, the United Nations faces a crisis of relevance. Critically examine its achievements, limitations, and the imperatives for reform in the 21st century.”(250 Words) CONTEXT OF THE EDITORIAL Occasion: 80th anniversary of the UN (2025). Central Thesis: The UN, though indispensable, risks irrelevance without urgent reform — especially in the Security Council, agility in operations, and restoration of its moral authority. CORE ARGUMENTS UN’s Evolution: From Hope to Hindrance and Hope Again Cold War Era: UN was a battleground for ideological confrontation (U.S. vs USSR). Post-Cold War Era: Transitioned to peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions (e.g., Namibia, East Timor). Failures: Rwanda (1994), Srebrenica (1995) — exposed UN’s paralysis under veto politics. Successes: Peacekeeping, humanitarian relief (UNHCR, WFP, UNICEF). → Analytical Point: The UN mirrors global power politics; its efficiency depends on member cooperation, not just institutional design. Changing Global Order 1945: Bipolar (U.S.–USSR). 1990s: Unipolar (U.S. dominance). 2020s: Multipolar/Fragmented (rise of India, China, EU, middle powers). Challenge: Institutions still reflect 1945 realities. Erosion of Multilateralism: Rise of nationalism, populism, and retreat of liberal internationalism. → Analytical Point: This represents a “crisis of multilateralism” — where global institutions lag behind global realities. UN’s Foundational Principles Under Strain Sovereign Equality: Undermined by veto power of P5. Collective Security: Weakened by selective intervention and political vetoes (e.g., Syria, Ukraine). Peaceful Dispute Resolution: Often bypassed by unilateralism and regional blocs. → Example: UNSC paralysis over Russia-Ukraine due to veto. Case for Reform: India and Beyond Permanent Members: U.S., UK, France, Russia, China — unchanged since 1945. G4 Nations (India, Germany, Japan, Brazil) demand reform. India’s Credentials: Largest democracy & most populous nation. Major peacekeeping contributor. Voice of Global South. Founding member of UN. Yet: No permanent seat — undermines legitimacy and equity. → Analytical Point: Reform = legitimacy + efficacy. Without inclusion, UNSC decisions lack global acceptance. UN’s Strengths That Still Matter Humanitarian Reach: UNHCR — 117 million displaced (2024). WFP — feeds ~150 million annually. UNICEF — child health, immunisation, education. Norm-Setting Role: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). SDGs (2015) — global template for sustainability. Gender, climate, and human rights frameworks. Convening Power: Provides neutral platform for diplomacy. → Analytical Note: The UN’s “normative power” often outweighs its coercive power — shaping laws, values, and expectations. Constraints and Structural Weaknesses Veto misuse: Permanent members shield allies (e.g., U.S.–Israel, Russia–Syria). Funding dependence: U.S. contributes ~22% of budget; delays or cuts cripple operations. Bureaucratic inertia: Slow, procedural, resistant to innovation. Politicisation: Human rights and sanctions regimes selectively applied. → Interpretation: UN’s paralysis stems from member-state hypocrisy, not just institutional inefficiency. India’s Strategic Autonomy and Global Governance Policy of Non-Alignment → Multi-alignment: India avoids power bloc dependency. Focus: Regional stability, sovereignty, plural global order. Critique: UNSC structure perpetuates post-war hierarchies. Vision: Global order built on dignity, plurality, and cooperation. → Interpretation: Relates to India’s foreign policy continuity — autonomy, equity, and reform-based leadership (aligns with “Vishwa Bandhutva” and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam”). Agenda for Renewal and Reform (Tharoor’s Prescriptions) Reform Area Objective Measures Suggested UNSC Reform Legitimacy & representation Expand permanent seats; include Global South (India, Africa, Latin America) Institutional Agility Speed & responsiveness Streamline decisions, decentralize power, use digital tools Moral Voice Restoration Uphold values & credibility Speak truth to power; defend human rights universally Member Commitment Ensure functionality Regular funding, depoliticized contributions, shared responsibility → Key Idea: UN’s survival depends on reform from within and renewal of collective political will. THEORETICAL INSIGHTS Realist View: UN is a tool of great power politics. Its actions depend on consent of dominant states. Example: U.S. invasion of Iraq (2003) bypassed UN. Liberal