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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 19 August 2025

Content The path to ending global hunger runs through India Alaskan winds, India and the Trump-Putin summit What true empowerment of women entails The path to ending global hunger runs through India Global Context of Hunger and Nutrition Current status (2024 data): 673 million people undernourished globally (8.2% of population). Improvement from 688 million (2023), but still above pre-pandemic (7.3% in 2018). Regional disparities: Sub-Saharan Africa: highest prevalence (>20%). South Asia: large absolute numbers (India is decisive here). Latin America & East Asia: better recovery trajectory. Challenges beyond calories: Malnutrition (stunting, wasting), obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies rising globally. Cost of a healthy diet unaffordable for ~42% of the world’s population. SDG 2 (Zero Hunger by 2030): Global progress is off-track—at current pace, >500 million people may still be undernourished by 2030. Relevance : GS 2(Health , Poverty , Hunger) Practice Question : “India’s success in food security has global spillovers, but the next frontier lies in nutrition security.” Discuss India’s role in shaping the global hunger trajectory, highlighting key domestic challenges and opportunities for agrifood system transformation.(250 Words) India’s Decisive Role Decline in undernourishment: From 14.3% (2020–22) → 12% (2022–24). 30 million fewer hungry people despite pandemic disruptions. Absolute scale of intervention: PDS covers >800 million people. Largest food security programme in the world. Digital governance breakthroughs: Aadhaar-enabled targeting, biometric authentication. One Nation, One Ration Card → portability for 80 crore beneficiaries, crucial for migrants. Real-time inventory & e-POS → reduced leakages. Crisis response: During COVID-19, India scaled up food support rapidly, preventing a hunger catastrophe. Nutrition Challenge (Beyond Calories) Cost of healthy diet in India: Still unaffordable for 60%+ of the population. Barriers: high cost of pulses, fruits, vegetables, dairy, eggs, and meat; weak cold chains; inefficient farm-to-market links. Policy initiatives: PM POSHAN (midday meals, now nutrition-focused, dietary diversity). ICDS strengthened with fortified foods and maternal-child health focus. Rice, wheat fortification (iron, folic acid, B12) → address anaemia. Persistent issues: India still has high burden of child stunting and wasting (NFHS-5: 36% stunted, 19% wasted). Urban poor face rising obesity + micronutrient deficiency paradox. Agrifood System Transformation Why needed: India’s current food system is calorie-heavy (cereals) but nutrient-deficient. 13% of food lost between farm and market due to weak cold storage/logistics. Steps required: Production shift → more pulses, fruits, vegetables, dairy, and animal protein. Market & logistics reforms → cold storage, efficient transport, e-NAM linkages. Support local enterprises → FPOs, women-led SHGs, cooperatives with climate-resilient crops. Digital agritech → AgriStack, AI-based crop advisories, geospatial planning. Climate adaptation: Drought-resilient crops (millets), sustainable irrigation, crop diversification. India’s International Year of Millets (2023) was a global push for resilient nutrition. India’s Global Significance Scaling lessons for the Global South: India’s digital PDS + social protection model is being studied worldwide. Capacity to share agritech (AgriStack), cooperative models (Amul-type), and nutrition-sensitive schemes. Global food supply role: India is world’s largest rice exporter, major wheat and sugar exporter. Balances domestic security with global market stability. FAO recognition: India’s progress is a global public good—reducing hunger worldwide. Way Forward – From Feeding to Nourishing Key Priorities for India: Shift focus from food security → nutrition security. Make healthy diets affordable: subsidies for pulses/fruits, investment in cold chains. Strengthen maternal-child nutrition → stunting/wasting reduction. Integrate climate resilience into food systems. Tackle the double burden: undernutrition + obesity. Targets: Undernourishment <7% by 2030. Child stunting <20% by 2030. Logistics and agrifood transformation to cut food loss <5%. Comparative Snapshot (India vs Global Peers) Indicator (2024–25) Global India Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America Undernourishment % 8.2% 12% 20% 6% People affected 673M ~160M 280M+ ~40M Child stunting 22% 36% 35% 12% Obesity rising Yes Yes (urban poor) Yes Yes Cost of healthy diet unaffordable 42% 60% 75% 35% Big Picture The world is turning a corner on hunger, and India is a pivot. India’s digital welfare architecture + massive food security net prevented a post-pandemic hunger explosion. Next frontier = nutrition, affordability, and agrifood transformation. India’s choices will determine not just its own SDG 2 outcomes but the global hunger trajectory. Alaskan winds, India and the Trump-Putin summit Background Context Russia–Ukraine War (since Feb 2022): prolonged conflict, high global costs (energy, inflation, food insecurity). U.S.–Russia Dynamics: Trump 2.0 presidency has signaled a more transactional approach, seeking rapprochement with Russia. India’s Stakes: Strategic autonomy (balancing U.S. and Russia). Dependence on Russian defense and oil. Growing economic/strategic partnership with the U.S. (Indo-Pacific, Quad). The Alaska Summit: Expected to ease global tensions and indirectly relieve India from U.S. pressure over Russian oil imports and trade restrictions. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : Critically examine how the outcomes of the Alaska Summit exposed both the opportunities and vulnerabilities in India’s foreign policy strategy. In light of U.S. unpredictability, what lessons should India draw for sustaining strategic autonomy?(250 Words) Key Takeaways from Alaska Summit (a) For Russia & Ukraine Trump–Putin warmth indicates thaw in relations. U.S. engaging Zelenskyy + EU hints at possible trilateral peace talks. But outcomes remain ambiguous: U.S. focus is Trump’s image as peacemaker (possibly Nobel aspirations) rather than substantive resolution. (b) For India Disappointment: No rollback of 25% secondary sanctions on Indian imports of Russian oil. No revival of India–U.S. trade talks. Tariffs remain (50% reciprocal tariffs). Trump’s Counter-narrative: Claims credit for mediating India–Pakistan ceasefire (Operation Sindoor), undermining India’s official position. Selective Sanctions: U.S. punishes India while ignoring China’s larger Russian oil imports and even expanding U.S.–Russia trade → shows inconsistency, geopolitics > principles. Strategic Lessons for India (a) Avoid Over-reliance on Summitry & Personal Diplomacy Modi’s strategy of leader-to-leader chemistry (Howdy Modi, Namaste Trump, Xi–Modi informal summits) has not shielded India from shocks (Galwan, tariffs, sanctions). Need to return focus to substantive agreements (trade, defense, tech) rather than optics. (b) Reclaim Strategic Autonomy India broke its tradition of accepting only UN-sanctioned embargoes (e.g., Iranian oil in 2018). This emboldened U.S. to dictate terms again (Russian oil). Lesson: Stick to principles; resisting unilateral U.S. sanctions earns Global South support and grudging Western acceptance. (c) Bipartisan Engagement in U.S. Politics India erred by appearing close to Trump (2019–20 rallies), which irritated Democrats. Later tilt toward Biden annoyed Trump. Lesson: Maintain balanced ties with both U.S. parties, avoid perception of favoritism. (d) Diversify Global Partnerships Strengthen ties with Japan, China (SCO), Russia (Putin’s visit), G-20 (South Africa), BRICS, and Global South. Expand trade alternatives (ASEAN, Africa, EU) to reduce vulnerability to U.S. tariffs. (e) Prepare Countermeasures If U.S. hurts Indian interests (tariffs, remittance taxes, FDI curbs), India must: Impose reciprocal trade barriers. Incentivize non-U.S. investments (EU, Gulf, East Asia). Accelerate Atmanirbhar Bharat (domestic manufacturing resilience). Broader Implications Geopolitical Signaling: Trump’s selective targeting of India shows U.S. pressure is about leverage and prestige, not consistency. India’s Vulnerability: Being a “swing state” in global geopolitics makes India both sought-after and pressured. Agency at Stake: India must avoid being a passive recipient of outcomes decided in Washington, Moscow, or Alaska — and instead shape its own space. Way Forward for India Stick to Principles: Only honor UN sanctions; assert autonomy on oil/energy security. Strategic Balancing: Deepen ties with Russia (energy, defense), U.S. (technology, Indo-Pacific), EU (climate, trade), Japan (infrastructure), Africa/LatAm (markets). Build Domestic Resilience: Reduce reliance on U.S. markets (tariff-sensitive) by diversifying exports. Strengthen Multipolar Forums: BRICS, SCO, G20, Quad — to offset U.S. unilateralism. Diplomatic Professionalism: Institutionalize foreign policy beyond “Modi–X chemistry” → empower MEA, diversify leadership channels. Bottom Line: The “Alaska Moment” may shape Ukraine’s peace prospects, but for India it highlighted the risks of overpersonalized diplomacy, U.S. unpredictability, and dependence on external summits for relief. India’s best course is a principled, multipolar, autonomous strategy, reducing vulnerability to U.S. whims while expanding global influence. What true empowerment of women entails Context and Case Significance The convicted: Prajwal Revanna, ex-Janata Dal (Secular) MP, grandson of former PM H.D. Deve Gowda, accused in a sexual assault case. The survivor: A 47-year-old domestic help — with no political, economic, or media power. The uniqueness: Unlike many past cases of “justice denied” in India, this survivor resisted intimidation, social stigma, and systemic delays, and continued her legal fight. Symbolism: The case represents a test of whether India’s justice system can protect the powerless against entrenched political privilege. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question: “True empowerment of women is measured not in boardrooms, but in the ability of the most powerless survivor to access justice.” Discuss this statement in the context of recent developments in India, highlighting structural reforms needed in the justice and survivor support ecosystem.(250 Words) Structural Problems in India’s Justice & Empowerment Framework Power asymmetry: Most survivors without wealth/networks face crushing odds — delayed FIRs, hostile lawyers, witness intimidation, endless adjournments. Selective “empowerment”: India glorifies elite women leaders/entrepreneurs, while grassroots survivors (domestic workers, laborers, Dalit women) receive little recognition or structural support. Survivor fatigue: Legal battles leave survivors economically drained, socially isolated, and professionally unemployable. Optics vs reality: State and media amplify “victory” at verdict but fail to support survivors after trial — often pushing them back into unsafe environments. Why This Case Matters for India’s Gender Justice Redefinition of empowerment: Moves debate away from boardrooms & awards → towards survival, justice, and dignity. Strengthening jurisprudence: Every such conviction emboldens other women to file complaints, creating legal precedents. Public service dimension: The survivor’s courage indirectly strengthens access to justice for thousands of others. The Gaps Exposed Post-verdict vacuum: Survivors are left with stigma, unemployment, and debts. Legal aid weakness: Free legal aid exists on paper (Art. 39A, Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987) but remains underfunded, poorly staffed, and often inaccessible. Psychosocial neglect: No structured trauma recovery ecosystem exists — leaving survivors vulnerable to PTSD, depression, or social exclusion. Lack of institutional recognition: Survivors’ lived experiences are rarely integrated into legal or policy mechanisms (e.g., ICCs under POSH Act are dominated by lawyers/bureaucrats, not survivor-mentors). Comparative Global Lessons United States: The Victims of Crime Act (1984) created a Crime Victims Fund for compensation and support services. South Africa: Thuthuzela Care Centres provide one-stop medico-legal, psychosocial, and prosecutorial support for sexual assault survivors. Europe: EU Victims’ Rights Directive mandates financial compensation, counselling, and information rights for survivors. Lesson for India: Move beyond case-by-case sympathy → build institutional guarantees of survivor dignity and rehabilitation. Suggested Policy Reforms (Way Forward) State-funded survivor compensation schemes: Modeled on terrorism/accident victims’ compensation. Cover legal fees + provide minimum income security. Dedicated legal aid & litigation cells: Specialised advocates, forensic experts, survivor officers funded at par with prosecutors. Employment pathways: Public sector quotas or CSR-backed private hiring for survivors. Psychological and trauma recovery: State-funded long-term therapy, survivor support groups, peer networks. Institutionalising survivor expertise: Survivors as counsellors in police stations. Mentors in legal education. Members of Internal Complaints Committees under POSH. Philosophical Takeaway Why single out survivors like this? They challenge entrenched impunity and political privilege, often at enormous personal risk. Supporting them sends a deterrent message to abusers: silencing victims comes at a higher cost. Beyond applause: Justice must be followed by rehabilitation, livelihood security, and social reintegration. Otherwise, empowerment remains rhetorical, not real. Broader Implications for India Justice credibility: A legal system that only the privileged can afford erodes democratic legitimacy. Gender empowerment: True empowerment is measured not by CEOs on magazine covers, but by whether the most powerless woman can access justice. Policy evolution: From symbolism → systemic change; from “optics of empowerment” → structural guarantees of survivor dignity.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 19 August 2025

Content Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Nominated Members in Legislatures Toll Collection Practices in India Ethanol Blending in Petrol Creamy Layer in OBC Reservation Nationalists in Ireland, India: How a Future Indian President was Inspired The Disease: Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) Causative Agent: Caused by Naegleria fowleri (a free-living, thermophilic amoeba). Commonly found in warm freshwater (ponds, lakes, poorly maintained swimming pools, stagnant water). Mode of Transmission: Amoeba enters the human body through the nose while swimming, bathing, or diving in contaminated water. Reaches the brain through the olfactory nerve (cribriform plate). Not transmitted person-to-person. Pathophysiology: Amoeba invades the central nervous system → acute inflammation of brain and meninges. Causes Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) → often fatal. Relevance : GS 2(Health), GS 3(Science and Technology)   Symptoms & Clinical Course Incubation period: 5–10 days after exposure. Early Symptoms: Severe headache, fever, nausea, vomiting. Stiff neck, photophobia (light sensitivity). Children: refusal to eat, irritability, lethargy. Progressive Symptoms: Confusion, altered behavior. Seizures, epilepsy. Memory loss, fainting. Coma → death (usually within 1–2 weeks of symptom onset). Mortality: Extremely high (95–99%), with very few survivors globally. Risk Factors Swimming or bathing in stagnant or warm freshwater (especially during summer). Children at higher risk (due to thinner cribriform plate → easier entry to brain). Ear/nose surgeries or injuries may increase susceptibility. No risk from drinking contaminated water (infection occurs only through nose). Recent Outbreak in Kerala Kozhikode (2024): 3 cases detected, 1 death reported. Previous local outbreaks in Kerala had led to warning boards near ponds to alert public. Current alert: Issued by Kerala Health Department to raise awareness and encourage precaution. Preventive Measures Avoid swimming or bathing in stagnant/unclean ponds, lakes, and warm water bodies. Use nose clips while swimming to prevent water entry. Ensure chlorination and cleaning of public water sources and swimming pools. People with nasal/ear surgeries should avoid exposure to stagnant water. Public awareness campaigns: leaflets, boards near ponds, media outreach. Treatment Challenges No single guaranteed cure. Drugs used (in combinations): Amphotericin B, Miltefosine, Azoles (Fluconazole, Ketoconazole). Treatment effective only if started very early. Supportive care (ICU, ventilator support) often required. Broader Public Health Concerns Rarity but Deadliness: Cases are rare, but nearly always fatal → high fear factor. Climate Change Link: Rising temperatures and water stagnation may increase risk. Surveillance & Rapid Diagnosis: Need early identification at hospitals. Train health workers to recognize neurological symptoms after water exposure. Bottom Line: PAM is a rare but almost always fatal brain infection caused by Naegleria fowleri. Kerala’s alert in Kozhikode is precautionary due to recent cases and a death. Preventive steps (avoiding stagnant water, using nose clips, awareness campaigns) are critical, as treatment options are limited and survival rates are very low. Nominated Members in Legislatures Constitutional Provisions: Parliament: 12 nominated members in Rajya Sabha (by President on aid & advice of Union Council of Ministers). State Assemblies: Earlier, Governors nominated one Anglo-Indian MLA (now abolished in 2020). Legislative Councils: Nearly 1/6th of members are nominated by Governors (on advice of State Council of Ministers). Principle: Nomination exists to bring in experts, minority/community representation, or to supplement elected members. But always on aid & advice of elected executive, ensuring accountability. Relevance : GS 2(Polity and Constitution) Union Territories with Assemblies Delhi (GNCTD Act, 1991): 70 elected MLAs, no nominated members. Puducherry (Government of UT Act, 1963): 30 elected MLAs + up to 3 nominated by Union government. Controversy: Union govt nominates directly, bypassing UT Council of Ministers. J&K (J&K Reorganisation Act, 2019, amended 2023): 90 elected seats. LG may nominate up to 5 members: 2 women, 2 Kashmiri migrants, 1 displaced person from Pakistan-occupied Kashmir. Case Law & Judicial Rulings Puducherry (K. Lakshminarayanan v. Union of India, 2018 – Madras HC): Held: