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Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 September 2024

CONTENTS Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan Venus Orbiter Mission  Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan Context: The Union cabinet recently extended the PM-AASHA price support scheme in agriculture till 2025-26. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions PM-AASHA PM-AASHA is designed to ensure that farmers receive fair prices for their crops. Components: The program consists of three distinct parts, with states given the flexibility to implement any of them based on their preference. Price Support Scheme (PSS) Implementation: Central Nodal Agencies are tasked with the physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds, and copra, actively supported by state governments. Additional Support: Organizations such as the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India (NAFED) and Food Cooperation of India (FCI) are involved in carrying out operations across various regions. Funding: The Central Government is responsible for covering all procurement expenses and losses as per established norms. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS) Coverage: This scheme is applicable to all oilseeds listed under the MSP. Payment Process: Farmers who sell their produce at notified markets will receive direct payments representing the difference between the MSP and the market selling price, facilitated through transparent auction processes. Payment Method: Funds are directly transferred to farmers’ registered bank accounts, without any need for physical crop procurement. Government Support: The scheme receives backing from the central government according to specific guidelines. Pilot of Private Procurement and Stockist Schemes (PPSS) Scope: Alongside PDPS, this scheme allows for a pilot implementation in selected districts or APMCs, focusing on oilseeds. Participation: Private entities are permitted to engage in the procurement process under this scheme. Operational Details: Each selected district or APMC may target one or more specified oilseed crops under the MSP for this pilot. Operational Guidelines Restriction: Only one of the schemes, either PSS or PDPS, can be activated per state for any given commodity at a time. Venus Orbiter Mission Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister of India has approved the development of Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM). Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Venus Orbiter Mission The mission is designed to place a scientific spacecraft in orbit around Venus. Objectives: Scientific Exploration: To deepen understanding of Venus’ surface, subsurface, atmospheric dynamics, and the Sun’s influence on its atmosphere. Historical Analysis: Investigating the historical changes on Venus, which is believed to have been potentially habitable and similar to Earth, to enhance our understanding of planetary evolution. Research Outcomes: The mission aims to address significant scientific inquiries, contributing to a broad spectrum of scientific results. Agency Involvement: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is tasked with the spacecraft’s development and launch. Timeline: Targeted for realization in March 2028, leveraging various industrial contributions for the spacecraft and launch vehicle. Funding and Resources Budget: The mission has been allocated a total of Rs. 1236 Crore, with Rs. 824 Crore specifically earmarked for the spacecraft. Expenditure Breakdown: Includes the development of the spacecraft, its specialized payloads, global ground station support for navigation and networking, and the launch vehicle costs. Significance Comparative Planetology: Venus is the nearest planet to Earth and is thought to have originated under similar conditions. This mission provides a critical opportunity to explore how planetary environments can develop distinctively.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 September 2024

Contents: Indus Water Treaty: Navigating Renewed Disputes Amid Growing Water and Climate Challenges New Criminal Codes, Old Challenges: Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits India’s Role in Russia-Ukraine Peace-Making: A Balancing Act Indus Water Treaty: Navigating Renewed Disputes Amid Growing Water and Climate Challenges Context: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960 between India and Pakistan, is a landmark agreement that has withstood wars, terrorism, and diplomatic tensions. However, recent developments, including India’s plans to modify the treaty and disputes over hydroelectric projects like the Kishanganga and Ratle dams, have brought renewed attention to the agreement. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss the significance of the Indus Waters Treaty for India and Pakistan. Analyze the challenges posed by recent developments in the context of hydroelectric projects and climate change. Overview of the Indus Waters Treaty: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), brokered by the World Bank, governs the sharing of the waters of the Indus River system. The treaty allocates the waters of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India and the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan, with certain allowances for India to use western rivers for non-consumptive purposes like hydroelectric projects. The treaty has been largely successful, surviving multiple conflicts between the two nations and acting as a stabilizing factor in their bilateral relationship. Recent Disputes Over Hydroelectric Projects: India’s Kishanganga (330 MW) and Ratle (850 MW) hydroelectric projects on the Jhelum and Chenab rivers, respectively, have been points of contention. Pakistan objects to these projects, arguing that they violate the treaty by impacting water flow. In 2013, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) at The Hague ruled in favor of India’s Kishanganga project, allowing India to divert a portion of the Jhelum’s waters for power generation. However, Pakistan has continued to raise objections regarding the construction and operation of these projects, leading to further diplomatic tensions. India’s Call for Review and Modification: In 2022, India issued a notice to Pakistan requesting a review and modification of the 62-year-old treaty. India argues that the treaty needs updating to reflect current realities, including climate change, new technological advancements, and the need for water security amid growing population pressures and development demands. India also seeks to accelerate the construction of renewable energy projects, including hydropower, to meet its climate goals. Projects like Ratle are seen as essential for India’s renewable energy agenda. Pakistan’s Response and Arbitration Attempts: Pakistan, in response, has refused to engage in bilateral negotiations, seeking third-party arbitration instead. In 2015, Pakistan had initiated arbitration under the IWT but later withdrew its application. The involvement of the World Bank as a mediator in these disputes has been met with limited success, and India has argued that certain matters, such as the adjudication of disputes over Kishanganga and Ratle, should not involve international arbitration bodies. Climate Change and Water Scarcity: The IWT’s core principle of “water doesn’t recognize borders” is increasingly strained as climate change worsens water availability. Pakistan has repeatedly raised concerns about water scarcity, with many of its rivers dependent on flows originating in India. Both nations face significant challenges from glacial melt in the Himalayas and changing rainfall patterns, making the Indus River system even more vital for agriculture, drinking water, and power generation. The growing effects of climate change necessitate updates to water-sharing agreements like the IWT to ensure long-term sustainability. Additional Data: Kishanganga Project: 330 MW (India won arbitration at the PCA in 2013). Ratle Project: 850 MW (India’s upcoming project on the Chenab). Conclusion: The Indus Waters Treaty has served as a successful mechanism for managing water disputes between India and Pakistan for over six decades. However, recent hydroelectric projects, coupled with the impacts of climate change, have brought renewed challenges to the treaty’s implementation. Both nations need to approach these disputes cautiously, emphasizing diplomatic negotiations and joint management strategies to address shared water challenges in a rapidly changing environment. New Criminal Codes, Old Challenges: Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits Context: India has introduced new criminal laws, including the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). These laws aim to modernize India’s criminal justice system by streamlining procedures, improving evidence-based investigations, and protecting public rights. However, the success of these new laws will hinge on resolving infrastructure deficits, human resource shortages, and knowledge gaps within the judicial and law enforcement systems. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (Governance and Social Justice) Mains Question: Evaluate the challenges in implementing India’s new criminal laws. How can infrastructure and human resource deficits be addressed to ensure effective law enforcement? The New Criminal Laws: Overview and Intent: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), Bharatiya Nagrik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA) aim to replace outdated colonial-era laws such as the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), and Evidence Act. These laws emphasize speedier trials, ensuring that judgments must be delivered within 45 days of trial completion, and chargesheets should be framed within 60 days of the first hearing. However, the primary concern lies in whether the judicial and enforcement systems have the capacity and infrastructure to meet these stringent timelines. Key Challenges in Implementation: Judicial Backlogs: As per the National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG), India has over 5.1 crore cases pending across courts. The case burden per judge rose from 2,391 in 2022 to 2,744 in 2024. With the introduction of new laws requiring stricter timelines, courts will need additional judges, support staff, and better infrastructure. Undertrial Prisoners: A significant number of undertrial prisoners await investigation, contributing to overcrowded prisons. The prison occupancy rate rose from 137% to 142% between 2022 and 2024. The quicker processing of cases will require increased infrastructure to house and manage this transition. Forensic and Investigative Capacities: The new laws stress the importance of evidence-based law enforcement. However, India faces chronic shortages of trained forensic professionals, laboratory capacity, and technological equipment to match these new requirements. There is a significant mismatch between human resources and available forensic infrastructure. Inadequate Budget for Judiciary and Law Enforcement: Despite the government’s efforts to address infrastructure gaps, such as the launch of the National Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme, judicial and law enforcement funding remains inadequate. The budget allocation for the judiciary in 2022 and 2023 did not keep pace with increases in case GDP, limiting the scope for major improvements in infrastructure. Vacancies in high courts remain high, with a 21% vacancy rate, further straining the system. Addressing Infrastructure and Capacity Deficits: Human Resource Development: There is an urgent need to recruit more judges, forensic experts, and administrative staff. Expanding training facilities and developing specialized courses for forensic and investigative personnel will improve the enforcement of new laws. Technology and Infrastructure Investments: Investments in technology to digitize case records, manage data, and improve case management systems will be essential. The government must allocate funds to expand forensic laboratories and enhance court infrastructure, ensuring they can meet the increased demands posed by the new laws. Collaboration with Civil Society: The implementation of the BNSS also mandates victim services, which include creating digital records of interviews. Civil society can assist in monitoring and ensuring that the rights of victims are upheld during trials. Additional Data: Pending Cases: Over 5.1 crore cases are pending in India’s courts. Judicial Vacancy: 21% vacancy rate in lower courts as of 2023. Prison Occupancy Rate: Increased from 137% to 142% between 2022-24. Conclusion: India’s new criminal laws represent a critical step forward in modernizing the country’s justice system. However, the success of these reforms will depend on addressing infrastructure gaps, human resource shortages, and forensic capacities. A coordinated effort between the government, judiciary, and civil society is required to ensure that India’s justice system becomes more efficient and accessible to all citizens. India’s Role in Russia-Ukraine Peace-Making: A Balancing Act Context: As the Russia-Ukraine war continues with no signs of a resolution, global attention is shifting toward nations that might serve as intermediaries for peace. India, with its strategic positioning and longstanding non-alignment policy, has emerged as a potential mediator. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has engaged with both Russian President Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky, signaling India’s willingness to mediate in the conflict. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (International Relations) Mains Question: Discuss India’s diplomatic role in the Russia-Ukraine conflict. What are the challenges and opportunities for India as a mediator in this ongoing war? India’s Strategic Position: India’s diplomatic position is strengthened by its non-alignment policy and historical stance of engaging with both sides of a conflict. Since the onset of the Russia-Ukraine war, India has refrained from taking sides, abstaining from key UN votes and avoiding Western sanctions on Russia. India’s geopolitical importance has been emphasized, particularly following its G20 presidency, where it championed causes that benefited the Global South, including energy and food security. India’s increasing role in international organizations like BRICS and SCO also gives it an important voice in the global power structure. India’s Engagement with Russia and Ukraine: Prime Minister Modi’s meetings with both Putin and Zelensky at various global summits, such as BRICS and the United Nations, indicate India’s active engagement in exploring diplomatic solutions. Modi’s calls for an end to violence and focus on negotiation and dialogue have been key themes in these discussions. However, Zelensky has voiced concerns about India’s potential role, citing that India is “too large and important” to play the role of a simple messenger between Kyiv and Moscow. Zelensky emphasized that India would need to provide a more substantive and proactive proposal for de-escalation or conflict resolution. Challenges and Opportunities for India: Balancing relations with both Russia and the West is a significant challenge for India. While India has close historical ties with Russia, particularly in defence, it also values its growing strategic partnership with the United States and European powers. Russia’s increasing reliance on countries like India and China for economic and diplomatic support, especially in light of Western sanctions, provides India with leverage in negotiations. However, any proposal India puts forth will need to carefully navigate Russia’s red lines, particularly Putin’s refusal to cede any territory to Ukraine. On the other hand, Ukraine seeks active international mediation, but any peace plan that does not include the return of Ukrainian territory will likely be rejected outright. India’s Diplomatic Approach: India’s strategy thus far has been to emphasize multilateralism and negotiated solutions. Its engagements have focused on global platforms, including the UN, BRICS, and the G20, highlighting the need for peaceful dialogue and ensuring energy security for the global economy. Additionally, India’s diplomatic efforts have been framed in the context of avoiding further escalation, particularly any actions that could lead to direct conflict between Russia and NATO. Looking Ahead: India’s position as a bridge-builder between East and West, combined with its pragmatic approach to foreign policy, offers opportunities for it to play a more active role in the peace process. A concrete peace proposal from India would need to account for the realities on the ground while addressing the concerns of both Moscow and Kyiv. India could draw on its past diplomatic efforts in other conflicts, such as the Israel-Palestine peace talks, to provide a framework for future negotiations. Additional Data: UN Abstention: India abstained from voting on resolutions condemning Russia’s actions at the UN General Assembly. BRICS Role: India’s engagement with Russia continues through platforms like BRICS, where economic cooperation is emphasized. Conclusion: India’s role in mediating the Russia-Ukraine conflict is still evolving, with both challenges and opportunities. Its non-alignment, strategic position, and growing global stature make it a credible player in the search for a peaceful resolution. However, India will need to offer more than rhetoric, proposing practical solutions that address the core issues of the conflict while maintaining its balanced foreign policy.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 20 September 2024

CONTENTS Approval for Simultaneous Elections in India Re-evaluation of the Indus Waters Treaty Climate Change Impacts Tea Prices in India Union Cabinet Backs ISRO’s Vision 2047 with Substantial Funding Real Estate Investment Trusts NPS Vatsalya Scheme Approval for Simultaneous Elections in India Context: The Union Cabinet has recently given its nod to a significant proposal that sets the stage for conducting simultaneous elections throughout India. This decision will synchronize the electoral schedule for the Lok Sabha, state Assemblies, and local bodies, aiming to streamline the electoral process. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Key Recommendations for Simultaneous Elections About ‘one-nation, one- election’ Historical background of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Merits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Demerits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Key Recommendations for Simultaneous Elections Constitutional Modification: Two bills proposed for amending the Constitution to enable simultaneous elections. Bill 1: Proposes simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies without requiring state approval for the amendment. Bill 2: Aims to synchronize municipal and panchayat elections with the Lok Sabha and state assembly elections, mandating that these local elections occur within 100 days of the national and state elections. Ratification and Amendments Requirements State Ratification: Requires approval from at least half of the states. Major Amendments Proposed: Suggests 15 amendments to the Constitution, including: Article 82A:  The first Bill recommended by the Kovind committee would begin by inserting a new Article 82A into the Constitution.   Article 82A will establish the process by which the country will move to a system of simultaneous elections for Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.  It has recommended that the power of Parliament under Article 327 should be expanded to include “conduct of simultaneous elections”.  Article 83 and Article 172: It recommended that under Articles 83(4) and 172(4), the Lok Sabha or state Assembly that replaces the previous one will serve only for the remaining “unexpired term” before being dissolved again once simultaneous elections are conducted as scheduled.  Article 324A: The committee has suggested the inclusion of a new Article 324A in the Constitution.   This new article would empower Parliament to make laws to ensure that municipality and panchayat elections are held simultaneously with the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies.  Electoral Management Enhancements Consolidated Electoral Roll and ID System: Mandates the Election Commission of India (ECI) to create a single electoral roll and election IDs in collaboration with State Election Commissions. Preparatory Measures: Directs the ECI to plan and prepare in advance for manpower, polling personnel, security forces, EVMs/VVPATs, etc., in coordination with State Election Commissions. Provisions for Emergency Elections Procedures for a Hung Parliament or Assembly: Outlines the process for holding elections to complete the unexpired term in cases like a no-confidence motion. Establishing a Uniform Electoral Cycle ‘Appointed Date’ Declaration: Proposes that the President set an ‘Appointed Date’ marking the start of a new electoral cycle after general elections. Syncing State Assembly Terms: All state assemblies will align their terms to end with the Lok Sabha’s term, regardless of their original election schedule, ensuring all conclude simultaneously at the next general elections. Example: The next assembly elections in West Bengal (2026) and Karnataka (2028) would conclude these assemblies’ terms in May or June 2029, coinciding with the next Lok Sabha’s term.  About ‘one-nation, one- election’ The concept of “One Nation One Election” proposes the synchronization of elections for all states and the Lok Sabha within a five-year span. This entails restructuring the electoral cycle in India so that elections at both the state and central levels align. This would mean voters casting their ballots for members of both the Lok Sabha and state assemblies on a single day, concurrently or in phases if necessary. Recent developments have seen Prime Minister Narendra Modi advocating for “One Nation One Election,” underscoring its significance during the 80th All India Presiding Officers Conference. Historical background of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Historically, simultaneous elections have occurred in India in the years 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967. However, this practice was discontinued following the dissolution of certain Legislative Assemblies in the late 1960s, leading to separate elections for the Centre and states. The idea of returning to simultaneous elections was initially suggested in the Election Commission’s 1983 report and was mentioned in the Law Commission’s 1999 report as well. Since 2014, the BJP government has ardently supported the notion. In 2018, the Law Commission released a draft report endorsing the implementation of simultaneous elections and suggesting necessary amendments to electoral laws and relevant Articles. The report addressed legal and constitutional challenges linked with conducting simultaneous elections and advocated for constitutional amendments ratified by at least 50% of the states. Merits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Cost Reduction: The concurrent conduct of elections minimizes expenses associated with multiple elections, including time, labor, and financial costs, which arise due to movement of security personnel and diversion of state resources. Enhanced Voter Turnout: Simultaneous polls could potentially boost voter participation. Better Use of Security Forces: Frequent elections limit the availability of security forces for other crucial tasks. Focus on Governance: Continuous elections divert the focus of governance towards short-term electoral gains, sidelining long-term policies and programs. Demerits of ‘one-nation, one- election’ Constitutional and Anti-Federal Concerns: Critics argue that the move might impact the federal nature of the Indian political system, as national and state issues differ. Accountability: Fixed tenures might lead to a lack of accountability among government officials. Difficulty in Synchronization: Maintaining synchronized elections is challenging, especially given the likelihood of government assemblies losing confidence. Tampering with Democracy: Altering the election system could impact people’s democratic will. -Source: Indian Express Re-evaluation of the Indus Waters Treaty Context: India has recently issued a new formal notification to Pakistan with the intention of reviewing and possibly modifying the longstanding Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). This move follows a similar outreach from January 2023. The specific invocation of Article XII (3) within this latest notice indicates a clear intention by India to reexamine, and possibly amend, this 64-year-old agreement. This provision within the treaty allows for modifications only through a mutually ratified agreement between both nations, suggesting a diplomatic pathway forward for renegotiation. Relevance: GS-II: International Relations (India and its Neighborhood, International Treaties, Policies and Agreements affecting India’s Interests) Dimensions of the Article: India Seeks Reassessment of the Indus Waters Treaty About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) Indus River Basin India Seeks Reassessment of the Indus Waters Treaty Background on the Demand: Due to substantial and unforeseen shifts in circumstances, India has formally requested Pakistan to review the Indus Waters Treaty. Persistent cross-border terrorism has also been mentioned as a significant reason for this reevaluation. The formal notice emphasizes the need to reconsider the treaty’s obligations due to these unforeseen changes. In January 2023, India had previously sent a notice to Pakistan seeking amendments to the treaty established in 1960. Justifications for the Renegotiation: The request is grounded on “fundamental and unforeseen changes in circumstances,” necessitating a fresh evaluation of the treaty. Issues prompting this include demographic shifts, environmental concerns, the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions to meet emission targets, and ongoing cross-border terrorism. The appeal also addresses controversies surrounding two hydroelectric projects in Jammu & Kashmir—Kishanganga and Ratle—which are alleged by Pakistan to breach the treaty terms. These projects operate as run-of-the-river schemes, generating electricity without hindering the river’s flow. Catalysts for the January 2023 Notice: The latest notice follows Pakistan’s objections to the aforementioned Indian hydroelectric initiatives. Initially, Pakistan requested a “Neutral Expert” to mediate, but subsequently called for intervention by the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). India challenged this move as it deviates from the treaty’s stipulated conflict resolution process, which progresses from the Indus Commissioners to a Neutral Expert, and to the PCA as required. The World Bank had paused the dual arbitration processes in 2016, advocating for a bilateral resolution. Despite India’s efforts to engage from 2017 to 2022, no discussions took place, leading the World Bank in 2022 to resume both the Neutral Expert and PCA procedures, marking the first such initiative in over six decades. About the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank, to use the water available in the Indus River and its tributaries. The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi in 1960. The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three “eastern rivers” — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three “western rivers” — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India was allocated about 16% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan was allocated the remainder. The treaty allows India to use the Western River waters (the ones in Pakistan’s control) for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. It lays down detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers. The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each country in the optimum use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation. Indus River Basin The Indus River (also called the Sindhū) is one of the longest rivers in Asia and the longest river of Pakistan. It flows through China (western Tibet), India (Ladakh) and Pakistan. Its estimated annual flow is estimated to be twice that of the Nile River making it one of the largest rivers in the world in terms of annual flow. The Zanskar river is its left bank tributary in Ladakh. In the plains, its left bank tributary is the Panjnad which itself has five major tributaries, namely, the Chenab, Jhelum, the Ravi, the Beas, and the Sutlej. Its principal right bank tributaries are the Shyok, the Gilgit, the Kabul, the Gomal, and the Kurram. -Source: Indian Express Climate Change Impacts Tea Prices in India Context: The tea industry in India, particularly in Assam and West Bengal, has experienced a significant price surge of approximately 13% in 2024. This increase is directly attributed to a notable reduction in tea production this year. Analysts and industry experts point to extreme weather events and broader climate change as the primary causes behind the decreased yield. There is a growing consensus that urgent reforms are necessary to ensure the sustainability of tea production, which is being severely threatened by these environmental changes. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Production Decline and Pricing: In 2024, tea production in West Bengal and Assam has decreased by 21% and 11% respectively, leading to a 13% surge in domestic tea prices. The decline mainly affects the first and second monsoon showers, which typically produce the highest quality teas, impacting the industry’s profitability. Export Market: There has been a 4% drop in export prices this year, presenting a challenge for the industry. Subsidies and Financial Impact: The industry has been awaiting promised subsidies from the Tea Board, which have not been disbursed, adding to the financial strain during a year of lowered production. General Overview of the Tea Industry Global Standing: India is the world’s second-largest tea producer, after China, and is among the top five global tea exporters, contributing about 10% to global tea exports. Domestic Consumption: India consumes about 81% of its tea production domestically, unlike Kenya and Sri Lanka which export most of their production. The major tea-producing states include Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, collectively accounting for 97% of the national output. Export Composition: Predominantly, India exports black tea, which constitutes about 96% of all tea exports. Teas from Assam, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri are globally recognized as among the finest. Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Environmental Impact: 2024 saw significant production disruptions due to extreme weather conditions, including excessive heat in May followed by flooding in Assam. This led to the lowest tea output for May in over a decade. Price Fluctuations: By July 2024, tea prices had increased by 47% since the beginning of the year, driven by production shortfalls. Pesticide Ban and Market Dynamics: The government’s ban on 20 pesticides has led to higher production costs due to the need for more expensive alternative pest control methods. Despite these challenges, demand for Indian tea has increased, particularly in countries like Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. Impact on Small Tea Growers and Local Industry: Small Tea Growers (STGs), who manage less than one hectare each and contribute significantly to national production, are severely impacted by price drops and market shifts. The closure of approximately 13 to 14 tea gardens in regions like Dooars, Terai, and Darjeeling has affected over 11,000 workers and underscores the broader challenges faced by the industry. Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Rainfall Extremes: Tea cultivation, reliant on consistent rainfall, faces challenges from excessive rain leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and reduced arable land, impacting tea plantation areas significantly. Drought Effects: Insufficient rainfall results in dust build-up on tea leaves, obstructing essential sunlight and adversely affecting tea production, particularly in India and China. Frost Damage: In colder regions like Rwanda and China, frost causes the tea leaves to freeze and break, resulting in significant leaf loss. Permafrost Instability: Areas with permafrost are seeing increased ground instability which heightens the risk of rock avalanches and landslides, potentially damaging tea plantations situated on hills. Production Costs and Quality: Global warming is escalating the difficulty and cost of tea production, with adverse effects on both the quality and quantity of tea, likely leading to increased consumer prices. -Source: Indian Express Union Cabinet Backs ISRO’s Vision 2047 with Substantial Funding Context: The Union Cabinet has sanctioned a substantial investment, amounting to over ₹22,750 crore, for the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to propel four key space missions anticipated in the coming years. This funding aligns with ISRO’s ambitious Vision 2047, aiming to advance India’s position in global space endeavors and foster technological innovations within the country’s aerospace sector. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Dimensions of the Article: Current Space Initiatives Approved by India’s Cabinet Detailed Insights Current Space Initiatives Approved by India’s Cabinet Chandrayaan-4 Mission: India’s fourth lunar expedition. Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM): A mission aiming to explore Venus. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): India’s upcoming indigenous space station project. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Development of a new launch vehicle. Detailed Insights: Chandrayaan-4 Mission Budget and Schedule: Set at ₹2,104.06 crore with a planned launch in 2027. Mission Costs Include: Spacecraft development Two Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM-3) launches External deep space network support Design validation tests Objectives: The mission will remotely collect lunar rock samples and return them to Earth. Advancements: Builds on Chandrayaan-3’s technology with new features like lunar docking and precision landing. Goal: To enhance self-reliance in space technology and lay foundational tech for a future manned lunar mission by 2040. Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM) Financials: Budgeted at ₹1,236 crore, with a launch target set for March 2028. Purpose: To send a spacecraft to Venus and study its atmosphere and geology. Importance: Offers insights into Venus’s development and its extreme greenhouse gas effects. Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) Funding: An additional ₹11,170 crore has been allocated. Timeline: First module, BAS-1, expected to launch by 2028 and complete by 2035. Objective: To operate a space station 400 km above Earth, supporting 15-20 day astronaut missions. Research Benefits: Will serve as a platform for experiments in microgravity, astronomy, and Earth observation. Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) Investment: A total of ₹8,240 crore approved for the project. Development Timeline: First launch projected in 84 months, with the entire project spanning 96 months. Capabilities: Designed to be high payload, cost-effective, reusable, and commercially viable. Strategic Importance: Essential for deploying the Bharatiya Antariksh Station, featuring enhanced payload capacity and modular green propulsion technology. -Source: Indian Express Real Estate Investment Trusts Context: The Indian REITs Association (IRA) recently launched Data Benchmarking Institutions (DBIs) to provide investors with detailed information on real estate investment trusts (REITs). Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs): REITs are entities that either own or finance profit-generating real estate properties across diverse sectors. They enable investors to pool funds together to invest in a variety of real estate projects. Functioning similarly to a mutual fund, these trusts manage a portfolio of properties that generate income, including offices, hotels, and shopping centers. Unlike typical real estate firms that focus on selling developed properties, REITs acquire and manage properties for operational income as part of their investment portfolio. Investors in a REIT hold fractional stakes in real estate, proportional to their investment, gaining access to real estate benefits without needing to buy whole properties. REITs are generally publicly traded, making them as liquid as stocks, a significant advantage over direct real estate investments. REITs in India: Introduction and Regulation: Introduced in 2014, Indian REITs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Qualification Criteria: Income Distribution: At least 90% of income generated must be distributed to investors as dividends. Revenue-Generating Investments: At least 80% of the REIT’s assets must be in revenue-generating properties. Construction Investment Limit: No more than 10% of the investment can be in properties under construction. Asset Requirement: A minimum asset base of Rs 500 crores is required. Investment Restrictions: Investments in agricultural and vacant lands are prohibited. -Source: The Hindu NPS Vatsalya Scheme Context: Recently, the union Finance Minister officially launched the NPS Vatsalya scheme. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Overview of NPS Vatsalya Scheme: Tailored extension of the National Pension Scheme (NPS) specifically designed for children. Eligibility Criteria: Eligible participants include all minor citizens under the age of 18. Both the child and the parent must be Indian citizens and meet Know Your Customer (KYC) standards. Accounts are to be registered under the child’s name and managed by a parent or guardian, making the minor the beneficiary. Registration for the scheme is available through several authorized channels including major banks, India Post, Pension Funds, and e-NPS, under the oversight of the Pension Fund Regulatory Authority of India (PFRDA). Contributions: Starts at a minimum of Rs 1000 annually with no upper limit set for contributions. Investment Options and Returns: PFRDA offers a diverse range of investment opportunities in government securities, corporate bonds, and equities, tailored to the risk tolerance and expected returns of the subscriber. Conversion and Maturity: Upon reaching the age of majority, the account seamlessly transitions into a standard NPS account. Withdrawal Guidelines: After maintaining the account for three years, partial withdrawals up to 25% of the corpus are permitted for specific needs such as education, medical expenses for severe illnesses, or significant disabilities. At age 18, beneficiaries can withdraw up to Rs 2.5 lakh entirely or, if the total exceeds this, withdraw 20% with the remaining 80% redirected towards an annuity purchase within the NPS. Protocols upon Death of a Subscriber: Should the subscriber pass away, the entire account balance is transferred to the designated guardian or nominee. If the guardian subsequently passes away, a new guardian is required to complete a fresh KYC to take over the account management. In cases where both parents pass away, a legally appointed guardian can manage the funds without additional contributions until the child reaches 18 years of age. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 19 September 2024

CONTENTS Bio-RIDE Scheme SUBHADRA Scheme Bio-RIDE Scheme Context: Recently, the Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister of India approved continuation of the two umbrella schemes of Department of Biotechnology (DBT), merged as one scheme-‘Biotechnology Research Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development (Bio- RIDE). Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Bio-RIDE Initiative Strategic Implementation Focus Bio-RIDE Initiative: The Bio-RIDE scheme is crafted to catalyze innovation, bolster bio-entrepreneurship, and position India as a foremost player in the global biomanufacturing and biotechnology sector. The initiative seeks to expedite research, enhance the development of products, and seamlessly integrate academic research into industrial applications. Components of the Scheme: Research and Development: Focus on advancing biotechnology research. Industrial and Entrepreneurship Development: Aimed at boosting industrial growth and entrepreneurship within the biotech sector. Biomanufacturing and Biofoundry: A novel addition targeting advancements in biomanufacturing. Mission and Funding: Mission Alignment: Aligns with India’s strategy to leverage bio-innovation for addressing key challenges in health, agriculture, environmental sustainability, and energy. Financial Layout: An allocation of Rs.9197 crore has been earmarked for the duration of the 15th Finance Commission cycle from 2021-2022 to 2025-2026. Strategic Implementation Focus: Promoting Bio-Entrepreneurship: Fostering a vibrant startup ecosystem through seed funding, incubation support, and mentorship for bio-entrepreneurs. Advancing Innovation: Offering grants and incentives for pioneering research in fields like synthetic biology, biopharmaceuticals, bioenergy, and bioplastics. Enhancing Industry-Academia Collaboration: Strengthening partnerships between academia, research bodies, and the industry to hasten the commercialization of biotechnological innovations. Supporting Sustainable Biomanufacturing: Emphasizing environmentally friendly practices in biomanufacturing that align with India’s ecological goals. Extramural Research Support: Providing significant funding to bolster scientific research and technological advancements across various biotechnological domains. Human Resource Development: Dedicated to enriching the skill set and capabilities of students, young researchers, and scientists in the biotechnology sector. SUBHADRA Scheme Context: Recently, the Prime Minister of India launched ‘SUBHADRA’, the flagship Scheme of Government of Odisha, in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions SUBHADRA Scheme: Naming: Named after Goddess Subhadra, associated with the deity Lord Jagannath of Odisha. Beneficiaries: Women aged 21-60 years, specifically those not from affluent backgrounds or receiving significant government aid, are eligible. Financial Benefit: Eligible women receive Rs. 50,000 distributed over five years (2024-2029) in semi-annual installments of Rs. 10,000 each. Operational Mechanics: Direct Deposit: Funds are directly deposited into the beneficiaries’ Aadhaar-linked and DBT-enabled bank accounts. Digital Verification: Enrollment requires mandatory e-KYC verification. Incentives: Special incentives of Rs. 500 are awarded to the top 100 digitally active beneficiaries per gram panchayat and urban area. Exclusions: Excludes women from high-income families, government employees, tax payers, and those receiving Rs. 1,500 monthly or Rs. 18,000 annually from other government programs. Enrollment Process: Continuous Registration: No deadline for registration, allowing ongoing enrollment until all eligible women are registered. Accessibility: The inclusion of a Subhadra Debit Card to facilitate financial transactions

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 September 2024

Contents: One Nation, One Election: A Threat to Federalism and Political Accountability? Ensuring Fair Tax Distribution: The Finance Commission’s Role in Addressing High-Performing States’ Concerns One Nation, One Election: A Threat to Federalism and Political Accountability? Context: The idea of One Nation, One Election (ONOE), promoted by the ruling government, advocates simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and all state legislative assemblies. While proponents argue that it could reduce election costs and increase administrative efficiency, critics argue that it threatens federalism and undermines the democratic process. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Polity and Governance) Mains Question: Analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing the One Nation, One Election (ONOE) system in India. What are the implications for federalism and democratic accountability? Proposed Benefits of One Nation, One Election: The ONOE proposal aims to reduce the recurring costs and administrative burden associated with conducting elections multiple times across the year. By holding simultaneous elections, the system could lead to efficient resource utilization and reduce the impact of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which freezes governance activities during election periods. Additionally, it is argued that fewer elections could result in more stable governance, allowing governments to focus on long-term policies without being distracted by frequent electoral cycles. Concerns Regarding Federalism and Accountability: However, critics like Manoj Kumar Jha, in the article, argue that the ONOE plan could harm federalism by centralizing political power. In a system where both national and state elections are held simultaneously, national issues may overshadow local issues. This could lead to a dilution of state autonomy in deciding their own political trajectories. Furthermore, the concentration of power may weaken regional parties, pushing smaller states and minority groups to the margins of political discourse. Democracy and Frequent Elections: One of the primary concerns is that frequent elections are essential to keeping the government accountable to the people. Regular elections allow voters to express dissatisfaction with state or local governance and demand course corrections. The reduction in electoral frequency could weaken the checks and balances on political representatives. Governments may feel less pressure to address immediate concerns, knowing they are not facing elections frequently. Practical Challenges and Alternatives: Implementing ONOE would require major constitutional amendments to synchronize the terms of the state assemblies with the Lok Sabha, which may face logistical and legal hurdles. Rather than overhauling the election system, reforms could focus on making elections more efficient, such as tightening the MCC guidelines or using technology to streamline the electoral process. Political Consequences: A major concern is the potential for majoritarian dominance under ONOE. With simultaneous elections, the political party with strong national appeal may dominate state elections as well, leading to less political diversity. This could undermine the electoral voice of smaller states, regional parties, and marginalized communities, reducing their ability to influence local governance issues. Additional Data: Electoral Costs: Conducting separate elections for Lok Sabha and state assemblies increases costs significantly. Federalism Concerns: Synchronizing elections would require changes to the terms of state assemblies, potentially infringing on state autonomy. Conclusion: The One Nation, One Election proposal, while offering administrative benefits, raises significant concerns about federalism, political accountability, and the future of regional parties in India. A more measured approach, focused on improving the efficiency of the current electoral system, may be more appropriate for maintaining the delicate balance of power between the Union and the States. Ensuring Fair Tax Distribution: The Finance Commission’s Role in Addressing High-Performing States’ Concerns Context: The Finance Ministers of five opposition-ruled states have raised concerns regarding the 15th Finance Commission’s recommendation, which allocates 41% of taxes to the states. These ministers are calling for an increase to 50%, along with capping the central government’s cesses and surcharges, which further limit states’ ability to collect taxes. This discussion comes at a crucial time when several states, particularly high-performing ones like Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu, are feeling the pinch of restricted tax collections under the GST framework. Relevance: General Studies (GS) Paper II (Polity and Governance) Mains Question: Discuss the challenges faced by high-performing states under the current tax devolution framework. How can the Finance Commission address these concerns to promote a more equitable fiscal relationship between the Centre and States? Current Tax Devolution Framework: The 15th Finance Commission recommended that 41% of central taxes be devolved to states. However, high-performing states argue that this is insufficient, given their economic contributions and developmental needs. States like Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu contribute significantly to India’s GDP and tax revenues, but receive lower per capita allocations, leading to fiscal strain. Impact of Cesses and Surcharges: Cesses and surcharges, levied by the central government, are not part of the divisible tax pool. This means that states receive no share of these revenues, even though they contribute to the overall tax burden on citizens. Opposition states argue that cesses have increased dramatically over the years, further reducing their ability to manage local finances and developmental projects. Challenges with GST and Central Schemes: Since the introduction of the GST, states have lost much of their autonomy to collect taxes. High-performing states, in particular, have felt this more acutely, as their tax revenues are now limited by the uniform tax structure. States like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have expressed frustration over inadequate allocations for central projects, such as Bengaluru’s Suburban Rail Project and Kerala’s Vizhinjam Port. These projects are critical for regional development, but they have received insufficient funding under the current central schemes. Environmental and Developmental Needs: Climate-related disasters, such as flooding in Tamil Nadu and landslides in Kerala, highlight the need for greater fiscal flexibility for states. The current framework does not provide adequate funds for contingency planning and disaster mitigation, which are becoming more pressing due to climate change. High-performing states require tailor-made policies that address their unique industrial, social, and environmental needs. The Finance Commission must ensure that states are not penalized for better economic performance, but instead supported in maintaining their growth. Suggestions for Reform: The 16th Finance Commission, whose recommendations are due by October 2025, must take a more equitable approach to tax devolution. States are asking for an increase in the divisible pool to 50%, as well as a cap on cesses and surcharges to ensure that all taxes are shared fairly between the Centre and the states. There is also a need for greater fiscal autonomy for states, allowing them to design and implement policies suited to their specific developmental needs, especially in areas like infrastructure and disaster management. Additional Data: 41% of central taxes currently devolved to states. High-performing states like Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have seen reduced tax collections under the GST framework. Conclusion: The current tax devolution framework under the 15th Finance Commission has created challenges for high-performing states, which are unable to meet their growing developmental and fiscal needs. The 16th Finance Commission has an opportunity to rectify this imbalance by increasing the share of taxes devolved to states, capping cesses and surcharges, and providing greater autonomy in fiscal matters. A truly federal and participative fiscal structure will ensure that all states, regardless of their economic standing, can thrive and contribute to India’s overall growth.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 September 2024

CONTENTS Call for Stringent Legal Reforms and Social Change in India 76th Anniversary of Operation Polo Challenges in Achieving Road Safety Targets in India Windfall tax Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises Scheme Promotion of Seaweed Farming in India Anusandhan National Research Foundation  Call for Stringent Legal Reforms and Social Change in India Context: In response to a significant increase in rape crimes throughout India, there has been a renewed outcry for sweeping legal reforms and alterations in societal attitudes towards sexual violence. The public and advocacy groups are pushing for more severe penalties for perpetrators, including the possibility of the death penalty for rape. These demands are part of a broader call for urgent measures to foster a safer environment for women, urging immediate action to address both legal inadequacies and cultural norms that perpetuate sexual violence. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Legal Framework on Rape in India: Comprehensive Overview Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Rise in Rape Cases in India Factors Affecting Low Rape Conviction Rates in India Persistent High Incidence Legal Framework on Rape in India: Comprehensive Overview According to Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 rape is a non-consensual intercourse, detailing scenarios involving coercion, deception, or inability of the victim to consent due to age or incapacitation. Types of Rape: Aggravated Rape: Involves persons in positions of authority. Rape and Murder: Situations where the assault leads to the victim’s death or vegetative state. Gang Rape: Involves multiple perpetrators. Marital Rape: Non-consensual intercourse between spouses. Legislative Measures: BNS, 2023: Updates and replaces the IPC, 1860, setting harsher penalties for severe offenses like gang rape of minors. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 & 2018: Post-Nirbhaya case reforms, enhancing sentences, including capital punishment for certain cases. POCSO Act, 2012: Focuses on offenses against children including assault and exploitation. Victim Rights and Protections: Right to Zero FIR: Enables immediate FIR registration at any police station. Free Medical Treatment: Mandated under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023. Prohibition of Two-Finger Test: Ensuring examinations respect victim’s dignity. Timely and Respectful Investigation: Must be woman-led where possible, and conducted in a victim-sensitive manner. Right to Compensation: Outlined under Section 357A of the CrPC, with details provided by the National Legal Services Authority. Trial Conditions: Trials to be conducted with the utmost respect to victim privacy, potentially overseen by a female judge. Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Rise in Rape Cases in India Societal Normalization of Sexual Violence: Cultural Context: In India, there’s a sociological climate where sexual violence is often normalized or dismissed, which leads to an escalation in rape incidents. Trivialization: Casual or humorous remarks about sexual violence often diminish the severity of the issue and perpetuate the cycle of violence. Victim Blaming: Prevailing cultural norms often blame victims based on their attire or behavior during judicial processes, with a significant percentage of judges subscribing to these views. Shaming and Silence: Victims frequently face shaming which prevents them from reporting incidents, thereby indirectly increasing the prevalence of unreported cases. Contributing Factors: Alcohol Consumption: Recognized as a contributing factor, excessive alcohol consumption often correlates with an increase in aggressive and violent behaviors. Media Portrayal: Films and television in India sometimes depict women in a manner that objectifies them, which can reinforce harmful stereotypes and contribute to societal rape culture. Demographic Imbalances: A notable disparity in the gender ratio, as evidenced in the 2011 Census, shows a lower number of women compared to men, creating an environment where sexual violence rates are statistically higher. Law Enforcement Dynamics: With only a small fraction of the police force being female, female victims may feel less comfortable seeking help or reporting their cases, which impedes justice and support for survivors. Broader Implications: Domestic Violence: The normalization of domestic violence reflects broader societal tolerance towards sexual violence, diminishing the likelihood of victims receiving proper support or achieving justice. Misplaced Accountability: Societal tendencies to blame women for engaging in “immoral” behaviors like drinking or staying out late further victimize the survivors rather than addressing the actions of the perpetrators. Systemic Issues: A common misconception is that women can prevent harassment by altering their behavior, which diverts focus from necessary systemic reforms to protect women effectively. Silence and Stigma: Victims often remain silent due to fear of social stigma and personal humiliation, which perpetuates the abuse cycle and protects offenders. Factors Affecting Low Rape Conviction Rates in India Persistent High Incidence: Reported Cases: Annually, reported rape cases have consistently exceeded 30,000 since 2012, with a slight decrease noted during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Conviction Rates: From 2018 to 2022, conviction rates fluctuated between 27%-28%, despite legislative efforts to impose stricter laws. Systemic Issues in Law Enforcement: Corruption and Misconduct: Legal and law enforcement corruption can lead to mismanagement of cases, impacting the outcome of rape trials. Reporting Challenges: Fear of retaliation, distrust in the system, and societal stigma often deter victims from reporting assaults. Inconsistent Law Enforcement: Flaws in the application of laws, like the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, lead to inadequate handling of sexual crimes, particularly against men and transgender individuals. Non-criminalization of Marital Rape: Perpetuates a rape culture by ignoring consent within marriage under traditional views of marital sanctity. Judicial Inefficiencies: Evidence Issues: Poor evidence collection and inadequate investigations often weaken cases, hindering successful prosecution. Support Systems: Lack of psychological, legal, and medical support for survivors impacts their capability to pursue justice effectively. Judicial Delays: Overwhelmed courts and prolonged legal processes delay justice, diluting the potency of evidence and testimonies. Notable Cases: High-profile cases like the Nirbhaya case, despite being expedited, took over seven years to conclude, highlighting systemic inefficiencies. Societal Barriers: Victim Blaming: Cultural tendencies to blame victims discourage them from engaging with the justice system. Withdrawal from Legal Processes: Survivors often withdraw from the process due to the fear of societal rejection and enduring stigma. -Source: Indian Express 76th Anniversary of Operation Polo Context: India celebrated the 76th anniversary of Operation Polo on September 13, 2023. On this day in 1948, Indian Army launched military action to integrate the princely state of Hyderabad. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Background of Operation Polo Reasons for Launching Operation Polo Operation Polo on the Ground Background of Operation Polo Nizam’s Intentions: The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Shah, expressed his desire to keep Hyderabad as an independent entity and did not wish to join India or Pakistan after Independence. Opportunity in Kashmir War: The Nizam took advantage of the fact that the Indian government became preoccupied with the Kashmir war soon after Independence. Standstill Agreement: The Nizam signed a standstill agreement with India in November 1947. This agreement implied that a status quo would be maintained between the Indian dominion and Hyderabad until a solution was reached. It was initially signed for a one-year period during which the Indian government would not exercise any authority over Hyderabad. Reasons for Launching Operation Polo Geographical Significance of Hyderabad: Hyderabad, located in the Deccan, was one of the most populous and prosperous states in India. It encompassed 17 districts, including Aurangabad (now in Maharashtra) and Gulbarga (now in Karnataka). Desire for Relations with Pakistan: Despite not sharing a common border with Pakistan, the landlocked Hyderabad state had a predominantly Hindu population with Muslim rulers. The Nizam aimed to establish friendly relations with Pakistan. Actions of the Razakars: During this period, the Nizam’s administration capitalized on the standstill agreement with India. It expanded the Razakars, an irregular paramilitary force led by Maj Gen SA El Edroos, who was the Arab commander in chief of the Hyderabad state forces. The Razakars were created to support the Nizam’s rule and resisted Hyderabad’s integration into newly independent India. Razakar Atrocities: The Razakars, primarily composed of local radical Muslim volunteers loyal to the Nizam’s regime, carried out atrocities. They persecuted Hindus, forcibly converting them to Islam, and engaged in violence, including killing, raping women, and causing Hindu sympathizers to flee the state. Operation Polo was launched to bring an end to these issues and to integrate Hyderabad into the newly formed Indian Union. Operation Polo on the Ground Indian Military Leadership: The Indian forces were under the leadership of Major General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri, who served as the General Officer Commanding of 1 Armoured Division. Ceasefire Announcement: The Nizam of Hyderabad announced a ceasefire on September 17, signaling a halt to hostilities. Entry into Hyderabad: On September 18, Major General Chaudhuri and his forces entered Hyderabad city. Surrender of Maj Gen El Edroos: Major General SA El Edroos, the Arab commander in chief of the Hyderabad state forces and leader of the Razakars, surrendered to Major General Chaudhuri. Appointment as Military Governor: Following the surrender and successful integration of Hyderabad into India, Major General Chaudhuri was appointed as the Military Governor of Hyderabad, overseeing the administrative transition of the region into the Indian Union. -Source: Indian Express Challenges in Achieving Road Safety Targets in India Context: The India Status Report on Road Safety 2024, conducted by IIT Delhi, underscores the limited headway India has made towards the international objectives aimed at curtailing road accident deaths. This report serves as a critical evaluation of the current measures and highlights the pressing need for enhanced strategies and implementations to significantly reduce the incidence of traffic-related fatalities in the nation. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Overview of Road Safety in India Strategic Approaches for Enhancing Road Safety Overview of Road Safety in India: Data Sources: Analysis based on FIRs from Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh, along with state compliance audits regarding Supreme Court road safety mandates. Mortality and Health Impact: Road traffic injuries ranked as the 13th leading cause of death and the 12th leading cause of health deterioration in India in 2021, as per Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Regional Disparities in Road Safety: Variability: Significant differences in road traffic death rates exist across various states. High and Low Rates: Tamil Nadu, Telangana, and Chhattisgarh witnessed the highest death rates, while West Bengal and Bihar had the lowest in 2021. Contribution to Fatalities: States like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu contribute to nearly half of all road traffic fatalities in India. Vulnerabilities and Safety Measures: Most Vulnerable Users: Pedestrians, cyclists, and motorised two-wheeler riders face the greatest risks, with trucks causing the most accidents. Helmet Usage: Less than half of the motorised two-wheeler riders wear helmets consistently across only seven states. Safety Audits: Only a few states have conducted comprehensive audits on more than half of their National Highways. Deficiencies in Road Safety: Safety Infrastructure: Essential safety features like traffic calming, road markings, and signage are poorly implemented in most regions. Helmet and Trauma Care: Helmet usage in rural areas remains low and trauma care facilities are lacking, indicating a need for improvement. Goals and Comparisons: UN Safety Goals: Most states are not on track to meet the UN’s road safety target of halving traffic-related deaths by 2030. International Comparison: The report draws comparisons with countries like Sweden, which have superior road safety measures. Rising Fatalities: The likelihood of road fatalities in India has dramatically increased from 1990 to 2021, highlighting a significant rise in road accidents. Strategic Approaches for Enhancing Road Safety: Integrated Strategy: Encourage collaboration among transportation, health, and law enforcement sectors to form comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing traffic-related deaths and injuries. Incremental Safety Measures: Implement essential safety practices such as universal helmet use, adherence to traffic regulations, and regular vehicle maintenance. Data Utilization and Accessibility: National Database Development: Construct a detailed and accessible national database to aid policymakers, researchers, and law enforcement in monitoring and analyzing traffic trends and pinpointing areas of risk. Transparency and Accountability: Ensure public access to the national traffic data repository to improve transparency and accountability among all stakeholders involved in road safety. Monitoring and Evaluation: Continuously track and analyze traffic accident statistics to evaluate the effectiveness of road safety measures, legal changes, and infrastructural developments. Technological Advancements in Road Safety: Technology Integration: Employ advanced technologies including AI for traffic analysis, smart traffic signs, and sophisticated data analytics to bolster road safety measures integrated into the national database. -Source: The Hindu Windfall Tax Context: The government recently slashed the windfall tax on domestically produced crude oil to ‘nil’ per tonne. Relevance: GS III: Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What is a windfall tax? Why are countries levying windfall taxes now? What is a windfall tax? Windfall taxes are designed to tax the profits a company derives from an external, sometimes unprecedented event — for instance, the energy price-rise as a result of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. These are profits that cannot be attributed to something the firm actively did, like an investment strategy or an expansion of business. The U.S. Congressional Research Service (CRS) defines a windfall as an “unearned, unanticipated gain in income through no additional effort or expense”. Governments typically levy this as a one-off tax retrospectively over and above the normal rates of tax. One area where such taxes have routinely been discussed is oil markets, where price fluctuation leads to volatile or erratic profits for the industry. There have been varying rationales for governments worldwide to introduce windfall taxes, from redistribution of unexpected gains when high prices benefit producers at the expense of consumers, to funding social welfare schemes, and as a supplementary revenue stream for the government. Why are countries levying windfall taxes now? Prices of oil, gas, and coal have seen sharp increases since last year and in the first two quarters of the current year, although they have reduced recently. Pandemic recovery and supply issues resulting from the Russia-Ukraine conflict shored up energy demands, which in turn have driven up global prices. The rising prices meant huge and record profits for energy companies while resulting in hefty gas and electricity bills for households in major and smaller economies. Since the gains stemmed partly from external change, multiple analysts have called them windfall profits. -Source: The Hindu Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises Scheme Context: Women-owned micro and small enterprises will get enhanced credit guarantee coverage of 90 percent under the CGTMSE scheme, after its board approved the new guidelines recently. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Overview of CGTMSE: Launched by the Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (M/o MSME) and operational since January 2000. Aims to boost institutional credit accessibility to Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs), particularly those that are unserved or underserved within the MSME sector. Key Features: Launch Date: Officially started on August 30, 2000. Target Group: Focuses on providing credit to new entrepreneurs and those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds lacking collateral or third-party guarantees. Collaborative Establishment: Developed jointly by M/o MSME and the Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI). Funding Structure: Financial Support: Funded by contributions from the Government of India and SIDBI, maintaining a 4:1 ratio in favor of government support. Eligibility and Lending Parameters: Eligible Institutions: Includes Scheduled commercial banks, certain Regional Rural Banks, National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC), North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi), SIDBI, selected Small Finance banks, and NBFCs. Credit Facilities: Offers collateral-free credit support up to Rs. 5 crores. Guarantee coverage varies by enterprise size and borrower category, providing up to 85% coverage for micro-enterprises for credits up to Rs. 5 lakhs, and 75% for larger amounts up to Rs. 500 lakhs. Enhanced coverage for businesses in the North East Region and special categories such as women-owned MSMEs, SC/ST entrepreneurs, and businesses in Aspirational Districts. In Event of Default: Settlement Provisions: The trust handles claims by covering up to 75%, with specific cases allowing for 85% or 80% coverage, based on the borrower’s category. -Source: The Hindu Promotion of Seaweed Farming in India Context: The Department of Fisheries, under the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, has officially recognized the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) as a Centre of Excellence for seaweed cultivation. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Seaweeds Seaweeds refer to a diverse group of marine plants and algae found in oceans, rivers, lakes, and other aquatic environments. These organisms come in various colors including red, green, brown, and black, ranging from tiny forms to expansive underwater forests. Anchorage and Growth Seaweeds attach to substrates using root-like structures called “holdfasts,” which solely serve for anchorage without nutrient absorption, unlike terrestrial plant roots. Typically, seaweeds exhibit distinct zonation patterns, thriving in shallow waters up to 50 meters (approximately 165 feet) deep. Utilization and Benefits Culinary and Commercial Use: Many seaweed types are edible and hold significant commercial value. Agricultural Application: Often utilized as fertilizers or for their polysaccharide content. Health Benefits: Antioxidant Properties: Seaweeds are rich in antioxidants that shield the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Fat Metabolism: Studies indicate that certain compounds in seaweeds boost the production of proteins that effectively metabolize fat. Diabetes Management: Consuming seaweed may regulate blood sugar levels, aiding in diabetes management. Anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial: Contains compounds that offer anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial benefits. Industrial Uses: Manufacturing Additives: Used as binding agents or emulsifiers in products like toothpaste and fruit jellies. Cosmetic Applications: Act as softening agents in various organic skincare and cosmetic products. -Source: The Hindu Anusandhan National Research Foundation Context: Recently, the first meeting of the governing board of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) was chaired by the Prime Minister.  Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Anusandhan National Research Foundation Overview It aims to bolster India’s research potential and nurture a robust research culture across academic and research institutions. Launching several key programs including the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR), Mission for Advancement in High-impact Areas (MAHA), and ANRF Centres of Excellence (ACE). Key Programs and Strategies PAIR (Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research): Purpose: To cultivate partnerships between leading and emerging research institutions. Structure: Operates on a Hub and Spoke model to maximize collaborative research efforts. MAHA (Mission for Advancement in High-impact Areas): Focus: Prioritizes rapid development in crucial sectors such as EV Mobility and Advanced Materials. Approach: Driven by a solution-oriented and priority-focused research methodology. ANRF Centres of Excellence: Goal: To establish premier research facilities that offer advanced infrastructure for cutting-edge studies across various disciplines. Funding and Legislative Support Establishment: Formed under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023. Mandate: To seed, expand, and perpetuate a culture of innovation and research nationally. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 September 2024

CONTENTS Phase IV of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Centre for Rural Enterprise Acceleration through Technology  Phase IV of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Context: The Union Cabinet has approved the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana – IV (PMGSY-IV) for the period 2024-25 to 2028-29, aiming to enhance rural connectivity by constructing 62,500 km of new all-weather roads. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a nationwide plan in India to provide good all-weather road connectivity to unconnected villages. This Centrally Sponsored Scheme was introduced in 2000. The PMGSY is under the authority of the Ministry of Rural Development. PMGSY – Phase I PMGSY – Phase I was launched in 2000 as a 100 % centrally sponsored scheme with an objective to provide single all-weather road connectivity to eligible unconnected habitation of designated population size for overall socio-economic development of the areas. PMGSY – Phase II The Phase II of PMGSY was approved in 2013, and while the ongoing PMGSY – I continued – under PMGSY phase II, the roads already built for village connectivity was to be upgraded to enhance rural infrastructure. For the 12th Five Year Plan period a target of 50,000 Km length under PMGSY-II. 75 per cent of the cost of the upgradation was by the Centre and 25 per cent by the state. For hill states, desert areas, Schedule V areas and Naxal-affected districts, 90 per cent of cost was borne by the Centre. PMGSY – Phase III The Phase III was approved by the Cabinet in 2019. It involves consolidation of Through Routes and Major Rural Links connecting habitations to Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs), Higher Secondary Schools and Hospitals. Under the PMGSY-III Scheme, it is proposed to consolidate 1,25,000 Km road length in the States, and the duration of the scheme is 2019-20 to 2024-25. The funds would be shared in the ratio of 60:40 between the Centre and State for all States except for 8 North Eastern and 3 Himalayan States (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh & Uttarakhand) for which it is 90:10. PMGSY – Phase IV Announcement: Phase IV of the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was introduced in the Union Budget for the fiscal year 2024-25. Objective: To connect 25,000 villages with all-weather roads. Budget Allocation: Rs 19,000 crore has been allocated for this phase for the financial year 2024-25 (FY-25). Centre for Rural Enterprise Acceleration through Technology Context: Recently, the union Minister for the Ministry of Micro,Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) inaugurated the Centre for Rural Enterprise Acceleration through Technology (CREATE) setup at Leh through virtual mode. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Centre for Rural Enterprise Acceleration through Technology (CREATE) CREATE is designed to enhance productivity, quality, and economic opportunities, thereby improving the livelihoods of local communities, especially in regions like Ladakh. The center aims to advance rural industrialization and stimulate enterprise creation to preserve the craftsmanship of traditional artisans. Facilities Provided: Pashmina Wool Roving Facility: A dedicated facility for processing Pashmina wool, equipped with the necessary machinery which is already installed, commissioned, and operational. Training Programs: Comprehensive training modules for developing facilities for essential oil extraction from roses and other flowers, and for bio-processing fruits and other raw materials. Pashmina Wool Pashmina is a premium variety of spun cashmere, known for its soft, fine animal-hair fiber, derived from the downy undercoat of the Changthangi goat. This wool is harvested from the Capra hircus breed of mountain goats, indigenous to the Changthang Plateau in Tibet and parts of Ladakh, renowned for their luxurious fiber.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 September 2024

