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Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 June 2025

Content : HAL wins ISRO deal to build launch vehicles ₹29,208 cr. foreign assets declared by taxpayers after I-T Dept.’s data audit: govt. BJP accounted for over 44% of ₹3,352 cr. spent by parties in 2024 Lok Sabha polls: ADR Centre forms panel to review competitive exams, cut dependency on coaching centres IAEA warns of nuclear disaster if Israel attacks Iran’s Bushehr plant HAL wins ISRO deal to build launch vehicles Context & Background Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) secured a ₹511 crore Transfer of Technology (ToT) deal from ISRO for Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs). Announced by IN-SPACe, which facilitates private sector participation in India’s space programme. Marks a major step in the commercialisation of India’s space technology. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) , GS 3(Technology) About SSLV SSLV is a three-stage solid-fuel launch vehicle developed by ISRO. Designed to place payloads of up to 500 kg into Low Earth Orbit (LEO). Aimed at the growing small satellite market, which is key for: Earth observation Communication Academic and startup payloads Strategic Significance Enables indigenous manufacturing of launch vehicles by HAL. Reduces ISRO’s operational load, freeing it to focus on R&D and deep space missions. Promotes self-reliance in high-technology sectors (Atmanirbhar Bharat). Boosts dual-use technology base (civil + military space capabilities). Economic and Commercial Implications Commercialisation opens avenues for India to become a low-cost global launch service provider. Encourages public-private partnerships and technology spin-offs. HAL will manufacture at least two SSLVs under ISRO guidance during the 2-year ToT phase. Post ToT, HAL will independently build and operate SSLVs for commercial use. Regulatory Framework & Liability Government of India retains international liability for launches under the Outer Space Treaty. Highlights the role of IN-SPACe as a nodal agency regulating private participation. Ensures responsible space conduct, adhering to international space norms. UPSC-Relevant Keywords: Transfer of Technology (ToT) : Licensed tech shift; R&D to production; public to private; capacity building Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) : Mini launch vehicle; <500 kg payload; Low Earth Orbit; rapid deployment IN-SPACe : Regulator for private space; promotes startups; under Dept. of Space; authorisation body Indigenisation of space tech : Domestic capability; import substitution; strategic autonomy; tech self-reliance Private participation in space : Startup ecosystem; commercial launchers; tech transfer; space sector liberalisation Outer Space Treaty : UN space law; peaceful use; no national claims; state liability Public-Private Partnership in Strategic Sectors : Collaborative investment; risk-sharing; tech diffusion; national interest alignment ₹29,208 cr. foreign assets declared by taxpayers after I-T Dept.’s data audit: govt. Context & Recent Development The Income Tax Department, using foreign financial data, identified significant undisclosed foreign assets and income. As per the Finance Ministry (June 2025), this led to taxpayers voluntarily reporting: ₹29,208 crore worth of foreign assets ₹1,089.88 crore of additional foreign income Relevance : GS 2(Governance & International Relations) Source of Information: International Cooperation Data was obtained under the Automatic Exchange of Information (AEOI) framework. Switzerland and other jurisdictions have been sharing annual financial information of Indian residents. AEOI enables cross-border transparency in financial holdings of residents in foreign countries. Verification & Follow-up by CBDT Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) compared foreign financial data with ITRs filed for Assessment Year (AY) 2024–25. Process included data analytics and discrepancy identification. SMSs and emails were sent to suspected non-compliant taxpayers. Outcomes of the Exercise 24,678 taxpayers reviewed their ITRs. 5,483 taxpayers filed belated returns, disclosing previously unreported: Foreign assets Foreign income Clarification on Swiss Bank Allegations The government refuted media/social media claims of a spike in black money in Swiss banks. Stated that the reported increase may include institutional and enterprise deposits, not just individual assets. Emphasized that all types of accounts (corporate, inter-bank, etc.) are covered in Swiss banking data. Significance for India’s Tax System Highlights success of international tax cooperation and data sharing in tackling black money and tax evasion. Boosts transparency, accountability, and voluntary compliance. Reflects growing use of data-driven tax administration. BJP accounted for over 44% of ₹3,352 cr. spent by parties in 2024 Lok Sabha polls: ADR Context: ADR Report on 2024 Lok Sabha Election Expenditure Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) released data on election expenditure of 32 national and regional parties. Covers expenses during 2024 Lok Sabha elections and simultaneous Assembly polls in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Sikkim (March–June 2024). Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Governance) Key Financial Highlights Total expenditure: ₹3,352.81 crore National parties: ₹2,204 crore (65.75%) Regional parties: ₹1,148.81 crore Top Spenders: BJP: ₹1,493.91 crore (44.56% of total expenditure) Congress: ₹620.14 crore (18.5%) Fund Collection (Electoral Funding Insight) National parties collected: ₹6,930.25 crore (93.08% of total funds) Regional parties collected: ₹515.32 crore (6.92%) Reflects resource asymmetry between national and regional players. Major Heads of Expenditure Publicity: ₹2,008 crore (≈53%) – includes media ads, hoardings, etc. Travel: ₹795 crore ₹765 crore (96.22%) spent on star campaigners Only ₹30 crore spent on other leaders Candidate payments: ₹402 crore (lump-sum) Virtual campaigning: ₹132 crore Disclosure of criminal antecedents: ₹28 crore Ethical & Governance Concerns Disproportionate focus on star campaigners raises questions of equity and inner-party democracy. Heavy publicity and campaign spending reflects increasing commercialisation of elections. Low allocation to disclosing criminal records despite SC-mandated transparency. Points to the need for reforms in electoral funding and expenditure regulation. Centre forms panel to review competitive exams, cut dependency on coaching centres Context: Addressing Coaching Dependency The Union Education Ministry has constituted a high-level panel, headed by Higher Education Secretary Vineet Joshi. Aim: To reduce student dependence on coaching centres and review the fairness and effectiveness of competitive entrance exams. Relevance : GS 2(Education ,Governance) Key Objectives of the Panel (Terms of Reference) Assess causes behind coaching dependence, including: Gaps in school education system Rote learning practices Poor emphasis on critical thinking, reasoning, analytical skills, and innovation Evaluate the role of “dummy schools”: Full-time coaching replacing formal schooling Recommending mechanisms to curb this trend Review current entrance exams: Fairness, accessibility, and inclusiveness Impact on mental health, dropout rates, and education quality Examine formative assessments: Their absence affecting conceptual understanding Need to strengthen school-level evaluation systems Review coaching centre practices: Misleading advertisements and selective success stories Suggest regulatory measures to ensure ethical conduct Study availability of seats in premier institutions: Mismatch between aspirants and opportunities Drives over-competition and reliance on coaching Assess career counselling availability: In both schools and higher education Low awareness of multiple career pathways among students and parents Composition of the Panel Members from: CBSE, NCERT, IIT-Madras, NIT-Trichy, IIT-Kanpur Principals from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Navodaya Vidyalaya, and a private school Joint Secretaries from relevant departments Broader Significance Aims to rebalance focus from coaching-based learning to school-based holistic education Addresses educational inequality, mental health, and pressure due to hyper-competition Promotes a shift towards conceptual and competency-based learning IAEA warns of nuclear disaster if Israel attacks Iran’s Bushehr plant Context: IAEA Warning on Bushehr Nuclear Plant Rafael Grossi, Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), addressed the UN Security Council on the potential risks of a military strike on Iran’s Bushehr nuclear power plant by Israel. The warning comes amid Israel’s ongoing military campaign targeting Iran, including its nuclear-related sites. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Strategic Importance of Bushehr Plant Located in southern Iran, Bushehr is West Asia’s first civilian nuclear reactor. Contains thousands of kilograms of nuclear material, posing a high risk of radioactive contamination if attacked. Built with German assistance in the 1970s under Iran’s Shah; later completed and maintained with Russian collaboration post-1990s. Key Risks Highlighted by IAEA A direct military strike would cause a massive release of radioactivity, leading to: Environmental contamination Health emergencies Evacuations within hundreds of kilometers, including Gulf Arab states — key global energy hubs Even targeting power supply lines could trigger a nuclear meltdown, akin to incidents like Fukushima, due to loss of cooling mechanisms. Humanitarian and Public Health Fallout Populations in the affected zones may be required to: Take iodine to reduce radiation exposure Face food supply restrictions Prepare for large-scale displacement and sheltering protocols Geopolitical & Regional Implications Several West Asian countries have expressed concern directly to IAEA, fearing cross-border fallout. Raises the threat of regional instability, environmental disaster, and global economic disruption (due to proximity to energy routes). Underscores fragility of nuclear safety in conflict zones. Diplomatic Angle & IAEA’s Role Grossi called for a diplomatic resolution and offered to mediate. Reaffirmed IAEA’s ability to ensure that Iran does not divert its nuclear programme for weapon development through its “watertight inspection system.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 June 2025