Union govt can nominate 3 MLAs to Puducherry Assembly without UT Cabinet advice. Recommended statutory clarity, but Supreme Court later set aside these recommendations. Delhi (GNCTD v. Union of India, 2023 – SC Constitution Bench): Introduced “Triple Chain of Command” principle: Civil servants accountable to Ministers. Ministers accountable to Legislature. Legislature accountable to People. Ensures democratic accountability → LG bound by aid & advice of Council of Ministers (except in subjects outside Delhi Assembly’s legislative domain). Though about services, rationale extends to nominations: LG should act with Cabinet’s advice to maintain democratic chain. Current Controversy: J&K Union Home Ministry’s stand (2024 affidavit): LG can nominate 5 members without aid & advice of J&K Council of Ministers. Democratic Concerns: Risks undermining popular mandate, especially in a small Assembly (90 elected). Nominated MLAs can swing majority/minority balance → undemocratic if done by Union govt/ LG alone. Why It Matters Federal Balance: UTs with Assemblies (Delhi, Puducherry, J&K) are hybrid — not full States, but with elected governments. Direct Union control via LG nominations risks weakening local democracy. Political Neutrality: When ruling party at Centre ≠ ruling party in UT, nomination power can be weaponised to influence Assembly outcomes. J&K’s Special Case: Was a State till 2019, with even greater autonomy. SC upheld reorganisation, but Govt assured early restoration of statehood. Therefore, democratic principles must be safeguarded → LG should nominate only on Cabinet advice. Way Forward: How Should Nominations Be Done? For J&K Assembly: LG should exercise power only on aid & advice of UT Council of Ministers (once elected). Aligns with SC’s triple chain of command principle. Prevents manipulation of Assembly arithmetic. For Puducherry Assembly (Govt of UT Act, 1963): Parliament should amend law to mandate that Union govt/ LG act on UT Cabinet’s advice. Brings practice in line with democratic accountability. For All UTs with Assemblies: Clear statutory framework on: Who nominates, On whose advice, Criteria for nomination (minorities, women, expertise). Prevents arbitrary use of nomination powers. Bottom Line: Who decides nominations? → Constitutionally, nominations are made by President/Governors/LGs, but always on aid & advice of elected governments (except where law explicitly allows Centre’s discretion). J&K Assembly nominations should be by LG on advice of Council of Ministers, to preserve democracy. Puducherry (1963 Act) allows Union govt direct nomination (problematic). SC’s 2023 “Triple Chain of Command” principle reinforces that unelected authorities (LG, Union govt) should not bypass elected executives in democratic functioning. Toll collection practices in India Basics of Toll Collection Legal Basis: National Highways Act, 1956 → empowers GoI to levy fees (Section 7) and make rules (Section 9). Current framework: National Highways Fee (Determination of Rates and Collection) Rules, 2008. Models of Collection: Publicly funded highways → toll collected by GoI/NHAI. Build Operate Transfer (BoT) → concessionaire collects till investment recovered + concession period. Toll-Operate-Transfer (ToT) / InvIT models → private players operate & collect toll. Fee Structure: Base rates fixed in 2008. Escalation: +3% annually + 40% of WPI increase. Not linked to actual cost recovery or quality of service. Revenue Trend: ₹1,046 crore (2005–06) → ₹55,000 crore (2023–24). Of this, ~₹25,000 crore goes to Consolidated Fund of India, balance to concessionaires. Toll is now seen as a perpetual revenue stream, not just cost-recovery. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Problems in Current Tolling Regime Perpetual Tolling: Even after capital costs are recovered, tolling continues indefinitely (due to 2008 amendment). Creates “double taxation” feeling since users also pay high road/cess on fuel. Transparency Issues: No independent authority to evaluate if toll rates are justified. Annual hikes are automatic, not linked to road quality, maintenance, or service delivery. Equity Concerns: Toll is a regressive tax: affects poorer daily commuters disproportionately. No concessions during road expansion/construction phases, despite reduced usability. Operational Inefficiencies: FASTag rollout improved things, but queues persist due to: faulty scanners, insufficient lanes, inadequate top-up/recharge facilities on site. Trust Deficit: Users perceive toll as a permanent government rent rather than a genuine cost-recovery mechanism. Key PAC Recommendations End Perpetual Tolling: Toll should end once project cost + O&M costs are recovered. Any extension must be justified and approved by a new independent regulator. Independent Regulatory Authority: Oversee toll determination, collection, and escalation. Ensure fair pricing, transparency, and accountability. Reimburse Users During Construction: If widening/repair work disrupts traffic, commuters should get reduced or refunded toll. Reform Escalation Formula: Move beyond flat +3% + partial WPI indexation. Link hikes to actual O&M costs, road quality benchmarks, and vehicle operating costs. Improve FASTag Functionality: On-location services at plazas for recharge/replacement. Address scanner and connectivity issues to reduce congestion. Global Comparisons Developed Economies: US, EU → tolls are typically project-specific, end after debt recovery, or replaced by road-use taxation. Transparent public audits of toll revenues. China: Heavily tolled network; clear sunset clauses after debt recovery, though extension common in practice. Brazil & Mexico: Mixed concession models but linked to service guarantees (lane availability, safety, emergency services). India’s perpetual tolling model is more revenue-driven than service-driven. Science & Economics of Tolling Economic Rationale: User-pays principle → those who benefit should pay. Efficient in theory but inequitable in practice if poorly regulated. Issues with Perpetual Tolling: Becomes a hidden tax beyond cost recovery. Erodes public trust → leads to evasion, protests, and resistance. Technology Solutions: GPS-based tolling (already piloted in EU, Singapore): pay-per-km, avoids bottlenecks, fairer distribution. Dynamic pricing based on congestion and road quality. Way Forward: Suggested Reforms Policy Reforms: Roll back perpetual tolling amendment. Legally mandate sunset clauses post cost-recovery. Mandate value-for-money audits of highways. Institutional Reform: Independent toll regulator under NHAI/NITI Aayog. Public reporting of toll revenue, O&M expenditure, debt repayment. Technological Reform: GPS-based tolling to replace physical plazas (reduces leakage & congestion). Full FASTag integration with seamless top-up, auto-deductions, digital complaint redressal. Equity Safeguards: Discounts for frequent commuters, public transport, and local residents. Temporary toll suspension or reduction during construction phases. Ethanol Blending in Petrol Context and Policy Goals Govt. target: 20% ethanol blending (E20) by 2025. Objectives: Energy security → reduce crude oil imports (India imports ~85% of crude needs). Carbon emission reduction → lower GHGs. Rural income boost → new market for sugarcane, maize, rice, and agricultural residues. Waste utilisation → use of damaged food grains and crop residues. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology , Science and Technology) Scientific Basis of Ethanol Nature: Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) – an oxygenated biofuel. Production: From sugarcane/molasses via yeast fermentation. From food grains (maize, rice, broken grains). From lignocellulosic biomass (non-food crop residues – cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin). Process: Sugars → glucose (invertase) → ethanol + CO₂ (zymase). Key property: Hygroscopic (absorbs water), influencing corrosion and storage. Energy Efficiency of Ethanol vs Petrol Calorific Value (CV): Petrol: ~43 MJ/kg. Ethanol: ~27 MJ/kg (≈35% lower). Implication → lower mileage per litre. Octane Number (ON): Petrol: 87–91. Ethanol: ~108. Higher ON → better resistance to knocking, smoother combustion. Net Result: Slight mileage drop at E20 (~2–4%). Noticeable only at E100 (100% ethanol). Vehicle Impact – Scientific Concerns Hygroscopic Effect: Water absorption → rusting of tanks, clogging of fuel lines, reduced efficiency. Material Compatibility: Ethanol corrodes rubber and plastic components in older vehicles (fuel pipes, gaskets, injectors). Stoichiometric Ratio (Air–Fuel mix): Ethanol adds oxygen → alters combustion chemistry. Requires recalibration of spark timing and ECU (Electronic Control Unit). Engine Types: Modern BS-IV & BS-VI vehicles (post-2020): ECU-controlled → can adapt to E20. Older carbureted vehicles (pre-2020): No ECU → cannot be retrofitted easily. Environmental & Emission Effects Positives: Reduced CO, NOx, and particulate emissions due to oxygen-enriched combustion. Lower lifecycle CO₂ if biomass sustainably sourced. Negatives: Land-use shift → possible diversion of food crops to fuel. High water footprint of sugarcane → aggravates groundwater depletion. Possible indirect emissions from fertilisers, transport, and processing. Maintenance and Cost Concerns Govt. claim: Only one-time replacement of rubber components needed. Experts’ warning: Corrosion more severe in cold regions (moisture condenses). Regular servicing and higher maintenance costs inevitable for older vehicles. Recalibration of engines → increases manufacturing cost for auto industry. International Experience Brazil: Started in 1970s (Proálcool programme). Currently runs on E27 + widespread use of flex-fuel vehicles. Transition was gradual, with subsidies, infrastructure, and farmer-industry linkages. USA: Large-scale corn ethanol production, but criticized for food vs fuel conflict. India’s challenge: Compressed timeline (2021 → 2025), unlike Brazil’s decades-long transition. Science-Driven Challenges for India Agronomic: Heavy reliance on sugarcane → water-intensive (3,000–5,000 litres water per litre ethanol). Risk of food vs fuel diversion if maize/rice used extensively. Technological: Lack of widespread flex-fuel engine technology. Insufficient 2G ethanol production (from agri-waste). Infrastructure: Ethanol blending needs separate pipelines/storage tanks (due to hygroscopic nature). Higher transport costs for ethanol from rural production sites to refineries. Economic: High production cost of ethanol vs subsidised petrol. Fiscal burden of incentives/subsidies to sugar mills & distilleries. Scientific Verdict Strengths: Cleaner combustion (less CO, PM). Energy diversification, import reduction. Adds rural economic value, waste-to-fuel potential. Weaknesses: Lower energy density → mileage drop. Corrosion/moisture issues in older vehicles. Water-intensive crops (sugarcane). Limited readiness of Indian vehicles for E20. Way Forward Diversify feedstock: Promote 2G ethanol (crop residues, agri-waste, bamboo). Technology adoption: Encourage flex-fuel vehicles (as in Brazil). Agricultural reforms: Shift away from water-guzzling sugarcane → maize, sorghum, cellulosic biomass. Infrastructure: Invest in ethanol storage, blending, distribution systems. Policy pacing: Gradual transition (E10 → E12 → E15 → E20) with simultaneous vehicle adaptation. R&D push: Develop corrosion-resistant materials and better engine calibration technologies. Creamy Layer in OBC Reservation – Debate on “Equivalence” Basic Concepts Reservation in India: Based on Articles 15(4), 16(4), and 340 (Constitution) → for socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs), SCs, and STs. Aim: Correct historical injustices, ensure representation in education, employment, and politics. Creamy Layer (CL): Concept introduced by Indra Sawhney Case (1992). Ruling: Reservation benefits should not go to the “advanced sections” among OBCs, i.e., those with higher income, social capital, or government positions. Purpose: Ensure benefits reach the most disadvantaged, not the relatively privileged within OBCs. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ,Social Issues) Indra Sawhney Judgment (1992) Upheld 27% OBC reservation as per Mandal Commission. Directed exclusion of “creamy layer”: Children of high-ranking officials, professionals, industrialists, etc. Applied only to OBCs, not SCs/STs. Set income/position-based tests for exclusion. DoPT Guidelines (Post-1993) Income threshold set at ₹1 lakh annually (1993). Revised multiple times → now ₹8 lakh per year (since 2017). Categories excluded: Children of Group A/All India Services officers. Children of armed forces officers above Lt. Colonel. Professionals/business owners with substantial income. Importantly: Wealth (property ownership) is not considered, only income/profession. Issues in Implementation Anomalies: Children of low-paid Group A officers automatically excluded (though not necessarily “affluent”). Children of public sector employees treated differently from private-sector counterparts. Lack of uniformity across state vs central services, teaching vs non-teaching posts. Certificates issued under old criteria sometimes still used, even after revisions. Court rulings in 2015 & 2023 highlighted confusion and inconsistencies. Current Proposal: “Equivalence” Aim → uniform criteria across ministries, PSUs, universities, and states. Key Features Proposed: Equivalence of Pay Scales: Link OBC creamy layer exclusion to pay level (not just income). Eg. Assistant Professors (entry-level university teachers) = Group A equivalent → counted in creamy layer. Non-teaching staff in universities: Equated with state government non-teaching positions. Executives in PSUs: If income > ₹8 lakh, they fall under creamy layer. But ceiling for private sector employees = ₹8 lakh income, irrespective of position. Employees of government-funded institutions: Should follow same service rules/pay-scales as government employees. Likely Beneficiaries Children of lower-rank Group A officers (earning just above ₹8 lakh but not wielding high social capital). Employees of state universities & aided institutions who previously faced unequal treatment. OBC candidates denied earlier due to lack of uniform application of creamy layer norms. Broader Analysis Positive Aspects: Creates fairness, removes anomalies. Prevents arbitrary exclusion. Ensures genuine backward classes continue benefiting. Concerns: Income ceiling (₹8 lakh) may still be too high, letting affluent OBCs corner benefits. Wealth/property ownership still ignored. Equivalence across diverse institutions (state, PSU, universities) is administratively complex. Risk of dilution of merit vs social justice balance. Policy & Political Dimensions Creamy layer debate often resurfaces during elections → political sensitivity. Expanding creamy layer definition = balancing act between social justice and appeasing middle-class OBCs. Recommendations by NCBC, DoPT, and Social Justice Ministry under discussion. Comparative Insights (Global) US: Affirmative action debates also face “class vs race” questions (should rich Black families get same benefit as poor?). South Africa: Similar debates on whether upper-class Black Africans should benefit from racial quotas. India’s creamy layer = unique model of mixing caste + class filters. Way Forward Regular revision of income ceiling linked to inflation. Include wealth/property criteria, not just income. Separate criteria for rural vs urban OBCs. Improve data transparency in issuance of creamy layer certificates. Gradually shift towards socio-economic deprivation index (composite indicators). Nationalists in Ireland, India: How a Future Indian President was Inspired Basic Background Who: Varahagiri Venkata Giri (V.V. Giri) – 4th President of India (1969–1974). Where: Studied law in Dublin (1913–1917). Context: Ireland under British rule → parallel anti-colonial movements in Ireland and India. Link: Giri’s exposure to Irish labour movement, nationalist struggle, and student activism shaped his political ideology in India. Relevance: GS 1(History ) Conditions in Ireland (Early 20th Century) Admission for Indians in English universities stricter → Ireland relatively more open. Racial prejudice less pronounced in Ireland compared to Britain. Dublin = hub of student, labour, and nationalist movements. Dublin Lockout (1913): workers’ strike against exploitation → Giri directly witnessed. Giri’s Activism in Dublin Immersed in Irish Labour Movement → exposure to collective bargaining, trade unionism. Inspired by: Irish Transport & General Workers’ Union. Radical leaders like James Connolly (executed after Easter Rising 1916). Joined the Anarchical Society (propagating anti-imperialist methods). Worked with Indian Students’ Association in Dublin (published pamphlets against racism & British atrocities in South Africa). Key Influences on Giri Labour Rights: Deep commitment to trade unions and worker emancipation in India later. Nationalism: Irish experience gave him “complete sense of identity with the Irish cause” → parallels with India’s struggle. Revolutionary Inspiration: Inspired by Easter Rising (1916), despite suppression by British. Personal Resolve: After seeing Irish sacrifices, resolved to return to India and work for independence. Political Repercussions Marked as a political radical by British authorities. Closely watched, deported back to India in 1917. Continued activism in India: Organised transport workers’ unions. Advocated labour rights + independence. Eventually became India’s President. Indo-Irish Parallels Common struggle: Both nations under British imperialism. Labour movements: Key element in both nationalist struggles. Cross-learning: Indians drew from Irish revolutionary zeal; Irish saw India’s movement as sister-struggle. Shared leaders: Gandhi–South Africa (labour, non-violence) vs Connolly–Ireland (labour, armed resistance). Broader Analysis Intellectual exchange: Globalisation of anti-colonial ideas even before independence. Labour as nationalism’s ally: National freedom tied to worker emancipation. Diaspora role: Students abroad became bridges for transnational solidarity. India’s labour politics: Shaped by this experience → Giri’s presidency symbolised merging of workers’ rights + democratic politics. Contemporary Relevance Highlights importance of global solidarity in anti-colonial struggles. Lessons for today: Transnational unity against oppression (climate justice, workers’ rights). Role of student/youth movements in shaping politics. Reminder: Political empowerment must include economic emancipation of the working class (Giri’s lifelong message).