Institutionalism: UN fosters cooperation and global norms. Despite failures, it remains the best available platform for global governance. Constructivist View: UN’s true power lies in its ability to shape ideas and values (e.g., human rights, gender equality, climate action). DATA POINTS (2025 Context) UN Peacekeeping: 11 missions; ~70,000 troops from 120 nations (India among top 5 contributors). SDG Progress (UN SDG Report 2024): Only 15% of targets on track. Funding Gap: UN regular budget ~$3.4 billion; humanitarian needs exceed $50 billion annually. U.S. Dues Default: $1 billion outstanding (2025). INDIA-SPECIFIC DIMENSIONS Reform Diplomacy: Active in G4 and L.69 Group. Advocates “Reformed Multilateralism” (as per PM Modi’s 2023 UNGA speech). Soft Power Contribution: Yoga, Ayurveda, Digital Public Goods, Disaster Relief (COVAX, G20). Strategic Relevance: Balancer between North and South, and between West and East. Limitations / Counterpoints: UNSC reform faces P5 resistance — low feasibility. “Moral voice” limited by UN’s dependence on member politics. Overreliance on consensus may paralyze decisive action. CONCLUSION At 80, the UN remains a mirror of global contradictions — indispensable yet insufficient. Reform is existential, not optional: to remain relevant, the UN must reflect today’s realities. India’s case for inclusion embodies the shift toward a plural, equitable order. As Hammarskjöld said, “The UN was not created to take mankind to heaven, but to save humanity from hell.” Hence, the UN at 80 must become: Representative (inclusive governance) Responsive (crisis agility) Resilient (moral and institutional strength) Only then can it serve as the world’s moral compass and crisis manager in the 21st century.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 October 2025

Content Tamil Nadu Floods and Mullaperiyar Dam: Early Onset of Northeast Monsoon and Compound Flood Risks Is Punjab’s Stubble Burning Problem Really Declining? Why Cloud Seeding is Not a Solution to Delhi’s Air Pollution Crisis Sanctuary’ Status for Forests of Saranda: Why This Matters, Case Before SC Government to Issue Commemorative Coin to Mark 200th Anniversary of Rani Channamma’s Victory at Kittur How do monsoons affect Tamil Nadu? Why in News Tamil Nadu is experiencing early and heavy northeast monsoon rains, continuing a trend of above-average rainfall for the second consecutive year. Mullaperiyar Dam releases are exacerbating flood risks in Tamil Nadu, affecting farmland, urban areas, and infrastructure. Policymakers are questioning the conventional notion that “excess rainfall is good” in light of climate change and concentrated rainfall events. Relevance: GS-1: Geography – Monsoon patterns, rainfall variability, river systems (Periyar, Vaigai), flood-prone regions. GS-2: Governance – Disaster management, inter-state water sharing (Tamil Nadu-Kerala coordination), reservoir/dam operation policies. GS-3: Environment & Climate Change – Impact of climate change on rainfall intensity, urban flooding, soil erosion, and disaster preparedness. Early Onset of Northeast Monsoon Arrived at least four days earlier for the second consecutive year. Forecasts suggest rainfall exceeding long-period average by significant margins, similar to 2024 (33% higher). Short, intense bursts of rain are increasingly common due to climate change, causing localized flooding. Urban Impacts Concrete and asphalt surfaces prevent infiltration, causing rapid runoff. Drainage systems overwhelmed, leading to: Flash floods Waterlogging of low-lying areas Property damage Disrupted transportation Overflows from sewage systems release untreated wastewater, creating health hazards. Past events (e.g., Cyclone Michaung, 2023) show that power outages occur due to risk management during floods. Agricultural Impacts Waterlogged soil: Suffocates plant roots and young crops. Topsoil erosion: Loss of fertility and nutrients. Delayed sowing and crop losses reduce long-term agricultural productivity. Role of Mullaperiyar Dam Located in Kerala (Idukki district), operated by Tamil Nadu for irrigation. Heavy rainfall in Kerala catchment fills reservoir rapidly. Tamil Nadu must open all 13 shutters to manage water levels, releasing thousands of cusecs. Resulting flows: Periyar River (Kerala): Flooding low-lying areas, creating inter-State challenges. Vaigai Dam (Tamil Nadu): Compound flood risk when combined with local monsoon rains. Compound Flood Risk Tamil Nadu faces simultaneous inflow from Kerala and its own rainfall, turning excess water into immediate flood risk. Farmland and residential areas, particularly in Theni district, are already submerged. Risk to infrastructure, roads, and critical services increases.  