Content : From grocery payments to smart classrooms, resilient internet is the foundation of resilient India as we complete 20 years: NIXI ECI marks several firsts in Bye-polls: Mobile Deposit Facility; Upgraded VTR sharing process; 100% Webcasting of Polling Stations From grocery payments to smart classrooms, resilient internet is the foundation of resilient India as we complete 20 years: NIXI NIXI at 20: Backbone of Digital India National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) was established on 19th June 2003 under MeitY. Celebrated 20 years of operations in 2025 — “NIXI Day” commemorates this milestone. Operates 77 Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) across the country ensuring local routing of internet traffic. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) ,GS 3(Technology) Key Roles and Contributions Faster, Safer & Localised Internet: Keeps domestic traffic within India → results in lower latency, higher speed, data security, and resilience. Reduces dependence on foreign servers → enhances cyber-sovereignty. Silent Enabler of Everyday Digital Life: Facilitates services like UPI payments, e-commerce, telemedicine, smart classrooms, and online governance. Was instrumental during COVID-19 in maintaining healthcare, education, and e-governance continuity. Strengthens Rural India: Enables small businesses to access global markets. Assists in e-Governance penetration to remote areas → supports inclusion and transparency. Digital Infrastructure and Resilience Trustworthy Infrastructure: Provides disaster-resilient, stable networks during cyberattacks, cable failures, or natural disasters. Critical to maintaining national digital continuity. IPv6 Transition: NIXI’s IRINN division leads the migration to IPv6, crucial for: Smart devices & IoT integration Expanding addressable internet space Future-ready architecture Linguistic and Digital Inclusion: Offers domain names in Indian languages (.भारत) → boosts vernacular adoption. Supports small ISPs → expands reach in underserved regions. Vision for the Future Resilient India through Resilient Internet: Internet must be local in routing, global in credibility, and future-ready. NIXI’s Roadmap: AI-powered traffic routing Disaster-resilient IXPs in underserved areas Collaboration with global governance bodies Promotion of vernacular domain names to deepen digital grassroots participation Quote to Remember “A resilient internet is the foundation of a resilient India.” – Dr. Devesh Tyagi, CEO, NIXI ECI marks several firsts in Bye-polls: Mobile Deposit Facility; Upgraded VTR sharing process; 100% Webcasting of Polling Stations Context Bye-elections were conducted on 19th June 2025 in 5 Assembly Constituencies across Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab, and West Bengal. A total of 1354 polling stations were involved. The Election Commission of India (ECI) implemented several innovative reforms for the first time. Relevance : GS 2(Elections , Governance) Key Firsts Introduced by ECI Mobile Deposit Facility at Polling Stations First-time initiative to help electors deposit mobile phones before entering the polling booth. Ensures compliance with polling guidelines (no mobile use inside stations). Especially beneficial for women, senior citizens, and PwD voters. Implemented using pigeonhole boxes or jute bags at the entrance. Volunteers assisted voters — reflects a voter-friendly reform. Upgraded Voter Turnout Reporting (VTR) System Earlier system: Manual data relay by Sector Officers, delayed VTR updates (often till 10–11 PM). New system: Presiding Officers directly update VTR via the ECINET App every 2 hours. Real-time updates at the constituency level. Final turnout data entered before leaving the polling station. Offline functionality ensures operability in areas with poor network access. Result: Faster, more transparent dissemination of voter turnout trends. 100% Webcasting of Polling Process All polling stations covered (except one) by live surveillance through webcasting. Enabled real-time monitoring at RO, DEO, and CEO levels. Ensures integrity of the election process, discourages malpractices. Reflects use of technology for free and fair elections. Individual Mock Poll Training All Presiding Officers received individualized mock poll training. Enhances professionalism and efficiency in polling duties. Special Summary Revision (SSR) of Electoral Rolls Conducted before bye-polls for the first time in 20 years. Ensures updated, accurate voter rolls → improves electoral credibility. Significance These pilot reforms are expected to be scaled for upcoming major elections like the Bihar Assembly Elections. Highlights ECI’s focus on: Technological innovation Voter convenience Data transparency Electoral integrity

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 June 2025

Content : Exiting refugee status, getting back dignity Will delaying the Census affect its implementation? Exiting refugee status, getting back dignity Context The article discusses long-term Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in India, primarily in Tamil Nadu, highlighting the absence of a comprehensive national refugee policy, contrasting it with the treatment of Tibetan refugees. Two recent developments in India and Sri Lanka expose the fragility of repatriation and refugee dignity. Relevance : GS 2 (Social Issues , Governance) Practice Question : The prolonged displacement of Sri Lankan Tamil refugees in India highlights the urgent need for a national refugee framework. Critically examine the limitations of India’s current refugee policy. What measures can be taken to ensure dignity and long-term solutions for refugees residing in India? (15 marks, 250 words) Recent Developments SC’s Observation on a Convicted Refugee Supreme Court upheld Madras HC’s verdict reducing a Sri Lankan refugee’s sentence under UAPA. The refugee wished to settle in India post-sentence, but the SC remarked: “India is not a dharamshala to entertain all refugees.” Shocking to refugee communities, as Indian judiciary has historically shown empathy towards stateless individuals. Repatriation Crisis in Sri Lanka A 70-year-old refugee, repatriated via UNHCR, was detained at Jaffna airport for “leaving the country illegally”. Released after public outcry; Sri Lankan authorities blamed “automatic application of outdated law”. Minister promised legal amendments — highlights gaps in reintegration policy on the Sri Lankan side. Sri Lankan vs Tibetan Refugees in India Aspect Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees Tibetan Refugees Arrival Period 1983–2012 Since 1959 Population ~90,000 ~63,000 Location Mostly in Tamil Nadu Spread across many states Policy Focus Repatriation to Sri Lanka Local integration & welfare Official Document No central policy Tibetan Rehabilitation Policy (2014) Welfare Inclusion Mostly state-led (Tamil Nadu) Centre-led (TRP enables MG-NREGA, education, etc.) Job Opportunities Very low — <5% engineering graduates employed Access to broader job market Policy Gaps and Implications No national refugee law or clear rehabilitation framework for Sri Lankan refugees. Tamil Nadu government provides welfare, but private sector employment remains limited. Despite skills (e.g., engineering graduates), lack of formal recognition or integration leads to underemployment. Centre’s silence implies an intent to maintain temporary status, unlike the long-term assimilation granted to Tibetans. Ethical & Humanitarian Dimensions 40+ years of refugee existence → challenges the “temporary” label. The refugee tag hinders self-respect, dignity, and long-term life planning. World Refugee Day 2025 theme: “Solidarity with Refugees” calls for practical implementation of dignity-based policies. Camps, though well-intentioned, perpetuate segregation and exclusion. Way Forward: Policy Recommendations Formulate a National Refugee Framework: Integrate with international human rights norms (though India is not a signatory to 1951 Refugee Convention). Ensure non-refoulement, welfare access, and pathways to citizenship where feasible. Shift from “Repatriation-only” Policy: Recognise de facto permanence of some refugee communities. Enable local integration with legal, social, and economic rights. Job Market Access & Skill Recognition: Frame schemes to utilise refugee skillsets in the private sector. Encourage public-private partnerships for refugee employment. Engage Sri Lankan Government on Dignified Repatriation: Ensure legal safeguards, rehabilitation support, and non-criminalisation of past exits. Will delaying the Census affect its implementation? Context & Background Census 2021 delayed to 2027: Initially due to COVID-19; now a further unexplained postponement despite normalcy since 2022. First time caste enumeration included in India’s post-independence Census. Raises critical issues around governance, resource allocation, inclusion, and digital divide. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question :Critically examine the implications of the delay in India’s decennial Census. How can the upcoming digital Census balance efficiency with inclusion?(250 Words) Reasons Behind the Delay Valid initial reason: COVID-19 lockdown and disruptions in 2020–21. Unexplained delay post-2022: Schools, offices reopened; yet Census not resumed. Speculation: Political timing to coincide with delimitation post-2026 freeze period. Implications of the Delay Outdated Data Usage: Government still using 2011 data in 2025 for policies. Affects schemes like PDS, MGNREGA, education enrolment, vaccination planning. Skewed Planning: Migration, fertility, urbanisation, and ageing trends have changed significantly. Infrastructure & Disaster Management: Poor population estimates impair preparedness. Data Invisibility: Marginalised communities remain uncounted or underrepresented. Challenges in Upcoming Census First Digital Census: Pros: Faster processing, reduced manual error. Cons: May exclude women, rural, poor, and digitally marginalised groups. Only 33% of rural women use the Internet; digital-first risks undercounting. Training of Enumerators: Critical for caste data collection. Must distinguish between surnames and actual caste identities. Need for regional language fluency and sensitivity. Concerns Around NPR Linkage National Population Register (NPR) was to be updated alongside Census 2021. Combining NPR with Census risks: Controversy and fear due to NRC link. Delays and data distortion due to politicisation. Recommendation: Keep Census independent for credibility and efficiency. Caste Census – Potential and Pitfalls First time inclusion in regular Census. Caste data vital for targeted welfare, affirmative action, and representation. Challenges: Data inconsistency as seen in 2011 SECC (e.g., 40 lakh caste names). Requires clear guidelines, trained staff, and a well-designed taxonomy. Importance of Census in Governance Fundamental for: Policy formulation & resource allocation. Understanding demographic shifts: ageing, migration, urbanisation. Implementing welfare programs and monitoring inequality. Essential for evidence-based planning and federal fiscal devolution (e.g., Finance Commission). Way Forward Timely execution: Avoid further delays; break 16-year gap cycle. Door-to-door enumeration must continue alongside digital efforts. Decouple NPR from Census to ensure trust and participation. Revamp training protocols and ensure enumerator quality. Use Census as an opportunity to invest in inclusion and evidence-driven policy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 June 2025