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 18 August 2025

Content DEEP OCEAN MISSION S&P Upgrades India’s Sovereign Rating to ‘BBB’ DEEP OCEAN MISSION Context & Background Oceans & Human History: Oceans cover ~71% of Earth’s surface; yet >80% remains unexplored. They influence climate, biodiversity, energy, and economy. Why deep-sea exploration matters: Mineral wealth (polymetallic nodules: cobalt, nickel, manganese, copper). Biodiversity (microbes, flora, fauna with biotech/medical potential). Energy & freshwater (OTEC, gas hydrates, desalination). Blue Economy (World Bank, 2017): Sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and ocean ecosystem health. India included it as a 10 core growth dimension in its Vision 2030. Global backdrop: UN Decade of Ocean Science (2021–30) pushes nations to explore oceans sustainably. India’s geography advantage: 11,098 km coastline, 1382 islands, EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) of ~2.37 million sq. km. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Tech,Environment ) Deep Ocean Mission (Launched: Sept 2021, MoES) Budget: ₹4077 crore (5 years). Objective: Develop technologies for sustainable deep-ocean exploration and harnessing resources to power Blue Economy. National ambition: Position India among elite group (USA, Russia, France, Japan, China) with deep-sea manned submersible capability. Key event (Aug 2025): India’s aquanauts conducted first 5000 m deep dive, collecting 100+ kg cobalt-rich polymetallic nodules. Mission Components (6 Pillars) Deep Sea Mining & Manned Submersible Development of MATSYA 6000 (HOV, 3 crew, depth: 6000 m, 12 hr op., 96 hr emergency). Extraction system for polymetallic nodules in Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB). Prepares India for future commercial mining (post-International Seabed Authority regulations). Ocean Climate Change Advisory Services Climate models from seasonal to decadal scale. Input for fisheries, coastal tourism, disaster resilience. Biodiversity & Bioprospecting Exploration of microbes, flora, fauna → applications in pharma, enzymes, nutraceuticals. Supports marine fisheries & allied services. Deep Ocean Survey & Exploration Identifying hydrothermal sulphide sites & mapping polymetallic nodules. Energy & Freshwater from Ocean Offshore OTEC-powered desalination plant (proof of concept). Advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology R&D incubator: ocean biology + engineering → industrial spin-offs. Project Samudrayaan (Flagship under DOM) MATSYA 6000: Design: Spherical titanium-alloy vessel, diameter 2260 mm, wall 80 mm, withstands 600 bar, temp -3°C. Safety systems: Li-Po batteries, acoustic telephones, emergency drop-weight, bio-vests, life-support redundancy. Made in India: Ti-alloy welding perfected by ISRO (LPSC), 700 trials. Tested by advanced NDE methods (TOFD, PAUT). Collaboration: NIOT (MoES) + VSSC (ISRO). Trials (2025): Dry & wet trials at L&T Shipyard, Chennai. International milestone: Indo-French expedition (Aug 2025) with IFREMER’s Nautile → 5000 m dive, training Indian aquanauts. Technology & Validation Testing phases: 8 dives (5 unmanned, 3–5 manned) validating life-support, navigation, manipulator arms, communication. 2022: OMe 6000 AUV mapped PMN site (5271 m depth, 14 sq. km). Future roadmap: 2026: Shallow water demo (500 m). 2027: Deep-sea validation (6000 m). 2027–28: Full-fledged scientific exploration with MATSYA 6000. Strategic Significance Economic: Potential $100+ billion Blue Economy sector for India. Strategic: Rare Earths, cobalt (critical for EV batteries, defense, AI electronics). Geopolitics: Counters China’s lead in deep-sea mining (Beijing holds 4 ISA contracts). Technology Sovereignty: Indigenous HOV places India in exclusive club (<6 nations). Employment & Innovation: Marine engineering, biotechnology, offshore energy, start-ups. Challenges & Concerns Ecological: Deep-sea ecosystems fragile, recovery spans centuries. Mining disrupts biodiversity, carbon storage. Legal: Governed by UNCLOS + International Seabed Authority (ISA) (India holds 75,000 sq. km exploration block in CIOB). Need compliance with global seabed mining code (not finalized yet). Financial: High costs; uncertain commercial returns. Technological: Ensuring long-duration crew safety, reliable communication, power endurance. Social: Fisherfolk displacement if coastal projects expand unchecked. India vs World USA/Russia/France: Advanced manned subs (e.g., Alvin, Nautile). China: Fendouzhe reached 10,909 m (Mariana Trench, 2020). Leads in polymetallic nodules exploration. Japan: JAMSTEC – Shinkai 6500. India: Catching up fast → success of Matsya 6000 will be a prestige multiplier, like Chandrayaan-3 in space. Conclusion Strategic & Scientific Leap: DOM places India among the few nations mastering deep-sea technologies, enhancing sovereignty in critical minerals, marine research, and ocean engineering. Economic & Blue Economy Potential: It can unlock resources worth billions, drive innovation, and strengthen India’s Blue Economy pillars—fisheries, biotechnology, offshore energy, and marine industries. Sustainability Imperative: While promising prosperity, DOM must balance exploration with ecological safeguards under global norms, ensuring oceans remain a resilient resource for future generations. S&P Upgrades India’s Sovereign Rating to ‘BBB’ Basics & Context What is a sovereign credit rating? An independent assessment of a country’s ability and willingness to meet debt obligations. Issued by rating agencies (S&P, Moody’s, Fitch). Impacts borrowing costs, FDI flows, and global investor perception. Who is S&P Global? Standard & Poor’s Global Ratings – among the “Big Three” agencies along with Moody’s and Fitch. Known for sovereign, corporate, and financial market ratings. Rating Scale (simplified): Investment grade: AAA, AA, A, BBB. Speculative (junk): BB, B, CCC, etc. India’s shift: BBB- (lowest investment grade, 2007) → BBB (2025). Short-term rating: A-3 → A-2 (stronger short-term repayment capacity). Significance of the 2025 Upgrade: First upgrade in 18 years. Reflects stronger fundamentals post-pandemic. Aligns with India’s ambition to be a top-3 global economy by 2030. Relevance: GS 3(Indian Economy) Why the Upgrade Happened Strong GDP Growth: Post-pandemic rebound → avg. 8.8% (FY22–FY24). Projection: 6.8% annually next 3 years (fastest in Asia-Pacific). Fiscal Discipline: Centre’s deficit: 4.8% (FY25), target 4.4% (FY26). General govt. deficit: expected fall from 7.3% (FY26) → 6.6% (FY29). Infrastructure push (~5.5% of GDP) funded without widening CAD. Monetary Stability: Inflation kept within RBI’s 2–6% band since 2015. CPI avg. 5.5% (3 yrs), but dropped to 1.6% (July 2025). Repo rate eased to 5.5% (Feb–July 2025). External Stability: Modest net external asset position. CAD small, weaker rupee improving export competitiveness. Fiscal & Debt Dynamics Debt Profile: Pandemic spike: +9–13% of GDP debt increase. Now reduced to +7.8% net debt/GDP. Capex Strategy: Union govt. capex: ₹11.2 trillion (3.1% of GDP, FY26). Public investment (centre + states): ~5.5% of GDP. Focus: infra, logistics, energy transition. Quality of Spending: Shift from subsidies to capital formation. Credibility reinforced as deficits fall while infra rises. Economic & Financial Implications Lower Borrowing Costs: Sovereign bonds → cheaper global loans. Spillover → lower corporate & bank borrowing costs. Investor Confidence: Higher FPI/FII inflows into debt & equity. Lower country risk premium → India more attractive vs EM peers. Multiplier Effect: Capital inflows → rupee stability. Stronger balance of payments → forex reserves rise. More funds for infra & job creation. Global Context & Comparisons India’s position: BBB is still lowest rung of mid-tier investment grade. Peers: Higher-rated: China (A+), Korea (AA), Singapore (AAA). Similar: Indonesia (BBB), Philippines (BBB+). Implication: India has broken stagnation, but still needs reforms to climb higher. Risks & Challenges Debt Burden: Public debt ~83–85% of GDP (high vs peers). Banking/NPAs: Though reduced, PSU banks’ health remains uneven. Employment Generation: Growth needs to translate into jobs; rating agencies wary if jobless growth persists. Global Headwinds: Oil shocks, US Fed policy tightening, geopolitical risks (Red Sea, Russia-Ukraine, China-Taiwan). Inflation Risks: Currently low, but commodity cycles could reverse. Structural Bottlenecks: Land, labour, judicial delays, infra project execution. Conclusion Validation of Reforms: The upgrade reflects India’s resilient growth, prudent fiscal consolidation, and inflation stability, marking global recognition of its policy credibility. Catalyst for Investment: Improved rating lowers borrowing costs and boosts investor confidence, enabling capital inflows for infrastructure and job creation. Way Forward: Sustaining this momentum requires deeper structural reforms, managing debt prudently, and ensuring growth translates into inclusive development.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 August 2025

Content A conservation manual, drafted by the ordinary citizen In Namibia, India shows a new way to engage Africa Electoral Roll Issue & ECI Controversy A conservation manual, drafted by the ordinary citizen Core Thesis Argument: India’s current approach to conserving monuments—rooted in colonial frameworks and limited to repair–polish–protect—fails to capture the social, cultural, and ecological dimensions of heritage. Prescription: A new, holistic conservation manual must integrate lessons from diverse disciplines (translation, biology, economics, Gandhian thought) and involve communities, making conservation a living, people-centric process. Relevance : GS 1(Culture , Heritage) , GS 2 ( Governance) Practice Question : “India’s conservation policy continues to carry colonial imprints.” Critically examine with reference to ASI’s role.(250 Words) Context & Background ASI (Archaeological Survey of India): Established: 1861 (by Alexander Cunningham). Mandate: Archaeological research and conservation of monuments of national importance (~3,600 protected sites today). Colonial Legacy: John Marshall’s Conservation Manual (1923): repair monuments, isolate sites, create gardens → preservation = aesthetic upkeep. Legal Framework: Ancient Monuments Preservation Act, 1904 (colonial). Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958 (post-independence). Present Issues: Many sites decaying (CAG reports, SC interventions). ASI understaffed, underfunded, overly bureaucratic. 2014 National Policy on Conservation not effectively implemented. Govt’s “Adopt a Heritage” scheme inviting corporates (criticised as outsourcing). Current Model of Conservation (Criticised) Select few sites get attention, others neglected. Physical repair focus rather than social/interpretive context. Colonial garden model isolates monuments from lived environments. Top-down approach with little citizen involvement. New Framework Proposed (Editorial’s Line of Reasoning) Gandhian Inspiration (Sarvodaya): Conservation must improve lives of surrounding communities, not just stone structures. Dignity of labour, craftspersons, inclusivity. Multidisciplinary Insights: Translators: Meaning evolves → conservation should acknowledge temporal distance, visible interventions, periodic review of methods/materials. Wildlife Biologists: Protect ecosystems, not just individuals → monuments linked with water bodies, forests, settlements, not isolated. Mycologists (fungi metaphor): Value in neglected, small, forgotten monuments → local economies, groundwater recharge, public spaces. Economists: Value = functionality (restore ventilation, not just façade). Scarcity = higher value → more funding. Creative destruction → submerged temples as innovation labs. Old temples that got submerged acted like early centers of knowledge and innovation. They showed how change destroys some things but also creates new opportunities. This is an example of “creative destruction”—old gives way to new. Citizen’s Role Conservation not only state-driven but shared responsibility. Citizens must learn “stone literacy” → understand monuments’ stories, biases, silenced voices. Monuments as mirrors of society → heritage conservation linked to confronting prejudices. Broader Implications Cultural: Moves beyond colonial, elitist preservation to inclusive heritage. Economic: Tourism + local economies benefit if conservation is contextual. Social: Monuments become public spaces, not elite enclaves. Ecological: Integration of water, forests, biodiversity with monuments ensures sustainability. Conclusion India must move from stone-polishing to story-telling, from isolated sites to living heritage. A holistic conservation manual integrating ecology, community, and functionality is the need of the hour. True conservation means preserving memory, empowering citizens, and linking past with present for a sustainable cultural future. In Namibia, India shows a new way to engage Africa Context & Background Historical context: India has long projected itself as a natural partner of Africa based on shared colonial experiences, South-South solidarity, and Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) legacy. Geopolitical setting: Africa today is a contested space of influence — China (Belt & Road), U.S./EU (aid, security), Russia (military), Turkey & Gulf (trade/infrastructure). India’s challenge: To differentiate itself from Western conditional aid and Chinese debt-driven models by offering trust-based, adaptive partnerships. Case of Namibia: Relations trace back to India’s strong support for Namibia’s independence struggle. India was among the first countries to establish diplomatic ties with Namibia in 1990 after its independence. Both nations share colonial legacies, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) principles, and South-South cooperation ethos. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “India’s engagement with Namibia reflects a new model of South-South cooperation in Africa. Critically examine India’s three-step engagement logic, its strategic significance, and the challenges that may hinder its effectiveness.” (250 words, 15 marks)   India’s Engagement Model (Three-Step Logic) (a) Shared history of anti-colonial struggle India supported Namibia’s liberation: hosted SWAPO’s first office, contributed troops to UN peacekeeping. These references anchor diplomacy in long-term solidarity, not transactional aid. (b) Pragmatic present cooperation Trade: India–Namibia bilateral trade = $800M (modest but growing). India’s wider Africa development partnership = $12B. Education/IT capacity-building: India-Namibia Centre of Excellence in IT, Ongwediva University “India Wing” ($12M grant). (c) Future-oriented tech & knowledge cooperation Namibia = first African adopter of India’s UPI digital payments system. Potential transfer of digital public goods: institutional design, regulatory frameworks, user-centric models tested at Indian scale. Advantages of Namibia as Partner Political stability: Unlike conflict-prone neighbours, Namibia provides predictable governance. Mineral wealth: Uranium reserves critical for India’s clean energy transition. Tech-readiness & youth bulge: Makes it a natural fit for India’s IT & digital models. Global South alignment: Namibian leadership echoes India’s stance on reforming global governance and financial systems. Gaps & Critiques Uneven follow-through: First Indian PM visit in nearly 30 years — shows neglect. Modest outcomes: Only 2 MoUs (entrepreneurship, health) + Namibia joining India-led alliances (Biofuels, CDRI). Missed strategic opportunity: No major deal on critical minerals (uranium, rare earths). No framework for supply chain resilience, local skill development, or value-addition industries. Symbolism > substance: Cultural outreach appreciated, but tangible economic depth missing. Comparative Dimension India vs West: West = conditional aid, migration deterrence, episodic funding withdrawals. India = inclusive, culturally grounded, shared histories, non-paternalistic. India vs China: China = massive infra loans, debt risks, rapid visible projects. India = small-scale, adaptive, tech-driven, trust-based capacity-building. India’s advantage: Low-cost, people-centric, no coercion → but needs scaling & consistency. Strategic Significance Energy security: Namibia’s uranium can power India’s nuclear program → low-carbon pathway. Digital diplomacy: UPI adoption as a soft power export. Potential to replicate across Africa. Global South solidarity: Both nations champion reformed global financial/UN systems. Geopolitical balancing: Counters China’s dominance, creates alternatives to Western dominance in Africa. Policy & Institutional