Environmental & Health Risks Standing water promotes vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue). Water contamination from sewage overflows affects human and animal health. Soil erosion and sedimentation harm ecosystems and reduce soil fertility. Climate Change Factor Increasing frequency of intense, short-duration rainfall events complicates traditional water management strategies. Challenges the notion that “excess rainfall is beneficial”, as concentrated rain overwhelms natural and man-made systems. Policy and Planning Implications States need to rethink reservoir management considering upstream rainfall and inter-State coordination. Urban and agricultural planning must adapt to high-intensity rainfall and flood mitigation measures. Emphasis on real-time monitoring, early warning systems, and disaster preparedness. Governance & Inter-State Coordination Tamil Nadu-Kerala coordination critical for dam releases and flood risk mitigation. Mismanagement or delayed communication can amplify flood impact, creating socio-economic and political tensions. Way Forward Integrate climate-resilient infrastructure in urban and rural planning. Adopt holistic water management: reservoir operation, catchment area treatment, and floodplain zoning. Invest in early warning systems and community awareness for flood preparedness and response. Is Punjab’s stubble burning problem really declining? Why in News Paddy harvesting in Punjab has picked up pace, bringing renewed attention to stubble burning, a key contributor to air pollution in North India, including Delhi. 2024 saw fewer fire incidents due to flooded farmland, but total burnt area remains high, highlighting persistent challenges in crop residue management. Recent studies and satellite data reveal discrepancies in reporting, prompting calls for more accurate monitoring and integrated policy interventions. Relevance: GS-1: Geography – Agricultural practices, seasonal crop cycles, regional climate impacts. GS-2: Governance – Policy interventions, state and central coordination, crop residue management schemes, enforcement measures. GS-3: Environment – Air pollution (PM2.5, PM10), greenhouse gas emissions, public health impacts, satellite monitoring of fires. Context of Stubble Burning Post-paddy harvest, farmers burn crop residue (stubble) to prepare fields for wheat sowing within a short window (~3 weeks). Burning is considered quick and cost-effective, especially when mechanized alternatives are unavailable. Seasonal stubble burning contributes to air pollution spikes in post-monsoon and winter months. Recent Trends Punjab government data (2024): 10,909 farm fires, down 70% from 36,663 in 2023. Despite fewer fire counts, area under burning: 19.17 lakh hectares (2024) vs 19.14 lakh hectares (2023). Indicates that smaller, low-intensity, or partial burns are harder to detect but still contribute to pollution. Data Discrepancies Satellite limitations: MODIS and VIIRS pass a few times daily, missing late-afternoon/evening burns. Cloud cover, haze, fragmented landholdings, and deliberate concealment reduce detection accuracy. Optical sensors (e.g., Sentinel-2) can detect post-fire discoloration and burn scars, giving more precise burnt-area estimates. Scientific Insights Not all burnt area implies high emissions; low-intensity, short-duration fires release less particulate matter. Accurate emissions assessment requires fire intensity, fuel load, and duration, not burnt area alone. Floods & Weather Impacts 2024 floods in Punjab reduced stubble burning but caused waterlogging and crop damage, affecting sowing schedules. Early northeast monsoon and excessive rains exacerbate agriculture, urban infrastructure, and health risks. Environmental & Health Impacts Stubble burning emits particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide, and greenhouse gases. Major contributor to Delhi’s winter smog, respiratory diseases, and regional air pollution crises. Compound effect with vehicular and industrial emissions worsens public health burden. Policy Measures Subsidized crop residue management machinery provided to farmers. Stricter enforcement and awareness campaigns to reduce burning. Crop diversification and alternative residue utilization promoted (bioenergy, compost, mulching). Technological