Content : Why India should address its propulsion gap AAIB yet to decide where AI black box will be decoded Hindi, English top choice as medium of instruction for Class 10, 12 exams’ Reserve Bank issues project finance directions to banks ‘India FDI slid 1.8% in 2024, share in capital formation declining’ The unregulated drink: rethinking alcohol control in India Why India should address its propulsion gap Historical Context: HF-24 Marut’s Engine Failure India’s first indigenous jet fighter (HF-24 Marut) failed not due to design but due to underpowered imported engines (Orpheus 703). Ambitious project led by German engineer Kurt Tank. Its performance in combat was limited; only 147 units built before being phased out. Showed early how engine dependency undermines indigenous aircraft potential. Relevance : GS 3(Technology ),GS 2(Governance ) Kaveri Engine: Persistent Challenges Launched in 1989 for the LCA Tejas, but failed despite ₹2,032 crore investment. Issues: Low thrust-to-weight ratio, poor reliability, and thermal management flaws. Multiple revivals failed — including with French Snecma and Safran. Kaveri’s failure forced reliance on GE’s F404 engines for Tejas, compromising performance and payload. Operational Setbacks Due to Foreign Delays GE delayed delivery of 99 engines for LCA Mk1A by 13 months, affecting commissioning schedules. Caused concern as IAF combat strength fell from 42.5 to ~30 squadrons. Air Chief bluntly criticized delays, calling for readiness over planning. Stalled Engine Transfer Deals The GE-F414 engine (for LCA Mk2 and AMCA Mk1) deal hit a roadblock. GE demands extra $500 million and refuses to share core technologies (e.g. single-crystal blades, thermal coatings). Reflects global reluctance to share sensitive tech, despite India’s demands for full transfer. Wider Dependence Beyond Air Force Army: Arjun tanks use German MTU engines, Zorawar light tanks use U.S. Cummins engines. Navy: All indigenous ships use foreign propulsion — Russian, Ukrainian, French, U.S., or German. Highlights that engine dependence is across Army, Navy, and Air Force, not just IAF. Strategic & Economic Implications Foreign engine reliance: Delays indigenous programmes. Hampers exports (due to third-party clearances). Makes India vulnerable to geopolitical shocks. China, U.S., France dominate aerospace due to engine self-sufficiency. Need for Strategic Vision Engine development is not just technical, but political and structural: India lacks long-term defence R&D vision. Funding is fragmented and short-term. Experts call for: Structural reforms. Strong political backing. Public-private-academic partnerships. Integrating Atmanirbhar Bharat with serious policy execution. Conclusion: Autonomy is Non-Negotiable India’s AMCA and LCA future hinges on resolving the propulsion gap. Indigenous engine capability is essential for: Military readiness. Credible deterrence. Export potential. Without it, India’s defence ambitions will remain strategically compromised. AAIB yet to decide where AI black box will be decoded Context: Air India Crash and Investigation The Air India Boeing 787-8 crashed near Ahmedabad on June 14, 2025. Investigation is being led by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation. Two black box sets recovered — one from June 13 and the other on June 16. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management ,Technology) What Are These Black Boxes? Each black box contains: Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) – logs flight parameters. Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) – captures conversations and cockpit sounds. The Boeing 787-8 has two sets of recorders (nose and tail) for redundancy — increases data survivability in accidents. Decoding Decision Pending AAIB is yet to decide whether the black boxes will be decoded domestically or abroad. Decision will be made based on technical, safety, and security considerations. India’s Lab Capacity – A New Step India did not have a dedicated black box decoding lab before. In April 2025, AAIB inaugurated a new DFDR and CVR lab at its HQ with a ₹9 crore investment. But it’s unclear if this facility has full capability or international certification to decode high-end aircraft like the 787-8. Previous Precedent: Kozhikode Crash 2020 After the Kozhikode crash (2020), the black box was sent to the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Data decoding was overseen by the Indian Ambassador to the U.S. At that time, India lacked a black box lab, highlighting dependency on foreign agencies. Preliminary Reports: A Grey Area As per ICAO Annex 13, a preliminary report is required within 30 days. But under Indian rules — Aircraft (Investigation of Accidents and Incidents) Rules, 2017: There’s no mandatory timeline for preliminary reports. The preliminary report is meant only to categorise the incident and assess required expertise. Kozhikode Case: Final Report Only In Kozhikode, no preliminary report was released — only a final report after nearly a year. Officials cited risk of public/media backlash if early-stage data differs from final findings. Implications of Lack of Timelines The absence of mandated timelines for preliminary reports in Indian law may lead to: Delayed transparency. Reduced public trust in aviation safety accountability. Non-alignment with international norms. Strategic Significance Deciding whether to decode black box data in India or abroad will test the capability and credibility of the new lab. It also raises questions about India’s aviation investigation readiness, especially for wide-body aircraft like the 787. ‘Hindi, English top choice as medium of instruction for Class 10, 12 exams’ Key Findings from Education Ministry Analysis Majority of Class 10 & 12 students opted for Hindi and English as mediums of instruction in 2024. Among 1.85 crore Class 10 and 1.49 crore Class 12 students: 39.3% chose Hindi. 31.4% of Class 10 and 38.6% of Class 12 chose English. Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Regional Language Preference: Limited but Present Only a small fraction opted for regional languages — 0.9% to 6.1%. Regional languages considered: Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Odia, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Assamese, Punjabi, Malayalam, Bodo, Sanskrit, Nepali, Santhali, Manipuri. Class 10 Pass Rates: Below National Average in Some Languages National average pass rate for Class 10: 88%. Lower pass rates in: Gujarati: 82.7% Kannada: 75.4% Telugu & Assamese: 79.8% Indicates possible learning gaps or systemic issues in instruction or exam alignment. High Performing Regional Mediums in Class 10 Malayalam: 99.9% pass rate (highest). Odia: 98% Manipuri & Punjabi: 96.2% Shows regional variation in outcomes despite smaller student bases. Class 12 Pass Rates: Notable Differences by Language National average for Class 12: 86.5% Low performers: Telugu: Only 61.7% pass rate from 1.07 lakh students — a significant concern. High performers: Tamil, Nepali, Punjabi, Manipuri: 90.5%–92.3%, above national average. Gujarati: Despite poor Class 10 performance, Class 12 pass rate is 92.6%. Switch from Regional to English Medium Many state boards follow regional languages till Class 10 and shift to English for Class 12. Explains rise in English-medium preference in Class 12 (38.6%) vs Class 10 (31.4%). Equity and Quality Concerns Disparities in outcomes raise questions about: Teaching quality in certain regional mediums. Curriculum-content alignment with exam standards. Access to quality study materials in all languages. Policy Implications Need for targeted support in regional-medium education, especially in underperforming languages like Kannada and Telugu. Important to ensure linguistic equity in education — aligning with NEP 2020’s multilingual goals. Reserve Bank issues project finance directions to banks What Has the RBI Done? The RBI issued the final “Project Finance Directions 2025” on Thursday. These directions aim to institutionalise a structured framework for banks and financial institutions (Regulated Entities or REs) to manage project finance, especially in high-risk sectors. Relevance : GS 3(Banaking ) Revised Provisioning Requirements REs must now maintain: 1.25% provision for under-construction commercial real estate (CRE) loans. 1% for under-construction infrastructure projects. These are lower than the draft norms, which proposed: 5% for under-construction projects, 2.5% during operational stage, 1% at cash-generating stage. The reduced provisioning makes lending to such projects less capital-intensive. Operational Stage Relief Provisioning reduces further once the project enters the operational phase, thus: Encouraging completion and performance-based financial discipline. Reducing the capital burden on banks for viable, revenue-generating projects. Stress Resolution Framework Introduced A principle-based regime is introduced to handle stress in project finance exposures. Seeks harmonisation across REs to ensure consistency and transparency in managing risks. Rationalisation of DCCO Extensions RBI has rationalised the Date of Commencement of Commercial Operations (DCCO) extensions: Infrastructure projects: Max 3-year extension allowed. Non-infrastructure projects: Max 2-year extension allowed. Beyond these limits, projects may face asset classification downgrades. Increased Flexibility to Lenders Despite setting overall ceilings, the RBI allows commercial discretion to REs in extending DCCO within these limits. Empowers lenders to make project-specific decisions while staying within risk parameters. Why This Matters Brings regulatory clarity to long-gestation project lending. Aims to balance financial stability with credit flow to critical sectors like real estate and infrastructure. Supports growth-oriented, risk-sensitive financial planning by banks. Implications Likely to spur greater bank lending to infrastructure and CRE sectors due to lower provisioning norms. Could improve project viability and reduce NPAs if implemented with proper risk assessments. Signals RBI’s shift to a more nuanced, risk-based regulation in long-term finance. ‘India FDI slid 1.8% in 2024, share in capital formation declining’ FDI Inflows Declining According to UNCTAD’s World Investment Report 2025: FDI inflows into India in 2024 fell by 1.8% compared to 2023. India attracted $27.6 billion in 2024 — less than half of 2020 levels. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Shrinking Role of FDI in Capital Formation FDI’s share in total capital formation: Dropped from 8.8% in 2020 to 2.3% in 2024. Indicates increased reliance on domestic investments or alternate funding sources. FDI Stock Relative to GDP Total FDI stock in India (i.e., cumulative foreign investment over time): Fell from 17.9% of GDP in 2020 to 14% of GDP in 2024. Suggests India’s economy grew faster than its ability to attract or retain foreign capital. Domestic Capital Formation Still Strong Despite falling FDI, overall capital formation remained robust. Indicates strong domestic investment trends (public and private), potentially mitigating foreign capital slowdown. Implications for Policy and Economy Reflects reduced foreign investor confidence, possibly due to: Global economic uncertainties, Domestic regulatory or geopolitical concerns, Competition from other emerging markets. India may need to: Improve ease of doing business, Ensure regulatory stability, and Strengthen infrastructure and investor protection. Contextual Significance FDI is crucial for: Technology transfer, Export competitiveness, and Employment generation. Its decline, if sustained, may slow long-term growth and strategic sector development. The unregulated drink: rethinking alcohol control in India Scale and Impact of Alcohol Use in India Alcohol is unsafe even at minimal consumption — the safe limit is 0 ml. 23% of Indian men and 1% of women consume alcohol (NFHS-5). India has one of the highest rates of heavy episodic drinking. In 2021, alcohol use caused 2.6 million DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years). Societal cost of alcohol-related harm is estimated at ₹6.24 trillion. Alcohol consumption rose by ~240% over two decades; nearly 50% of it is unrecorded. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Determinants of Alcohol Consumption (i) Biopsychosocial Factors: Genetic predisposition, stress relief, peer pressure, media glamorisation. (ii) Commercial Factors: New appealing products: fruit-flavored spirits, pre-mixed cocktails. Surrogate advertising, sponsorships, and social media amplification. Happy hours, sleek packaging, and low pricing (especially IMIL) drive appeal. (iii) Policy Factors: States hold regulatory power, causing wide policy inconsistencies. Alcohol industry lobbies to preserve excise revenues and resist reforms. Policy and Regulation Landscape Prohibition exists in Bihar, Gujarat, Mizoram, and Nagaland. Some States (e.g. Kerala, Andhra Pradesh) promote sales or explore online delivery. Legal drinking age ranges from 18–25 across States. Alcohol excluded from GST, so States levy excise taxes, often vaguely defined. Weaknesses in National Policies India lacks a comprehensive National Alcohol Control Policy. Existing national policies focus on isolated issues: NAPDDR (2021–22): Addresses supply/demand via multiple ministries. NMHP (2014): Recognised alcohol’s role in mental illness/suicide. NHP (2017) and NSPS (2022): Advocated higher taxes and restrictions. NMAP (2017–22): Called for a cohesive alcohol policy. Contradictions and Fragmentation Alcohol regulation is entangled with: State revenues, political interests, and social norms. Mixed messaging: While some States promote restrictions, others market alcohol as “traditional” or “affordable.” Fragmented institutional roles across ministries dilute accountability and effectiveness. Recommendations for a National Alcohol Control Strategy (i) Affordability: Use pricing to deter abuse but avoid illicit liquor risks. (ii) Allocation: Health taxes on alcohol should be earmarked for public health, not general budgets. (iii) Accessibility: Reduce visibility and availability in urban/public spaces. (iv) Advertisement: Curb “social surrogacy” and algorithmic promotion of alcohol online. (v) Attractiveness: Enforce plain packaging, warning labels, and limit point-of-sale promotions. (vi) Awareness: Launch large-scale campaigns on alcohol’s links to cancer, suicide, and generational poverty. (vii) AI Surveillance: Use AI to detect alcohol promotion and misinformation on digital platforms. Way Forward Alcohol is a public health crisis, not just a revenue source. India needs a coordinated, national-level policy focused on people over profit, prevention over revenue, and long-term well-being over short-term gains. A systems approach — combining science, equity, and governance — is essential to address the alcohol epidemic.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 June 2025

Content : 2.35 Lakh houses approved under PMAY-Urban 2.0 during 3rd meeting of CSMC One Nation, One Time – India’s March Towards Time Sovereignty: Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister 2.35 Lakh houses approved under PMAY-Urban 2.0 during 3rd meeting of CSMC Scheme Overview PMAY-Urban 2.0 is the revamped version of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (launched in 2015). Goal: Provide 1 crore pucca houses to urban EWS/LIG/MIG families who do not own any house in India. Central assistance: Up to ₹2.5 lakh per unit. Focus: Empowerment, inclusiveness, affordability, and urban transformation. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Urbanization) Key Approvals in the 3rd CSMC Meeting (June 18, 2025) 2.35 lakh houses approved across 9 states: Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, MP, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, UP. Brings total PMAY-U 2.0 approvals to 7.10 lakh houses so far. Approved under two verticals: Beneficiary Led Construction (BLC) Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) Social Inclusion & Targeted Empowerment 1.25 lakh houses sanctioned for women (including single women & widows). 44 houses allotted to transgender persons. Caste-based allocation: SC: 42,400 houses ST: 17,574 houses OBC: 1,13,414 houses Policy & Implementation Focus MoHUA Secretary directed states to: Develop affordable housing policies (suggested Maharashtra’s model for adaptation). Link AHP proposals with actual beneficiaries early to avoid future unoccupancy. Promote Transit Oriented Development (ToD)—build homes near NAMO Bharat and metro stations. States advised to prioritize Special Focus Groups (vulnerable urban sections). Verification & digitization of applications urged via PMAY-U’s unified web portal. Verticals of PMAY-U 2.0 BLC – House construction by individual beneficiaries AHP – Group housing with private/public partnerships ARH – Affordable Rental Housing for migrants (not part of this meeting) ISS – Interest Subsidy for housing loans up to ₹9 lakh income bracket Eligibility Criteria Must not own a pucca house anywhere in India. Income caps: BLC & AHP: Up to ₹3 lakh/year ISS: Up to ₹9 lakh/year Aadhaar-linked verification is mandatory. Impact & Significance Supports urban housing goals under SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities). Encourages women-led home ownership, social equity, and slum redevelopment. Boosts construction sector employment and supports urban migration management. Aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat and inclusive development agenda. One Nation, One Time – India’s March Towards Time Sovereignty: Union Food and Consumer Affairs Minister Context & Vision A Round Table Conference on Time Dissemination was held in New Delhi under the theme “One Nation, One Time.” Led by Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi, the initiative aims to establish India’s time sovereignty through accurate and secure dissemination of Indian Standard Time (IST). Time dissemination seen as strategic infrastructure, critical for national digital integrity, security, and fairness. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Legal Metrology (Indian Standard Time) Rules, 2025 Upcoming legislation to mandate synchronization of all legal, administrative, and commercial systems with IST. Prohibits use of alternative/foreign time references unless specifically authorized. Makes IST legally enforceable, digitally secure, and globally benchmarked. Time Dissemination Project Highlights Implemented by the Department of Consumer Affairs in collaboration with: CSIR-NPL (timekeeping authority), ISRO (satellite infrastructure). Establishment of 5 Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSLs) with atomic clocks: Locations: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Faridabad, Guwahati. Time accuracy: Millisecond to microsecond level via NTP (Network Time Protocol) and PTP (Precision Time Protocol). Why This Matters Current reliance on foreign time sources like GPS poses cybersecurity risks (e.g., spoofing, jamming). Aims to build a trusted, indigenous, verifiable, and secure digital infrastructure. Enhances: Fair billing in utilities, Secure financial transactions, Time-synced communications and transport, Operational efficiency in governance. Strategic Sector Relevance Sectors impacted: Banking, Stock markets (NSE, BSE), Telecom, Power grid, Railways, Digital governance. Ensures coordinated enforcement, transparency, and accuracy in public systems. Institutional Collaboration & Consultation Since 2018, over 60 technical and policy meetings held. Involvement of: Principal Scientific Adviser, Deputy NSA, NSCS, Cabinet Secretariat. Broad support from: Ministries: Power, IT, Finance, Railways Regulators: SEBI, CERT-In Industry: FICCI, CII, COAI Private players: Airtel, Jio, Tata, Sify Banks: ICICI, BoB, etc. Broader Significance Aligns with Digital India, Atmanirbhar Bharat, and Cybersecurity goals. Embodies “Time Sovereignty” — strategic independence in temporal data infrastructure. Sets the foundation for standardized timekeeping in India across sectors. Empowers common citizens through fairer, safer digital systems.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 June 2025

Content: Failed summit Resetting the India-U.S. partnership in uncertain times  Failed Summit Context – G-7 at 50: Fragility over Unity The G-7, marking its 50th year, was expected to demonstrate global leadership amid escalating global crises. Instead, the Kananaskis Summit in Canada showcased a divided and ineffective grouping, unable to address urgent geopolitical conflicts. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question :“India’s participation in fractured platforms like the G-7 must serve strategic ends, not symbolic ones.” Critically examine in the context of the recent G-7 summit held at Kananaskis, Canada.(250 Words) Global Conflicts Largely Ignored or Mishandled No consensus on: Russia-Ukraine war Israel-Iran tensions Israel’s military campaign in Gaza G-7 failed to issue a joint statement, falling back on a Chair’s Summary due to U.S. resistance. U.S. Disruptive Role under Trump Donald Trump’s foreign policy pivot: Pro-Russia stance on Ukraine, Push to include Russia and China in a proposed “G9”. Blocked anti-Israel language in joint statements. Pushed anti-Iran language instead, clashing with other member states. Left the summit early, further weakening outcomes. Canada’s Domestic Political Instability Host country Canada faced political transition; Mark Carney’s government still settling in. PM Modi’s invitation came just days before the summit — reflects lack of planning and seriousness. India’s Limited Gains Only significant bilateral outcome: Meeting between PM Modi and Canadian PM Mark Carney. Agreement to restore High Commissioners after the Nijjar case rupture. However, Canada hasn’t changed stance on Khalistani extremism. Transnational Repression Statement – Subtle Snub G-7’s TNR statement, though not naming countries, is seen as: Indirect criticism of India, along with China, Russia, and Iran. Refers to foreign interference allegations (Canada vs India over Nijjar). Symbolic Participation, Minimal Strategic Returns India hoped for a clear G-7 statement on terrorism – did not happen. India’s participation limited to one Outreach Session. No tangible multilateral gains from PM Modi’s long travel (11,000+ km). Key Takeaway – Reassess Strategic Utility India must critically evaluate: Is participation in G-7 summits worthwhile without substantive outcomes? Can diplomatic bandwidth be better used in multilateral fora like G-20, BRICS, SCO, where India has more weight? Participation in such fractured platforms should serve strategic, not symbolic, ends. Resetting the India-U.S. partnership in uncertain times Backdrop: From Promise to Pause Just months ago, India–U.S. ties seemed poised for a strategic leap: PM Modi met President Trump, EAM Jaishankar attended the U.S. inauguration. There was bipartisan goodwill and talk of a defining 21st-century partnership. Now, a visible drift has set in — not a rupture, but a strategic cooling. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) Practice Question : “The structural logic of India-U.S. relations remains strong, but a reset is needed in tone and commitment.” Discuss in the context of emerging bilateral frictions and the way forward.(250 Words) Emerging Concerns for India Diplomatic regression: Trump’s return to “India-Pakistan hyphenation” after Operation Sindoor. Mention of Kashmir mediation and nuclear warnings — tactically outdated. Tactical missteps: Hosting Pakistan Army Chief Asim Munir → signals ambiguity on counterterrorism. CENTCOM calling Pakistan a “phenomenal partner” irks India. Economic discomfort: Discouraging U.S. companies (like Apple) from expanding in India under China-plus-one. H-1B visa fragility undermines tech & innovation collaboration. Deeper Causes of Drift U.S. Transactionalism vs. Indian Strategic Patience U.S. seeks quick deals; India prefers layered, civilisational alignment. Trump’s unpredictability adds volatility to diplomacy. Nostalgia for Pakistan in U.S. security circles Some U.S. policymakers still overestimate Pakistan’s counterterror value. Communication gap & structural asymmetry India’s rising influence ≠ institutional presence in Washington. Misreading of India’s strategic autonomy as fence-sitting. Critics like Ashley Tellis mischaracterize India’s ambitions as “great-power delusion”. What India Must Do Avoid overreaction — focus on strategic depth over tactical friction. Use quiet, calibrated diplomacy: Expand outreach via U.S. Congress, think tanks, diaspora. Domestic economic reforms are crucial: For manufacturing credibility & long-term investor confidence. Reframe immigration (H-1B) not as a concession, but as mutual innovation potential. What the U.S. Must Reassess Abandon Cold War lenses and stop seeing Indian rise as a threat. Support India in regional capacity-building under Indo-Pacific strategy. Recognise India’s strategic clarity & sovereign pathway, not demand alignment with U.S. methods. Don’t reduce ties to China containment or transactional market logic. Moral & Strategic Imperatives The real strength lies in a shared democratic vision: Like the 2005 Civil Nuclear Deal, bold, trust-based moves can transform geopolitics. The true test of the partnership is how it handles crisis, not celebration. The turbulence today should be a summons to renewal, not retreat. Key Takeaway The structural logic of India-U.S. ties remains strong. What’s needed: a reset of tone, clarity, and mutual commitment — not of fundamentals. Both nations must avoid squandering a generational opportunity to shape a democratic, multipolar Asia. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 June 2025

Content: India will never accept a mediation: PM to Trump Why are oil prices rising amid Iran-Israel war? What was decided at the UN Oceans Conference? India launches Operation Sindhu, evacuates 110 students from Iran In a reset, India, Canada agree to appoint High Commissioners Chandigarh tops school education index, Meghalaya comes last: report India will never accept a mediation: PM to Trump Context & Trigger U.S. President Donald Trump claimed he “stopped a war” between India and Pakistan post-Operation Sindoor. Indian PM Narendra Modi firmly rejected this claim and reiterated India’s long-standing opposition to third-party mediation on bilateral issues with Pakistan. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security ) , GS 2(International Relations) India’s Clear Position on Mediation PM Modi, during a 35-minute phone call, categorically told Trump: “India does not and will never accept mediation.” There is complete political consensus in India across party lines on rejecting external mediation (especially on Kashmir or Pakistan). Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri conveyed this message through an official statement from PM’s aircraft – ‘India 1’. Trump’s Contradictory Remarks Despite the phone call: Trump repeated his claim publicly: “I stopped a war between Pakistan and India.” Also added: “I love Pakistan… Modi is a fantastic man.” Claimed both Modi and Pakistan Army Chief Asim Munir were helpful in de-escalation — blurring diplomatic clarity. U.S. Invitation to Pakistan Army Chief General Asim Munir reportedly invited to lunch by Trump. Claimed he suggested Trump deserves a Nobel Peace Prize for preventing nuclear conflict. Seen as a provocative move by India, given Munir’s symbolic and strategic role in Pakistan’s military-political complex. Diplomatic Concerns for India Trump’s public narrative undermines India’s sovereign position on bilateral issues. The return of the India–Pakistan “hyphenation” — which India has consistently worked to dismantle — risks becoming part of U.S. discourse again. India’s emphasis on strategic autonomy is tested by such diplomatic unpredictability. Domestic & Strategic Significance The issue carries domestic political weight, with Opposition parties reacting sharply to Trump’s repeated claims. Highlights a growing unease in India–U.S. relations due to: Diplomatic miscommunication or distortion. Trump’s impulsive rhetoric and inconsistent foreign policy. Broader Implications Undermines India’s image as a confident regional power capable of handling its own security matters. Raises questions on the seriousness of U.S. diplomacy, especially under unpredictable leadership. Might lead India to reassess the utility of high-level bilateral engagements when strategic clarity is lacking. Key Takeaway India remains committed to bilateral resolution of issues with Pakistan, per the Simla Agreement (1972) and Lahore Declaration (1999). External attempts to mediate are diplomatically unacceptable and politically sensitive in the Indian context. India’s diplomatic doctrine prioritizes sovereignty, non-interference, and strategic autonomy. Why are oil prices rising amid Iran-Israel war? Context & Trigger The Iran-Israel conflict has escalated, leading to fears of global oil supply disruptions. Result: Brent crude futures jumped ~9% on June 13, reaching $78.50/barrel intraday (a five-month high). Relevance : GS 3(Energy , Economy) Role of the Strait of Hormuz Critical maritime chokepoint connecting the Persian Gulf to the Arabian Sea. ~20 million barrels/day of oil pass through it – ~25% of global supply. Iran has repeatedly threatened to block the strait, triggering global market panic. Disruption = delayed shipments, higher insurance + transport costs → rising oil prices. Global Impact of Closure Threats Affects key oil exporters: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, and Iran itself. 84% of oil and 83% of LNG via Hormuz go to Asian countries, including India and China. Alternatives (like rerouting) exist but are costlier and slower. Global Supply Outlook IEA (June 2025 report): Oil markets “well supplied“ if no major disruptions. Demand ↑ by 720 kb/d; Supply ↑ by 1.8 mb/d → reaching 104.9 mb/d. Inventory build-up offers short-term buffer (93 million barrels in May). However, geopolitical risks remain high, especially if Hormuz is blocked. Is Iran’s Production a Factor? Iran’s direct impact is limited due to U.S. sanctions. Its main buyer is China, who enjoys discounted Iranian crude. Hence, the real threat is Iran disrupting global flows, not its own export capacity. India’s Exposure & Preparedness India imports ~80% of its oil → highly vulnerable to price shocks. No direct imports from Iran currently (due to U.S. sanctions). However, global price spikes = costlier imports for India. Diversification efforts: Union Petroleum Minister Hardeep Singh Puri stated India has widened its oil import basket. But price volatility remains a concern. Economic Implications for India Short-term spike not alarming: Prices rose from “benign levels”. ICRA’s GDP forecast (6.2%) not affected yet. But prolonged high prices could: Hurt corporate profitability, Delay private investment (capex), Increase import bills and inflation, possibly impacting fiscal deficit. Strategic Takeaways India must: Strengthen strategic petroleum reserves (SPRs). Deepen energy diplomacy (esp. with Gulf & alternative suppliers). Push for domestic production (exploration, renewables) to enhance energy security. Conclusion The Iran-Israel war has reignited oil market fears, mainly via Hormuz threats. India remains vulnerable to external energy shocks despite diversification. A watchful energy strategy is crucial to safeguard economic stability and trade resilience amid global uncertainties. What was decided at the UN Oceans Conference? Context: UNOC 2025 – A Global Push for Ocean Conservation The 3rd United Nations Oceans Conference (UNOC) concluded in France. Aim: Accelerate action to protect marine biodiversity, especially beyond national jurisdiction (high seas). Major focus: Ratification of the BBNJ Agreement (High Seas Treaty). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Treaty – What & Why Also known as the High Seas Treaty, first adopted in 2023. Targets protection of biodiversity in areas beyond national EEZs (international waters = ~2/3 of ocean surface). Key features: Creation of marine protected areas (MPAs) on the high seas. Mandatory environmental impact assessments for high-seas projects. Regulation of marine genetic resources (MGRs). Support for capacity-building in developing nations. Ratification milestone: Needs 60 ratifications to become legally binding. As of now: 56 countries ratified, incl. France, Germany, Spain. India and the U.S. yet to ratify (India says it’s “in process”). First BBNJ COP (Conference of Parties) expected by late 2026. Why BBNJ is Crucial for Marine Conservation High seas = global commons, but underregulated. Home to rich, exotic biodiversity; risk of deep-sea mining, overfishing, and biopiracy. Needed to fulfil CBD’s 30×30 goal: Protect 30% of marine & coastal ecosystems by 2030. Helps address ocean threats: Illegal fishing, climate change impact, noise pollution, carbon storage loss. Key Hurdle: Equitable Sharing of Marine Resources MGRs from high seas (e.g., microbes, enzymes) could lead to commercial bio-products. Disputes arise over: Who benefits? How to share profits fairly? Developed vs. developing country concerns over technology access, intellectual property, and equity. Critics argue: Without a ban on deep-sea extraction, marine conservation is incomplete. Major Announcements & Voluntary Commitments at UNOC European Commission: €1 billion for ocean science, sustainable fishing. French Polynesia: Declared entire EEZ (~5 million sq. km) as a marine protected area — largest ever. New Zealand: $52 million for Pacific Islands’ ocean governance and science. Germany: €100 million for removal of old munitions from Baltic/North Sea seabeds. Spain: 5 new MPAs → protects 25% of marine territory. Canada: $9 million to enhance climate resilience for Small Island States. Italy: €6.5 million to improve marine surveillance (Coast Guard). Panama + Canada (with 37 nations): Launched High Ambition Coalition for a Quiet Ocean — first global push against ocean noise pollution. UN agencies: Co-launched One Ocean Finance to unlock blue economy investments. Strategic Significance for India India hasn’t ratified BBNJ yet → risks being a passive observer in shaping rules for global commons. As a major blue economy player, India must: Engage in marine diplomacy, Push for equitable resource-sharing norms, Ensure sovereign interests are protected while aligning with sustainable ocean governance goals. Conclusion / Key Takeaway The UNOC 2025 marks a turning point for ocean conservation diplomacy. The BBNJ treaty, once in force, can become for oceans what the Paris Agreement is for climate. Success depends on ratification momentum, fair implementation, and real conservation action, not just voluntary pledges. India launches Operation Sindhu, evacuates 110 students from Iran Operation Sindhu – India’s Evacuation Response Launch: Operation Sindhu initiated amid rising Israel–Iran hostilities. Objective: Safely evacuate Indian nationals, primarily students and pilgrims, from conflict-hit Iran. Phase 1: 110 Indian students evacuated from northern Iran to Yerevan, Armenia by road. Special flight (via Doha) to New Delhi on June 19, early morning. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Disaster Management) Who Were Evacuated? 90 students from Jammu & Kashmir, rest from Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh. Most were medical students studying in Iranian universities. Student dormitories near Tehran reportedly hit during Israeli airstrikes – two Kashmiri students injured. Diplomatic Coordination MEA & Indian Embassy in Tehran worked in coordination with Iranian authorities. Iranian Deputy Ambassador stated full cooperation in ensuring safe passage and logistics. Evacuees temporarily relocated to Qom, then bussed to Armenia. Stranded Pilgrims Still Await Assistance Tatheer Fatima, a pilgrim from Lucknow, reports: Stuck with 96 pilgrims, including elderly women and minors, in Qom. No clarity or communication from Indian authorities on their evacuation. Facing shortages of medicine and child-care essentials amid deteriorating conditions. Context: Israel–Iran Conflict Escalation Evacuation triggered after Israeli airstrike on Tehran. Worsening security situation in Iran’s urban centres, especially around student housing and public areas. India’s Crisis Response Capacity Reflects India’s swift consular action and experience in complex evacuation ops (e.g., Operation Ganga, Vande Bharat). Shows geostrategic reach and reliance on third-party countries like Armenia and Qatar for logistics. Strategic & Humanitarian Significance Upholds India’s responsibility to protect its diaspora, especially students and pilgrims. Reinforces bilateral goodwill with Iran despite geopolitical turbulence. Raises concerns over crisis preparedness for vulnerable groups like pilgrims with limited embassy access. Key Takeaway Operation Sindhu demonstrates India’s agile evacuation strategy, but highlights the need for broader crisis communication, particularly for non-student evacuees. As West Asia remains volatile, India must maintain robust contingency plans for diaspora safety and diplomatic responsiveness. In a reset, India, Canada agree to appoint High Commissioners Reset in India–Canada Relations After a 2-year diplomatic standoff, both countries agreed to: Restore High Commissioners in Delhi and Ottawa. Restart talks on trade (EPTA/CEPA), visas, and people-to-people dialogue. Decision made during PM Modi’s meeting with new Canadian PM Mark Carney on the sidelines of the G-7 Outreach in Kananaskis, Canada. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) From Crisis to Calibration Diplomatic ties ruptured over Canada’s accusation of Indian involvement in the 2023 killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar (a Khalistani separatist). India: Denied all allegations. Suspended visa services for Canadians. Expelled several Canadian diplomats for “interference in internal matters.” Carney’s election in April 2025 replaces Justin Trudeau, creating space for diplomatic thaw. Steps Agreed Upon Appointment of High Commissioners to be completed by July 2025. India has nominated Dinesh Patnaik (currently Ambassador to Spain). Revive Early Progress Trade Agreement (EPTA) negotiations aiming for CEPA. Resumption of high-level dialogues in: Clean energy, AI, digital transformation Critical minerals, LNG, food security Higher education, mobility, supply chains Sensitive Themes Still Linger Nijjar case not explicitly mentioned in official readouts, but indirectly referred under: G-7 Joint Statement on Transnational Repression – condemns violence against dissidents, journalists, diaspora members. PM Carney’s remarks on “security” and “rules-based order.” A Canadian intelligence report, expected soon, reaffirms suspicion of India’s involvement in Nijjar’s killing – may continue to strain trust. Earlier Flashpoints Canada expelled Indian HC Sanjay Verma; India expelled 6 Canadian diplomats in return (Oct 2024). Allegations included involvement of Indian Home Minister Amit Shah, as per RCMP probe. India accused Canada of harbouring Khalistani extremism and failing to protect its diplomats. Trudeau to Carney: Diplomatic Opening Transition from Trudeau to Carney offered Delhi a political off-ramp to de-escalate. Carney, though from the same party, has taken a more nuanced approach. Key Takeaways The Modi–Carney meeting marks a measured reconciliation, prioritising trade and people-to-people ties. Structural irritants like Khalistani extremism, diaspora politics, and transnational repression remain unresolved. A true reset will depend on: Canada’s ability to manage extremist elements. India’s willingness to engage despite deep-seated mistrust. Avoiding further escalatory leaks and allegations. Chandigarh tops school education index, Meghalaya comes last: report What is PGI 2.0? PGI (Performance Grading Index) 2.0 evaluates school education quality across States and UTs. Total score: 1,000 points, across six domains: Learning outcomes & quality Access Infrastructure Equity Governance processes Teacher education and training Relevance : GS 2(Education , Governance) Top Performer Chandigarh topped the index with 719 points. Only region to enter Grade Prachesta-1 (score: 701–760). Indicates relatively better performance in learning outcomes and governance. Bottom Rung Meghalaya scored the lowest with 417 points. Falls in Akanshi-3 (score: 401–460) — worst performing category. Reflects persistent gaps in quality, access, and infrastructure. Overall Trends 24 States/UTs improved their scores over 2022–23. 12 States/UTs showed declining performance, signaling uneven progress. No State/UT crossed the 761+ range, the highest possible band — showing significant scope for nationwide improvement. Grading Distribution Prachesta-3 (581–640) – 10 States/UTs: Punjab, Delhi, Gujarat, Odisha, Kerala, Dadra Nagar Haveli & Daman Diu, Haryana, Goa, Maharashtra, Rajasthan Akanshi-1 (521–580) – 14 States/UTs: TN, Karnataka, WB, MP, UP, J&K, Uttarakhand, Puducherry, HP, Sikkim, Ladakh, A&N Islands, Lakshadweep Akanshi-2 (461–520) – Several low-performing States: Telangana, Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura, Manipur, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh Akanshi-3 (401–460) – Only Meghalaya Notable Improvements Access domain: Bihar and Telangana showed the highest gains — indicates better school enrolment and outreach. Infrastructure domain: Delhi, J&K, and Telangana made substantial progress — improved facilities like classrooms, toilets, digital tools. Areas of Concern Absence of any State in the highest scoring band reflects: Gaps in quality of education delivery. Need for focused investment in teacher training, digital access, and learning outcomes. North-Eastern States and Tribal regions consistently lag — calls for region-specific interventions. Key Takeaways PGI 2.0 is a crucial policy tool to benchmark school education performance. Chandigarh’s success shows strong governance and educational infrastructure yield results. Meghalaya and other lagging States require urgent attention and targeted reforms. India’s school education system needs systemic upgradation to meet national learning goals by 2030 (SDG 4).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 June 2025

Content: A 24-million-year-old secret unearthed by the discovery of fossil leaves, found to be familiar in the Makum Coalfield of Assam A simplified method to synthesize nano-cups that can blaze the cancer with heat A 24-million-year-old secret unearthed by the discovery of fossil leaves, found to be familiar in the Makum Coalfield of Assam “This fossil discovery is a window into the past that helps us understand the future.” — Dr. Harshita Bhatia Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology , Research) Key Discovery Fossil leaves found in Makum Coalfield, Assam. Dated to ~24–23 million years (Late Oligocene). Identified as genus Nothopegia. Now grows only in the Western Ghats. Methodology Study by Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP), Lucknow. Techniques used: Herbarium comparison Cluster analysis CLAMP (Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program) Scientific Insights Oldest fossil of Nothopegia found. Northeast India was once warm and humid. Similar to today’s Western Ghats. Proves tropical past of the region. Climatic and Geological Changes Himalayan uplift changed the climate. Northeast became cooler and drier. Nothopegia vanished from the region. Survived in stable Western Ghats. Multidisciplinary Approach Used paleobotany, systematics, and climate modeling. Reconstructed ancient environments. Showed plant migration and survival patterns. Broader Implications Extinction and migration are natural, long-term processes. But today’s changes are faster, human-driven. Helps predict future plant responses. Warns of biodiversity loss under climate stress. Conservation Message Western Ghats are a refuge for ancient species. Need to protect such biodiversity hotspots. Learning from the past can guide future action. A simplified method to synthesize nano-cups that can blaze the cancer with heat Key Discovery One-step synthesis of nano-cup shaped PEGylated semi-shells (SS). Designed for photothermal therapy (PTT) in cancer treatment. Offers minimally invasive tumour ablation using light-based heat. Relevance : GS 2(Health ) ,GS 3(Technology) Methodology Developed by INST Mohali, with ACTREC & IIT Bombay. Published in Communication Chemistry (Nature group). Uses room-temperature colloidal synthesis. Template: ZIF-8 (MOF) + ascorbic acid for mild etching. Technical Innovation No toxic precursors, no high heat, or HF acid needed. Gold nanoparticles grow in place of etched ZIF-8. SS show strong NIR light absorption – ideal for PTT. Method is equipment-light, scalable, and eco-friendly. Surface PEGylation Benefits Enhances blood compatibility, cryo-preservation, and stability. Ensures longer shelf life and safe injection. Increases circulation time and targeting ability. Efficacy & Results Tested in vitro and in vivo (mice models). Effectively destroyed metastatic breast tumours. Boosted survival rate, reduced relapse risk. Non-toxic and high photothermal efficiency. Advantages Over Traditional Methods Simpler, faster, and non-toxic synthesis. Better tumour targeting and tissue penetration. Higher therapeutic precision and stability. Future Scope Chemo-photothermal combined therapy. Applications in SERS biosensing due to optical features. Promising for advanced cancer treatments and diagnostics.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 June 2025

