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May 13, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 13 May 2025

Content: When water standards don’t hold water How is shipping industry tackling emissions? On differences in clientelism, patronage and freebies India engaged with China on germanium export restrictions, says embassy Paddy, pulses acreage has increased this kharif season: Centre U.S.-China pact a mixed bag for India’ Single-use food packaging 84% of Himalayan plastic waste When water standards don’t hold water Concept and Role of Per Capita Water Standards India useslitres per capita per day (lpcd) as a benchmark for water allocation and planning. This metric dictates how much water each person is entitled to, guiding infrastructure and policy decisions. Despite its critical role, this standard lacks scientific or empirical backing. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Lack of Uniformity and Evidence Various agencies (e.g., BIS, CPHEEO) and cities (e.g., Mumbai, Delhi) prescribe different standards. For example: CPHEEO: 150 lpcd for megacities, 135 lpcd for others. Jal Jeevan Mission: 55 lpcd for rural households. No rationale, survey data, or regional adjustment supports these standards. Discrepancy in Application Standards are applied inconsistently: Mumbai used 150 lpcd for the Gargai Dam to meet CPHEEO norms, though it uses 240 lpcd elsewhere. These numbers are often manipulated to align with project requirements or funding guidelines. Flawed Planning Implications Water demand calculations using these standards influence: Urban-rural water diversion. Large-scale infrastructure like dams and pipelines. Funding allocations from schemes like AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission. Result: Overestimation or underestimation of actual needs, leading to inefficient investments. Service Delivery Gap No effective monitoring to ensure delivery of water as per prescribed standards: Most cities lack household meters and bulk flow meters. Supply zones are not isolated — water tracking is unfeasible. MoHUA’s benchmarks measure per capita supply only at city-level, not individual level. Impact on Equity and Rights The human right to water is undermined due to arbitrary, non-transparent planning. Without accurate metrics, marginalized populations may get less than the standard. Standards serve planners and engineers, not end-users or citizens. Recommendations and Conclusion A call for evidence-based, region-specific per capita water standards. Need for: Functional water metering systems. Transparent, decentralized monitoring. Equitable distribution mechanisms. Ensuring that standards translate into actual rights-based service delivery. How is shipping industry tackling emissions? Context & Significance Shipping contributes ~2.8% of global GHG emissions (~1 billion tonnes/year). If considered a country, shipping would be the 6th largest emitter globally. Emissions could rise by 50–250% by 2050 if unregulated. The IMO (UN body for shipping) is spearheading efforts to decarbonise the sector. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Key Outcome of MEPC-83 Voted 63-16 in favour of Singapore’s hybrid model, inspired by India’s ‘bridging mechanism’. First global adoption of a mandatory emissions levy framework in any industry. However, full implementation awaits amendment of Annex VI of MARPOL and further consensus. Major Proposals Tabled International Chamber of Shipping: Fixed levy per tonne of CO₂. China: Market-based system for trading compliance units. EU: Fixed GHG levy managed by IMO-administered fund. India: Penalise underperformers; reward Zero/Near-Zero fuel users. Singapore: Enhanced Indian model with GHG Fuel Standard (GFS) and surplus/remedial credit units. Diverging Global Responses Oil-exporting nations (e.g. Saudi Arabia): Opposed to green fuel shift. Small Island States/LDCs: Favoured steep levies for green development funding. China & Shipping Giants: Sought minimal levies; investment in clean fuels. Scandinavian Nations: Wanted credits for early decarbonisation. Traditional maritime powers (e.g. Greece): Sceptical of feasibility. US Position Did not participate under the Trump administration. Opposed EU’s uniform carbon levy; warned of “reciprocal measures”. India’s Role and Gains Credited as co-architect of adopted Net Zero Framework. Operates ~236 large vessels; MBM applies only to 135 international ships. Limited impact on costs: +$108 million by 2030 (manageable). Green Hydrogen Opportunity: India’s National Hydrogen Mission aligns with IMO’s emissions threshold. Ports preparing for green hydrogen bunkering. Potential to emerge as a global green fuel hub. Why Green Shipping Matters Aligns with: SDG 13 (Climate Action) Paris Agreement targets Helps avoid climate disasters while ensuring trade sustainability. Ensures shipping doesn’t lag behind other sectors in emissions reduction. Equity & CBDR Principle Developed nations allegedly shifting responsibility to developing countries. Violation of the Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR-RC) principle. Developing nations like India demand fairness in the transition. Future Steps & Challenges Requires two-thirds ratification of MARPOL amendment. May face resistance if 1/3 of member states (with ≥50% of global tonnage) object. Key test: balancing climate goals with economic competitiveness and equity. On differences in clientelism, patronage and freebies Clientelism: Involves a reciprocal exchange between politicians and voters, where tangible benefits (money, gifts) are offered in exchange for electoral support. Politicians ensure compliance through monitoring and local party networks (e.g., karyakartas), though this is more challenging in India due to high voter numbers and secret ballot systems. Clientelism is asymmetrical, with wealthier politicians potentially exploiting poor voters, but the secret ballot system and deepening democracy make such exploitation less feasible. Clientelism operates through individual targeting and is highly personalized (e.g., offering benefits to select voters), with the expectation of reciprocal votes or political support. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice) Patronage: Involves the distribution of long-term resources like jobs, loans, or subsidies by politicians to build loyalty among voters. Unlike clientelism, patronage relationships are ongoing and long-term. Patronage networks foster a more permanent connection, creating a recurrent exchange between politicians and their constituents. It represents a structural relationship that exists beyond the electoral cycle and typically affects larger groups. Freebies: Universally distributed goods, such as free bus rides or bicycles, are distributed without the need for electoral reciprocity. Freebies are often aimed at broad segments of the population (e.g., women, youth), and do not require monitoring by political agents, thanks to advancements like Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT). While they do not directly demand electoral support, freebies are often designed to build goodwill and indirectly influence voting behavior. Freebies can have positive societal impacts (e.g., increasing women’s participation in the workforce or education) and do not inherently violate voter autonomy. Conflation Issues: Critics often conflate clientelism, patronage, and freebies, overlooking the important distinctions between them. While freebies have more inclusive, less personalized distribution criteria, clientelism is more exclusive and targeted, undermining democratic integrity. The focus on freebies, rather than informal clientelistic practices, can distract from the negative impact of clientelism on democracy and long-term economic stability. Freebies have positive effects in certain contexts (e.g., women’s empowerment), while clientelistic networks are exclusionary and detrimental to democratic processes. Conclusion: Clientelism and patronage are more problematic because of their personalized, hierarchical nature and their long-term effects on democracy and political autonomy. Freebies, in contrast, can be viewed as a tool for inclusive welfare distribution that may positively affect the electorate, particularly if structured through DBT and other transparent mechanisms. The real focus should be on the long-term, informal clientelistic practices that undermine democratic integrity, rather than targeting more universal and potentially beneficial schemes like freebies. India engaged with China on germanium export restrictions, says embassy Context of Export Restrictions: China’s export restrictions on germanium and gallium have created challenges for global industries, including India’s, particularly in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing. Germanium is a critical mineral used in semiconductors, fibre optic cables, and solar panels, making it vital for India’s tech and infrastructure sectors. Over half of the world’s germanium production comes from China, and export restrictions have had a significant impact on India’s reliance on imports of this mineral. Relevance : GS 3(Minerals ,Technology) India’s Dependency and Issues: India has no domestic production of germanium and is fully reliant on imports. Due to export restrictions, India has been sourcing germanium through suppliers in the United Arab Emirates, leading to inflated costs for Indian businesses. This dependency has exposed vulnerabilities in India’s supply chains, particularly in high-tech industries. Grievances and Diplomatic Engagement: The Indian Embassy in Beijing noted that germanium was the only element raised by Indian industry players in complaints about China’s export restrictions on rare earth elements (REEs). While germanium is not classified as a rare earth element, it plays a critical role in technologies relying on advanced materials, adding complexity to India’s supply chain. India is actively engaging with the Chinese government to resolve these issues through formal communications and meetings with Chinese officials, although details about specific negotiations remain undisclosed. Impact on Electronics Manufacturing: Germanium oxide is integral to the production of fibre optic cables used in global communications networks. Restrictions on germanium exports have disrupted the availability of critical components needed for optical fibre production, affecting sectors beyond just electronics. Broader Political and Economic Context: The trade tensions with China come amid cooling relations and growing concerns over China’s trade practices, including export curbs and travel restrictions. For example, Foxconn, Apple’s contract manufacturer for iPhones, faced obstacles with personnel travel and machinery transport between China and India, reflecting broader challenges in the bilateral relationship. These issues underscore the growing complexity of India-China economic relations, which are being impacted by both geopolitical tensions and economic interdependencies. Conclusion: The export restrictions on germanium exemplify how resource control by China can affect India’s tech sector and supply chain stability. As India navigates this challenge, its diplomatic engagement with China will be crucial in mitigating the effects of resource monopolies and ensuring more secure and diversified supply chains for essential raw materials like germanium. Paddy, pulses acreage has increased this kharif season: Centre Increase in Crop Acreage: Paddy Sowing: Increased by 3.44 lakh hectares compared to last year, reaching 32.02 lakh hectares in 2024-25 from 28.57 lakh hectares in 2023-24. Pulses Sowing: Expanded by 2.20 lakh hectares, from 18.47 lakh hectares in 2023-24 to 20.67 lakh hectares in 2024-25. Specific pulses, such as moong and urad, saw significant increases, with moong rising by 1.70 lakh hectares and urad by 0.50 lakh hectares. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Increase in Other Crops: Onion and Potato: Sowing of onion increased by 2.82 lakh hectares, reaching 12.58 lakh hectares in 2024-25 from 9.76 lakh hectares in 2023-24. Potato: Sowing area increased by 0.47 lakh hectares. Water Availability and Reservoir Storage: Water Storage: Improved water storage conditions compared to last year, with 161 reservoirs having 117% of last year’s storage and 114% of the 10-year average. This indicates better preparedness for the current sowing season due to favorable water availability. Foodgrain Stocks: Rice and Wheat Stocks: Stocks of rice (389.05 lakh tonnes) and wheat (177.08 lakh tonnes) are well above the buffer stock norms, ensuring food security. The actual rice stock exceeds the buffer standard of 135.8 lakh tonnes, and wheat stock surpasses the standard of 74.6 lakh tonnes. Impact of Weather Conditions: The meeting confirmed there was no significant impact of the heatwave or high temperatures on the wheat harvest, ensuring stable foodgrain availability. Promotion of Scientific Agriculture: A campaign to promote scientific agriculture was planned, focusing on improving farming practices and efficiency. Conclusion: Kharif season sowing has been positive, with increased acreage for key crops, bolstered by favorable water storage conditions and adequate foodgrain stocks, enhancing India’s agricultural resilience. ‘U.S.-China pact a mixed bag for India’ Mixed Reactions to U.S.-China Trade Pact: Opportunities for India: Some experts see the agreement as beneficial for India, opening up export opportunities in sectors like pharmaceutical APIs, gems and jewellery, engineering goods, organic chemicals, and IT-enabled services. These sectors remain less affected by the U.S.-China trade dynamics, allowing India to strengthen its export position. Challenges for India: Investment Shift Back to China: The reduction in tariffs could lead to a reversal of the investments that previously flowed into countries like India, Vietnam, and Mexico due to high U.S. tariffs on China. Shift in Production: As tariffs decrease, companies that relocated their production outside China might consider returning, which could affect India’s manufacturing and investment inflows. Impact on U.S.-China Bilateral Trade: Increased Trade Between U.S. and China: The tariff reduction is expected to lead to a surge in high-value trade between the two countries, particularly in sectors like electronics, machinery, and chemicals. This could intensify competition for India in these sectors, especially in terms of price and market share. Unresolved Issues in the Trade Deal: The deal does not address the high trade imbalance between the U.S. and China, which was a central concern for the U.S. under the previous administration. Without addressing these underlying issues, the deal may have limited long-term impact on global trade dynamics. Potential for Reduced Dumping: Lower tariffs between the U.S. and China might lead to less dumping of Chinese goods in third-party markets, including India and Vietnam, providing some relief to these countries. However, this could also mean that India faces less competition from cheaper Chinese goods in its domestic market. Single-use food packaging 84% of Himalayan plastic waste Plastic Waste in the Himalayan Region: 84% of Plastic Waste from Single-Use Packaging: A significant portion (84.2%) of plastic waste in the Himalayan region is from single-use food and beverage packaging. Non-Recyclable Plastics: 71% of the plastic waste collected was non-recyclable, primarily multilayered plastics and Tetrapak, which are difficult to process and are not collected by waste pickers or scrap dealers. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Environmental Impact: Choking of Waterways and Landfills: Non-recyclable plastics, especially multilayered ones, contribute to environmental harm by clogging waterways and filling landfills, affecting the delicate ecosystems of the region. Mountains and Tourist Spots Littered: Popular tourist destinations, villages, schools, and protected areas across the Himalayan states have seen significant plastic waste, especially in water bodies and rivers. Waste Collection Efforts: The Zero Waste Himalaya Alliance and The Himalayan Cleanup (THC) have been organizing large-scale cleanup campaigns since 2018 to tackle the plastic waste crisis across the region. In 2024, over 15,000 volunteers from 350 organizations collected plastic waste from 450 sites across the Himalayan states. Production and Systems Issue: Root Cause Identified: The waste crisis in the Himalayan region is primarily a production and systems issue, not merely a post-consumer waste management problem. The focus needs to be on addressing the production of non-recyclable plastics, rather than only improving waste management systems. Distribution of Plastic Waste: Sikkim generated the most plastic waste (44% of total waste) followed by Darjeeling and Ladakh. The regions most affected by plastic pollution include tourist hotspots and river areas, which see significant accumulation of waste, especially during peak tourist seasons. Calls for Solutions Beyond Recycling: Recycling Limitations: Due to the predominance of non-recyclable materials, relying solely on recycling is insufficient to solve the issue. The alliance advocates for solutions that address the root causes, such as reducing the production of single-use plastics and encouraging sustainable packaging alternatives.