Lessons Need for sustained institutional mechanisms: India-Africa Forum Summits (IAFS) must become more regular. Beyond symbolism: MoUs must translate into investments, infrastructure, and concrete sectoral collaborations. Sectoral prioritisation: Minerals & energy Digital public infrastructure Healthcare & pharma Skill development & education Domestic coherence: India must fix bureaucratic delays, uneven funding, lack of follow-up to maintain credibility. Ethical & Normative Angle Partnership of equals: India projects dignity, respect, and inclusivity — vital in a post-colonial context. Decolonial diplomacy: Cultural gestures (local languages, indigenous references) signal respect for African identity. Contrast with neo-colonial practices: Avoids extractive models, though risk of over-symbolism remains. Conclusion India’s Namibia outreach signals a new template for Africa engagement: respectful, tech-driven, historically grounded. Success depends on moving beyond symbolic gestures to sustained, strategic, sectoral collaborations (minerals, energy, digital infrastructure). If followed through, India can consolidate its role as a credible Global South leader, offering an alternative to Western conditionality and Chinese debt diplomacy. Value Addition Cheetah Diplomacy (Flagship Soft Power Initiative) In 2022, India and Namibia signed an MoU on Wildlife Conservation, leading to the transfer of 8 cheetahs from Namibia to India. This marked the world’s first inter-continental translocation of a large carnivore. Cheetahs were relocated to Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, as part of India’s biodiversity restoration. Symbolism: Showcases India–Namibia environmental cooperation. Strengthens India’s image as a global conservation leader. Enhances soft power diplomacy, branding it as “Cheetah Diplomacy.” Challenges: Concerns over adaptation, prey base, and human–wildlife conflict, but remains a landmark project in India–Africa ties. Electoral Roll Issue & ECI Controversy Basics & Constitutional Framework Article 324: Provides for the Election Commission of India (ECI) to supervise, direct, and control elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of President & Vice-President. Current Structure: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) + 2 Election Commissioners. Original Gap: Constitution silent on the method of appointment → Parliament empowered to legislate. Key Democratic Principle: Free & fair elections are part of the Basic Structure (Kesavananda Bharati, Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain). Relevance : GS 2(Elections – Reforms , ECI , Judiciary , Separation of Powers ) Practice Question : Critically analyse the Supreme Court’s role in safeguarding the independence of the Election Commission with reference to Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023) and subsequent judicial responses.(250 Words) Judicial Backdrop (Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India, 2023) Constitution Bench (5 judges) held that appointments cannot be left solely to the executive. Directed creation of a Selection Committee = Prime Minister + Leader of Opposition (LoP) in Lok Sabha + Chief Justice of India (CJI). Rationale: Prevent “pliable” ECI under executive control; safeguard against biased umpiring in elections. Legislative Response (2023 Act) Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023: Replaced CJI with a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by PM in the Selection Committee. Effect: Executive regains 2:1 majority in appointments. Seen as an attempt to nullify judicial reform and weaken institutional independence. Ambedkar’s concern: “Persons under the thumb of the executive” may compromise electoral fairness. Litigation & Judicial Inaction Writ petitions filed against the Act (Dr. Jaya Thakur v. Union of India, 2024). Petitioners sought a stay → would have changed the appointment process before 2024 elections. SC (Bench led by Justice Sanjiv Khanna) rejected stay, citing presumption of constitutionality of laws. Effect: Elections 2024 conducted under the new “executive-heavy” ECI. Electoral Roll Controversy (Bihar SIR Case, 2024–25) Special Intensive Revision (SIR) exercise in Bihar excluded 65 lakh voters. Issues: Higher exclusion of women (32 lakh) vs men (25 lakh), despite more men migrating and higher male mortality. Voters wrongly marked as dead/untraceable despite valid voter IDs. ECI refused to publish a consolidated list of exclusions + reasons. Aadhaar/ration cards not accepted; reliance on 11 selective documents created barriers. SC Intervention: Ordered ECI to publish names of excluded voters + reasons. Directed Aadhaar to be accepted for filing claims/objections. Core Issue: Non-transparent, exclusionary practices compromise universal adult franchise. Comparative & Global Perspective Abusive Judicial Review theory (Landau & Dixon, 2020): Courts sometimes legitimize authoritarian consolidation by upholding executive manipulation. Examples: Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia → courts facilitated electoral fraud by validating partisan electoral commissions. South Africa’s Fourth-Branch Institutions: Chapter 9 of its Constitution creates independent institutions like the Electoral Commission to safeguard democracy. Lesson: Need autonomous watchdogs insulated from executive capture. Democratic Risks in India Majoritarianism + electoral manipulation = erosion of level playing field. Current ECI structure may: Favor ruling party in delimitation, roll revisions, MCC enforcement. Weaken Opposition’s trust in the electoral process. Judiciary’s Role: By refusing to stay the 2023 Act, SC risked appearing complicit in legitimizing executive control. Way Forward Restore Baranwal formula: CJI + PM + LoP in Selection Committee → balanced, credible process. Independent “Truth Commission”-like ECI: Investigate electoral fraud allegations transparently. Transparency in rolls: Consolidated exclusions, use of Aadhaar, citizen-friendly appeal process. Institutional innovation: Consider constitutionalizing ECI as a Fourth-Branch Institution, akin to South Africa. Conclusion Free & fair elections are the bedrock of Indian democracy, but executive dominance over ECI threatens impartiality. Judiciary’s hesitation to enforce its own Baranwal judgment diluted safeguards at a critical democratic moment. Restoring institutional independence of the ECI through balanced appointments, transparent electoral rolls, and judicial vigilance is essential to safeguard universal adult franchise & democratic legitimacy. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 August 2025

Content Ethanol Blending in India: Assessing the Impact of the E20 Policy How ‘honour’ killings in India are reinforced and legitimised Grasslands in Flux – Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) Biodiversity everywhere is ordered by a common ‘hidden’ pattern Healthocide: war against healthcare Ethanol Blending in India: Assessing the Impact of the E20 Policy Concept and Context Ethanol Blending = Mixing ethanol (ethyl alcohol, C₂H₅OH, produced mainly from sugarcane, rice, maize etc.) with petrol. E20 = Petrol with 20% ethanol. Policy Goal: National Policy on Biofuels (2018) targeted 20% blending by 2030 → Achieved in 2025 (five years early). Global Context: Brazil and U.S. are ethanol leaders (blending rates >50%). India is catching up due to oil import dependency and climate goals. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) , GS 2(Governance) Economic Impact Foreign Exchange Savings: Since 2014–15, India claims savings of ₹1.4 lakh crore via petrol substitution. Public Sector Benefits: PSUs (IOC, BPCL, ONGC) dividends surged (255% rise since 2022–23) but petrol prices passed to consumers dropped only ~2% despite ~65% fall in crude oil prices. Suggests benefit absorbed by state revenues, not by end consumers. Farmer Income: ~₹1.20 lakh crore paid to farmers since FY15 via ethanol procurement. Sugarcane ethanol supply grew from 40 crore litres (FY14) → 670 crore litres (FY24). Agricultural Shift: 22% of sugarcane projected to go to ethanol by 2034 (OECD-FAO). But creates dependence on water-intensive sugarcane; diversification into rice, maize underway but leading to food–fuel trade-offs (e.g., India imported 9.7 lakh tonnes corn in 2024–25). Environmental Impact Positive: Govt claims 700 lakh tonnes CO₂ emission reduction due to ethanol blending. Lower carbon intensity than petrol. Concerns: Sugarcane water footprint: 60–70 tonnes of water required per tonne sugarcane. Maharashtra & UP: excessive groundwater extraction → desertification & land degradation (30% of India’s land degraded). Climate stress (heatwaves, droughts) worsens sustainability concerns. Diversification: Some ethanol now from rice, maize → but risks food security vs fuel security dilemma. Consumer Impact Vehicle Compatibility: Since 2023, all new vehicles E20-compatible. Older vehicles: require material changes (rubber, elastomers, fuel system). Mileage & Maintenance: Survey (LocalCircles): 2 in 3 vehicle owners oppose E20; only 12% support. Concerns: reduced mileage (ethanol has lower energy density than petrol), higher maintenance costs. Govt Response: Admits “marginal drop” in efficiency (~6-8%), claims can be offset with tuning. NITI Aayog recommended tax incentives to offset consumer losses. Geopolitical & Trade Dimensions U.S. Pressure: Trump-era & current U.S. trade reports label India’s ethanol import restrictions as “trade barriers.” Indian Stand: Domestic industry (ISMA) opposes relaxation; fears undermining investment in domestic ethanol capacity. Global Ethanol Market: Opening imports could lower prices but hurt Indian sugar mills and farmers. Energy Transition Angle Short-term Role: E20 helps cut oil imports, improves farmer income, and marginally lowers carbon emissions. Long-term Conflict with EV Push: EV adoption = ~7.6% in 2024. Govt target = 30% sales by 2030 → requires >22% annual growth. EVs have far greater decarbonisation potential than ethanol-blended petrol. Challenges to EVs: Dependence on rare earths (magnets, batteries). India imports REEs, mostly from China → recent supply shocks (e.g., germanium export curbs). Automakers (e.g., Maruti Suzuki) cutting EV production targets due to rare earth shortage. Unresolved Questions Beyond E20? Petroleum Ministry suggested moving beyond 20% blending. Govt (March 2025) clarified no decision yet. Debate: Should India push for E30+ blending or focus resources on EV transition? Summary of Impacts Positive: Reduced crude oil import bill. Higher farmer incomes via assured procurement. Moderate CO₂ emission reduction. Negative/Concerns: Water stress from sugarcane, land degradation. Food vs fuel dilemma (rice/maize diversion). Consumer resistance due to lower mileage & higher costs. Benefits of forex savings not directly passed to public. Risk of delaying EV transition due to heavy ethanol investment. How ‘honour’ killings in India are reinforced and legitimised” Basics and Context Definition: ‘Honour’ killing → Murder committed by family/community members to protect perceived “honour” when individuals defy caste, religious, or gender norms (usually in marriage/relationships). Legal Status: No specific law against “honour killing” in India; prosecuted under Indian Penal Code (302 – murder). Relevance: Represents intersection of caste, patriarchy, and family authority. Recent Case: C. Kavin Selvaganesh’s murder in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu (Aug 2025) underscores persistence of caste violence. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Issues, Constitution , Fundamental Rights) Caste System as a Social Phenomenon Not an individual practice: Caste survives because of family structures, community reinforcement, and social customs. Transmission: Children internalize caste boundaries (who to talk to, marry, or avoid) long before reasoning age. Endurance: Despite education, urbanization, and democracy, caste remains resilient due to its deep embedding in rituals, marriage arrangements, and family honour. The Role of Inter-Caste Marriage Statistical Reality: National rate: ~5% (IHDS-II). Higher rates in States like Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala (where Dalit communities are more empowered). Paradox: These States also record higher honour killings → violence not where caste is strongest, but where it is most challenged. Reason: Inter-caste unions, especially Dalit men + dominant caste women, threaten entrenched hierarchies → provoke violent backlash. Honour Killings as Hierarchy under Siege Misconception: Violence = strength of caste. Reality: Violence erupts when caste boundaries are breached → a sign of insecurity and resistance to losing control. Legitimisation: Families justify killings as protection of lineage, honour, or purity. Tamil Nadu’s Caste Paradox Progressive Front: Strong anti-caste politics, social justice movements, and vibrant civil society openly condemn caste killings. Contradiction: Public Sphere: Democratic voices, protests, legal activism. Private Sphere: Family rituals, marriage negotiations, social media caste glorification. Result: Coexistence of anti-caste culture collectively and caste pride individually. Social Media Factor: Anonymity fosters defence of caste killings, reinforcing prejudice in hidden ways. Family as the Core Vehicle of Caste Transmission Mechanism: Families enforce caste rules through: Rituals (marriages, dining, festivals). Social expectations (whom to marry, where to live). Emotional pressure (honour/shame narratives). Family = Caste’s strongest institution → breaking family’s centrality may weaken caste. Changing Family and Youth Dynamics Global Shifts (South Korea, Japan, etc.): Declining marriage rates, fertility collapse, rise of single living, cohabitation. India’s Youth Trends: Increasing focus on individual autonomy, emotional well-being, self-growth. Effect: As family weakens as the core social unit, caste loses its vehicle of survival. Not a revolution, but gradual lifestyle evolution undermining caste control. Broader Social Justice Dimension Education + Employment Access (esp. Dalits): Equal interaction in workplaces, cities, colleges → caste hierarchies challenged. Romantic Relations: Represent both love and a political act of resistance to caste supremacy. Democratic Culture: Strong resistance movements (esp. Tamil Nadu) keep caste violence under public scrutiny, unlike in States where silence prevails. Challenges in Addressing Honour Killings Legal Gap: No special law criminalising honour-based crimes (though Prohibition of Unlawful Assembly for Honour and Tradition Bill was proposed). Community Silence: Collective justification/normalisation of violence makes prosecution harder. Digital Glorification: Social media reinforcing caste pride anonymously. Victim Protection: Inter-caste couples face social boycott, harassment, lack of institutional support. Way Forward Legal: Specific legislation recognising “honour crimes.” Fast-track courts + victim protection mechanisms. Social: Strengthen inter-caste youth movements. Counter caste glorification on social media with digital counter-narratives. Cultural: Reform family as an institution → promote values of autonomy, choice, dignity. Integrate anti-caste education in schools, popular media, and cultural narratives. Policy: Incentivise inter-caste marriages (schemes like Dr. Ambedkar Scheme must be strengthened). Grasslands in Flux – Dibru-Saikhowa National Park (DSNP) Basics – Location and Background Location: Assam, North-East India, situated in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh districts. Geography: Lies between Brahmaputra and Lohit rivers. Characterized by floodplain ecosystem, wetlands, grasslands, and forest patches. Status: Declared a National Park in 1999 (earlier a Wildlife Sanctuary since 1986). Also recognized as a Biosphere Reserve (1997) due to its rich biodiversity. Size: Around 765 sq km (core + buffer). Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Ecological Features Grassland Ecosystem: DSNP has large patches of alluvial grasslands, which are dynamic and seasonally changing due to floods. Supports unique species adapted to disturbance (floods, erosion, silt deposition). Forest and Wetlands: Mix of semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, bamboo, and “beels” (oxbow lakes). Riverscape Dynamics: Brahmaputra’s changing course constantly reshapes landforms, creating habitat flux. Biodiversity Significance Flora: Tall grasses (Saccharum, Phragmites, Arundo), swamp vegetation, aquatic plants. Fauna: Mammals: Feral horses (unique attraction), tiger, leopard, elephants, Asiatic water buffalo, Gangetic river dolphin. Birds: Over 300 species; critically endangered species like White-winged Wood Duck, Bengal Florican. Aquatic: Rich ichthyofauna due to riverine network. Conservation Value: Grasslands of DSNP are critical for endangered birds and large herbivores. Grasslands in Flux – Core Issue Dynamic Grasslands: Annual floods deposit new silt and erode old patches. Grassland cover fluctuates, making it unstable for species needing permanent grassland. Successional Change: Without regular flooding/fire, grasslands naturally succeed into woodland. This reduces open habitats for grassland specialists like Bengal Florican. Anthropogenic Impact: Encroachment, grazing, and fuelwood collection accelerating grassland degradation. Oil exploration and industrial activity in Assam’s upper Brahmaputra valley threaten ecosystem stability. Human and Livelihood Context Local Communities: Depend on park’s grasslands and wetlands for grazing, fishing, fuelwood, reeds. Conflicts: Displacement due to floods + restrictions from conservation → pressure on resources. Tourism Potential: River island safaris, bird-watching, feral horses. But unregulated tourism can disturb fragile grasslands. Conservation Challenges Hydrological Alterations: Embankments, dams upstream affect natural flood cycles essential for grassland regeneration. Encroachment & Agriculture: Grassland converted into croplands in fringe areas. Invasive Species: Mimosa and water hyacinth spread in wetlands, choking native vegetation. Oil & Gas Exploration: Repeated conflicts between conservation and industrial interests in DSNP region. Climate Change: Erratic flood patterns + river course shifts increasing ecosystem instability. Ecological Importance of Grasslands in DSNP Carbon Sink: Tall grasses act as carbon sequestration zones. Flood Mitigation: Absorb excess water, reduce erosion. Biodiversity Hotspot: Grassland-specialist species depend on its survival. Cultural & Livelihood Value: Traditional dependence of locals on reeds, thatch, grazing. Policy and Legal Framework Protected under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Biosphere Reserve status provides additional management framework. Subject to national policies on wetlands, grassland conservation, and disaster risk management (flood-prone ecosystem). Supreme Court and NGT have intervened in cases against oil drilling inside DSNP. Way Forward – Management Strategies Adaptive Grassland Management: Controlled burning, flood simulation, and removal of invasive species. Community Participation: Eco-development committees for grazing regulation, eco-tourism benefit-sharing. Hydrological Restoration: Maintaining flood cycles by reducing embankment pressures. Biodiversity Monitoring: Long-term mapping of grassland area shifts and species population dynamics. Integrated Landscape Approach: Link DSNP with larger Brahmaputra floodplain conservation strategy. Biodiversity everywhere is ordered by a common ‘hidden’ pattern Basics & Context Biogeographical regions: Earth divided into large regions (e.g., Nearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan) hosting unique species shaped by history, climate, barriers (oceans, mountains). For two centuries, assumed that inner layouts of species within each region were idiosyncratic. Known global rule: Tropics richer in biodiversity, poles poorer. But: is there a universal rule within each region? New finding (Nature Ecology & Evolution, July 2025): Biodiversity is structured like an onion → dense unique cores, grading outward to porous transition zones. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) The Study: Methods Data used: 30,000 species (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, rays, dragonflies, trees). Sources: IUCN Red List, BirdLife International, US Forest inventories. Approach: Earth divided into equal-sized grid cells (~111 sq. km for land animals). Recorded species in each cell. Used Infomap (network analysis) → grouped co-occurring species into clusters = biogeographical regions. Tagged species as: Characteristic → core, endemic, tied to that region. Non-characteristic → spill-over from neighbouring regions. Diversity metrics per cell: Species richness, overlap, occupancy, endemicity. Key Findings: The Onion Model Seven repeating biogeographical sectors → appeared in every major region, across all taxa. Layered structure: Core hotspots: High richness, high endemicity, minimal outsiders. Inner layers: Still rich, more widespread species. Middle layers: Moderate richness, mix of characteristic & non-characteristic species. Transition zones: Species-poor, dominated by wide-ranging generalists from multiple regions. Environmental filters: 98% accuracy in predicting sector using only temperature + rainfall models. Shows that only species tolerating local conditions persist. Subset principle: Outer layers = fewer specialists, not entirely new assemblages. Scientific Significance Universal rule: First large-scale, data-backed confirmation that biodiversity within regions follows a generalisable pattern. Ecological insight: Assemblage shaped by climate filters, not random distributions. Conceptual shift: From “messy quilt” to ordered layered mosaics of biodiversity. Conservation Implications Target protection: Core hotspots = highest payoff for conservation (rich + endemic + unique). Transition zones = important for corridors and resilience under climate change. Climate change lens: Rising temperatures and rainfall shifts → re-structuring of onion layers. Example: Himalayas (already warming fast, rainfall shifting) → frontline for biodiversity turnover. Beyond protected areas: Focus on altitudinal zones, habitat corridors, ecological gradients. Global South gaps: Underrepresentation of dragonflies (Eurasia), trees (N. America), tropical taxa (India, Africa). Need for regional research to complement global models. Indian Context Himalayas & Western Ghats: Core zones highly endemic (amphibians, plants). Transition zones critical under climate-driven species migration. Policy relevance: National Biodiversity Mission (NBM), National Wildlife Action Plan → can integrate core-to-transition layering in site prioritisation. Helps India balance conservation + development (hydropower, roads in Himalayas). Case study use in UPSC: Supports questions on ecosystem resilience, biodiversity conservation, climate change adaptation strategies. Critiques & Limitations Geographical gaps → some taxa and regions underrepresented. Data bias → relies heavily on well-studied groups, less on microbes/invertebrates. Still correlative → shows patterns, not always causal mechanisms. Way Forward Refine models with more regional data (esp. tropics, Global South). Integrate with climate projections to predict biodiversity shifts. Policy uptake: Prioritise conservation in cores, maintain ecological connectivity in outer layers. Collaborative monitoring: Expand citizen science + global biodiversity inventories. Conclusion The “onion model” of biodiversity transforms our understanding of how life is organised across Earth’s regions. It reveals that biodiversity cores hold the densest, most unique life forms, while layers outward reflect climate filters and species tolerance. For conservation, this means protecting cores first while ensuring transition zones remain permeable to climate-driven movements — a sharper, more strategic lens for safeguarding life on a changing planet. Healthocide: war against healthcare Basics & Context Definition (new term): Healthocide coined by researchers (American University of Beirut, Aug 2025, BMJ Global Health). Meaning: Large-scale, deliberate destruction of health ecosystems in conflict zones — beyond sporadic “attacks on healthcare.” Comparison: Frames destruction of health systems as akin to genocide → intentional destruction of a collective good essential to life and dignity. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice) + GS 3 (Disaster/Conflict Management, Health Security) Why a New Term? “Attacks on healthcare” = episodic, localized incidents. “Healthocide” = systemic, coordinated, large-scale assault on entire health ecosystems. Captures pattern + intention + consequence → not just collateral damage but weaponisation of healthcare. Dimensions of Healthocide Direct violence: Killing doctors, nurses, and healthcare staff. Infrastructure destruction: Bombing hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, labs. Mobility blockade: Blocking ambulances, restricting patient evacuation. Supply-chain disruption: Cutting off medicines, vaccines, equipment, and oxygen supplies. Long-term impact: Erodes population’s capacity for care, undermines right to life and dignity. Legal & Ethical Dimensions International Humanitarian Law (IHL): Already protects medical personnel, facilities, and patients (Geneva Conventions). Gap identified: Large-scale systemic destruction not fully captured by existing terms → requires stronger recognition and enforcement. Moral framing: Equates to genocide → elevates legal/ethical urgency. Responsibilities & Response Physicians & educators: Document violations, raise awareness, pressure governments. Governments & UN bodies: Enforce IHL, investigate and penalize perpetrators. Medical community: Avoid complicity (by silence, inaction, or collaboration with aggressors). Civil society/media: Mobilize public opinion, highlight systematic destruction. Debates & Criticism Skepticism (Len Rubenstein): Argues term doesn’t add much → existing frameworks already recognize sanctity of healthcare in conflict. Support (Amal Elamin): New term is valuable as it highlights that attacks are now systemic, widespread, and not isolated. Underlying tension: Semantic debate vs. advocacy utility — whether new vocabulary galvanizes stronger action. Broader Implications Global health governance: Push for recognition of “healthocide” in UN/IHL frameworks. Precedent-setting: If accepted, could reframe narratives around Gaza, Syria, Ukraine, Yemen, Sudan. Accountability: Potential to strengthen legal cases against states/non-state actors for crimes against humanity. Human rights dimension: Reinforces healthcare as a collective right integral to dignity and survival. Way Forward Codify “healthocide” in international law alongside genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Strengthen global monitoring (WHO, Red Cross, NGOs) of healthcare-targeted violence. Build coalitions of medical professionals, educators, and activists for documentation and advocacy. Pressure governments to impose sanctions and legal action against violators.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 August 2025

Content From Cash to Digital: India’s Leap Towards Inclusive Finance Soil Health Card From Cash to Digital: India’s Leap Towards Inclusive Finance Basics of Financial Inclusion Definition: Ensuring access to affordable financial services—savings, credit, insurance, remittance, pensions—for all sections, especially the unbanked poor. Significance: Reduces dependence on informal moneylenders. Encourages savings → capital formation. Provides safety net (insurance, pensions). Facilitates government welfare delivery (DBT). Empowers marginalized groups, especially women. Global Context: Seen as a critical enabler of 7 SDGs (poverty reduction, gender equality, decent work, inequality reduction, etc.) Relevance : GS 2(Governance), GS 3(Finance) Indicators of India’s Progress RBI’s FI-Index (2025): 67.0 → +24.3% rise since 2021. Global Findex 2025 (World Bank): Account ownership = 89% (vs 35% in 2011). Shift in inclusion model: From “bank-led branch expansion” to “digital-led penetration”. Key Policy Innovations Driving the Leap a) PM Jan Dhan Yojana (2014–present) Scale: 56.04 crore accounts, ₹2.64 lakh crore balance. Social Impact: 55% accounts held by women → women-centric inclusion. Features: Zero-balance accounts, Rupay cards, overdraft facility, accident cover. b) DBT & JAM Trinity Mechanism: Jan Dhan (accounts) + Aadhaar (auth) + Mobile (access). Impact: ₹45.70 lakh crore directly transferred → reduced leakage, ensured transparency. c) Insurance Schemes PM Suraksha Bima Yojana (accident cover): 50.99 crore enrolled. PM Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (life insurance): 23.59 crore enrolled. Social Reach: Nearly half beneficiaries are women, majority rural. d) Micro & Pension Schemes PM MUDRA Yojana: 53.85 crore loans sanctioned, ₹35.13 lakh crore → “Funding the Unfunded”. Atal Pension Yojana: 7.65 crore subscribers, corpus ₹45,974 crore → security for unorganised workers. Stand Up India: ₹62,410 crore sanctioned, targeting SC/ST & women entrepreneurs. e) UPI Revolution Transactions grew from 92 crore (2017–18) → 18,587 crore (2024–25) (CAGR 114%).Value: ₹1.10 lakh crore → ₹261 lakh crore. July 2025: 1,946.79 crore transactions in a single month. Significance: World’s most successful real-time payment system → drives cashless economy, reduces transaction costs. f) SEBI’s CHOTI SIP (2025) Entry-level SIP at ₹250 → democratizes investment culture → bridges savings to wealth creation gap. Grassroots Campaigns 3-month Saturation Campaign (Jul–Sep 2025): 99,753 camps, 6.65 lakh new PMJDY accounts, 10 lakh+ KYC re-verification. Community Banking Approach: Doorstep services, financial literacy outreach. Transformative Outcomes Women Empowerment: Majority beneficiaries of PMJDY, insurance, and pension schemes. Rural Penetration: Insurance & pension uptake significant in rural India. Entrepreneurship Boost: MUDRA & Stand Up India nurtured millions of micro-businesses. Transparency in Welfare Delivery: DBT reduced corruption, ghost beneficiaries. Digital Economy Shift: UPI as backbone of fintech-led India. Challenges & Gaps Dormant Accounts: High account ownership, but not all are active. Digital Divide: Connectivity, literacy, and device affordability limit full access. Cybersecurity Risks: Rise in frauds with digital transactions. Credit Access Inequality: Women entrepreneurs & rural MSMEs still face hurdles. Financial Literacy: Schemes exist, but awareness and effective use remain low. Way Forward Strengthen financial literacy campaigns at grassroots. Promote cyber hygiene and stronger consumer protection norms. Leverage UPI cross-border linkages for global remittance inclusion. Expand insurance and pension penetration beyond enrolment to regular premium payments. Integrate fintech startups with government schemes for innovation in micro-credit & micro-insurance. Conclusion India’s financial inclusion journey (2011–2025) is a textbook case of policy + digital + grassroots outreach synergy. From cash dependency → digital empowerment, India has turned financial inclusion into a mass movement. The next frontier: moving from access to meaningful usage, ensuring security, literacy, and equity in finance. Soil Health Card Background & Rationale Pre-2015 Scenario: Overuse of chemical fertilizers (esp. nitrogenous urea) → nutrient imbalance. Declining soil fertility, stagnant yields, rising input costs. Farmers lacked scientific knowledge of soil nutrient requirements. Global Context: 2015 declared as International Year of Soils by FAO → India launched Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme on 19 Feb 2015 (Suratgarh, Rajasthan). Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture) , GS 2(Schemes) Objectives of SHC Scheme Provide soil health cards to all farmers every 2 years. Test soil samples on 12 parameters (macro, micro nutrients + soil quality indicators). Recommend crop-wise & region-specific fertiliser use. Promote balanced & integrated nutrient management → reduce excess chemical usage, encourage organics/bio-fertilisers. Build capacity of soil testing labs, agriculture students, SHGs, FPOs. Support data-driven decision-making in agriculture → reduce costs, increase productivity, ensure sustainability.   Implementation Architecture Soil Sampling: Depth: 15–20 cm. Sampling grid: 2.5 ha (irrigated), 10 ha (rainfed). Tools: GPS-based mapping, revenue maps. Carried out by trained agri-staff/students. Testing Infrastructure (as of Feb 2025: 8,272 labs) 1,068 static labs. 163 mobile labs. 6,376 mini labs. 665 village-level labs (VLSTLs). Digital Backbone: Soil Health Card Portal → centralised, multi-lingual (22 languages + 5 dialects). SHC Mobile App: GPS-based sampling, QR-code tagged results, automatic geo-tagging. Developed by NIC for nationwide use. Achievements (2015–2025) Distribution: Over 25 crore Soil Health Cards issued (as of July 2025). Financial Support: ₹1,706.18 crore released to States/UTs. Soil Mapping: 290 lakh hectares mapped (1:10,000 scale) in 40 aspirational districts. 1,987 village-level fertility maps for 21 States/UTs. Village-Level Labs (VLSTLs): 665 set up → run by SHGs, FPOs, rural youth (18–27 years). School Soil Health Programme (2023–25): 1,021 schools implementing soil labs. 1,000 labs established in schools. 