Content : A free hand A chance to rebuild the trust, restore faith in air travel India needs to design an inclusive pension system A free hand Context and Background The Government issued new orders allowing scientific institutions to bypass the Government e-Marketplace (GEM) for purchases. GEM was initially intended to promote Make-in-India by mandating lowest-price procurement via an online portal. From 2020 onwards, GEM-based procurement became mandatory for all government institutions, including R&D bodies. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question : In light of recent policy reforms exempting scientific institutions from mandatory procurement via the Government e-Marketplace (GEM), critically examine the importance of administrative flexibility for promoting scientific research in India. (250 words) Core Issues with GEM for Scientific Research One-size-fits-all approach: GEM treated all purchases as generic commodities, ignoring specific scientific needs. Price-based procurement: Preference was given to lowest price, not quality or research suitability. Scientific precision ignored: Even for basic items like sodium chloride, variations in purity matter deeply in research outcomes. Scientific Research Needs Flexibility Reproducibility is key: Experiments must often replicate exact materials and methods to validate findings. Wrong procurement = Resource waste: Using unsuitable materials can lead to failed experiments, wasting time, funds, and morale. Advanced equipment: Items like customised diamonds or precision tools can’t be sourced reliably from the lowest bidder. Structural Insights India lacks industrial depth in advanced scientific tools — a known issue. GEM’s rigid system exacerbated this by forcing scientists to compromise on equipment and materials. Scientists require tailored, high-grade products that may not come cheap or be locally available. Philosophical and Governance Angle Science is not a commodity: Needs autonomy to thrive — “science itself is unfettered“. Scientific ministries are uniquely led by scientists, not bureaucrats — rare in Indian governance. This autonomy stems from early post-independence vision that science, though serving the state, should remain independently nurtured. Significance of the Policy Shift New orders represent a course correction, giving scientists a free hand in procurement. This promotes the ease of doing research, encouraging innovation, precision, and global standard outputs. Key Takeaway “A free hand is worth more than two fettered arms.” Science thrives on freedom, flexibility, and trust in domain expertise — not rigid procurement procedures. A chance to rebuild the trust, restore faith in air travel Context & Trigger The crash of Air India AI171 (Ahmedabad, June 12, 2025) led to media frenzy and speculative fear mongering. Many YouTube ‘experts’ and TV channels are circulating unverified theories, further eroding public confidence in air travel. The incident has raised questions about the safety of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, despite its strong 14-year safety record. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : In the wake of recent air crashes and the subsequent media handling, critically analyse the importance of investigative transparency and responsible governance in restoring public trust in air travel. (250 words) Investigative Status DFDR (Digital Flight Data Recorder) and CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder) were recovered intact. NTSB (U.S.) and AAIB (U.K.) are involved in the investigation. However, India’s bureaucratic delays may prevent public access to findings for years. Preliminary Clues & Evidence Only survivor reported hearing a loud thud and flickering lights shortly after take-off. Possible deployment of RAT (Ram Air Turbine) indicates potential dual engine failure. CCTV footage and ADS-B data support the theory of late lift-off and engine failure. Technical Analysis Runway conditions (hot day: 37°C+) reduce effective runway length due to lower engine performance. Landing gear not retracted → Increased drag and impaired climb ability. Rightward nose swing on take-off indicates engine failure, likely right engine. Dust cloud and engine exhaust from left engine seen in video, suggesting possible bird or debris ingestion. Lack of bird remains on runway is consistent with possible ingestion beyond runway in overrun zone. Historical Parallel Similarities drawn with IC571 (1986 crash): engine bird hit post-rotation led to failed take-off and crash. Pilots were earlier blamed despite saving lives; highlights the complexity and risk of post-rotation decisions. Pilot Dilemma AI171’s pilot took off near end of runway, possibly due to: Overloading: passengers carrying excess hand luggage (7 kg limit often exceeded). High temperature and extra 2 tons weight may have lengthened take-off run. Failure to abort take-off or retract landing gear raises questions. Critical decisions had to be made in split seconds — a Hobson’s choice (no good options). Lessons & Questions Why wasn’t slow acceleration noticed? Why weren’t runway markings used as cues to reject take-off? DFDR and CVR will be crucial in understanding: Decision-making sequence Engine behavior Communication and checklist execution Restoring Trust in Aviation Air travel remains one of the safest modes of transport. Boeing 787 Dreamliner has a strong safety history. However, past issues (e.g. Boeing 737 MAX) and regulatory inaction damaged public trust. Transparent, professional investigation is key to rebuilding confidence. Conclusion Investigative integrity, transparency, and responsible media reporting are essential to restore public faith in flying and ensure lessons are learned from tragedy — not obscured by noise. India needs to design an inclusive pension system Current Scenario of Pension Coverage in India Only 12% of the Indian workforce is covered under formal pension schemes. Pension assets are only 17% of GDP, vs ~80% in advanced economies. Informal sector workers (constituting ~85% of the labour force) have minimal pension access. Existing options like NPS and Atal Pension Yojana are voluntary and cover just 5.3% of the population. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance ) Practice Question : Why an Inclusive Pension System is Urgent India is experiencing a demographic transition: By 2050, the old-age dependency ratio is expected to reach 30%. Gig economy is expanding, but workers lack pension security. Old-age poverty is a real threat to India’s aspirations of becoming a developed economy by 2047. Structural Challenges Fragmentation of schemes leads to inefficiency and confusion. New schemes for gig workers (funded partly by aggregators) only add to parallelism, not integration. Advanced economies follow tiered pension structures (e.g., Japan, New Zealand) covering all segments: Japan: Mandatory flat-rate pension for all 20–59-year-olds. New Zealand: Universal flat-rate pension with residency criteria. Awareness & Sensitisation Deficit Low financial literacy is a major barrier to participation. Voluntary schemes suffer from low enrolment due to lack of awareness. Global best practices: Australia: Superannuation planning part of school curriculum. UK: Opt-out pension scheme encourages default participation. Nigeria: Developed digital pension infrastructure to boost access. Sustainability & Liquidity Concerns Mercer CFA Global Pension Index 2024 gave India an overall score of 44%, highlighting low adequacy. China’s challenges with public pension sustainability offer caution. Successful models (e.g., Netherlands, Denmark, USA) rely on: Private pension funds Targeted debt investments Strict regulatory oversight Proposed Solution: A Three-Tier Framework Tier 1: Basic Mandatory Pension Flat-rate, contributory pension for all citizens. Tier 2: Occupational Pensions Employer-linked; mandatory or opt-out, with auto-enrolment and minimum contributions. Tier 3: Voluntary Savings Incentivised via tax benefits, market-linked returns, and flexibility. Supporting Measures Needed Unify fragmented schemes under a single regulator. Launch targeted financial literacy campaigns (school/college level). Introduce simple digital platforms for enrolment and mandatory annual pension disclosures. Enforce robust investment regulations for fund safety and liquidity. Conclusion To safeguard retirees and ensure dignity in old age, India must urgently transition to an inclusive, scalable, and sustainable pension system, especially for informal sector workers. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 June 2025

Content : ED officials are evolving by expanding their powers day by day, says Madras HC The third nuclear age Hydraulic systems: their functioning and myriad applications India increased its nuclear warhead count to 180 in 2024: SIPRI report Just 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in CY2025’ Rice reveals surprise ability to adapt to cold faster than evolution ED officials are evolving by expanding their powers day by day, says Madras HC Issue at Core Allegation: ED sealed private premises (residence + office) when locked, during a search attempt. Legal Question: Does the PMLA empower ED to bar access to private property in absence of actual search or seizure? Relevance : GS 2(Separation of Powers), GS 4(Ethics – Probity ,Transparency) Judicial Concerns Judicial Satire on Executive Expansion: Justice M.S. Ramesh noted that it is ED officials who are “evolving“, not just the law (PMLA).   Lack of Statutory Basis: Court questioned which provision of PMLA permits “sealing” of locked premises. Notices pasted by ED amounted to de facto sealing – citizens couldn’t re-enter their homes without fear of action. Violation of Rights: Right to Residence & Livelihood (Art. 21) under threat when access to private premises is restricted without due process. Legal & Constitutional Principles PMLA, 2002 – Section 17: Permits search and seizure; breaking open locks is allowed. But no explicit provision for sealing locked premises without executing a search. Due Process Doctrine: Any infringement of property or liberty must be just, fair, and reasonable. Notices threatening re-entry without permission fail the test of procedural fairness. Governance & Accountability Angle Executive Overreach: Raises red flags about the unchecked discretionary powers of investigative agencies. Need for Institutional Boundaries: Agencies must operate within legislative limits; judicial oversight acts as a vital safeguard. Public Trust in Rule of Law: Arbitrary sealing or coercive tactics may erode faith in legal institutions. Quick Revision on ED: Enforcement Directorate (ED) – Key Points Established: 1956 (as ‘Enforcement Unit’ under Department of Economic Affairs). Current Parent Ministry: Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Mandate: Enforces economic laws and combats financial crimes. Major Laws Administered Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 – civil law. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 – criminal law. Functions Investigation of offences related to: Money laundering Foreign exchange violations Attachment/confiscation of property derived from crime. Prosecution of offenders under PMLA. Powers under PMLA Search, seizure, arrest, and attachment of property. Can conduct raids, freeze assets, and file prosecution complaints in special PMLA courts. Needs “reasons to believe” recorded in writing. The third nuclear age Introduction : The Third Nuclear Age marks a shift from traditional deterrence-based stability to a more unpredictable era where nuclear weapons are used as tools of coercion and strategic signalling. This phase reflects global power realignment, weakening of nuclear norms, and rising risk of nuclear use, unlike the structured bipolarity of the Cold War or the disarmament hopes of the post-Cold War period. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), GS 3(Internal and External Security) Framework of Nuclear Ages First Nuclear Age (Cold War era) Bipolar deterrence: US vs USSR; logic of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Peak: ~70,000 warheads combined Arms control: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), New START (expires 2026) Goal: Stability through bilateral treaties Second Nuclear Age (Post-Cold War optimism) Belief in eventual disarmament (e.g. Global Zero, CTBT, NPT extensions) Rise of regional nuclear powers (India, Pakistan) Cynical stability: Nuclear possession accepted; disarmament deferred Result: NPT inequality entrenched; modernisation began despite disarmament talk Third Nuclear Age (Present) Messy multipolarity with rising insecurity Key shifts: China’s strategic nuclear expansion (now ~600 warheads) Russia’s tactical nuclear weapon movement to Belarus NATO allies reconsidering independent deterrents Israel’s unsanctioned strike on Iran breaks norms Trend: From deterrence to coercion Violation of International Norms Israel’s action against Iran: Contravenes NPT framework and international diplomatic norms No major global power condemned it → norm erosion Russia’s nuclear posturing over Ukraine: Nuclear coercion replacing deterrence Use of nukes to alter, not preserve, the status quo Geopolitical Drivers China: Seeks “strategic counterbalance” to shift global power structures Russia: Uses nuclear threats for geopolitical leverage U.S. under Trump: Retreat from leadership; NATO’s internal recalibration Europe: France and UK re-arming and planning for independent deterrence Nuclear Modernisation: Across all major powers (US: $1.5–2 trillion programme) Security & Deterrence Concerns Shift from passive deterrence to active threat usage Tactical nukes being re-deployed → Increased risk of actual use End of Arms Control Era: New START expires in 2026 No successor treaty with Russia or China in sight Possibility of proliferation spillover to West Asia and East Asia Hydraulic systems: their functioning and myriad applications Introduction & Conceptual Foundation Hydraulic systems convert input mechanical energy into pressurized fluid energy to perform mechanical tasks. Pascal’s Law is the foundational principle: pressure applied to an incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Working Principle Small force over a small area → transmitted as pressure → can generate large force on a larger area. The system enables amplification of force without changing pressure, offering efficiency and mechanical advantage. Components of a Hydraulic System Pumps – Generate fluid pressure (mechanical to hydraulic energy). Pipes – Convey hydraulic fluid to and from components. Valves – Regulate pressure, flow, and direction. Actuators – Perform output tasks (linear or rotary motion). Tanks & Filters – Store and clean hydraulic fluid. Sensors/Switches – Enhance safety and automation. Note: Pumps, valves, and actuators are the core dynamic components. Types of Actuators Linear Actuator (Hydraulic Cylinder): Moves in/out to exert force — common in cranes and excavators. Rotary Actuator (Hydraulic Motor): Converts fluid pressure into rotational motion — used in winches, motors. Advantages over Mechanical Systems High power-to-weight ratio. Precision control and smooth movement. Efficient heat dissipation. Effective in large-scale and heavy-duty operations. Applications Mobile Equipment: Cranes, excavators, aircraft landing gear. Static Equipment: Presses, wind turbines, industrial automation. Sectoral Reach: Agriculture, waste management, manufacturing, defence, aerospace. Technological Advancements Integration with electronics and sensors (temperature, flow, contamination). Enabled predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and automation. Increasing shift toward smart hydraulics. Challenges & Way Forward Low overall efficiency (30-40%) — significant energy loss from source to endpoint. Environmental concerns and energy regulations call for more sustainable systems. Electric alternatives are emerging but limited in capacity; hydraulics remain dominant for large-scale operations. India increased its nuclear warhead count to 180 in 2024: SIPRI report Context & Global Background SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) 2025 report flags a renewed global nuclear arms race amid weakening arms control frameworks. Nine nuclear-armed nations (U.S., Russia, China, France, U.K., India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea) continued nuclear modernisation in 2024. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Technology ,Science) India’s Nuclear Status (as of Jan 2025) India’s nuclear warhead stockpile rose to 180 from 172 in 2024. Continued development of new delivery systems, including: Canisterised missiles: Enable faster deployment and may be peacetime-ready, carrying mated warheads. Potential future capability for Multiple Independently-targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs). Pakistan’s Parallel Developments Maintained warhead count at 170, but accumulated fissile material and developed new delivery systems. Indicates likely expansion of arsenal in coming years. SIPRI notes that early 2025 saw India-Pakistan armed tensions, with risks of escalation to nuclear confrontation. Strategic Risks & Emerging Concerns Armed strikes on nuclear-related military infrastructure and third-party disinformation risked turning conventional conflict into nuclear crisis. Experts warn against increased dependence on nuclear deterrence in volatile regions like South Asia. Global Nuclear Inventory (Jan 2025 SIPRI Estimates) Country Total Warheads Deployed Stored U.S. 5,177 1,770 1,930 Russia 5,459 1,718 2,591 China 600 24 576 India 180 Not specified   Pakistan 170 Not specified   Total Inventory 12,241 3,912 deployed, 9,614 in military stockpiles   Remaining warheads are in central storage (non-deployed). Key Treaty-Related Warning The New START treaty (U.S.-Russia) expires in Feb 2026; no successor agreement in sight. Without a new arms control deal, deployed warheads on strategic missiles may increase, heightening instability. ‘Just 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in CY2025’ Key Highlights & Market Trends Only 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in Calendar Year (CY) 2025 — lowest since 2017 (78%). CY2024 saw 85% IPOs list at a premium, indicating a significant fall in investor confidence in 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Performance of Newly Listed Companies (CY2025) Of 17 mainboard IPOs listed so far: Data available for 15. 8 out of 15 are trading below their issue price. 6 companies lost over 80% of their value post listing. Some stocks are now priced below ₹1/share — indicating severe erosion in investor wealth. Fall in Listing Gains Average listing gains fell from 45–49% in 2024 to just ~7% in 2025. Reflects subdued post-listing performance and weak speculative interest. Factors Behind Weak IPO Performance High market volatility triggered by: U.S. tariff actions. Israel-Iran conflict. India-Pakistan tensions. General correction after a 4-year post-COVID bull run. Resulting tepid market sentiment and investor nervousness. Decline in IPO Activity Number of IPOs declined sharply: CY2024: 32 IPOs raised ₹46,500 crore. CY2025 (till June): Only 17 IPOs raised ₹29,000 crore. Indicates fundraising environment has weakened and investor appetite is subdued. Rice reveals surprise ability to adapt to cold faster than evolution Scientific Discovery A landmark 2024 study published inCell showed that rice plants (Oryza sativa) can adapt to cold via epigenetic changes, not DNA mutations. This cold tolerance was induced by environmental exposure and passed down for five generations. Suggests that inheritance can happen without changes in DNA sequence, giving credence to Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits. Relevance : GS 1(Environment and Ecology) Mechanism: Epigenetics & ACT1 Gene The gene ACT1 (involved in growth and development) is normally highly expressed. Cold exposure leads to epigenetic silencing of ACT1 in normal rice via methylation (adding a methyl group to DNA). Cold-adapted rice did not methylate ACT1, maintaining its expression and enabling survival in low temperatures. These epigenetic marks were heritable, improving seed quality from 2nd generation onwards, and persisted across 5 generations. Experimental Details Researchers assessed adaptation by tracking seed quantity and quality over generations. Whole genome sequencing of cold-adapted vs. normal rice revealed: No clear DNA mutations explaining the trait. 12,380+ epigenetic differences, especially near ACT1. Confirms that gene expression, not gene sequence, underlies the observed adaptation. Historical Context & Theoretical Implications Lamarck’s theory (1809): Traits acquired during life can be inherited. Darwin’s theory (1859): Traits evolve via natural selection of random mutations. Epigenetics bridges both: traits can be inherited without DNA changes, via chemical tags regulating gene activity. Previous evidence was weak or inconclusive—this rice study provides robust proof in a natural organism. Significance for Evolutionary Biology Reopens debate on Lamarckian inheritance in the molecular era. Suggests that environmental stress can directly influence heredity in ways beyond Darwinian mutation and selection. Offers new insights into crop resilience, climate adaptation, and non-genetic inheritance.

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