May 12, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 12 May 2025

Content: India witnesses a steady downward trend in maternal and child mortality towards achievement of SDG 2030 targets Capacity Building Enhanced Through Interactive Training Under the “Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Program” India witnesses a steady downward trend in maternal and child mortality towards achievement of SDG 2030 targets India has shown remarkable progress in reducing maternal and child mortality between 2014 and 2021, aligning steadily with SDG 2030 targets. This success is driven by strong policy interventions, improved health infrastructure, and data-driven governance. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Social Issues) Progress in Key Indicators (2014–2021) Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR): Reduced from 130 (2014–16) to 93 (2019–21) per lakh live births. 37-point reduction; significant step toward SDG target of ≤70 by 2030. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Declined from 39 to 27 per 1,000 live births. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR): Decreased from 26 to 19 per 1,000 live births. Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR): Fell from 45 to 31 per 1,000 live births. Fertility Rate: Stabilized at 2.0 (from 2.3 in 2014), approaching replacement level. Sex Ratio at Birth: Improved from 899 to 913 females per 1,000 males. State-wise SDG Target Achievement (as per SRS 2021) MMR Target Achieved (≤70) in 8 States: Kerala, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Karnataka. U5MR Target Achieved (≤25) in 12 States/UTs: Includes Kerala (8), Delhi (14), Tamil Nadu (14), Maharashtra (16), Gujarat (24), etc. NMR Target Achieved (≤12) in 6 States/UTs: Kerala (4), Delhi (8), Tamil Nadu (9), Maharashtra (11), J&K (12), Himachal Pradesh (12). India’s Global Outperformance (1990–2023) MMR Reduction: India: 86% decline. Global average: 48% decline. U5MR Reduction: India: 78% Global: 61% NMR Reduction: India: 70% Global: 54% IMR Reduction: India: 71% Global: 58% Policy Interventions Driving Change Ayushman Bharat: World’s largest health assurance scheme, ₹5 lakh per family. Free Institutional Deliveries: Including C-sections, transport, medicines, diagnostics, and nutrition support. Infrastructure Strengthening: MCH Wings, SNCUs, HDUs/ICUs, NBSUs, and Mother-Newborn Care Units. Clinical Protocols: Use of antenatal corticosteroids, CPAP, early screening protocols. Human Resource Development: Skilling of birth attendants, midwives, ASHAs, and community workers. Data-Driven Governance: Real-time digital health monitoring for evidence-based decisions. Scale of Impact Supports ~300 lakh safe pregnancies and ~260 lakh healthy live births annually. Emphasis on equitable access, quality assurance, and dignified care. Capacity Building Enhanced Through Interactive Training Under the “Rashtriya Karmayogi Jan Seva Program” Program Overview Organizing Body: Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances (DARPG), in collaboration with the Capacity Building Commission. Target Group: Officers from Assistant Section Officers to Under Secretaries. Relevance: GS 2 (Governance), GS 4 (Ethics & Capacity Building) Objectives and Significance Strengthen competency, accountability, and responsiveness of public servants. Promote collaborative work culture, interpersonal bonding, and enhanced administrative effectiveness. Align with the broader vision of Mission Karmayogi, India’s national civil services reform. Training Modules Covered Who is a Rashtriya Karmayogi? Expanding Our Vision of Success and Fulfillment Creating a Karmayogi Rashtriya Karmayogi as a Nation-Builder These modules aimed to inspire, transform mindset, and instill nation-first values and ethical responsibility among officers. Integration with Mission Karmayogi Launched in 2020, Mission Karmayogi is a National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB). Aims to shift civil services from rule-based to role-based performance. Ensures continuous learning through: Competency frameworks Online self-learning on the iGOT Karmayogi platform Role-specific digital content and certification Ethical & Behavioral Capacity (GS 4 Link) Builds competencies in: Emotional intelligence Ethical decision-making Service motivation and empathy Reinforces values of integrity, non-partisanship, dedication, and transparency in governance. “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others.” – Mahatma Gandhi Impact and Strategic Relevance Promotes a citizen-centric, performance-oriented bureaucracy. Cultivates a culture of excellence, innovation, and adaptive leadership. Reinforces the government’s push for capacity-building, digital governance, and responsive public administration. Challenges and Way Forward Need for regular evaluation of training outcomes and officer performance. Must avoid a one-size-fits-all approach; customization per role and ministry is key. Focus on behavioral transformation rather than just knowledge delivery.