1.32 lakh students enrolled, trained in soil testing → farmer awareness multiplier. Case Study – Mr. Mahendra Kumar Singh (Nalanda, Bihar) Pre-SHC: High chemical dependency, low yields (27.5 quintals/ha). Post-SHC testing: Identified nutrient deficiency (low N, P, Boron, organic carbon). Recommendations: Compost + cow dung + balanced fertiliser use. Results: Yield improved by 16% (to 32 quintals/ha). Key Takeaway: SHC can reduce input cost & increase yield simultaneously. Technological Advancements GIS Integration (since April 2023) → nationwide interactive soil fertility maps. Geo-tagging of samples → ensures authenticity & prevents data tampering. Unique QR codes → direct linkage between farmer, sample & results. Digital Portal → real-time monitoring of SHC issuance & fertiliser use trends. Benefits & Impacts Economic: Reduced fertiliser input cost by 20–25% (RKVY reports). Yield improvements in cereals, pulses, oilseeds reported. Environmental: Decline in excessive urea usage, balanced NPK ratios. Reduced risk of groundwater contamination & soil degradation. Social: Empowered farmers with scientific knowledge. Involvement of schools, SHGs & FPOs → community-driven approach. Governance: Integrated under RKVY (2022–23 onwards) as “Soil Health & Fertility” → sustainable funding & institutional support. Challenges & Gaps Awareness & Adoption: Not all farmers follow recommendations → behaviour change is slow. Coverage vs Quality: 25 crore cards issued, but follow-up usage data limited. Infrastructure Gaps: Some labs underutilised; rural labs face manpower issues. Fertiliser Policy Disconnect: Subsidy regime still urea-heavy, limits SHC’s balanced fertiliser push. Monitoring: Difficulty in ensuring 3-year update cycle for all farmers. Way Forward Link SHC recommendations with fertiliser subsidy delivery → incentive for balanced use. Expand VLSTLs & school labs → ensure last-mile coverage. Encourage organic inputs & bio-fertilisers in SHC prescriptions. Strengthen fertiliser use monitoring through digital platforms. Integrate SHC with PM-KISAN & crop insurance schemes → holistic farmer support. Promote AI-driven soil analytics → predictive fertility maps at village/block level. Conclusion Soil Health Card Scheme = landmark policy for scientific, sustainable, data-driven agriculture. Shifted narrative from “blind fertiliser use” → “informed soil stewardship”. Empowered millions of farmers to reduce costs, increase yields, and preserve fertility. By combining lab infrastructure, digital platforms, and community outreach, SHC has become a pillar of climate-resilient Indian agriculture. Continued focus on quality adoption, fertiliser policy reform, and farmer training will determine its long-term success.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 August 2025

Content The politics of insurgency, the decline of Naxalism Balancing code and commerce in U.K. trade compact The politics of insurgency, the decline of Naxalism Predictions & Political Leadership Core Idea: Throughout history, making predictions has been uncertain and hazardous. Pattern: The safest bet has always been continuity (“things will remain as they are”). Contemporary Relevance: With AI-driven disruptions, unpredictability is sharper → political leaders must be cautious in overpromising or predicting outcomes. Implication for governance: Political foresight must balance between: Overconfidence in predictions → risks policy missteps. Status quo bias → risks stagnation in reform. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security), GS 2(Governance) Practice Question : “The decline of Left-Wing Extremism in India contrasts with the persistence of global terrorism.” Discuss the historical trajectory of Naxalism in India, the reasons for its decline, and the risks of premature predictions of its end. (15 marks)   Global Terrorism Landscape Persistence of Terrorism: 25 years post-9/11, terrorism still alive → “false predictions” of its end. Copycat killings & lone-wolf attacks (especially vehicle rammings) remain frequent. IS-inspired attacks: Case: New Orleans, Jan 1, 2025 vehicle ramming. Earlier, Europe faced multiple such attacks. Counter-terrorism analysts’ view: Jihadist groups intensifying attacks. Online radicalisation → multiplication of lone wolves. Anti-Israel protests: act as multiplier, feeding jihadist propaganda. Emerging “doomsday” fears: AI-enabled terrorism. Access to bioweapons → mass casualties possible. Fear of misaligned AI breaking free of human control. Contrast: India’s Case Global vs India: While global terrorism curve is rising, India is witnessing a decline in ideological militancy, esp. Naxalism. Naxalite Violence: Union Home Minister announced → “end of Naxalism by mid-2026”. If realised → end of decades-long ideological insurgency. Symbolic: once considered “Spring Thunder Over India”, now facing extinction. Caveat: Past had several “false dawns” (1970s, 1990s). Hence predictions must remain cautious. Historical Trajectory of Naxalism Origins: Late 1960s → influenced by Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Che Guevara. Slogan: “China’s Chairman is our Chairman.” Leaders: Charu Mazumdar, Kanu Sanyal, Satyanarayan Singh, Kondapalli Seetharamaiah. Ideological pull among youth, intellectuals, tribals, urban poor. Decline: Degenerated into mindless violence. Splits into regional groups. Lost all-India fervour → concentrated in Dandakaranya region (Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh). Recent Campaign Against Naxalism (2024–25) Union Home Ministry directive: sustained offensive across states. Casualties: CPI (Maoist) booklet (most authentic source) admits → 357 cadres killed in 2024 alone. More than 1/3rd were women cadres. Geographical epicentre: Bastar (Chhattisgarh), Gadchiroli (Maharashtra), Odisha, Andhra Pradesh. Additional Factors in Decline: Shrinking territory. Leadership crisis since removal of Ganapathi (2018). Internal splits. Comparative Perspective: U.S. vs India U.S. “War on Terror” (Trump era): Offensive not against ideology but against jihadists who sought to attack U.S. directly. Strategy: drone strikes, targeted killings in Somalia, Yemen. No distinction between local insurgency vs global terror network. India’s Anti-Naxalism Strategy: Naxalites deeply embedded with local villagers → complex socio-political issue. Avoided brute force historically → checks & balances in use of force. Objective: prevent overthrow of order, but mindful of socio-political grievances. Recent offensives sharper but still distinguishable from U.S.-style operations. Urban Naxals – Misclassification Debate Original Naxalism: Ideological, Marxist-Leninist framework. Structured philosophy + revolutionary zeal. Current “Urban Naxals”: Loose-knit intellectual groups. More about opposing government policies, not armed revolution. Lack the organisational depth of original movement. Problem: Misuse of the term leads to blurred distinctions. Risk: wrong policy prescriptions, blind spots, overreach. Need for nuanced classification to avoid unintended consequences. Key Analytical Themes Prediction Hazard: Terrorism & insurgency rarely follow linear decline; false dawns frequent. AI & Terrorism: Adds unpredictability; possibility of “mass-casualty future terrorism”. India’s Distinct Context: Decline in ideological terrorism contrasts global rise. State Strategy: India’s approach = calibrated use of force + addressing socio-political dimensions. Terminology & Policy Risks: Mislabeling (“urban naxals”) can distort governance approach. Conclusion The Moai statues of Easter Island, especially those on coastal platforms like Ahu Tongariki, face an existential threat from sea level rise and increased storm surges by 2080. This is not just an environmental challenge but also a cultural heritage crisis, as the statues are UNESCO World Heritage symbols of Polynesian civilization. The crisis highlights the intersection of climate change, cultural preservation, and community adaptation, showing how rising seas endanger not only livelihoods but also humanity’s shared heritage. It reinforces the need for global climate action, local adaptation planning, and international cooperation in funding protective measures. Balancing code and commerce in U.K. trade compact Basic Context – Why Digital Trade Matters Definition: Digital trade = cross-border exchange of goods/services delivered digitally (e.g., SaaS, cloud, AI tools, e-commerce). Global trend: Increasing share of trade is digital; WTO, G20, OECD pushing digital economy norms. India’s stakes: $30B annual software exports (Commerce Ministry). Digital India & IT/ITES backbone. Aspiration to shape global digital rules (not just follow them). Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) , GS 3(Indian Economy) Practice Question : The India–UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement’s digital chapter offers trade gains but raises sovereignty concerns. Critically evaluate the opportunities and risks of this compact for India’s digital economy. (15 marks) What Chapter 12 of India–UK CETA Does Recognises electronic signatures & contracts → reduces red tape. Promotes paperless trade & e-invoicing → simplifies cross-border documentation/payment. Commits to zero customs duties on electronic transmissions → protects Indian IT/software export pipeline. Encourages regulatory sandboxes → fintech & AI startups can experiment safely under supervision. Provides social security waivers for short-term assignments → lowers payroll cost by ~20%. Expands market access in UK public procurement → Indian IT suppliers gain entry. Broader trade: 99% of Indian merchandise exports duty-free, textiles gain big (Tiruppur, Ludhiana hubs). Strategic Digital Wins Credibility & Scale: Indian firms get recognition abroad (trusted contracts, signatures). SME Benefit: Lower barriers → SMEs can enter global trade without compliance overload. Innovation Push: Regulatory sandboxes = safer AI/fintech experimentation → scaling globally. Trade Security: Continuity of “zero tariff” protects export pipelines against WTO uncertainty. Brand India: Signals shift from “trade scepticism” to strategic engagement in digital economy. Digital Costs & Concerns Source-code oversight: Ban on default inspection of foreign firms’ code → loss of regulatory tool. Allowed only case-by-case (investigation/court). Risk: dependency on “black-box” foreign tech (esp. AI, fintech). Government procurement excluded: No code access restrictions here, but also limited scope. Government data posture voluntary: No binding obligation on data release. When released → must be machine-readable. Safeguards needed to prevent misuse. Forward Review Mechanism: No automatic MFN for data flows. Future agreements may diverge. AI Evolution Risk: Pact allows review only in 5 years → too slow given AI disruption pace. Guardrails Needed Accredited trusted labs: Review sensitive code under safeguards (balance security & openness). Audit trails for cross-border data flows: Ensure accountability → data misuse traceable. Regular review (3 years, not 5): Keep pace with AI/tech evolution. Domestic foundation: Finalise rules under Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023). Institutionalise open consultations before deals (bring in SMEs, IT bodies, civil society). Balance narrative: Sovereignty vs global engagement shouldn’t be seen as opposites → India must frame as “strategic sovereignty”. Comparative Perspective Global Practice: US, EU, UK → already embedding digital chapters in trade deals. China → building alternative ecosystems (e.g., Digital Silk Road). India’s Shift: From protectionist hesitancy → proactive shaper of digital trade norms. Implications for India Short-term: Boost to software exports & SME participation. Gains in textile & IT procurement markets. Medium-term: Builds India’s credibility as a rule-maker in digital trade. Opens pathways for AI/fintech startups in global testing frameworks. Long-term Risks: If guardrails lag behind tech evolution → India risks digital dependency. Need strong cybersecurity + regulatory capacity to handle cross-border risks. Core Takeaway The India–UK Digital Trade Compact is a strategic leap forward into the global digital economy. It lowers trade barriers, builds credibility, and aligns India with modern trade norms. But it trades away some oversight tools (like default source-code inspection) and requires robust domestic guardrails (data protection rules, code review labs, audit trails, faster treaty reviews). The challenge for India = balance between digital sovereignty and global integration.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 August 2025

Content PM calls for self-reliance, flags ‘demographic plot’ Major GST shake-up: 12% and 28% slabs to be axed India to build indigenous air defence system by 2035: PM Why Maharashtra’s small, marginal farmers are rejoicing over U.K. FTA Rain and Flash Floods in J&K Civil and criminal cases: what they are, how they differ PM calls for self-reliance, flags ‘demographic plot’ Self-Reliance (Aatmanirbharta) Traditional Meaning: Economic: Reducing dependence on imports, strengthening domestic manufacturing. Strategic: Defence indigenisation, food security, energy security. Civilisational: Linked to aatma samman (self-respect, dignity). Expanded Vision (PM’s framing): Not just import–export balance or currency reserves. About building intrinsic national strengths and capabilities (innovation, technology, resilience). Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) , GS 3(Growth and Development) Contextual Background Global Trade Tensions: US tariffs (50% on Indian goods under Trump) → India vulnerable to protectionism. China’s economic assertiveness → global “supply chain weaponisation”. Domestic Challenges: High unemployment. Dependence on fertilizer, electronics, semiconductors. MSMEs constrained by compliance costs. Security Dimension: Insurgencies (Naxalism). Border demographic shifts (illegal migration, cross-border influences). Rising cyber and AI-linked vulnerabilities. Key Announcements in the Speech Economic Reforms Second-Generation GST Reforms: Simplify tax compliance, reduce rates on essentials, address inverted duty structures. Expected → relief in household budgets + improved MSME viability. Next-Generation Economic Reforms Task Force: Broader structural reforms (labour, capital markets, digital economy). Employment Pradhan Mantri Viksit Bharat Rozgar Yojana (₹1 lakh crore corpus): ₹15,000 one-time grant for first-time employees. Incentives to private firms for new job creation. Goal: boost formal sector hiring. Technology & Innovation Semiconductor Mission: 6 units operational, 4 sanctioned. “Made-in-India” chips by 2025 → reduce import dependency, critical for electronics, defence, EVs. Innovation Push: AI, cybersecurity, deep-tech, operating systems → global competitiveness. Security & Demography Defence Self-Reliance: Indigenous weapons during Operation Sindoor. Green corridors replacing Naxal corridors in Chhattisgarh. Demographic Mission: To address “conspiracies” altering demographic character, esp. border areas. Linked to illegal migration, demographic imbalances → security concern. Farmers & Agriculture Protection against external tariff pressures (esp. US demands). Reduce fertilizer dependency on imports. Analytical Dimensions (A) Economic Significance Positive: GST 2.0 can correct flaws of first phase. Semiconductor production → reduce $16–20 bn annual import bill. Employment corpus → demand-side stimulus. Challenges: Semiconductor industry needs ecosystem (skilled manpower, water, power). Fiscal burden of new schemes. Job incentives risk being short-term unless tied to skill-building. (B) Strategic Significance Defence indigenisation: Moves India closer to Strategic Autonomy. Technology race: Without AI/OS development, India risks digital dependence on US/China. Demographic focus: National security lens applied to migration and border dynamics. (C) Political-Economic Messaging Links aatmanirbharta = aatma samman → emotional + cultural appeal. Longest ever speech → signals importance of message to domestic + global audience. Timing: Amid global trade wars + tech disruption → frames India as resilient power. Critical Evaluation Strengths: Holistic framing (economy, defence, technology, demography). Forward-looking → AI, semiconductors, deep-tech. Recognises MSMEs as job engines. Concerns: Repetition risk: Aatmanirbhar Bharat has been announced multiple times since 2020; execution gap persists. Employment incentives may not solve structural unemployment (automation, skills mismatch). Fertilizer import substitution requires R&D + investment in green ammonia, not just declarations. Broad Implications Economic Governance: Push for next-gen reforms → signal to markets + investors. Geopolitics: Subtle message to US/China → India won’t be squeezed by tariffs or supply chain coercion. Domestic Politics: Reinforces nationalist themes (self-respect, demographic security). Long-term Nation-Building: Semiconductor + AI + defence self-reliance can reshape India’s global standing. Major GST shake-up: 12% and 28% slabs to be axed Understanding GST and its Current Structure What is GST? Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a unified indirect tax system introduced in India in July 2017. It subsumed multiple indirect taxes (excise, service tax, VAT). GST is a destination-based tax collected where goods/services are consumed. Current GST Slabs (before proposed reform): 0% (Nil rate) – essential items. 5% – mass consumption items. 12% – processed foods, some industrial goods. 18% – most goods and services (major revenue generator). 28% – luxury items, white goods, sin items. Special rates: 0.25% (precious stones), 3% (gold, silver). Cess: Additional levy on luxury/sin goods (cars, tobacco). Relevance : GS 3(Taxation) Proposed Reforms New Structure: Retain 5% and 18% slabs. Eliminate 12% and 28% slabs. Introduce: Concessional rate <1% – gold, silver, semi-precious stones. High “sin rate” 40% – 5–7 items (tobacco, gutka, luxury items). Reallocation of items: 99% of items in 12% slab → 5%. 90% of items in 28% slab → 18%. Remaining 10% of 28% slab → “sin rate” (40%). No additional cess → only GST rates apply. Rationale for Reform Simplification: Reducing slabs → easier compliance, fewer disputes. Equity: Similar items to be taxed at same rate (e.g., all namkeen taxed equally). Consumption boost: Lower taxes on white goods, toiletries, processed food → increases demand. Curbing evasion: Lower rates discourage under-invoicing and tax avoidance. Correcting inverted duty structure: Prevents working capital lockups for firms. Ease of living: Pre-filled returns, faster refunds, tech-based registration. Revenue Implications Current Revenue Distribution: 28% slab → 11% of GST revenue. 12% slab → 5%. 5% slab → 7%. 18% slab → 67% (backbone of GST). Post-reform expectation: Revenue hit in short term. Long-term gain from: Higher consumption. Wider tax net. Reduced evasion. RBI’s estimate: Average GST rate currently ~11.6%; post-reform, will fall significantly → consumer-friendly, but requires trust in revenue buoyancy. Stakeholder Dynamics Centre’s Role: Can propose reforms but GST Council (states + Centre) has final say. States may resist if revenue loss feared. States’ Concerns: Dependence on GST compensation (ended in 2022). Fear of shrinking tax base. Political dynamics: Opposition-ruled states may demand higher compensation mechanisms. Industry Impact: Positive: White goods, consumer durables, daily-use items cheaper. Exporters/MSMEs: Relief from inverted duty structure. Negative: Luxury/sin goods industries face higher taxation (40%). Economic Implications Positive Effects: Demand push in FMCG, white goods → higher production, job creation. Reduced compliance burden → boosts MSME competitiveness. Correcting inverted duty → frees capital for investment. Challenges: Risk of revenue shortfall → fiscal deficit pressure. States’ buy-in critical → political bargaining may delay. Inflation risk in transition if items are reclassified improperly. Global Context India’s GST vs Other Countries: Most successful GST regimes have 2–3 rates (e.g., Singapore – single rate, Canada – 2 rates). India initially had 5+ rates due to political compromises. Proposed reform → brings India closer to global best practices. Critical Analysis Strengths: Consumer-friendly, pro-middle-class. Simplifies compliance architecture. Signals trust in consumption-led growth. Concerns: Reliance on buoyancy assumption risky (consumption may not rise enough to offset revenue loss). GST Council consensus often difficult (Centre vs States tussle). Exemptions list still large (health, education, petroleum products outside GST). 40% slab may encourage smuggling/black market in tobacco/gutka. India to build indigenous air defence system by 2035: PM Basics: Understanding Air Defence Systems What is Air Defence? A military system to detect, track, intercept, and destroy enemy aerial threats (aircraft, drones, missiles). Includes: Radar & Surveillance systems → early warning. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs) → neutralising threats. Command & Control networks → decision-making. Why critical for India? Two-front challenge (China & Pakistan). Rising drone warfare (e.g., Pakistan-based terror networks). Protection of civilian and strategic infrastructure (airports, power plants, hospitals). Independence from foreign suppliers (S-400, Israeli systems). Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security, Defence)   The Sudarshan Chakra Mission Objective: By 2035, India will develop a fully indigenous multi-layered air defence shield. Coverage: Both strategic (military bases, nuclear facilities) and civilian assets (hospitals, railways, religious places). Features (envisioned): Intercept any aerial threat (drones, UAVs, cruise missiles, fighter jets, hypersonic weapons). Multi-platform technology (radar networks, AI-driven sensors, directed energy weapons, missile interceptors). Expandable shield → nationwide coverage. Symbolism: Named Sudarshan Chakra, invoking Lord Krishna’s mythological divine weapon of protection and retribution.  Current Capabilities and Gaps Present Systems: Russian S-400 (3 units inducted, 2 more pending). Effective, but dependence on Russia. Indigenous Projects: Akash (SAM), MR-SAM (with Israel), QRSAM, Astra (air-to-air missile). IACCS (Integrated Air Command & Control System): Successfully coordinated during Operation Sindoor vs Pakistan. Gaps: Reliance on foreign suppliers (Russia, Israel, US). No indigenous long-range interceptor (like THAAD). Emerging threats: Hypersonic glide vehicles, swarm drones. Strategic Significance Self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat): Reduces vulnerability to foreign sanctions/blackmail. Deterrence: Ability to neutralise Pakistan’s drones/missiles and counter China’s sophisticated arsenal. Symbol of Strategic Autonomy: Post-Operation Sindoor, reinforces India’s ability to act independently without fear of nuclear blackmail. Civilian Security: Extends beyond military → ordinary citizens, infrastructure, and “centres of faith”. Link to Defence Industrial Base Indigenous Jet Engines: PM’s call to scientists/youth → develop engines for fighter aircraft (critical gap today, still reliant on imports). Parallel with Past Successes: COVID-19 vaccine self-sufficiency. UPI revolution in digital finance. Tejas LCA, Chandrayaan-3, Gaganyaan. Defence PSU + Private Sector Role: HAL, BEL, DRDO, startups, and MSMEs. Other National Security Announcements Operation Sindoor: Showcased India’s use of Made-in-India weapons to destroy Pakistan’s terror infrastructure. Indus Waters Treaty Stand: “Blood and water cannot flow together” → strong message against Pakistan, signalling possible renegotiation. Strategic Philosophy: Self-reliance = strength and dignity. No compromise on national interests. National security ≠ foreign dependence. Economic & Political Dimensions Economic: Huge investment in R&D, defence industry → job creation, technology spin-offs. Reduces forex outgo on arms imports (~$10 bn annually). Political: 2035 target ties into Viksit Bharat @ 2047. Appeals to nationalism, youth, innovators. Enhances India’s stature in global defence market. Challenges Ahead Technological: Hypersonic missile defence is cutting-edge; only US, Russia, China experimenting. Financial: Defence R&D costs are massive; sustained budgetary support required. Institutional: Coordination among DRDO, armed forces, private sector often slow. Geopolitical: Foreign suppliers (Russia/US/Israel) may resist losing contracts. Implementation Risk: Past delays (Arjun tank, Tejas) show indigenous projects take decades. Why Maharashtra’s small, marginal farmers are rejoicing over U.K. FTA Basics Nashik = “Grape Capital of India” • Over 3 lakh metric tonnes of grapes exported in 2023–24, worth $400+ million. • Maharashtra is the largest producer. U.K. as a key market • One of India’s top importers of grapes. • Grapes earlier faced 8% tariff in the U.K. → now reduced to zero under FTA. Farmers’ profile • Most are small/marginal farmers (<2 acres). • Increasing shift from traditional domestic varieties (Sonaka) → export-quality varieties (Thompson, Ara). Collective farming • Farmers’ Producer Companies (FPCs) like Sahyadri Farms enable scale, bargaining power, and compliance with international standards. • Sahyadri alone exports 22,000 MT annually, 30% to the U.K., with ₹1,900 crore turnover. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy , Agriculture)   Economic Impact Higher incomes: • Tariff elimination makes Indian grapes more competitive against South Africa & Chile. • Farmers expect at least 15% better returns. Multiplier effect: • Improved standard of living, disposable income for rural households. • Encourages investment in land, technology, and allied businesses. Rural employment: • Increased demand for farm labour, logistics, packaging, and cold storage. Competitiveness & Standards Stringent norms in EU/U.K.: • Uniform berry size, colour, taste, and residue-free produce required. • Regular soil & petiole testing is now standard. Shift in farming practices: • Use of less chemicals, more sustainable techniques. • Push towards precision farming & global best practices. Role of Collective Farming Necessity for small farmers: • With average landholding <1 ha, individual farmers cannot compete globally. • FPCs ensure aggregation, quality control, certification, and export linkages. Sahyadri Model: • Over 14,000 farmers. • 30+ new grape varieties, 19 patented. • Enables end-to-end ecosystem → from cultivation to global retail shelves. Broader Implications Diversification: • Beyond grapes: pomegranate, mango, citrus fruits may also benefit under FTA. Food safety push: • Higher standards improve domestic market quality too. Global expansion: • Lessons from U.K. compliance can help entry into Japan, U.S., and premium markets. Challenges Weather risks: • Unseasonal rains threaten yield & quality. Cost of compliance: • Testing, certifications, and maintaining export standards are expensive. ‘Do or die’ competitiveness: • Farmers must continuously upgrade; otherwise, risk being outcompeted. Equity concern: • Benefits may concentrate in organised collectives like Sahyadri → marginal farmers outside FPCs risk exclusion. Conclusion The India–U.K. FTA is a game-changer for Indian grape farmers, especially in Nashik. It transforms the sector from fragmented, low-margin domestic sales to globally competitive, high-value exports. The success hinges on collective farming models, adherence to strict quality norms, and weather resilience. If replicated for other horticultural crops, the FTA could catalyze a structural shift in Indian agriculture, moving smallholders towards global value chains. Rain and Flash Floods in J&K Basics Scale of Impact (2010–2022) • 2,863 extreme weather events in J&K. • 552 deaths reported. • 1,942 instances of thunderstorms, heavy rain (≥65–115 mm in 24 hrs). • 186 flash floods, 110 cloudbursts, 111 landslides. Recent Example • August 2024: Flash flood at Kishtwar district (Chasoti village), >50 missing. Geographic Vulnerability • J&K: Mountainous terrain + fragile ecosystem. • Heavy dependence on glaciers, rivers, slopes. Drivers • Rising global temperatures. • Changing western disturbances. • Himalayan topography. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) ,GS 3(Disaster Managements) Climate Change & Rising Temperatures Warmer atmosphere = more water vapour • Each 1°C rise → atmosphere holds 7% more moisture. • Leads to more intense precipitation, sudden downpours, flash floods. Glacial melt • Rising temps shrinking Himalayan glaciers. • Formation of unstable glacial lakes → prone to sudden outburst floods (GLOFs). Changing Nature of Western Disturbances (WDs) Traditionally winter (Dec–March), now extending to summer. Global warming shifting intensity and frequency. Moisture-laden WDs from Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian, Arabian Sea → now stronger. Heavier rainfall + flash floods in J&K Himalayas. Topographical Factors Steep, fragile slopes in Himalayas intensify vulnerability. Narrow valleys funnel rainwater → higher flood intensity. Deforestation, unregulated construction, and loose soil increase landslides. Nature of Events (2010–2022 data) Cloudbursts: Sudden heavy rainfall (>100 mm/hour), 110 incidents. Flash floods: 186 incidents, high fatalities. Landslides: 111 incidents. Heavy snow: Only 42 events, but high risk when followed by rain. Human Impact 552 deaths in 12 years due to extreme weather. Loss of homes, farmland, infrastructure. Migration pressures, economic instability for locals. Expert Views “Do or die” situation: Need climate-adaptive planning. Rising Arabian Sea temperatures intensify western disturbances. Local vulnerability amplified by poor planning, haphazard construction, lack of preparedness. Conclusion Flash floods in J&K are no longer isolated events, but part of a larger climate change–driven pattern. Rising temperatures, glacial melt, and shifting western disturbances make the region acutely vulnerable. Mitigation requires: • Early warning systems. • Climate-resilient infrastructure. • Strict land-use regulation. • Regional cooperation on Himalayan glacial monitoring. Civil and criminal cases: what they are, how they differ Basics Civil Law • Deals with disputes between private individuals/organisations. • Goal: Compensation/rights enforcement, not punishment. • Filed by plaintiff against defendant. • Standard of proof: Preponderance of probabilities (more likely than not). • Examples: Contract breaches, family disputes, property cases, divorce. Criminal Law • Deals with offences against society/state. • Goal: Punish offender + deter crimes. • Prosecution initiated by state against accused. • Standard of proof: Beyond reasonable doubt. • Examples: Theft, murder, assault, fraud, cheating. Overlap • Some acts may give rise to both civil & criminal cases (e.g., breach of trust = civil wrong + cheating = criminal offence). Relevance : GS 2(Polity , Constitution ) Purpose and Objectives Civil Law: • Seeks redressal, compensation, restoration of rights. • Focus on remedy, not punishment. Criminal Law: • Seeks deterrence and justice for society. • Protects social order, punishes misconduct. Burden & Standard of Proof Civil: Lower threshold → Preponderance of probabilities. Criminal: Higher threshold → Beyond reasonable doubt. Reflects seriousness of criminal sanctions (imprisonment, execution, etc.). Proceedings & Role Civil case: Plaintiff vs. Defendant. Criminal case: State vs. Accused (prosecution vs. defence). Civil disputes → settled through negotiation, mediation, or compensation. Criminal disputes → involve police investigation, trial, sentencing. Length & Delays in Indian Context Civil suits: • Avg. 4.91 years for disposal. • Execution petitions to enforce decrees → ~3.97 years. Criminal cases: • Bail applications in Sessions Court → ~6.12 months. • Serious criminal offences → ~4.65 years. • Magisterial criminal cases (punishment <3 years) → ~2.45 years. Problem: Civil matters often dragged deliberately, as parties prefer litigation over out-of-court settlement. Criminal matters: Faster on paper, but still face adjournments and backlog. Judicial Observations (as per article) Supreme Court criticised misuse of criminal proceedings for civil disputes (e.g., breach of trust in commercial transactions). Warned against harassment by converting civil disputes into criminal cases. Larger Implications Misuse of Criminal Law: • Adds burden on judiciary, police, and prisons. • Harasses individuals in essentially private disputes. Civil Justice System: • Slow and cumbersome → discourages people from using civil remedies. • Pushes parties toward criminal litigation to exert pressure. Need for Reform: • Speedy dispute resolution mechanisms (e.g., mediation, Lok Adalats). • Strict judicial scrutiny before admitting criminal complaints in civil disputes. • Balance between individual rights and state’s role in justice. Conclusion Civil law ensures private justice, criminal law ensures public order. In India, blurred lines and judicial delays complicate their functioning. True justice requires speed, clarity in classification, and prevention of misuse of criminal law in purely civil disputes.