Solutions Integrated satellite monitoring: thermal + optical imagery for better burnt-area assessment. Ground verification to validate satellite data and assess emissions per fire intensity. Socio-Economic Considerations Small landholdings and time pressure between crops make burning attractive. Any policy must balance farmers’ livelihoods, cost of machinery, and environmental targets. Way Forward Evidence-based approach: quantify emissions, not just burnt area. Promote mechanized residue management, incentives for biofuel use, and crop rotation practices. Coordinate state and central policies, focusing on both short-term mitigation and long-term structural solutions to reduce air pollution sustainably. Why cloud seeding is not a solution to Delhi’s air pollution crisis  Why in News Delhi government is exploring cloud seeding as a solution to air pollution during post-monsoon and winter months. Experts argue it is scientifically weak, ethically questionable, and a temporary fix, diverting attention from structural solutions. Public and scientific debate has intensified following media reports and policy announcements. Relevance: GS-3: Environment – Air pollution management, mitigation strategies, atmospheric science (Western Disturbances, moisture patterns). GS-2: Governance – Policy critique, ethical implications, accountability in technological interventions. GS-3: Science & Technology – Cloud seeding mechanisms, limitations, environmental risks, and feasibility. Seasonal Air Pollution in Delhi & North India Air quality is poor year-round, but spikes post-monsoon and in winter. Meteorological causes: Dry continental air masses from the northwest dominate after monsoon withdrawal. Weak winds and stagnant air trap pollutants. Cooler, stable high-pressure systems suppress cloud formation. Result: Hazy skies are trapped pollution, not clouds capable of producing rain. Natural Rainfall Limitations Rain in winter occurs via Western Disturbances (Mediterranean-origin systems) or interaction with moisture from seas. Such events are sporadic, short-lived, and unpredictable, insufficient to consistently reduce pollution. Cloud Seeding Basics Mechanism: Introduces compounds like silver iodide or sodium chloride into existing clouds to trigger condensation and ice formation. Requirement: Cannot generate clouds from thin air; depends on natural cloud presence. Evidence: Global studies show weak and contested results on effectiveness. Limitations in Air Pollution Context Even if rainfall occurs, temporary reduction in particulate matter is short-lived (1–2 days). Does not address root causes: emissions from vehicles, industry, power plants, construction, waste burning, and stubble burning. Environmental Risks Chemical accumulation: Silver iodide can persist in soils and water bodies over repeated use. Unknown long-term effects: Potential impacts on agriculture, ecosystems, and human health remain poorly understood. Ethical & Governance Concerns Accountability questions if cloud seeding coincides with: Flooding Crop or infrastructure damage Loss of life Public perception may misattribute disasters to cloud seeding, eroding trust in science and governance. Scientific Critique Cloud seeding is a “snake–oil” solution that creates spectacular but ineffective interventions. Diverts resources and attention from long-term, evidence-based measures. Scientific credibility is at risk when institutions endorse unproven fixes. Root Causes of Air Pollution Anthropogenic sources: Vehicle emissions, industrial activity, construction dust, power plants, municipal waste burning. Seasonal agricultural stubble burning. Meteorology: Stable air, low moisture, and stagnant winds exacerbate pollution. Real Solutions Structural interventions include: Cleaner transport: EVs, improved public transport Sustainable energy: Shift from coal-based power Waste management: Reduce open burning Urban planning: Reduce dust, increase green cover Agricultural measures: Stubble management, alternative crop residue use Key Takeaways Cloud seeding: temporary, risky, ethically ambiguous, and scientifically weak. True mitigation requires systemic, evidence-based policies addressing sources of pollution rather than relying on flashy, ineffective interventions. Emphasis: patient, sustained action over spectacle; ‘Sanctuary’ status for forests of Saranda: why this matters, case before SC  Why in News The Supreme Court/NGT is hearing a case on declaring Saranda forests in Jharkhand as a wildlife