May 12, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 12 May 2025

Content: Fire and ceasefire Right to know Why India must get the Caste Census right A fundamental reset to drive manufacturing growth Fire and ceasefire Ceasefire Announcement and External Mediation India and Pakistan reached an understanding to cease military action after three days of intense fighting. U.S. President Donald Trump announced the ceasefire; senior American officials were reportedly involved in facilitating talks. Raises concerns about third-party involvement in a bilateral issue, especially regarding Kashmir. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations and Governance) Practice Question:Discuss the implications of third-party mediation in bilateral conflicts, with particular reference to the India-Pakistan ceasefire agreement. What are the potential risks of foreign involvement in Kashmir?(250 Words) Trigger and India’s Response The conflict escalated after a terrorist attack in Pahalgam (April 22) targeting tourists. India’s military response signals a new security doctrine: overt retaliatory action for cross-border terrorism. Pakistan’s strategy of denial and indirect support to terror has been explicitly challenged by India. Impact on Civilians and Armed Forces Indian armed forces showed professionalism and bravery. Civilian suffering noted in Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab – in terms of life, property, and peace. India reaffirmed its pluralist, democratic identity, rejecting Pakistan’s attempts to sow communal discord. Domestic Political Reactions and Accountability Opposition demands transparency: calls for an all-party meeting and a special Parliament session. Public accountability urged on casualties, military operations, and decision-making processes. Emphasizes that truth must not be a casualty in the fog of war. Geopolitical and Strategic Concerns China’s reported support to Pakistan adds complexity to the regional power dynamics. U.S. mediation risks internationalising the Kashmir issue, which India has traditionally opposed. India’s stance: Kashmir is a bilateral issue, and foreign involvement undermines sovereignty. Call for Political Maturity Urges for cool-headed leadership, national unity, and respect for professional military judgment. Emphasizes that strategic security and national progress require political consensus and social harmony. Right to know Supreme Court’s Intervention On May 9, 2025, the Supreme Court set aside a Delhi High Court order that directed the Wikimedia Foundation to take down a Wikipedia page. The High Court’s earlier ruling viewed user comments on a defamation case and the judge’s order as contempt, prompting a take-down directive. A Division Bench upheld the initial decision, but the Supreme Court overturned it, emphasizing constitutional freedoms. Relevance : GS Paper 2 (Polity, Governance, and Constitution) Practice Question : Evaluate the Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the right to know in the context of the Wikimedia Foundation case. What does this ruling signify for freedom of speech and judicial transparency in India?(250 words) Fundamental Rights Emphasized The right to know is protected under Articles 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and 21 (right to life and liberty). Justices Abhay S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan asserted that public debate is vital, even if a matter is sub judice. Courts must be cautious about overreacting to criticism or dissenting voices, especially on public platforms. Contempt vs. Free Speech The Supreme Court noted that mere criticism of court orders does not amount to contempt. The presumption of contempt must not override democratic values like openness, transparency, and criticism. Public engagement with court processes helps in strengthening judicial accountability. Wikimedia Foundation’s Role Wikipedia operates as a user-edited platform, with Wikimedia Foundation only providing technical infrastructure. It acts as an intermediary under the IT Act, not responsible for user-generated content unless proven complicit. The platform’s democratic nature empowers users while shielding them from undue suppression. Ongoing Legal Proceedings The related case by ANI is still pending; the Delhi High Court may need to reassess the matter considering the right to know principle. The Court is expected to evaluate Wikipedia’s intermediary status in light of free speech and public interest protections. Need for Judicial Sensitivity High Courts must be more attuned to fundamental rights, especially regarding digital platforms and public discourse. Transparency in court proceedings, as emphasized by former CJI D.Y. Chandrachud, ensures that judges are accountable in public perception. Judicial overreach in curbing online debate may threaten civil liberties and democratic norms. Why India must get the Caste Census right Significance of Caste Census Bold and transformative step: Inclusion of caste enumeration in the next Census is essential for social justice and evidence-based policymaking. Not identity politics: Caste counting reflects lived realities; ignoring it promotes caste blindness and sustains inequality. Visibility enables inclusion: Without caste data, many marginalised communities remain statistically invisible and excluded from welfare. Relevance : GS 2 (Polity, Social Justice, and Governance) Practice Question: Discuss the constitutional and legal imperatives of conducting a caste census in India. How does accurate caste data contribute to the proper implementation of social justice policies?(250 Words) Constitutional and Legal Imperatives Caste as a proxy for backwardness: Supreme Court judgments have upheld the use of caste for identifying social and educational backwardness. Constitutional mandate: Reservation policies (education, jobs, elections) require accurate, disaggregated caste data. Inconsistency in current data: SC/ST data collected since 1951; OBCs left out despite being constitutionally eligible for reservations. Administrative and Policy Needs Caste data critical for reservation rationalisation: Current policy lacks empirical basis; vulnerable to arbitrary demands and elite capture. Rohini Commission data: Only 10 OBCs take 25% of benefits; 75% of OBCs receive minimal or no benefit — highlights intra-group disparity. Need for sub-categorisation: Accurate caste data enables defining “creamy layer” and ensures equitable distribution within groups. Failures of SECC 2011 Legal and technical flaws: Not conducted under Census Act, lacked statutory authority. Execution by non-expert ministries: Rural and Urban Development ministries lacked domain expertise. Data chaos: Poorly trained enumerators, open-ended questions led to 46 lakh caste entries — unusable dataset. Success of Bihar’s Caste Survey Model example: Used a validated caste list (214 castes + “Others”), pre-tested tools, and trained enumerators. Proved feasibility: A credible caste count is achievable with proper planning and political will. Blueprint for a Robust Caste Census Legal Mandate: Amend Census Act, 1948 to include caste enumeration. Appropriate Authority: Assign task to Registrar General & Census Commissioner, not political ministries. Structured Questionnaire: Use dropdowns for caste, sub-caste, aliases, and surnames with digital codes. State-specific Lists: Collaborate with State governments, sociologists, and communities for draft and feedback. Enumerator Training: Region-specific modules to ensure understanding of local caste complexities. Digital Infrastructure: Use handheld devices with restricted, preloaded caste data to reduce error. Representative Staffing: Deploy neutral enumerators without local bias or conflicts. Independent Oversight: Set up district-level audit and monitoring committees. Pilot Testing: Trial runs in diverse States to refine methodology before full-scale implementation. Conclusion Administrative feasibility proven: India already counts 2,000+ SC/ST castes; OBC and upper caste enumeration is overdue. Political and moral urgency: Partial counting must end; the time to correct decades of data denial is now. Caste Census = Policy Justice: It is the foundation for rational, inclusive, and transparent governance. A fundamental reset to drive manufacturing growth Global Shifts in Manufacturing: Manufacturing is transitioning towards innovation-driven, medium-high, and high-tech products. Key drivers include advanced R&D, technological sophistication, high skills, and complex supply chains. The U.S.’s high tariffs and global shifts are reshaping manufacturing dynamics, requiring a reset in policies and practices. Relevance : GS 3 (Economic Development) Practice Question: Assess the current state of India’s manufacturing sector and compare it with global manufacturing standards. What are the primary factors responsible for India’s low per capita value added in manufacturing?(250 Words) Current State of India’s Manufacturing: India’s per capita value added in manufacturing ($0.32K) and productivity ($8.9K) are significantly lower than global averages ($2K and $32K, respectively). India’s total manufacturing value added ($461 billion) is far behind China ($4,658 billion) and the U.S. ($2,497 billion). Developed economies outpace India in R&D-linked productivity, underscoring the need for improvements in India’s manufacturing sector. Need for Technical Education Reform: India’s engineering education must evolve to foster creativity, problem-solving, and higher-order thinking. Focus should shift from rote learning and academic grading towards practical problem-solving and innovative application of science and technology. Engineering education needs to prioritize practical work (50% of curriculum) and establish advanced laboratories and workshops for skill development Importance of Core Engineering: While fields like AI, IT, and semiconductors are crucial, core engineering (civil, mechanical, electrical, etc.) remains foundational for robust manufacturing growth. India must build strong engineering capabilities across multiple sectors to develop critical infrastructure and machinery for diverse terrains and industries. Developing sophisticated R&D infrastructure and supply chains for core engineering will be key to driving manufacturing growth. Creating an Ecosystem for Innovation: Innovation ecosystems, like Silicon Valley, are essential for driving manufacturing success through high-skilled manpower and robust R&D infrastructure. India needs to replicate this model in the manufacturing sector, emphasizing industrial infrastructure and capital investment. State-specific manufacturing parks with advanced facilities should be established, providing quick setups for new units and supporting prototype development. Supporting Manufacturing Startups: Manufacturing startups should be encouraged around engineering infrastructure, laboratories, and innovation-driven environments. Engineering institutes must focus on enhancing R&D and aligning their curriculum with skill development, supporting innovation in manufacturing. Policy and Financial Support: To transform India’s manufacturing sector, there is a need to increase R&D expenditure from 0.65% to 2% of GDP. An additional 1% of GDP should be allocated to developing industrial infrastructure. A comprehensive policy framework must be designed to adapt to the evolving global manufacturing landscape and support long-term growth. Strategic Focus: The strategy for growth should involve: Developing advanced research labs. Building robust industrial infrastructure. Ensuring a sound policy system that supports innovation and adapts to global changes. Conclusion : India must address these critical areas—technical education reform, core engineering, innovation ecosystems, and increased R&D investment—to drive sustained growth in the manufacturing sector and remain competitive globally.