Content: Balancing Fertilizer Use and Sustainability: The Emerging Challenges Harnessing India’s Demographic Dividend for Sustainable Economic Growth Balancing Fertilizer Use and Sustainability: The Emerging Challenges Context: The growing competition for critical minerals and chemicals like rock phosphate and ammonia, used both in fertilizers and the manufacturing of electric vehicle batteries, has raised concerns about the future availability of these materials. This competition has led to calls for more efficient use of fertilizers, especially in countries like India, which are highly dependent on imports for their agricultural and industrial needs. Relevance: General Studies Paper III (Economic Development and Agriculture) Mains Question: Discuss the challenges posed by the increasing competition for resources like rock phosphate and ammonia, which are critical for both fertilizer production and emerging industries such as electric vehicle batteries. What strategies can be implemented to ensure sustainable use of these resources in agriculture? Importance of Fertilizers in Agriculture: Chemical fertilizers like di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea are essential for boosting agricultural productivity. These fertilizers are derived from minerals like rock phosphate and ammonia, which are also critical inputs for other industries like petrochemicals and electric vehicle battery production. As global demand for these minerals increases due to the growth of industries like electric vehicles (EVs), agriculture is facing new competition, potentially leading to shortages and higher prices for fertilizers. The Impact of Resource Competition: Countries like Morocco, China, Egypt, and Tunisia are key producers of phosphoric acid, which is used to make DAP and other fertilizers. However, the shift towards using these materials in lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could limit their availability for agriculture, raising concerns about a “food versus cars” dilemma, similar to the food vs. fuel debate in biofuel production. India, which imports nearly half of its natural gas and has limited reserves of critical minerals like phosphate and potash, is particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in global supply and prices. Challenges with Overuse and Subsidies: India’s government heavily subsidizes fertilizers like urea and DAP, but this has led to issues with over-application and soil degradation. For example, farmers tend to overuse high-analysis fertilizers like DAP, which has 46% phosphorus content, due to the heavy subsidies. This creates inefficiencies, as crops only absorb a small fraction of the nutrients, with the rest leaching into the environment and causing pollution. The government has tried to address this through the nutrient-based subsidy scheme, but it has not been enough to curb overuse. The growing cost of imports and the environmental impacts make it necessary to reconsider the current subsidy structure and promote more efficient nutrient management. Solutions for Sustainable Fertilizer Use: There is a need to cap or reduce the consumption of high-analysis fertilizers like DAP and encourage farmers to switch to more sustainable alternatives. Efficient nutrient application techniques such as precision farming and the use of complexes and water-soluble fertilizers can reduce waste and improve yields. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt soil testing and customized nutrient management plans that optimize fertilizer use based on crop needs and local soil conditions. Innovations like the use of bio-fertilizers and organic farming methods can also play a role in reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. Additional Data: DAP Composition: 46% phosphorus content, widely used in Indian agriculture. India’s Fertilizer Imports: Nearly half of natural gas and most phosphate and potash requirements are met through imports. Conclusion: With the increasing competition for critical resources like ammonia and rock phosphate, balancing fertilizer use between agriculture and emerging industries like electric vehicles has become a pressing issue. Governments and policymakers must promote efficient nutrient management, reduce subsidies for overused fertilizers, and encourage sustainable farming practices to ensure food security while supporting industrial growth. Harnessing India’s Demographic Dividend for Sustainable Economic Growth Context: India is the fastest-growing major economy, and its demographic advantage is a key driver of this rise. With a median age of 28 years and 63% of the population in the working-age group, India stands at a pivotal moment where it can leverage this young, dynamic population to fuel long-term economic growth. However, challenges like low labor force participation, skill deficits, and structural economic issues need to be addressed to fully realize this potential. Relevance: General Studies Paper III (Economic Development) Mains Question: How can India harness its demographic dividend to ensure sustained economic growth? Discuss the role of reforms, skill development, and technology in this process. Demographic Dividend: A Key Economic Driver: With 55.2% labor force participation in 2022 (ILO), India benefits from a large working-age population. However, this dividend could turn into a liability without adequate policies to absorb the growing labor force. The Economic Survey of 2022-23 highlighted the need for reforms to boost productivity and labor-intensive growth sectors to utilize the demographic dividend. Ongoing Reforms and the Need for Labor Law Overhauls: India must continue with structural reforms that improve ease of doing business, labor law flexibility, and industrial production. Sectors like Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), which provide significant employment, are currently hampered by outdated labor regulations and compliance burdens. Parliament’s delay in passing new labor codes has created uncertainty, stalling investment in labor-intensive industries. States with advanced manufacturing ecosystems could play a pioneering role in adopting these reforms and breaking this gridlock. Focus on High-Potential Sectors: To create jobs, India needs to focus on labor-intensive sectors such as apparel, textiles, tourism, and logistics. These sectors have the potential to absorb the workforce currently employed in agriculture (45%) and those in the unorganized sector (19%). This shift can be facilitated by focusing on value-added services and higher productivity roles once workers in these sectors upgrade their skills. The Role of Skill Development: India faces a significant skill gap: only 4.4% of the workforce between the ages of 15-29 has formal skills training. Bridging this gap is critical to ensuring that India’s youth are equipped to meet the demands of a dynamic and rapidly evolving economy. Skilling must be continuous. The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 places a strong emphasis on cognitive skills and critical thinking, but it must be updated periodically to reflect the changing demands of the job market. Public-private partnerships in skill development, such as those involving industry-driven curricula and apprenticeship programs, can address skill shortages and enhance employment opportunities. AI and Automation: Opportunity or Threat? With the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), there is growing concern that tasks requiring low skills will be automated, potentially displacing large segments of the workforce. However, AI and ML also present significant opportunities. According to Statista, the global AI/ML market is expected to grow nine times to reach $826.73 billion by 2030. India, with its second-largest talent pool in AI/ML, can capitalize on this opportunity by ensuring that workers are equipped with the skills necessary to thrive in a tech-driven economy. Additional Data: Labor Force Participation (2022): 55.2% (ILO). Formal Skills Training: Only 4.4% of youth aged 15-29 have received formal skills training. AI/ML Market: Expected to reach $826.73 billion by 2030 (Statista). Conclusion: India’s demographic dividend presents both an opportunity and a challenge. To ensure that this advantage translates into sustainable economic growth, the government must prioritize labor law reforms, investment in skill development, and the adoption of emerging technologies like AI. By fostering labor-intensive sectors and upgrading the workforce’s skills, India can maintain its growth trajectory and secure long-term prosperity. The Evolving Landscape of the Death Penalty in India Context: The Aparajita Woman and Child (West Bengal Criminal Laws Amendment) Bill, 2024 introduces the death penalty for rape under certain circumstances, following a brutal rape and murder case in Kolkata. This addition to India’s criminal justice framework raises significant ethical and legal questions regarding the continued use of the death penalty in India, particularly in cases involving sexual violence against women and children. Relevance: General Studies Paper II (Governance and Social Justice) Mains Question: Critically evaluate the use of the death penalty in India’s criminal justice system, particularly in the context of gender-based violence. What are the arguments for and against the continued use of capital punishment? Background and Recent Developments: The Aparajita Bill (2024), passed by the West Bengal Government, seeks to amend the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, and introduce the death penalty for the crime of rape under specific conditions. It is an extension of India’s broader shift toward harsher penalties for sexual violence, a trend seen in other states as well. Globally, many countries have moved away from the death penalty. According to Amnesty International, 144 countries have either abolished or do not practice the death penalty. However, India, along with other South Asian countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan, retains the death penalty for certain crimes, especially involving children, women, and vulnerable populations. Gender-Based Violence and Capital Punishment: The new Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita increases the number of offenses punishable by death from 12 to 18, focusing particularly on sexual violence. However, critics argue that simply increasing punishments does not address the root causes of gender-based violence. The Justice Verma Committee, formed after the 2012 Nirbhaya case, argued that the death penalty does not act as a deterrent to sexual violence. Instead, it recommended focusing on police reforms, improving investigation procedures, and ensuring speedy trials to prevent such crimes. Marginalized Communities and the Death Penalty: Data shows that a disproportionate number of individuals on death row in India come from marginalized communities, such as Dalits, Adivasis, and religious minorities. These communities often lack access to proper legal representation, further complicating the fairness of the death penalty. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reported 31,516 cases of rape in 2022. Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh accounted for the highest number of cases, with thousands of women from marginalized communities among the victims. International and Global Trends: Globally, there is a clear movement toward abolition of the death penalty. Countries like the Maldives and Sri Lanka have abolished it for all crimes. However, nations like Bangladesh and Pakistan still retain it for severe offenses, particularly sexual violence and terrorism. Complex Socio-Legal Issues: The Aparajita Bill reflects an increasing reliance on punitive justice as a response to heinous crimes. While it seeks to protect vulnerable sections of society, especially women and children, it raises concerns about whether punitive measures alone can curb violence. Critics argue that India needs to adopt a holistic approach to combating violence against women, focusing on education, awareness, and rehabilitation rather than relying solely on harsh punishments like the death penalty. Additional Data: NCRB Report (2022): 31,516 cases of rape in India. Amnesty International (2023): 144 countries have abolished or do not practice the death penalty. Conclusion: The death penalty remains a controversial subject in India, especially in cases involving sexual violence. While it offers a sense of retributive justice, questions persist regarding its effectiveness as a deterrent and its potential to disproportionately affect marginalized communities. A comprehensive reform that includes legal protections, awareness, and social change is necessary to address the root causes of gender-based violence.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 September 2024