sanctuary. The issue arose because the Jharkhand government has not implemented earlier NGT orders despite the forest being notified as a game sanctuary in 1968. Petitioners argue the region requires legal protection to prevent biodiversity loss and habitat degradation. Relevance: GS-2: Governance – Implementation of NGT orders, inter-agency coordination, legal enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act. GS-3: Environment – Biodiversity conservation, forest management, human-wildlife conflict, mining vs ecological protection. Background Location: West Singhbhum, Jharkhand; 85 sq km notified area, part of the “Seven Hundred Hills”. Previous Notifications: 1968: Declared a game sanctuary. 2002: NGT ordered the government to declare it a wildlife sanctuary under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Current Issue: Jharkhand government claims the forest department was not officially notified, preventing formal sanctuary status. Government Concern: Revenue from mining (~23% of India’s iron ore) funds regional development and tribal welfare (~₹140 crores reported by B S Bhatt Commission). Ecological Significance Saranda forests contain India’s finest Sal forests. Rich biodiversity: Elephants, four-horned antelopes, tigers (historically) Other flora and fauna threatened due to mining, deforestation, and human activity. Wildlife Institute of India (WII) reports: Anthropogenic pressures necessitate sanctuary status to protect wildlife and biodiversity. Contributes ~23% of India’s iron ore production, essential for steel, infrastructure, and industrial growth. Legal/Policy Context Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Provides for creation of sanctuaries and protection of flora and fauna. NGT orders: Directed immediate notification as a wildlife sanctuary to curb habitat destruction. Government Draft (Oct 17, 2025): Proposed immediate action for sanctuary notification, signaling compliance. Conflict: Development vs. conservation – revenue generation vs. ecological sustainability. Significance Environmental: Protects biodiversity, prevents habitat fragmentation, and sustains Sal forest ecosystem. Socio-economic: Balances tribal welfare and revenue from natural resources with ecological conservation. Legal/Policy: Test case for implementation of NGT orders and enforcement of Wildlife Protection Act. National Importance: Preserving forests vital for climate resilience and ecological balance in mineral-rich regions. Govt to issue commemorative coin to mark 200th anniversary of Rani Channamma’s victory at Kittur  Why in News The Government of India will issue a ₹200 commemorative coin to mark 200 years of Rani Channamma’s victory at Kittur (1824–2024). Purpose: Honouring one of the earliest armed resistances against the British East India Company, predating the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny. Significance: Symbolizes recognition of regional heroes and promotion of historical consciousness. Legal Status: Legal tender, but not for general circulation (commemorative in nature) Relevance: GS-1: History – Early resistance against British East India Company, pre-1857 revolts, regional freedom movements, role of women in history. Historical Background Birth & Early Life: Born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati village, Karnataka. Marriage & Ascendancy: Married Raja Mallasarja of Kittur; became queen after his death. Succession Conflict: Adopted Shivalingappa as heir after her son’s death; British East India Company refused to recognize him. Kittur Rebellion: First Battle (1824): Channamma successfully resisted the British, showcasing strategic acumen and valour. Second Attack (1824–1829): British launched a renewed assault; she was captured and imprisoned, dying in February 1829. Legacy: Early freedom fighter; symbol of resistance against colonial annexation policies. Significance Historical: Highlights pre-1857 anti-colonial resistance, emphasizing regional contributions to India’s freedom struggle. Cultural: Promotes women’s leadership in history and inspires gender-inclusive narratives in freedom movements. Economic & Numismatic: Commemorative coins generate collector interest, contributing to numismatic awareness. Reflects India’s policy of honoring historical figures through currency. National Identity: Reinforces cultural memory and pride; aligns with Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav initiatives.

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