May 12, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 12 May 2025

Content: The women who remain largely invisible How is Kerala handling its waste problem? Are artificial intelligence models susceptible to producing harmful content? Total Fertility Rate in India remains at 2.0; Bihar records highest count, Bengal lowest World’s longest banana infructescence found in the forests of Andamans Asteroid YR4 might miss earth; will it miss the moon, too? The women who remain largely invisible Role of Women in Environmental and Development Resistance Women in South Asia are central to grassroots environmental movements against mining, dams, and nuclear projects. Examples include: Sijimali (Odisha): Protests against forest-displacing mining. Dewas (Jharkhand): Adivasi women resisting coal operations. Tamil Nadu: Fisherwomen protesting Kudankulam Nuclear Plant. These struggles reflect community-led development and deep ecological knowledge rooted in lived experiences. Relevance : GS 1(Society) ,GS 2(Social Justice) Systematic Exclusion in Decision-Making Women are excluded from formal consultations, despite being most affected by displacement and environmental degradation. FPIC (Free, Prior and Informed Consent) processes often ignore women’s participation. Women’s inputs are dismissed as emotional rather than recognised for socio-environmental insight. Legal Protections vs. Reality Legal frameworks exist but are poorly implemented: India: Forest Rights Act (2006), PESA (1996) — recognise women in Gram Sabhas. Nepal: Joint Land Ownership Policy. Bangladesh: Khas land distribution prioritises women. Barriers: Land titles usually in men’s names. Gram Sabhas are male-dominated. Displaced women often not recorded as household heads = exclusion from compensation. No national-level gender-sensitive land policy in India. Customary laws override statutory provisions, especially in tribal areas. Climate Change Deepens Gender Inequality Environmental stress (heat, water scarcity, pollution) worsens: Women walk farther for water, care for ill, work longer for less. Climate frameworks fail to incorporate women’s ecological knowledge or participation. Consultations often occur in unsafe, inaccessible, male-dominated spaces. FPIC and the Myth of Inclusion FPIC is promoted internationally but lacks gender integration. Questions raised: Can consent be valid without women’s voices? Is it “informed” if women don’t understand long-term consequences? Need for Structural Reforms Inclusive consultation practices: timing, women-only spaces, translation/legal aid. Recognise women as independent landowners. Empower women beyond symbolic participation: In negotiation rooms, policy forums, compensation boards. Amplify women’s leadership in movements — not just as supporters but decision-makers. Conclusion: From Invisibility to Leadership Women’s stories are of resilience and vision, not just victimhood. Policies and institutions must shift from token inclusion to transformative leadership. For true climate justice and inclusive development, women must lead — not merely be consulted. How is Kerala handling its waste problem? Why was the Vruthi Campaign Launched? Shift in consumption patterns: Post-liberalisation, Kerala saw a rise in inorganic and non-biodegradable waste due to market-driven products. Urbanisation pressures: Agriculture’s share in GDP fell below 10%, altering traditional waste disposal practices. Public health risks: Issues like dog bites, zoonotic diseases, and worker fatalities (e.g., canal drowning) made waste management urgent. Gap between private hygiene and public cleanliness: Despite individual hygiene awareness, public spaces remained dirty. Relevance: GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Environment and Ecology) What is the ‘Vruthi’ Campaign? Meaning: ‘Vruthi’ denotes purity of body and mind. Launched: October 2, 2024. Scale: Mobilised ~25,000 people across government and civil society. Successes: Household waste collection coverage rose from 40% to 75% in a year. Core approach: Behavioural change, decentralisation, inclusivity. Campaign Features and Strategies Local engagement: Haritha Karmasena, schools, artists, voluntary groups involved. Decentralised focus: Promotes localised, adaptable technologies like Black Soldier Fly composting, windrow composting. Technology-neutral: Solutions customised by locality; no one-size-fits-all model. Community-driven: Residents’ collectives, RWAs, schools, enterprises brought into waste governance. Differences from Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Vruthi / Kerala Model Swachh Bharat Mission Bottom-up, people-centric Top-down, bureaucratic model Behavioural change focus Infrastructure-focused (toilets, plants) Decentralised, contextual solutions Standardised supply-driven framework Technology-neutral Often tech-specific mandates Decentralised vs. Centralised Waste Management Not binary: Kerala explores a mixed approach, choosing what suits local needs. Successes: Centralised: Guruvayur Municipality. Decentralised: Local composting models. Failures: Centralised: Brahmapuram fire in Kochi due to mismanagement. Challenges: Local self-governments lack technical capacity despite funding increases. Current Challenges Sustainability of efforts: Momentum largely state-driven — may falter if government focus wanes. Capacity gaps: Local bodies need professionalisation and technical support. Linear waste pattern: Shift needed towards circular economy. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Requires stronger enforcement to reduce burden on public systems. Path Ahead Embed behavioural change: “My waste, my responsibility” must reach every household and institution. Strengthen local institutions: Schools, RWAs, businesses, and worker collectives should be key partners. Model for India: Kerala’s decentralised, participatory urban sanitation can inspire other states. Are artificial intelligence models susceptible to producing harmful content? General Findings Yes, AI models are susceptible to producing harmful content. Enkrypt AI’s red teaming of Mistral’s Pixtral models highlights critical security vulnerabilities. Pixtral models were found to be more easily manipulated than competitors like GPT-4o and Claude 3.7 Sonnet. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) Types of Harmful Content Identified Child Sexual Exploitation Material (CSEM) Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) threats Grooming-related outputs and instructions for creating harmful agents Key Statistics 68% of harmful prompts successfully bypassed safeguards in Pixtral models. 60x more vulnerable to CSEM content than GPT-4o or Claude 3.7. 18–40x more prone to CBRN-related content generation than top competitors. Red Teaming Methodology Used adversarial datasets and “jailbreak” prompts to bypass safety mechanisms. Employed multimodal manipulation (text + images) to test robustness. Outputs were human-reviewed to ensure ethical oversight and accuracy. Detailed Threat Examples Provided synthesis methods for nerve agents like VX. Offered information on chemical dispersal methods and radiological weapons infrastructure. Model Versions Tested Pixtral-Large 25.02 (via AWS Bedrock) Pixtral-12B (via Mistral platform directly) Company Responses and Industry Context Mistral has not yet released a public response to the findings. Enkrypt AI is in private communication with Mistral regarding vulnerabilities. Echoes past red teaming efforts by OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google. Broader Role of Red Teaming in AI Analogous topenetrationtesting in cybersecurity. Crucial for uncovering hidden flaws before public deployment. GPT-4.5 Case Study Red teaming used 100+ curated CTF challenges (cybersecurity tests). Performance: High School-level: 53% success Collegiate-level: 16% success Professional-level: 2% success Demonstrates limited but non-zero potential for exploitation. Implications and Recommendations The AI safety landscape is evolving — from afterthought to proactive design priority. Enkrypt AI stresses the need for: Security-first development Continuous red teaming Greater transparency and accountability Emphasis on industry-wide collaboration to ensure societal benefit without unacceptable risk. Total Fertility Rate in India remains at 2.0; Bihar records highest count, Bengal lowest Key Findings on TFR National TFR remains stable at 2.0 in 2021, same as in 2020. Replacement level fertility (TFR of 2.1) has been achieved nationally. Bihar has the highest TFR at 3.0. West Bengal and Delhi report the lowest TFR, both at 1.4. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Governance) Demographic Shifts Share of population aged 0–14 years dropped from 41.2% (1971) to 24.8% (2021). Working-age population (15–59 years) rose from 53.4% to 66.2% over the same period. Elderly population (60+): Increased from 6% to 9%. 65+ age group rose from 5.3% to 5.9%. Elderly Population (60+ Age Group) Highest % of elderly: Kerala – 14.4% Tamil Nadu – 12.9% Himachal Pradesh – 12.3% Lowest % of elderly: Bihar – 6.9% Assam – 7% Delhi – 7.1% Fertility Rates by State Below Replacement Level TFR (≤2.1): Delhi, West Bengal – 1.4 Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, J&K, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab – 1.5 Himachal Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka – 1.6 Odisha, Uttarakhand – 1.8 Gujarat, Haryana – 2.0 Assam – 2.1 States above replacement level: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh (implied though not directly mentioned) Marriage Trends Mean age at effective female marriage increased from 19.3 (1990) to 22.5 (2021). Policy Context Despite Budget 2024’s announcement of a high-power committee on population growth, SRS data indicates demographic stabilisation, not rapid growth. Full clarity requires the 2021 Census, still pending since last held in 2011. Survey Details Conducted across 8,842 sample units. Covered a population of around 84 lakh. Largest demographic survey in India aside from the Census. World’s longest banana infructescence found in the forests of Andamans Scientific Discovery A 4.2-metre-long infructescence (fruit bunch) was recorded — longest ever among all banana species globally. Found in a wild banana species, Musa indandamanensis, endemic to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI). Discovery published in the international journal Botany Letters in early 2024. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Environment) Botanical Significance Musa indandamanensis was first reported in 2012 from Little Andaman near Krishna Nala Reserve Forest. First formally documented in a scientific journal in 2014. Earlier specimens had infructescence lengths of ~3 metres; now exceeds 4 metres. Comparative Data Cultivated banana species usually have infructescences of only ~1 metre. The tree height remains consistent (~11 metres), but: Girth in Campbell Bay specimens: ~110 cm Earlier Little Andaman specimens: <100 cm Geographic Context Recent specimen recorded in Campbell Bay, Nicobar group. Reflects intraspecies variation in girth and infructescence length within ANI ecosystems. Ex-situ Conservation Efforts Species is listed as ‘Critically Endangered’. Saplings of Musa indandamanensis introduced in: Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah Botanical Garden, ANI Regional Centre Central Regional Centre, Prayagraj Specimen Display A 4.2-metre specimen is on display at the Indian Museum, Kolkata (BSI Industrial Section). Another large specimen exhibited in the Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre Museum. Scientific and Agricultural Relevance Musa indandamanensis is a valuable genetic resource. Potential for developing high-yielding, disease-resistant banana varieties through plant breeding. Asteroid YR4 might miss earth; will it miss the moon, too? Discovery and Classification Asteroid 2024 YR4 was discovered in December 2024 using the ATLAS telescope in Chile. Classified as a near-Earth asteroid (NEA) — orbits within 1.3 AU of the Sun. Initially feared as a threat to Earth; prompted NASA’s highest-ever asteroid alert in February 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Science ,Technology) Impact Risk Analysis Early estimate: 3.1% chance of Earth impact in 2032. Latest data: Negligible chance of Earth impact, but 3.8% chance of hitting the Moon on 22 December 2032. Size: Estimated 65 meters wide — not large enough to be a “potentially hazardous object” (which requires >140 m width). Trajectory Tracking and Modelling Asteroid orbits determined using: Ground-based visible light telescopes. Infrared observations from James Webb Space Telescope. Orbital models are refined with more data to improve impact predictions. NASA uses the Torino Scale for threat assessment — YR4 was at Level 3, now downgraded. Potential Moon Impact If YR4 hits the Moon: Expected crater size: 500 to 2,000 metres. Explosion would release energy 340 times greater than the Hiroshima bomb. Moon’s orbit will remain unaffected. Visibility and Scientific Value Impact flash may or may not be visible from Earth — depends on Moon’s brightness and impact location. Could yield valuable data on lunar regolith and surface composition. Spacecraft like Chandrayaan-2 could capture the event. Broader Implications Asteroids remain an ongoing threat — e.g., the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor caused serious damage. Larger impacts could induce climate change by injecting dust into Earth’s atmosphere. However, asteroid impacts are preventable with early detection and tracking — offering hope for planetary defense.

May 10, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 10 May 2025

Content: Government notifies the expansion of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS) to increase capital mobilization for startups Three Jan Suraksha Schemes – Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY) complete 10 years of providing social security cover Government notifies the expansion of the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Startups (CGSS) to increase capital mobilization for startups Objective of the Expansion Aims to boost capital mobilization for startups by enhancing credit support. Aligns with the vision of an innovation–driven and self–reliant economy (Atmanirbhar Bharat, Viksit Bharat). Relevance : GS 2(Schemes ,Governance) ,GS 3(Indian Economy) Key Modifications in the Scheme Guarantee cover ceiling per borrower raised from ₹10 crore to ₹20 crore. Extent of guarantee cover increased: 85% for loan amounts up to ₹10 crore. 75% for loan amounts above ₹10 crore. Annual Guarantee Fee (AGF) for 27 Champion Sectors reduced from 2% to 1% per annum. Champion Sectors: Focus and Impact Identified under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Include key manufacturing and services sectors critical to India’s growth. Reduction in AGF makes credit more affordable, promotes innovation, and enhances sector-specific self-reliance. Implementation & Support Ecosystem Scheme applicable to loans from: Scheduled Commercial Banks All India Financial Institutions (AIFIs) Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) SEBI-registered Alternative Investment Funds (AIFs) Facilitates collateral-free debt funding (e.g., working capital, term loans, venture debt). Broader Significance and Benefits Reduces perceived risk for lenders, increasing willingness to fund startups. Expands early-stage debt access, enabling R&D, experimentation, and tech innovation. Includes operational reforms based on stakeholder consultations to enhance usability and reach. Background & Evolution CGSS was originally launched on 6 October 2022 as part of the Startup India Action Plan (since Jan 2016). The Union Budget 2025–26 proposed enhancement of guarantee support in line with startup ecosystem needs. Expected Outcomes Greater participation of financial institutions in startup lending. Improved fund flow to startups leading to higher innovation output. Support for India’s goal of becoming a global innovation and startup hub. Three Jan Suraksha Schemes – Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY) complete 10 years of providing social security cover Overview and Vision Launched on 9th May 2015 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi with the motto “Securing the Unsecured.” Objective: Provide affordable insurance and pension to poor, underserved, and vulnerable sections. Key guiding principles: Affordability, accessibility, simplicity, and digital enablement. The launch of the Jan Suraksha Portal has digitized enrolments and claims, ensuring faster delivery of benefits. Relevance : GS 2(Governance, Schemes , Welfare) Achievements at 10-Year Mark (as on 23rd April 2025) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Type: Life Insurance Coverage: ₹2 lakh on death (any reason) Premium: ₹436 per annum (less than ₹2/day) Eligibility: 18–50 years, bank/Post office account holder Enrolment Window: 1st June to 31st May annually Claim Settlement: ₹18,397.92 crore paid for 9,19,896 claims Cumulative Enrolments: 23.63 crore Women Enrolment: 10.66 crore PMJDY-linked Enrolments: 7.08 crore Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY) Type: Accidental Insurance Coverage: ₹2 lakh (death/permanent total disability) ₹1 lakh (partial disability) Premium: ₹20 per annum (less than ₹2/month) Eligibility: 18–70 years, bank/Post office account holder Enrolment Window: 1st June to 31st May annually Claim Settlement: ₹3,121.02 crore for 1,57,155 claims Cumulative Enrolments: 51.06 crore Women Enrolment: 23.87 crore PMJDY-linked Enrolments: 17.12 crore Atal Pension Yojana (APY) Type: Pension Scheme Administered by: PFRDA under NPS architecture Eligibility: Age: 18–40 years Must not be an income tax payer Bank account required Benefits: Guaranteed monthly pension of ₹1,000 to ₹5,000 after 60 years Cumulative Subscribers: 7.66 crore Targets workers in the unorganised sector to ensure retirement income security Impact and Importance Total Coverage: Over 82 crore cumulative enrolments across all three schemes. Empowerment of Women: Substantial female participation in both PMJJBY and PMSBY. Inclusion of Underserved: PMJDY accounts linked for seamless access to benefits. Low-Cost Coverage: Nominal premiums ensured mass affordability. Digital Progress: Online enrolments and claims have improved ease of access and efficiency. Conclusion The Jan Suraksha schemes mark a major milestone in India’s social security architecture. They have helped create a safety net for the poor and vulnerable, especially during uncertainties. As India completes 10 years of these schemes, they stand as a testament to inclusive financial protection.