CONTENTS Resilience of Historical Fort vs Recent Collapse: Sindhudurg’s Tale of Timelessness Investing in Precision Agriculture: Launch of Smart Precision Horticulture The Case of Manipur’s Unrest: Use of Emergency Provisions New Structure for Start-up India Initiative Nipah Virus Cellulitis Disease Resilience of Historical Fort vs Recent Collapse: Sindhudurg’s Tale of Timelessness Context: In a striking contrast of durability and historical craftsmanship, the recently unveiled 35-foot statue of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj at Rajkot Fort in Malvan, Sindhudurg district, collapsed within a year of its installation. This event sharply contrasts with the enduring Sindhudurg Fort, constructed by Shivaji Maharaj 357 years ago. Unlike the modern installation, Sindhudurg Fort has withstood the test of time, underscoring its significant role in historical military operations, including the Surat raids which also helped finance its construction. This juxtaposition highlights the lasting legacy of traditional engineering and strategic planning from centuries past. Relevance: GS I: History Dimensions of the Article: Key Facts about the Sindhudurg Fort Overview of the Surat Raids by Shivaji Maharaj About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Key Facts about the Sindhudurg Fort Construction Timeline: Began on 25th November 1664, completed on 29th March 1667. Location: Situated on the island of Kurte in the Arabian Sea, meticulously selected by Shivaji Maharaj and Hiroji Indulkar. Cost: Estimated construction cost was one crore hons, a significant gold currency during Shivaji’s reign. Strategic Vision: Aimed to establish maritime control and bolster economic stability through a formidable navy. Defense Strategy: Positioned to control maritime access and protect against colonial forces such as the Siddis and Portuguese. Architectural Features: The fort is renowned for its serpentine wall stretching four kilometers, standing ten meters high with 45 stairways, and equipped with extensive military facilities. Iconic Features: Features a south-facing statue of Hanuman at the entrance, supported by additional fortifications such as Padmagad, Sarjekot, and Rajkot. Current Status: Sindhudurg Fort stands as a resilient symbol of Maratha naval prowess and strategic acumen, preserved as a historic landmark. Overview of the Surat Raids by Shivaji Maharaj Strategic Relevance of Surat: Known as the preeminent commercial hub of the Mughal Empire, located along the Tapi river. Economic Significance: Central trade hub for Mughal commerce with Europeans, Iranians, Arabs, and a transit point for pilgrims heading to Mecca. Objective: The raids targeted Surat to disrupt Mughal economic foundations and assert Maratha dominance. First Raid (January 1664): Swiftly executed, catching Mughal defenses unprepared, leading to substantial plunder. Impact of the First Raid: Triggered a strategic shift of English trading operations from Surat to Bombay. The Portuguese transferred control of Bombay to the English shortly after. Second Raid (October 1670): Another lucrative raid, extracting wealth valued approximately at Rs 6.6 million, focusing primarily on the extraction of valuable resources while sparing European merchants. Strategic Outcomes: These raids were critical in undermining Mughal economic stability and demonstrated the strategic and military capabilities of the Marathas, with Shivaji Maharaj taking measures to minimize civilian impact and focusing on weakening Mughal authority. About Chhatrapati Shivaji  Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort in Pune. He was born to Shahaji Bhonsle, a Maratha general who ruled the Bijapur Sultanate’s jagirs of Pune and Supe.  Shivaji’s mother was Jijabai, a devout woman who had a strong religious influence on him. Shivaji’s name was derived from the name of a provincial deity, Goddess Shivai. He created the Maratha Empire by carving out an enclave from the crumbling Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur. He was formally crowned Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his dominion in Raigad in 1674. Religious tolerance and functional integration of the Brahmans, Marathas, and Prabhus ensured the kingdom’s security. With the support of a disciplined military and well-structured administrative organisations, he constructed a competent and progressive civil rule. He had a ministerial council (Asht Pradhan) to advise him on state problems, but he was not bound by it. He had the authority to appoint or fire them. He pioneered non-conventional methods (guerrilla warfare) and used strategic elements such as terrain, speed, and surprise to innovate military tactics. To defeat his larger and more powerful opponents, he concentrated on pinpoint attacks. Although the courageous warrior died in 1680, he is remembered for his bravery and intelligence. Shivaji and the Mughals Shivaji’s meteoric rise posed challenges to the suzerainty of the Mughals. His first direct encounter with the Mughals was during Aurangzeb’s Deccan campaigns of the 1650s. As Aurangzeb went North to fight for the Mughal throne, Shivaji was able to seize further territory. His tactics against the Mughals were adapted to the specific nature of his force and the flabby Mughal armies. Using swift cavalry attacks, he would raid and pillage Mughal strongholds. While on the rare occasion he would engage in battle to actually capture and hold Mughal positions, most often, he would simply cause much menace, raid the treasury, and leave with the Mughals in terror and disarray. Famously, in 1664, he attacked the port of Surat (now in Gujarat) and plundered one of the richest and busiest commercial towns of Mughal India while the local governor hid in a nearby fort. As the legend of Shivaji and the physical sphere of his influence grew, Aurangzeb sent a 100,000-strong, well-equipped army under Raja Jai Singh I to subdue him in 1665. After putting up a valiant fight, Shivaji was besieged in the Purandar hill fort. -Source: Indian Express Investing in Precision Agriculture: Launch of Smart Precision Horticulture Context: The Indian Government is set to allocate Rs 6,000 crore to advance precision farming, launching the Smart Precision Horticulture Programme under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH). This strategic move aims to enhance the efficiency and productivity of the horticulture sector by integrating modern farming techniques that optimize resource usage and improve crop yields, thereby bolstering India’s agricultural framework. Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Proposed Precision Farming Scheme Precision Farming Precision Farming in India Proposed Precision Farming Scheme Objective: To promote precision farming through the utilization of advanced technologies. Budget Allocation: The Indian government plans to allocate Rs 6,000 crore to support this initiative. Technological Integration: Utilization of IoT, AI, drones, and data analytics to boost productivity. Focus on enhancing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts. Program Development: Under the Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), the Smart Precision Horticulture Programme is being developed. Coverage: The program aims to encompass 15,000 acres over five years (2024-25 to 2028-29). It targets benefiting approximately 60,000 farmers. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) Role: Provides financial support for infrastructure projects tailored to smart and precision agriculture. Loans with a 3% interest subvention are available to individual farmers, Farmer Producer Organizations, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, and Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Technological Practices Under the Scheme: Farm and harvest automation. Deployment of drones and specialized field sensors. Integration of blockchain and AI technologies. Employment of remote sensing and Internet of Things (IoT). International Collaborations: Collaborative efforts with countries like the Netherlands and Israel to import advanced farming solutions. Plans to establish 100 Centres of Excellence (CoEs) within five years, with 32 Indo-Israel CoEs already operational across 14 states. Precision Farming Precision farming is an advanced agriculture practice leveraging GPS, sensors, data analytics, drones, and remote sensing to enhance crop production accuracy. Goal: Optimize resource usage (water, fertilizers, pesticides) based on specific site conditions to boost yield, reduce waste, and lessen environmental impact. Benefits: Tailored Resource Management: Allows farmers to customize inputs based on crop needs, improving yield and efficiency. Resource Conservation: Ensures judicious use of resources, reducing production costs and environmental footprint. Sustainable Practices: Minimizes chemical use, reducing soil and water contamination and promoting eco-friendly farming. Data-Driven Decisions: Enables informed decision-making through real-time data, mitigating risks from weather variability and crop diseases. Challenges: High Costs: Significant investment required in technology and infrastructure, posing a barrier for small-scale farmers. Skill Gaps: Farmers need training to effectively use and interpret data from precision farming tools. Connectivity Issues: Limited internet access, particularly in rural areas, hampers the adoption of precision farming. Data Handling: Managing and interpreting large data volumes requires specialized skills and software. Precision Farming in India Current State: While globally integrated, precision farming in India is mainly developed for nutrient-use and water-use efficiency but is not yet a staple in mainstream farming. Government Initiatives: National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY): Focus on enhancing water-use efficiency and soil health. Digital Infrastructure: Introduction of a Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) to provide farmers with essential technology and information. Precision Farming Development Centres: 22 centers established across India to promote and develop precision farming technologies. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): Supports infrastructure development for precision farming, with additional AI and machine learning projects under the National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture. Coverage: Limited Adoption: Primarily in states like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh, mostly in large commercial farms with better irrigation facilities. Local Challenges: Fragmented Land Holdings: Small farm sizes complicate the implementation of advanced farming technologies. Economic and Educational Barriers: Many small farmers lack the funds and knowledge necessary to adopt high-tech solutions. Infrastructure Deficiencies: A substantial digital divide limits the effectiveness of precision farming tools in rural areas. -Source: Indian Express The Case of Manipur’s Unrest: Use of Emergency Provisions Context: Recent disturbances in Manipur have once again brought to the forefront the critical discussions surrounding Centre-State relations, specifically in the context of the Central government’s involvement in managing internal state crises. This resurgence of violence underscores the operational challenges and the importance of emergency provisions designed to address such exigencies effectively. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: What is an Emergency? Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? What is an Emergency? Definition: An emergency refers to legal provisions within a nation’s constitution or laws that allow the government to act swiftly in response to extraordinary circumstances like war, rebellion, or crises threatening the nation’s stability, security, sovereignty, or democracy. Articles: These provisions are detailed in Articles 352 to 360 under Part XVIII of the Constitution. Inspiration: The emergency clauses in the Indian Constitution are influenced by the Weimar Constitution of Germany. Significance: These provisions grant the executive branch temporary powers to bypass standard legislative procedures, restrict certain rights and freedoms, and implement policies that would usually be outside its jurisdiction under normal circumstances. Types of Emergency in the Indian Constitution National Emergency (Article 352): Conditions: Under Article 352, the President can declare a state of emergency if the nation’s security is threatened by war, external aggression (External Emergency), or armed rebellion (Internal Emergency). The term ‘armed rebellion’ was introduced by the 44th amendment, replacing ‘internal disturbance’. Powers: The declaration allows the executive to suspend fundamental rights (except Articles 20 and 21) and take necessary actions to manage the crisis. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within one month. If issued when the Lok Sabha is dissolved, it survives until 30 days after the first sitting of the reconstituted Lok Sabha, with Rajya Sabha’s approval. Duration: Once approved, the emergency can last for six months and be extended indefinitely with six-monthly parliamentary approvals by a special majority. Revocation: The President can revoke the emergency without parliamentary approval, but it must be revoked if the Lok Sabha passes a resolution by a simple majority. Scope: The proclamation can apply to the entire country or a specific part, as allowed by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. State Emergency or President Rule (Article 356): Imposition Examples: Maharashtra (2019): Imposed for a short period due to political uncertainty post-assembly elections. Uttarakhand (2020): Imposed briefly due to a political crisis involving a floor test. Uttar Pradesh (1991-1992): Following the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and ensuing instability. Punjab (1987-1992): Due to heightened militancy and internal disturbances. Judicial Review: The Supreme Court, in cases like S.R. Bommai vs Union of India (1994) and Rameshwar Prasad vs Union of India (2006), has set guidelines for the use of Article 356, establishing that imposing President’s Rule is subject to judicial review. The President’s satisfaction must be based on relevant material, and the State Legislative Assembly should only be dissolved after Parliament’s approval. Financial Emergency (Article 360): Conditions: The President can declare a financial emergency if the financial stability or credit of India or any part is threatened. Powers: During such an emergency, the President can reduce the salaries and allowances of all or any class of persons in civil services, including judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. The central government also gains control over state financial resources. Approval: The proclamation must be approved by both houses of Parliament within two months. If not approved, it ceases to have effect. The President can revoke or vary the proclamation at any time. History: Unlike national and state emergencies, a financial emergency has never been proclaimed in India. How Many Times Emergency was Imposed in India? Occurrences: National Emergency has been proclaimed 3 times in India: Indo-China War (1962): Declared due to “external aggression” during the Sino-Indian War. Indo-Pak War (1971): Imposed on grounds of “external aggression” during the Indo-Pakistani War. 1975-1977: The most controversial, declared due to “internal disturbance” amidst political unrest, leading to significant suspension of civil liberties. -Source: The Hindu New Structure for Start-up India Initiative Context: The Indian Government has announced a significant structural shift for its flagship Start-up India initiative. The program, initially managed under Invest India, will now be transitioned to a newly established non-profit entity. This change aims to streamline processes and enhance strategic alignments. Additionally, this new non-profit will also encompass the National Start-up Advisory Council, facilitating more integrated and focused support for India’s burgeoning start-up ecosystem. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: Invest India National Start-up Advisory Council (NSAC) Invest India Invest India acts as India’s official National Investment Promotion and Facilitation Agency. Established as a non-profit under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, its primary role is to facilitate and empower investors navigating the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Functions and Offerings: Sector-Specific Support: It focuses on targeted investor engagement and partnership development, fostering sustainable investments across various sectors. Comprehensive Assistance: From pre-investment to after-care, Invest India provides thorough support including market entry strategies, detailed industry analysis, and assistance with location and partner finding. Policy Advocacy: The agency plays a crucial role in representing investor interests with policymakers to enhance the business environment in India. Global and Local Partnerships: Collaborates with both global investment promotion bodies and multilateral organizations to bolster investment opportunities. Headquarters: New Delhi, India National Start-up Advisory Council (NSAC) The National Start-up Advisory Council, established by the DPIIT, serves to guide the Indian Government on crafting a robust ecosystem for startups, focusing on innovation and large-scale job creation. Objectives and Structure: Advisory Role: NSAC provides strategic recommendations on nurturing startup innovation, aiming to propel sustainable economic growth and job creation. Leadership: Chaired by the Minister for Commerce & Industry, it includes ex-officio members from relevant ministries and departments and non-official members comprising founders and veterans of successful Indian startups. Strategic Integration: The council embodies a collaborative platform for all principal stakeholders of the startup ecosystem, enhancing policy coherence and effective strategy implementation. -Source: The Hindu Nipah Virus Context: In response to the recent Nipah virus death in Malappuram district of Kerala, the state government has imposed strict containment measures in affected areas.  Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Nipah virus Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection Nipah Virus Spread and Past Outbreaks Nipah Virus Nipah virus is classified as a zoonotic disease, indicating that it is transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or via the consumption of contaminated food. Origin and Early Outbreak The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore, with its primary impact observed in pigs and individuals closely associated with them. The name “Nipah” is derived from the Malaysian village of Sungai Nipah, where this outbreak initially occurred. Since 1999, no new outbreaks have been reported in Malaysia. Family and Natural Hosts Nipah virus belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and shares a close relationship with the Hendra virus. The Paramyxoviridae family comprises a group of single-stranded RNA viruses responsible for causing infections in vertebrates. Fruit bats are the natural hosts for the Nipah virus, interestingly, these bats do not exhibit apparent signs of the disease themselves. Transmission to Humans The primary mode of transmission to humans occurs through contact with infected animals, especially fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes. Fruit bats are recognized as the principal carriers of the virus and can transmit it to other animals like pigs, dogs, cats, goats, horses, and sheep. The transmission from animals to humans is primarily facilitated through the consumption of contaminated food. Importantly, human-to-human transmission is also possible, primarily through close contact with the bodily fluids of individuals who are already infected. Signs, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Nipah Virus Infection Signs and Symptoms: Human infections caused by the Nipah virus can manifest across a wide spectrum, ranging from asymptomatic cases to more severe conditions, including acute respiratory infections and fatal encephalitis. Initial symptoms typically include fever, headaches, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting, and a sore throat. The incubation period, which is the time from infection to the onset of symptoms, is estimated to span 4 to 14 days. Diagnosis: Early signs and symptoms of Nipah virus infection are often nonspecific, and healthcare professionals may not initially suspect this disease. The diagnosis of Nipah virus infection can be established by considering clinical history during both the acute and convalescent phases of the illness. Diagnostic tests employed include the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on bodily fluids and the detection of antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment: As of now, there are no specific drugs or vaccines designed to target Nipah virus infection, although it has been recognized as a priority disease by the WHO Research and Development Blueprint. Management of Nipah virus infection primarily relies on intensive supportive care, particularly for individuals experiencing severe respiratory and neurologic complications. Nipah Virus Spread and Past Outbreaks Spread Rate: The Nipah virus is known for spreading at a slower pace compared to highly contagious viruses like SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). However, its potential to cause fatalities is a major concern. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the global case fatality rate of Nipah virus infection ranges from 40% to 75%. It’s worth noting that, to date, all outbreaks of the Nipah virus have been localized and contained relatively quickly. One key reason for the relatively swift containment of Nipah virus outbreaks is that it is not highly infectious, and human-to-human transmission is not easily facilitated. Furthermore, the virus’s high mortality rates contribute to lower transmission because it often leads to severe illness and death before extensive transmission can occur. Past Outbreaks: Nipah virus outbreaks have been documented in various locations over the years. Notable instances include: Malaysia and Singapore: The virus was first identified during an outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore. The outbreak was primarily associated with pigs and individuals working closely with them. Bangladesh (2001): Nipah virus was recognized in Bangladesh in 2001, and it has led to nearly annual outbreaks in the country since then. Eastern India: Periodic cases of the disease have also been identified in eastern India. Other Countries: Evidence of the virus has been found in the known natural reservoir, fruit bats, as well as several other bat species in multiple countries, including Cambodia, Ghana, Indonesia, Madagascar, the Philippines, and Thailand. -Source: Indian Express Cellulitis Disease Context Cellulitis disease, which used to affect a few people during the rainy season, is now widespread in the erstwhile Karimnagar district, Telangana Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Cellulitis Disease Cellulitis Disease Cellulitis is a severe bacterial skin infection. Common Sites: Typically occurs in the lower extremities (legs, feet, toes) but can affect any body part including the face, arms, hands, and fingers. Etiology: Often follows a breach in skin integrity due to injury or surgery, facilitating entry for bacteria such as streptococcus or staphylococcus. Symptoms of Cellulitis Appearance: The infected area becomes swollen, inflamed, warm, and painful. Additional Symptoms: May include blisters, skin dimpling, fatigue, chills, fever, and nausea. Complications: Without treatment, it may spread to lymph nodes and the bloodstream, posing severe health risks. Transmission and Treatment Contagiousness: Generally not contagious but can be contracted through direct contact with an open wound of an infected person. Management: Primarily involves antibiotic therapy to combat the infection. -Source: Indian Express

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 September 2024

CONTENTS Boosting India’s Blue Economy: New Initiatives Launched at PMMSY’s 4th Anniversary BHASKAR Platform  Boosting India’s Blue Economy: New Initiatives Launched at PMMSY’s 4th Anniversary Context: On the occasion of the fourth anniversary of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY), the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying announced a range of new initiatives aimed at transforming the fisheries sector. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Dimensions of the Article: About Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana Key Initiatives in Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector PM-Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) About Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) was launched in 2020 to bring about Blue Revolution through the sustainable development of the fisheries sector over a period of five years (2020-2025). It is an umbrella scheme to develop the fisheries sector with a total outlay of Rs. 20050 crores. It has two components The Central Sector Scheme (CS) component with a non-beneficiary-oriented scheme and a Beneficiary oriented scheme (Central Assistance for General Category – 40%; SC/ST/Women – 60%). A Central Sponsored Scheme (CSS) component also with a non-beneficiary-oriented scheme and Beneficiary oriented scheme. The different break-ups of funding are: Central Assistance for Northeastern States – 90%, Other States – 60%; and UTs – 100%. The areas expected to be covered by the PMMSY are: Fish production Fisheries productivity Quality of fisheries and aquaculture sectors Post-harvest infrastructure and management Modernization of value chain Welfare of the fishers and fish farmers Fisheries management framework Insurance coverage: The insurance coverage provided under the PMMSY includes Rs.5,00,000/- against accidental death or permanent total disability, Rs.2,50,000/- for permanent partial disability Hospitalization expenses in the event of accident for a sum of Rs. 25,000/-. The objectives of the PMMSY are: Develop fisheries and aquaculture sectors. Harness the potential of fisheries sector in a sustainable, responsible, inclusive and equitable manner Efficient use of land and water resources to enhance fish production and productivity. Modernize value chain considering post-harvest management and quality improvement. Double fishers and fish farmers’ incomes Generate employment in the fisheries sector. Enhance fisheries sector’s contribution to overall agricultural Gross Value Added (GVA) and exports. Provide social, economic and physical security to fish farmers and fishermen. Develop a robust fisheries management and regulatory framework. Key Initiatives in Fisheries and Aquaculture Sector National Fisheries Development Program Portal: A central portal for the fisheries community to register, access information, and receive support services. PM-Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) Guidelines: Provides a detailed framework for the implementation of the PM-MKSSY, aiming to enhance the livelihoods of the fishery community. Rangeen Machhli App: An application designed for the ornamental fisheries sector, providing resources and support for hobbyists, aquarium enthusiasts, and fish farmers. Amrit Catla: Introduction of a genetically enhanced variety of Catla fish to increase its distribution and accessibility to farmers nationwide. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP): Established for pearl cultivation, ornamental fisheries, and seaweed cultivation, focusing on sector-specific growth and sustainability. Climate Resilient Coastal Fishermen Villages (CRCFVs): Guidelines released for transforming 100 coastal villages into climate-resilient hubs. Pilot Project on Drone Technology: Employs drone technology for the transportation and monitoring of inland fisheries, aiming to boost efficiency and sustainability. Centres of Excellence: Designation of the Mandapam Regional Centre of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (ICAR-CMFRI) as a center for excellence, specifically for advancing seaweed farming and related research. Nucleus Breeding Centres (NBCs): Set up to improve seed quality through genetic enhancements of vital marine and inland species. Integrated Aqua Parks: Established in five states—Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Tripura, and Nagaland—to promote aquaculture activities and regional economic growth. PM-Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana (PM-MKSSY) The PM-MKSSY is a Central Sector Sub-scheme under the broader Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). Objective: The scheme is designed to formalize and invigorate the fisheries sector by supporting micro and small enterprises, thereby enhancing the entire fisheries value chain. Key Components of PM-MKSSY: National Fisheries Development Program (NFDP): Implementation of digital identities for approximately 40 lakh small and micro-enterprises in the fisheries sector. Financial Support: Allocation of financial aid to 6.4 lakh micro-enterprises and 5,500 fisheries cooperatives. Incentives for Expansion: Offers up to Rs 25,000 per hectare for agricultural expansions for farm sizes up to 4 hectares. Performance Grants: Provides performance-based grants of up to 25% of the total investment, with a ceiling of Rs 35 lakh for the general category and up to 35%, or Rs 45 lakh, for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and women-owned enterprises. Safety and Quality Incentives: Encourages small enterprises to implement safety and quality assurance systems. Funding and Duration: The program is backed by an investment of Rs 6,000 crore spread over four years, from FY 2023-24 to FY 2026-27, covering all Indian states and Union Territories. Beneficiaries: Direct Beneficiaries: Includes fishers, fish farmers, fish workers, and vendors actively involved in the fisheries value chain. Target Enterprises: Focuses on aiding proprietary firms, partnerships, companies, cooperatives, Self-Help Groups (SHGs), Fish Farmers Producer Organizations (FFPOs), and startups within the fisheries sector. BHASKAR Platform Context: The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry is set to launch a groundbreaking digital platform BHASKAR. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions BHASKAR Platform Overview BHASKAR stands for Bharat Startup Knowledge Access Registry. Part of the Startup India movement aimed at reinforcing the startup ecosystem in India. Purpose and Functionality Centralization: The platform is tailored to centralize and streamline interactions among various participants in the entrepreneurial ecosystem such as startups, investors, mentors, service providers, and government entities. Objective: Aims to create the largest digital registry for stakeholders involved in the startup ecosystem globally. Key Features Connectivity: Facilitates seamless connections across different sectors by bridging gaps between startups, investors, and mentors. Resource Accessibility: Provides immediate access to essential tools and knowledge, thereby accelerating decision-making and enhancing the efficiency of scaling operations. Personalization: Assigns a unique BHASKAR ID to each stakeholder to offer personalized interactions and tailored experiences on the platform. Search and Collaboration: Incorporates advanced search functionalities that allow users to quickly find relevant resources, collaborators, and opportunities. Global Outreach: Enhances India’s position as a global innovation hub, facilitating easier cross-border collaborations for startups and investors.

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