May 10, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 10 May 2025

Content: Greater regularity It is time to protect India’s workers from the heat Sprouting sustainable, nutrition-sensitive food systems Greater regularity Context : Nipah Virus Situation in Kerala A 42-year-old woman tested positive for Nipah virus in Malappuram, Kerala on May 8, 2025. This is the third reported case in Malappuram within the last two years (after July and September 2023). Kerala has witnessed: Two outbreaks: 2018 and 2023 (with human-to-human transmission). Four spillovers: 2019, 2021, and two in 2024 (single cases with no human spread). Relevance : GS 2(Health) Practice Question : Repeated spillover events and occasional outbreaks of the Nipah virus in Kerala highlight the need for robust surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and transparent genomic data sharing. Examine the key challenges in managing zoonotic diseases like Nipah and suggest a multi-pronged public health strategy to prevent future outbreaks.(250 Words) Outbreak vs Spillover Outbreak = Multiple human-to-human transmissions (e.g., 2018, 2023). Spillover = Single case, typically with no further transmission. The May 8 case is likely a spillover, but confirmation depends on further spread or containment. Clinical Differences Spillover cases typically show Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES). Outbreak cases often present Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), which is more severe. ARDS cases have lung involvement, cough, and higher viral loads. Throat swab samples test positive more consistently in ARDS cases, enabling virus spread via coughing. Higher mortality associated with ARDS: 2018: 17 deaths out of 18 cases. 2023: 2 deaths out of 6 cases. Need for Genetic Surveillance ICMR-NIV (2018) found genetic variations between the Kerala Nipah strain and the Bangladesh strain. This implies that even small mutations can influence: Clinical outcomes Virus transmissibility Importance of Bat Surveillance Fruit bats are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus. With Kerala becoming a frequent hotspot, routine surveillance of bat populations is critical. Urgency for Genomic Transparency Rapid sharing of viral genetic sequences in public databases is crucial. Enables global collaboration, research, and quicker response. Helps understand: If spillover strains are evolving. If new strains have increased potential for human-to-human transmission. Conclusion Kerala’s repeated encounters with Nipah demand a proactive public health response. Early detection, genetic surveillance, and open data sharing are essential to prevent future outbreaks. It is time to protect India’s workers from the heat Background Context Delhi saw temperatures rise above 41°C in early April 2025, with hot nights offering no relief — a sign of a dangerous new normal due to climate change. Urban informal workers are most vulnerable, facing exposure, dehydration, and income loss, with minimal institutional protection. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues , Health) Practice Question : “Heatwaves are no longer seasonal anomalies but structural threats, especially for India’s urban informal workforce.” In this context, critically examine the limitations of existing Heat Action Plans (HAPs) in India and suggest a framework for a worker-centric, climate-resilient urban response. (15 marks, 250 words) Key Issues with Current Heat Action Plans (HAPs) Invisible informal workers: Most HAPs do not specifically address the vulnerabilities of street vendors, construction workers, gig workers, etc. Short-term mindset: HAPs treat heatwaves as temporary emergencies rather than symptoms of a chronic climate crisis. Fragmented governance: Ministries (Labour, Health, Urban Affairs, Environment) operate in silos, lacking coordination or integrated guidelines. No occupational safeguards: Missing protocols for rest, hydration, cooling spaces, or compensation for lost work. One-size-fits-all approach: Localized needs and occupational realities are ignored in generalised public health advisories. Global and Indian Good Practices Global examples: USA (California, Oregon): Mandated water, shade, rest breaks, and training. France: Requires adjusted work norms and opens public buildings for cooling. Qatar & Australia: Outdoor work restrictions during peak heat. Indian examples: Ahmedabad: Adjusted work hours, shaded rest areas. Odisha: Prohibited outdoor work during peak heat hours. Recommendations: A Worker-Centric Heat Response Update NDMA Guidelines (2019): Explicitly include informal workers. Define occupational categories and risk-mitigation protocols. Ensure Worker Participation in HAP Formulation: Mandate involvement of unions, collectives, welfare boards. Form civil society coordination groups at city level. Create Access to Cooling Infrastructure: Shaded rest zones, hydration points, cooling centres at labour chowks, markets, bus stands. Make them gender-sensitive, accessible and community-maintained. Innovative Financing: Leverage CSR, city development budgets, and community funds. Expand health insurance for heat-related illnesses. Embed Heat Resilience in Urban Planning: Mandate cool roofs, shaded walkways, ventilation in bye-laws. Integrate urban forests, blue networks (water bodies), and passive design. National Inter-Ministerial Task Force: Merge efforts of Labour, Urban Affairs, Environment, Health Ministries, and NDMA. Assign Heat Officers in every district/city to coordinate and monitor implementation. Conclusion Heat is not a seasonal inconvenience but a systemic crisis with real human costs. Informal workers, despite being economic backbones, are invisibilised in climate governance. Protecting them is a public health, economic, and moral imperative. Sprouting sustainable, nutrition-sensitive food systems Context & Concerns: India, despite being a top food producer, faces serious nutritional challenges – undernutrition, overnutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies. Global Hunger Index 2024: India ranks 105/127 — reflects deep-rooted food insecurity. NFHS-5 Data (2019–21): 194 million undernourished. 35.5% stunted, 32.1% underweight, 19.3% wasted children under five. Rising obesity: 24% women and 22.9% men overweight. 57% of reproductive-age women are anaemic. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues ,Health ,Governance) Practice Question :“Transforming India’s food systems into sustainable and nutrition-sensitive systems is essential not only for public health but also for long-term economic resilience.” Discuss the key challenges in India’s current food systems and suggest a multi-sectoral strategy for transformation.(250 Words) Structural Challenges in Food Systems: Food insecurity today includes both hunger and diet-related NCDs (non-communicable diseases). Affordability barrier: 55.6% Indians cannot afford a nutritious diet (FAO). Climate vulnerabilities: Lower crop yields, biodiversity loss, and smallholder stress deepen the nutrition crisis. Economic burden: Global food system failures cost ~$12 trillion annually via health and environmental degradation. Why Transformation Is Urgent: Malnutrition impedes human capital development, raises health costs, and reduces economic productivity. Incremental changes are inadequate — a systemic overhaul is needed. Strategies for Nutrition-Sensitive Food Systems: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture: Promote climate-resilient and biofortified crops. Ensure crop diversity and efficient post-harvest systems. Integrate nutrition into agri-policy Community-led models: NSCP (Nutrition-Sensitive Community Planning): integrates soil, water conservation, WASH, and healthcare from bottom-up. School-based programmes: Nutri-Pathshala: Includes biofortified grains in mid-day meals, supports local farmers, and teaches nutrition. Strengthening social safety nets: Improve PDS and mid-day meals with nutrient-rich indigenous foods. Launch behaviour change campaigns to promote healthy diets. Private sector role: Encourage nutrient-dense food innovations, fortification, and clear labelling. Use QR codes, digital tools for nutrition education. Climate-smart agriculture: Build resilience through gender-sensitive, climate-resilient farming practices. Support rural economic diversification. Public awareness & behavioural change: Use games, radio, and interactive tools (e.g. ‘MyPlate Blast Off’) to improve outreach in low-digital-access areas. Enablers & Innovations: Place-based innovation: Socio-technical bundles (e.g. Himalayan region): Grow micronutrient-rich crops. Use decentralised food processing. Build local food networks (farmer-processor-consumer linkages). Role of Nutrition and Health Communities: Must embed nutrition into agriculture and economic planning. Interdisciplinary collaboration is key (nutritionists + public health + policy). Examples like NSCP and Nutri-Pathshala show success in integrated models. Way Forward: Nutrition must be the guiding principle for agriculture and economic policy. Urgent need to transition from incremental to bold, systemic changes. Align efforts across government, private sector, and civil society for inclusive, sustainable transformation. Achieving SDGs 2, 3, and 12 requires cohesive, community-driven, and climate-sensitive action.

May 10, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 10 May 2025

Content: India repels Pak. strikes for second day It is not a court’s duty to tell media to delete or take down content, says SC India a part of wider trend of eroding press freedom: report Single-use food, beverage packaging forms 84% of Himalayan plastic waste’ Banks ready with anti-DDoS to thwart cyberattacks, FM told India repels Pak. strikes for second day Context : Escalation of Hostilities Cross-border aggression: Pakistan violated Indian airspace for the second day, prompting heightened Indian defensive actions. Armed drones & missiles: Multiple aerial intrusions using drones—many suspected to be armed—were reported across strategic zones. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Indian Response & Security Measures Repulsion of attacks: Indian armed forces effectively repelled drone/missile attacks using air defence systems. Infiltration thwarted: BSF neutralised seven terrorists attempting to infiltrate through Samba (J&K). High-level meeting: PM Modi chaired a top-level security meeting involving key defence and intelligence leaders to assess the situation. Civilian Protection and Displacement Blackouts and sirens: Implemented in J&K, Punjab, Rajasthan to reduce visibility for aerial threats and to alert citizens. Evacuations: Civilians from areas like Uri’s Razarwani were moved to safer locations. Advisories issued: Public instructed to remain indoors and follow safety protocols. Civilian Casualties & Damage Fatalities: Three civilians killed—including two students and one woman—in mortar shelling in Baramulla and Poonch. Injuries: Armed drone strike injured a family in Ferozpur, Punjab. Structural damage: Shell landed behind Christ School in Poonch, highlighting danger to civilian and religious infrastructure. Strategic Targets Under Threat Drone attempts near critical zones: Jammu airport, military bases in Pathankot, Nagrota, and others were targeted. Multiple regions affected: Aerial objects were spotted in 26+ locations from J&K to Gujarat (e.g., Bhuj, Barmer, Fazilka). Political and Administrative Involvement Statements by leadership: J&K CM Omar Abdullah and Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri acknowledged civilian toll and urged calm. Government preparedness: Nationwide coordination evident through multi-agency response and national-level security discussions. Implications Security readiness: Highlights growing threat from low-cost, high-impact drone warfare and the need for robust counter-drone capabilities. Border vulnerability: Reemphasizes the strategic sensitivity of border regions in Punjab, J&K, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. Civil-military synergy: Civilian safety and communication systems (blackouts, sirens, evacuation) have been swiftly activated. It is not a court’s duty to tell media to delete or take down content, says SC Background of the Case The case stemmed from a Delhi High Court order directing Wikimedia Foundation to delete a Wikipedia page on Asian News International (ANI). The content was allegedly defamatory and sub-judice, prompting the HC Division Bench to give a 36-hour takedown directive. The order was challenged in the Supreme Court, which delivered its verdict through Justices A.S. Oka and Ujjal Bhuyan. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Governance) Key Supreme Court Verdict Highlights Courts must not direct media to take down content — such directions are not within judicial duties. The HC order was deemed “disproportionate” and was set aside. Justice Bhuyan emphasized that courts and media are foundational pillars of democracy, and both should strengthen each other. Upholding Free Speech The Court asserted that freedom of speech and expression is vital in a liberal democracy. Courts must not be seen as stifling debate or criticism, even if related to themselves. Constructive criticism and public debate are essential for the improvement of institutions, including the judiciary. Media’s Role in Democracy The judgment acknowledged the media’s right to debate sub judice matters, provided criticism remains objective and fair. Courts should not be overly sensitive; judges cannot publicly respond to criticism, but that does not justify silencing the press. Contempt and Exceptions Contempt of court is valid only if the content scandalizes the court or impairs justice. Courts may issue preventive injunctions against the press only when: There is a real, imminent threat to a fair trial. The publication would seriously impair the administration of justice. Use of Postponement Orders Courts may postpone publication in exceptional cases to prevent prejudice to ongoing judicial proceedings. Such orders must pass the twin tests of: Necessity (real threat to justice) Proportionality (minimal and temporary restriction) Postponement orders should be time-bound, non-intrusive, and open to judicial challenge. Broader Significance Reinforces constitutional values of free expression over reactionary censorship. Sends a clear message: Judicial integrity is not harmed by scrutiny or debate, but rather bolstered by transparency and accountability. India a part of wider trend of eroding press freedom: report General Observations Title of the report: “Frontline Democracy: Media and Political Churn”. Covers India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives. Identifies a wider South Asian trend of declining press freedom and rising impunity for crimes against journalists. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Governance) Alarming Trends in India Indian media has been “shackled” by a systemic strategy to cripple press freedom. Rising trust deficit in traditional media. Independent websites are being choked through state pressure and legal actions. Freelancers and gig journalists face job insecurity, worsened by AI-led disruptions. Legal and Institutional Framework Existing legal provisions such as defamation laws, sedition, UAPA, and PMLA are sometimes invoked in matters involving media content. While these laws aim to uphold national security and public order, their frequent application in media-related cases has raised concerns about the scope of their use. Regulatory actions including tax investigations, legal notices, and policy decisions on advertisement allocation can impact the operational environment of media outlets. These developments may lead to increased caution or self-regulation among journalists and organisations, potentially affecting editorial freedom. Political Disinformation Machinery IT cells of political parties flagged as major drivers of: Disinformation Hate speech Contributes to erosion of public trust in the media and fuels propaganda. Press Freedom Threats in Broader South Asia Pakistan saw its most violent year for journalists in 20 years – 8 killed. Failure across the region to check impunity in crimes against journalists. Example: Mukesh Chandrakar’s murder in India shows extreme risk to local journalists. Structural and Economic Challenges Shrinking job market for journalists in India and across South Asia. Decline in ad revenues, corporate mergers, and labour code changes promoting contract work. Rise of AI in content creation threatens employment and editorial autonomy. Positive Developments Digital transition has enabled the growth of alternative and independent media. These platforms provide a counterbalance to stagnating legacy media, despite threats. Global Context References Global Risks Report 2024: identifies manipulated/fake information as the top short-term global risk. Ties India’s challenges to broader global concerns about democracy, transparency, and media integrity. ‘Single-use food, beverage packaging forms 84% of Himalayan plastic waste’ Context : Core Finding 84% of plastic waste in the Himalayan region comes from single-use food and beverage packaging. 70% of this plastic is non–recyclable, highlighting the severity of pollution in an eco-sensitive zone. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Geographical Coverage Plastic waste audit spans the Himalayan belt from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh. Major data insights from Sikkim, Darjeeling (West Bengal), and other nine Himalayan states. Sikkim recorded the highest waste generation, followed by Darjeeling with over 36,000 items audited across 37 sites. Organisational Framework Led by: Zero Waste Himalaya (Gangtok, Sikkim) Integrated Mountain Initiative (Dehradun, Uttarakhand) Together they organise The Himalayan Cleanup (THC), an annual plastic audit since 2018. Systemic Nature of the Crisis The issue is not just consumer behavior, but a production and systems-level problem. Emphasis on: Shifting away from extractive, centralised waste systems Need for systemic policy interventions, not just individual change Policy and Structural Implications Calls for: Paradigm shift in waste management policies Reduction in production of non-recyclable plastics Promotion of extended producer responsibility (EPR) and eco-friendly packaging Urges decentralised and regenerative waste management models tailored to the Himalayan ecosystem. Environmental Impact The Himalayas’ fragile ecology is under serious threat from plastic accumulation. Persistence of non-recyclable packaging adds long-term burden to already vulnerable environments. Banks ready with anti-DDoS to thwart cyberattacks, FM told Context and Urgency Triggered by heightened border tensions with Pakistan, raising concerns over cybersecurity threats. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman chaired a high-level review meeting on cyber preparedness in the financial sector. Relevance : GS 3(Banking ,Internal Security) Key Directives Issued All banks must: Coordinate with RBI and CERT-In for quick cyberattack responses. Appoint two senior officials at headquarters: One for cyber incident reporting One for operational continuity (branches, ATMs) Ensure real-time reporting to CERT-In, DFS, and other relevant agencies. Preparedness Measures in Place Banks reported: Deployment of anti-DDoS (Distributed Denial-of-Service) systems to counter large-scale cyberattacks. Mock drills conducted for cybersecurity and disaster recovery. Security Operations Centres (SOCs) and Network Operations Centres (NOCs) are: Fully operational On high alert Coordinating with CERT-In and NCIIPC (National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre). Focus on Uninterrupted Banking Services FM emphasized: Seamless cash availability in ATMs Uninterrupted UPI and internet banking Continued access to essential financial services, especially in border areas Insurance Sector Instructions Insurance companies directed to: Ensure timely claim settlements Maintain customer support during potential crises Support to Rural Banking Sponsor banks instructed to: Actively support Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) to ensure financial stability and inclusion at the grassroots.

May 9, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 09 May 2025

Content: Coal India’s Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana New smart cage can smoothen cattle transport in India Coal India’s Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana Context: Coal India organized the event to commemorate the success of Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana (TBSY). Relevance : GS 2(Health,Governance), GS 4(Ethics, Corporate Ethics) What is Thalassemia? Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder affecting hemoglobin production. It leads to abnormally low levels of hemoglobin, resulting in anemia. Inherited from both or one parent (autosomal recessive inheritance). Types of Thalassemia Alpha Thalassemia Caused by mutations in alpha-globin genes. Ranges from mild to fatal (Hydrops Fetalis). Beta Thalassemia Caused by mutations in beta-globin genes. Subtypes: Thalassemia Minor (Carrier) Thalassemia Intermedia (Moderate) Thalassemia Major (Severe) Symptoms Fatigue and weakness Pale or yellowish skin Delayed growth and development in children Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly) Bone deformities, especially in the face Key Highlights of the Thalassemia Bal Sewa Yojana (TBSY) Flagship CSR initiative of CIL. Provides free bone marrow transplants (BMTs) to children suffering from thalassemia and aplastic anemia. Over 700 children have received life-saving transplants. Includes financial assistance up to₹10 lakh per child. Families relieved from major medical expenses, with most children now leading normal lives. Government Vision & Support Minister G. Kishan Reddy announced “One State, One Hospital” plan for BMT under TBSY. Emphasized early screening, genetic counseling, and awareness as key for prevention. Called for patient-centric approaches and collaborative action toward a thalassemia-free India. TBSY described as a beacon of hope and model for humane, inclusive, and sustainable development. Institutional Collaboration & Expansion Started with 4 hospitals, now expanded to 17 premier hospitals. Collaboration with Thalassemics India, Ministry of Health, and CIL-run hospitals. Online portal launched for real-time applications and monitoring. Outreach extended to rural areas via pamphlets, posters, and short films. Other National-Level Government Initiatives National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD) 2021 Addresses rare diseases including thalassemia. Classifies diseases into 3 groups by treatment type/cost. Provides up to ₹20 lakh for one-time curative treatment (e.g., BMT). Promotes crowd–funding and CSR for support. National Program for Control of Blood Disorders (NPCBD) Focuses on prevention, awareness, screening, and safe transfusions. Supports infrastructure and training for thalassemia care. Global Thalassemia Facts Carrier Rate: ~5.2% globally; 300,000–400,000 affected births/year. Birth Incidence: 4.4 per 10,000 live births. Decline in Burden (1990–2021): Prevalence ↓ 19% Deaths ↓ from 12,000 to 5,897 Mortality rate ↓ from 0.69 to 0.29 per 100,000 Thalassemia in India Carrier Prevalence: 3–4% (~30–40 million people) Affected Births: 10,000–15,000 children born with β-thalassemia major annually High-Risk Areas: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, and tribal regions (up to 17% prevalence) Conclusion TBSY stands as a model initiative where corporate responsibility aligns with national health goals. Demonstrates how public–private collaboration can address critical healthcare challenges. Reinforces the narrative of compassionate governance and inclusive development. New smart cage can smoothen cattle transport in India Key Issues in Traditional Cattle Transport Use of open, ill-fitted trucks lacking safety measures. High stress and injury rates among cattle during transit. Inefficient loading/unloading mechanisms. Violates animal welfare norms. Creates operational challenges for farmers and transporters. Legal Non-Compliance: Many transporters violate Rule 125E of the Motor Vehicle Rules, 1989, which mandates specific requirements for vehicles transporting livestock. Relevance : GS 3(Technology) ,GS 4(Ethics) Innovative Smart Cage Solution Developed by: Prof. Sandip S. Patil, Guru Gobind Singh College of Engineering & Research Centre, Nashik. Funded by: DST-SEED (Science for Equity, Empowerment, and Development). Design Features: Telescopic sliding to adjust cage size to various vehicles. Foldable ramp-cum-door for smooth loading/unloading and safety. Roller-assisted movement for easy alignment. Cross-link mesh for ventilation and durability. Reinforced metal frame for safety and strength. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) used to optimize airflow. Advantages & Impacts Reduces cattle injuries and stress during transport. Complies with animal welfare laws—minimizing legal issues. Adaptable to double-storied configurations—ideal for larger loads. Cost-effective & scalable—suitable for small-scale rural farmers. Promotes humane livestock transport practices. Useful for dairies, Gaushalas, veterinary services, and short-distance livestock transport. Implementation & Recognition Successfully tested in Ambad Village, Nashik. Recognized with two Indian patents (2024)—modular & double-storey variants. Aims for scale-up through CSR funding and community deployment. Livestock Statistics in India (21st Livestock Census 2024) Total Livestock Population: 536.76 million, marking a 4.6% increase over the previous census in 2012. Cattle Population: 193.46 million, comprising: Buffalo Population: 109.85 million, showing a 1.1% increase over the previous census. Goat Population: 148.88 million Sheep Population: 74.26 million Poultry Population: 851.81 million, reflecting a 16.8% increase over the previous census. Additional Dimensions : Technological Innovations: Implementing modular and adjustable cages with features like foldable ramps and improved ventilation can enhance animal safety during transit. Regulatory Enforcement: Strengthening the enforcement of existing laws and guidelines to ensure humane and legal transportation practices. Training and Awareness: Educating farmers and transporters about best practices in animal handling and transport to reduce stress and injuries. Infrastructure Development: Investing in better infrastructure, such as dedicated livestock transport vehicles and facilities, to facilitate safe and efficient movement. Research and Development: Encouraging studies on animal behavior during transport to inform the design of welfare-friendly transport systems.

May 9, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 09 May 2025

Content Remembering the war, reminiscing forgotten Indians Eighty years on, ‘never again’ is sounding hollow Caution and optimism Remembering the war, reminiscing forgotten Indians Context and Significance May 8, 1945, marked Victory in Europe (VE) Day, commemorating Nazi Germany’s surrender. In India, this day passes largely unnoticed, overshadowed by the memory of the independence struggle (1939–1945 overlap). The article urges remembrance of India’s contribution to WWII, emphasizing that Indians did not neglect global responsibilities. Relevance : GS 1(Modern History , World History) Practice Question : India’s contribution to World War II has largely ignored. Critically examine this neglect, with reference to the roles played by individuals like Kolachala Sitaramaiah and Idris Hasan Latif. What lessons can be drawn for inclusive historical memory?(250 Words) Kolachala Sitaramaiah – The Unsung Scientist Born in 1899 in Uyyuru, Andhra Pradesh to a poor family. Achieved academic success, earning degrees from University of Chicago and Yale in Chemistry. Migrated to the USSR after disillusionment with capitalism during the Great Depression. Contributed to Soviet tank performance during WWII by developing specialized fuels and lubricants. His innovations were crucial in the Battle of Kursk (1943) – the largest tank battle in history. Later became a pioneer in chemmotology/tribochemistry and researched plasma physics for nuclear fusion. Upon his death in 1977, he was honored by I.K. Gujral as a “son of mankind.” Air Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif – The Forgotten Pilot From Hyderabad, joined the Royal Indian Air Force in 1941, leaving behind aristocratic comfort. Initially flew patrols over the North West Frontier in outdated aircraft. Moved to Britain post-Battle of Britain, helped prepare for D-Day. Later served in Burma front, engaging with Japanese Zero fighters under harsh jungle conditions. Chose India over Pakistan at Partition, famously stating: “What does religion have to do with nationality?” Became 10th Chief of Air Staff in 1978, later Ambassador to France (1985–88). Helped shape India-France defence ties, indirectly paving the way for the Rafale acquisition. Themes and Reflections Highlights individual heroism beyond traditional narratives. Reflects on the interconnectedness of global events — WWII and Indian independence were not isolated. Celebrates non-combat contributions (science, strategy, diplomacy) as vital to wartime success. Underscores the inclusive nature of patriotism, not confined to religion or recognition. Wider Dimensions to Explore Neglected History: India’s global contributions in WWII need mainstream inclusion in textbooks and memorials. Diaspora Role: Indian migrants and expatriates made significant global contributions under adversity. Post-War Impact: How wartime experiences influenced post-independence science, defence, and diplomacy. Pluralistic Patriotism: The role of identity (religion, caste, region) in shaping Indian nationalism during and after WWII. Eighty years on, ‘never again’ is sounding hollow Historical Background & Commemoration VE Day (May 8, 1945) marks the end of WWII in Europe; a moment of relief and hope, now observed with diverging tones in the East and West. Split in commemoration dates — May 8 in Western Europe vs. May 9 in Russia — highlights enduring Cold War tensions and historical divisions. Relevance : GS 1(Modern History ,World History) Practice Question : Eighty years after Victory in Europe Day, the vow of “Never Again” appears fragile in the face of resurging war and historical amnesia.Critically examine how contemporary geopolitical tensions and selective historical memory are reshaping the legacy of World War II.(250 Words) Russia’s Perspective and Memory Victory Day in Russia is marked with grand military parades showcasing modern weaponry, emphasizing nationalism over remembrance. Russian narrative stresses the USSR’s massive sacrifices in WWII (26 million dead), accusing Western allies of downplaying its role. However, the USSR’s initial pact with Nazi Germany (1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) and invasion of eastern Europe complicates its moral stance. Western Europe’s View and Response Western Europe commemorates VE Day more sombrely, focusing on veterans and remembrance. The EU and NATO are seen as safeguards that emerged post-WWII to ensure “never again” — a fragile vow in today’s context. Geopolitical Tensions Today Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and Putin’s actions are viewed by Western leaders, like Macron, as imperialist and aimed at rewriting history. Donald Trump’s ambivalent stance on NATO (especially Article 5) has shaken European confidence in U.S. security guarantees. Europe’s Response: Rearmament & Strategy Europe is preparing for strategic autonomy: EU’s first defence strategy unveiled. Increased defence budgets across member states. Civilian alerts: Citizens in several countries told to stockpile essentials. Border states like Poland & Baltics withdrawing from landmine treaties. Suggests a shift from celebration to mobilisation amid rising insecurity. Global and Post-Colonial Amnesia VE Day commemorations often erase contributions of colonised peoples (from Asia, Africa, Caribbean, etc.) who fought in WWII. The war was not merely a “European affair” but a clash of empires, affecting millions globally. Insularity of Western narratives fosters historical myopia and exclusion. Conclusion: ‘Never Again’ in Doubt The 80th anniversary of VE Day comes at a time when the Fear of war have returned to Europe. The ideals of peace and unity forged in WWII’s aftermath are under siege. There’s no room for complacency — commemorations must reflect on history honestly and prepare for the emerging realities of conflict. Caution and optimism Context : India and the U.K. have finalized a Free Trade Agreement aiming to enhance bilateral trade and investment. While it promises export growth and labour mobility, concerns remain over its impact on Indian farmers and domestic industries. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : The India–UK Free Trade Agreement offers a path to deeper bilateral engagement, yet calls for policy prudence in safeguarding domestic interests.Critically evaluate the potential benefits and challenges of the India–UK FTA in light of India’s past trade experiences and strategic goals.(250 Words) Positives of the India-UK FTA Trade Boost: 99% of Indian exports to the UK will attract zero duties — a major gain for Indian exporters. Sectoral Optimism: Key export sectors (engineering, apparel, gems & jewellery) express strong growth potential. Example: Engineering exports expected to double to $7.55 billion by 2029-30. Bilateral Trade Surge: Overall India-UK trade projected to double to $120 billion by 2030. Labour Mobility Gains: Indian workers in the UK and their employers exempt from social security contributions for 3 years. Eases hiring and reduces labour costs for Indian professionals. Movement of Professionals: Provisions to ease investment and professional migration — could aid revival of FDI. Concerns and Caveats Tariff Concessions: India will cut tariffs on 90% of UK imports, 85% of which will go to zero tariff in 10 years. May benefit UK exporters more than Indian manufacturers in certain sectors. Whiskey & Gin Imports: Lower duties may increase competition for Indian distilleries and slow premiumisation. Past FTA Lessons Ignored: India-UAE CEPA (2022) worsened India’s trade balance. India-Australia FTA has not significantly boosted Indian exports. Agriculture-Related Risks Farmer Opposition: Indian farmers fear increased imports of lamb, salmon, and other edibles may hurt domestic producers. Low-Income Vulnerability: Farmers already operate on thin margins; increased competition could further erode incomes. Call for Safeguards: Government must shield farmers from being “elbowed out” by aggressive foreign competition. Strategic Implications Template for Future FTAs: The India-UK FTA may serve as a model for FTAs with the EU and U.S.. These future agreements will have deeper and broader implications. Policy Caution Needed: India has already reduced duties on food and auto products under U.S. pressure. With <2% global export share, Indian manufacturing must be protected, not undermined.

May 9, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 09 May 2025

Content : India hits back after intercepting Pak. strikes Is social media defining self-worth? Do restaurants have the right to charge a service fee? MMR shows a declining trend, reveal latest data India recorded 21 lakh additional deaths in 2021, say RGI reports Researchers call for wider access to genetic screening for diabetes patients in India CCI notifies new definitions to curb predatory pricing Public health in India strained by flawed policy, weak training India hits back after intercepting Pak. strikes Context and development: Escalation of Hostilities: Pakistan launched a series of drone and missile attacks targeting Indian military and civilian locations along the western border. Targets Identified: Military stations at Jammu, Pathankot, and Udhampur were among those attacked. Indian Response: Swift interception using air defence systems. Eight missiles shot down near Satwari, Samba, R.S. Pura, and Arnia. Drones neutralised in areas around Jammu and Pathankot. Retaliatory strikes using loitering munitions targeted Pakistani air defence systems. An air defence system in Lahore reportedly neutralised. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) Military Significance Use of Loitering Munitions: Indicates shift towards precision, unmanned retaliatory capabilities. First Use of Targeting Enemy AD Systems: Neutralising Lahore’s AD system suggests strategic escalation. Non-Kinetic & Kinetic Methods: Blends cyber, electronic, and physical responses – showcasing integrated warfare. Security Measures & Civil Preparedness Preventive Blackouts: Enforced in Punjab, Gujarat, and Rajasthan to avoid detection and damage. Zero Casualties: Reflects high readiness and effective defence posture. Standard Operating Procedure (SoP): SOP-driven neutralisation helped avoid panic and further escalation. India’s Strategic Messaging “Same Domain, Same Intensity”: Message of proportionate retaliation without escalation. Non-Escalation Clause: India maintains a defensive posture but warns of retaliation if provoked. Operation Sindoor: Earlier action by India on terror infrastructure in PoK set the context for escalation. Wider Implications Tactical Deterrence: India showcases strong defensive and offensive response, aiming for deterrence. Pakistan’s Provocation Strategy: Use of drones and missiles indicates an attempt to test India’s red lines. Civil-Military Synchronisation: India’s coordinated blackout and interception reflects strong internal coordination. Is social media defining self-worth? Context : Identity Formation in a Digital Age Public performance over private reflection: Identity is crafted and displayed for public approval rather than discovered privately. Blurred boundaries: Authentic self-expression is entangled with algorithmic pressures, obscuring reality and performance. Digital and real-life merge: Online interactions and personal identity form an inseparable continuum. Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Issues) Role of Influencers and Platform Design Distorted ideals amplified: Influencers project curated perfection, prioritizing popularity over authenticity. Structural reinforcement: Platforms reward surface-level positivity and suppress vulnerability. Child influencers under pressure: Young content creators often mirror adult-imposed success metrics, skewing self-worth. Impact on Body Image & Mental Health Unrealistic standards normalize: Idealized trends (e.g.,hyper-productive routines) propagate toxic norms. Logical awareness doesn’t protect: Even with knowledge of filters, many youth internalize feelings of inadequacy. Aspiration flips to shame: The journey from inspiration to self-comparison often leads to low confidence and anxiety. Dangers of Viral Trends Perfection remains elusive: Ever-changing trends create a loop of dissatisfaction and unattainable ideals. Risks escalate: Trends like the Blue Whale Challenge reveal how validation-seeking behavior can become dangerous. Emotion masked by spectacle: Many trends reflect unspoken emotional struggles, not just shallow entertainment. Rethinking Parenting Strategies Control isn’t the answer: Surveillance-driven parenting backfires in a digitally fluent environment. Trust over tactics: Open communication, not monitoring, fosters healthier relationships. Digital fluency for adults: Parents must learn to understand teen behavior online — including secret accounts like “Finstas.” Conclusion Social media ecosystems are reshaping identity and emotional well-being. Performative culture, driven by influencers and algorithms, reinforces superficial norms. Empathy, openness, and dialogue — not control — are key to navigating these shifts. Do restaurants have the right to charge a service fee? What Is the Issue? Service Charge Defined: A pre-fixed amount (typically 5%–20%) added to the bill, distinct from a voluntary tip. Central Question: Is this charge a legitimate business practice or an unfair burden on consumers? Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Taxation) Consumer Perspective Unfair Surprise: Often not disclosed upfront; discovered only on receiving the final bill. Feels Mandatory: Many diners feel compelled to pay, despite poor service. Resistance to Waiver: Requests to remove the charge are often met with denial or conflict. Consumer Complaints: The National Consumer Helpline has received consistent complaints. Ministry Stand (2016): Clarified that service charges are voluntary and can be waived. Regulator’s View: CCPA Guidelines (July 2022) Ban on Default Levying: Prohibited automatic inclusion of service charges. Transparency Mandated: Restaurants cannot collect service charges under any other name. Consumer Rights Upheld: Emphasized that tipping is based on satisfaction, not compulsion. Restaurant Associations’ Argument (NRAI, FHRAI) Industry Norm: Practice has existed for over 80 years. Wage Structuring: Claimed as part of negotiated employee compensation. Equitable Distribution: Helps distribute tips among back-end and service staff fairly. No Explicit Legal Ban: Argued that there’s no statute prohibiting the practice. Legal Standpoint Delhi HC Interim Relief (2022): Stayed CCPA guidelines, allowed service charge if disclosed on menus. Delhi HC Final Ruling (March 28, 2025): Service Charge = Voluntary: Cannot be imposed mandatorily. Consumer Choice Reinforced: Customers may pay a tip at their discretion post-service. Current Status: A fresh appeal has been filed against this ruling; litigation continues. Historical Context 1958 Committee Recommendation: Criticized tipping culture. Called it “injurious to the dignity” of staff and a source of harassment for customers. Supported voluntary tips based on satisfaction. Why Is the Issue Mired in Litigation? Conflict of Rights: Consumer rights to fair and transparent billing vs. Restaurants’ autonomy in business practices and wage structures. Absence of Clear Legislation: The matter rests on interpretation of consumer laws, not a statutory prohibition. High Stakes: Impacts pricing models, staff pay, and industry norms across thousands of establishments. MMR shows a declining trend, reveal latest data Context – Declining trend of MMR: MMR (Maternal Mortality Ratio) is the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births within a given time period. Current MMR: 93 per 1,00,000 live births (2019–21). Previous Trends: 97 (2018–20), 103 (2017–19). Clear Decline: Indicates gradual improvement in maternal health outcomes. Relevance : GS 2(Health) Age-wise Distribution Highest MMR: Women aged 20–29 years. Second Highest: Women aged 30–34 years. These are prime reproductive years, highlighting risks during peak childbearing age. State-wise High MMRs States with High MMR (above national average): Madhya Pradesh: 175 Assam: 167 Uttar Pradesh: 151 Odisha: 135 Chhattisgarh: 132 West Bengal: 109 Haryana: 106 Indicates regional disparities in healthcare access and maternal care quality. MMR as a Health Indicator Definition: Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. Reflects reproductive health, healthcare quality, and equity in a region. Maternal Death (WHO): Death during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination, excluding accidental causes. Global Perspective (WHO) Global MMR Goal (SDGs): Less than 70 per 100,000 live births. 2023 Figures: Over 700 women died daily due to preventable pregnancy-related causes. A death every 2 minutes worldwide. 90%+ deaths occurred in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Emphasizes need for skilled care before, during, and after childbirth. Data Source Collected via Sample Registration System (SRS)—one of India’s largest demographic surveys. Challenge: Maternal deaths are rare events, requiring large samples for accurate estimates. Key Implications Declining MMR shows progress in maternal healthcare, but: High-risk age groups need targeted interventions. State-level disparities must be addressed with focused policies. Meeting SDG targets requires sustained effort in maternal care infrastructure, awareness, and skilled medical support. India recorded 21 lakh additional deaths in 2021, say RGI reports Context : Sharp Rise in Registered Deaths (2021) Total deaths registered: 1.02 crore (10.2 million) in 2021. Increase from 2020: Around 21 lakh more deaths (81.2 lakh in 2020). Year-on-year increase: 26% rise in registered deaths. Compared to 2019 (75.9 lakh), deaths increased by over 34% in two years. Relevance : GS 2(Health) COVID-19 Impact COVID-19 deaths as per RGI: 2020: 1,60,618 deaths. 2021: 4,13,580 deaths. Total (2020–21): 5,74,198. Demographic breakdown (2021): Males: 2,67,363 Females: 1,46,215 Transgender: 2 Official health ministry figure (as of May 5, 2024): 5,33,665 deaths due to COVID-19—suggesting a data discrepancy. Medical Certification of Deaths Total medically certified deaths (2021): 23,95,128 An increase of 5,83,440 from 2020. Share of certified deaths: ~23.4% of total registered deaths. Indicates low levels of medical certification, posing challenges for accurate mortality analysis. Leading Causes of Medically Certified Deaths (2021) 1st: Circulatory system diseases (incl. pulmonary): 29.8% 2nd: COVID-19: 17.3% 3rd: Respiratory diseases (non-COVID): 12.7% 4th: Infectious & parasitic diseases: 6.1% COVID-19 moved from 3rd leading cause in 2020 to 2nd in 2021. State-wise Contributors to Death Surge States/UTs with significant death increase: Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka Others: Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Punjab, Telangana, Jharkhand, Delhi Suggests wider and deeper pandemic impact across multiple regions. Birth Registrations Slight Decline in registered births: ~0.1% drop in 2021. Indicates possible pandemic-related disruptions in birth registrations or slight fertility decline. Key Takeaways Massive spike in excess deaths likely reflects undercounted COVID-19 fatalities. Discrepancy between official COVID dashboard and medical certification data suggests underreporting or misclassification. Urgent need to improve medical certification and data transparency for better public health policy. Researchers call for wider access to genetic screening for diabetes patients in India Key Discovery Scientists from Madras Diabetes Research Foundation (MDRF), Chennai, in collaboration with Washington University School of Medicine, U.S., identified a new subtype of MODY (Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young). Published in the journal Diabetes by the American Diabetes Association. Relevance : GS 2(Health) What is MODY? MODY is a rare, inherited form of diabetes caused by single-gene mutations. Typically appears in adolescents or young adults. 13 subtypes of MODY had been recognised before this study. The new variant challenges existing assumptions about MODY. Scientific Breakthrough Study revealed a loss-of-function (LOF) mutation that: Affects potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. Disrupts insulin secretion. Notably, it marks the first case of a switch from congenital hyperinsulinism to diabetes in MODY context. Clinical Implications The new MODY subtype is non-responsive to conventional treatments like sulphonylureas, which work for other MODY forms. Understanding the specific genetic mutation is crucial for selecting the right therapy — an example of precision medicine. Call for Wider Genetic Screening V. Mohan (MDRF Chairman) emphasized the need to integrate genetic testing in routine diabetes diagnosis. Many MODY cases in India are misdiagnosed as Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, leading to inappropriate treatment. Radha Venkatesan (MDRF) stressed that genetic screening can lead to better clinical decisions and targeted treatments. India-Specific Relevance The findings are based on clinical and lab data of Indian patients, underlining the importance of region-specific research. Highlights the need for accessible and affordable genetic diagnostics in India’s vast diabetic population. Policy and Research Implications Supports mainstreaming precision medicine in India’s diabetes care. Urges investment in genetic infrastructure and awareness, especially in public health systems. CCI notifies new definitions to curb predatory pricing Context and Objective The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has notified new definitions of costs to identify predatory pricing more accurately. Aims to strengthen fair competition and curb anti-competitive practices, especially in emerging sectors like the digital economy. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) What is Predatory Pricing? As per Competition Act, 2002, predatory pricing refers to selling below cost with an intent to: Eliminate competitors, and Reduce competition in the market. The definition of “cost” is now formally addressed through this regulation. New Cost Definition Introduced CCI defines cost as “Average Variable Cost (AVC)”: AVC = Total Variable Cost / Total Output in a given period. Variable cost includes all expenses excluding fixed costs and fixed overheads directly attributable to the product or service. Flexible, Sector-Agnostic Approach CCI has chosen to not use sector-specific definitions of cost. Each case will be assessed individually, considering market dynamics, especially in complex and evolving sectors like tech and digital platforms. Response to Stakeholder Feedback The notification follows a draft release in February 2025 and public consultation. CCI incorporated suggestions from stakeholders, notably: Avoiding rigid, sector-specific cost metrics. Adopting a case-by-case, adaptive evaluation method. Cost Regulations 2025 – Key Takeaways Establishes a sector-agnostic, cost-based regulatory framework. Provides regulatory clarity without compromising on flexibility. Particularly relevant to digital markets, where pricing models and cost structures vary significantly. Implications Likely to enhance scrutiny of pricing strategies of dominant firms, especially in: E-commerce Online services Telecom Ensures smaller players are not unfairly priced out of the market. Reinforces CCI’s proactive regulatory stance in a dynamic market environment. Public health in India strained by flawed policy, weak training Context: Conceptual Misunderstanding of Public Health Public health in India is often wrongly seen as a sub-discipline of medicine, ignoring its interdisciplinary nature. It combines medical science (e.g., germ theory), engineering (e.g., sanitation systems), and social sciences (e.g., poverty’s impact on health). Public health also involves communication, behaviour change, and trust-building—making it both a science and an art. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Health) Governance Fragmentation Public health is treated as a State subject per the 7th Schedule, but responsibilities also lie in Union and Concurrent Lists. Example: Union List: Quarantine, international health regulations. Concurrent List: Drug safety, food safety, pollution control. This leads to: Poor coordination among ministries (Health, Water Resources, Food Safety, Municipalities). Overlapping jurisdictions and diluted accountability. Colonial legacy of fragmented governance persists in a federal setup. Structural Contradictions in Policy Public health policies often conflict: E.g., promoting tobacco farming while running cancer prevention programmes. Institutional contradictions: ICMR fights tobacco-related diseases while ICAR’s Central Tobacco Research Institute boosts its cultivation. Flawed MPH Education Ecosystem MPH curriculum mirrors public health governance—fragmented and inconsistent. Eligibility issues: Some programmes restrict to medical/allied fields; others allow all graduates—without a common foundation. Content gaps: Minimal focus on crucial areas like: Public health engineering (sanitation infrastructure), Nutrition (food technology and safety), Behavioural sciences (psychology, social marketing), Health technology assessment (cost-effectiveness of interventions). Delivery problems: Courses often theoretical or managerial, lacking field exposure. The 2-year duration is too short to cover diverse skillsets in-depth. Systemic Invisibility of MPH Graduates No structured public health cadre across most states. MPH holders are relegated to temporary NGO or clerical roles. Their technical skills remain underutilized, violating the vision of the National Health Policy 2017. Implications and Way Forward Without a skilled public health workforce, India’s response to challenges like antimicrobial resistance, climate-related diseases, and pandemics will be inadequate. Urgent reforms needed: Nationally standardized MPH curriculum with scope for regional adjustments. Modular, flexible programme structure to handle the field’s breadth. Creation of a formal, well-defined public health cadre. Integration of public health into national policymaking akin to national security.

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