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 August 2025

Content National Mission on Natural Farming India Achieves Historic Milestone of 100 GW Solar PV Module Manufacturing Capacity under ALMM National Mission on Natural Farming Genesis and Evolution Approval & Launch: Approved by Union Cabinet on 25 November 2024. Operational till 15th Finance Commission cycle (2025–26). Launched as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). Predecessor Scheme: Restructured from Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), which was under Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY, 2020–23). Budgetary Outlay: ₹2,481 crore total (Centre ₹1,584 crore; States ₹897 crore). Policy Shift: From input-intensive agriculture (Green Revolution model) → to low-input, ecosystem-based farming. Emphasis on traditional knowledge validated by science. Relevance : GS 2(Governance) ,GS 3(Agriculture) Objectives of NMNF Promote chemical-free agriculture and reduce farmer dependence on costly chemical fertilizers & pesticides. Enhance soil health and biodiversity, making farms climate-resilient. Strengthen farmer incomes through cost reduction and better market branding of NF produce. Establish 7.5 lakh hectares across 15,000 clusters of Natural Farming. Train and mobilize 1 crore farmers nationwide. Ensure last-mile delivery of inputs and guidance through Krishi Sakhis/Community Resource Persons (CRPs). Build bio-input infrastructure via 10,000 Bio-input Resource Centres (BRCs). Introduce Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)-based certification for NF produce. Principles and Practices of Natural Farming Core Principle: Farming without synthetic chemicals, relying on livestock-based, bio-resource recycling systems. Key Components: Beejamrut (seed treatment formulation of cow dung, urine, soil, etc.). Jeevamrut (fermented microbial solution for soil fertility). Mulching & crop residue management to retain soil moisture. Diverse cropping systems for ecological balance. Ecosystem Approach: Integrates soil, water, plants, microbes, livestock, insects, and climate. Outcome Goals: Lower input costs, improved soil carbon, pest resistance through biodiversity, and resilience to climate shocks. Implementation Architecture Cluster Model: 15,000 clusters, each of ~50 ha, ~125 farmers. New farmers can join at the start of each crop season. Incentives: ₹4,000/acre/year for 2 years (max 1 acre per farmer). Training & Handholding: 806 training institutions (KVKs, agri universities, NGOs). Model farms (1,100 developed) serve as learning hubs. 70,000+ Krishi Sakhis trained for community support. Monitoring: Online NMNF portal for geo-tagged, real-time monitoring. Multi-tier monitoring (Centre, State, District, Block). Institutional Ecosystem NCONF (National Centre for Organic & Natural Farming, Ghaziabad): Standard setting, certification system. MANAGE (Hyderabad): Knowledge Partner for NF Extension. ICAR-KVKs: Research, demonstrations, curriculum development (UG/PG courses). Community Role: SHGs, FPOs, Panchayati Raj bodies actively engaged in awareness, input production, and marketing. State-Level Initiatives (Precursor Models) Andhra Pradesh (APCNF): Large-scale community-managed NF with ecological balance focus. Gujarat (SPKK/PNF): Direct subsidies for cow upkeep and NF kits. Himachal Pradesh (PK3 Yojana): Achieved large farmer participation, >50,000 farmers by 2020. Rajasthan (Pilot Scheme): Training + input subsidies for NF adoption. Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh: Also emerging as NF adopters with state support. Progress till July 2025 Farmers: 10 lakh+ enrolled. Clusters: Targets being operationalised across states. Training: 3,900 scientists/trainers trained. 28,000 CRPs mobilized. BRCs: 7,934 identified, 2,045 established. Funds Released: ₹177.78 crore (FY 2024–25) to states as per AAPs. Model Farms: 1,100 demonstration farms functional. Certification: PGS-India system being rolled out for NF produce. Convergence and Integration Linked with multiple ministries for holistic outcomes: Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (input, training). Rural Development (MGNREGA convergence for farm labour). AYUSH (linkage of medicinal crops with NF). Food Processing (value addition, branding). Animal Husbandry (livestock integration). Market Linkages: Local haats, APMC mandis, FPO-driven value chains. Common national NF brand in progress. Educational Integration: RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) student participation. UG, PG & diploma courses on NF. Challenges Adoption Barriers: Behavioural resistance among farmers used to chemical inputs. Yield concerns during initial transition period. Market Ecosystem: Certification and branding are still evolving. Limited consumer awareness compared to organic farming. Infrastructure Gaps: Only ~25% of targeted BRCs established by mid-2025. Monitoring & Extension: Requires strong local handholding; scale-up may strain resources. Policy Coordination: Need seamless convergence between central, state, and local agencies. Strategic Significance Climate Change: NF promotes low-carbon farming, reduces chemical fertilizer dependence (aligned with India’s Net Zero 2070 goals). Economic: Cuts input costs, enhances small/marginal farmer viability. Health & Nutrition: Safer, chemical-free food for consumers. Global Positioning: Positions India as leader in regenerative & ecological farming, aligned with SDGs (2, 12, 13, 15). Conclusion NMNF is not just a scheme but a paradigm shift—from “input-intensive productivity” to “nature-aligned sustainability.” Strong policy design, training ecosystem, and digital monitoring make it robust. The success depends on farmer behaviour change, market support, and scaling infrastructure. If effectively implemented, NMNF can be India’s flagship contribution to global sustainable agriculture models. India Achieves Historic Milestone of 100 GW Solar PV Module Manufacturing Capacity under ALMM Genesis and Evolution Approval & Launch: Approved by Union Cabinet on 25 November 2024. Operational till 15th Finance Commission cycle (2025–26). Launched as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS). Predecessor Scheme: Restructured from Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP), which was under Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY, 2020–23). Budgetary Outlay: ₹2,481 crore total (Centre ₹1,584 crore; States ₹897 crore). Policy Shift: From input-intensive agriculture (Green Revolution model) → to low-input, ecosystem-based farming. Emphasis on traditional knowledge validated by science. Relevance : GS 3(Energy Security ) Objectives of NMNF Promote chemical-free agriculture and reduce farmer dependence on costly chemical fertilizers & pesticides. Enhance soil health and biodiversity, making farms climate-resilient. Strengthen farmer incomes through cost reduction and better market branding of NF produce. Establish 7.5 lakh hectares across 15,000 clusters of Natural Farming. Train and mobilize 1 crore farmers nationwide. Ensure last-mile delivery of inputs and guidance through Krishi Sakhis/Community Resource Persons (CRPs). Build bio-input infrastructure via 10,000 Bio-input Resource Centres (BRCs). Introduce Participatory Guarantee System (PGS)-based certification for NF produce. Principles and Practices of Natural Farming Core Principle: Farming without synthetic chemicals, relying on livestock-based, bio-resource recycling systems. Key Components: Beejamrut (seed treatment formulation of cow dung, urine, soil, etc.). Jeevamrut (fermented microbial solution for soil fertility). Mulching & crop residue management to retain soil moisture. Diverse cropping systems for ecological balance. Ecosystem Approach: Integrates soil, water, plants, microbes, livestock, insects, and climate. Outcome Goals: Lower input costs, improved soil carbon, pest resistance through biodiversity, and resilience to climate shocks. Implementation Architecture Cluster Model: 15,000 clusters, each of ~50 ha, ~125 farmers. New farmers can join at the start of each crop season. Incentives: ₹4,000/acre/year for 2 years (max 1 acre per farmer). Training & Handholding: 806 training institutions (KVKs, agri universities, NGOs). Model farms (1,100 developed) serve as learning hubs. 70,000+ Krishi Sakhis trained for community support. Monitoring: Online NMNF portal for geo-tagged, real-time monitoring. Multi-tier monitoring (Centre, State, District, Block). Institutional Ecosystem NCONF (National Centre for Organic & Natural Farming, Ghaziabad): Standard setting, certification system. MANAGE (Hyderabad): Knowledge Partner for NF Extension. ICAR-KVKs: Research, demonstrations, curriculum development (UG/PG courses). Community Role: SHGs, FPOs, Panchayati Raj bodies actively engaged in awareness, input production, and marketing. State-Level Initiatives (Precursor Models) Andhra Pradesh (APCNF): Large-scale community-managed NF with ecological balance focus. Gujarat (SPKK/PNF): Direct subsidies for cow upkeep and NF kits. Himachal Pradesh (PK3 Yojana): Achieved large farmer participation, >50,000 farmers by 2020. Rajasthan (Pilot Scheme): Training + input subsidies for NF adoption. Karnataka, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh: Also emerging as NF adopters with state support. Progress till July 2025 Farmers: 10 lakh+ enrolled. Clusters: Targets being operationalised across states. Training: 3,900 scientists/trainers trained. 28,000 CRPs mobilized. BRCs: 7,934 identified, 2,045 established. Funds Released: ₹177.78 crore (FY 2024–25) to states as per AAPs. Model Farms: 1,100 demonstration farms functional. Certification: PGS-India system being rolled out for NF produce. Convergence and Integration Linked with multiple ministries for holistic outcomes: Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (input, training). Rural Development (MGNREGA convergence for farm labour). AYUSH (linkage of medicinal crops with NF). Food Processing (value addition, branding). Animal Husbandry (livestock integration). Market Linkages: Local haats, APMC mandis, FPO-driven value chains. Common national NF brand in progress. Educational Integration: RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) student participation. UG, PG & diploma courses on NF. Challenges Adoption Barriers: Behavioural resistance among farmers used to chemical inputs. Yield concerns during initial transition period. Market Ecosystem: Certification and branding are still evolving. Limited consumer awareness compared to organic farming. Infrastructure Gaps: Only ~25% of targeted BRCs established by mid-2025. Monitoring & Extension: Requires strong local handholding; scale-up may strain resources. Policy Coordination: Need seamless convergence between central, state, and local agencies. Strategic Significance Climate Change: NF promotes low-carbon farming, reduces chemical fertilizer dependence (aligned with India’s Net Zero 2070 goals). Economic: Cuts input costs, enhances small/marginal farmer viability. Health & Nutrition: Safer, chemical-free food for consumers. Global Positioning: Positions India as leader in regenerative & ecological farming, aligned with SDGs (2, 12, 13, 15). Conclusion NMNF is not just a scheme but a paradigm shift—from “input-intensive productivity” to “nature-aligned sustainability.” Strong policy design, training ecosystem, and digital monitoring make it robust. The success depends on farmer behaviour change, market support, and scaling infrastructure. If effectively implemented, NMNF can be India’s flagship contribution to global sustainable agriculture models.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 August 2025

Content A war game-changer in a battle for influence in Asia Africa is challenging China’s mining hegemony The Freedom We Need A war game-changer in a battle for influence in Asia Background: How Warfare is Changing Second Nagorno-Karabakh War (2020): Drones played a decisive role, shifting the nature of modern conflict. Operation Sindoor (India-Pakistan, 2024): Showcased UAVs/UCAVs moving beyond reconnaissance → to precision strike capability. Global trend: Drones are now central to warfare — cost-effective, precise, low-risk (no pilots in danger). Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) ,GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “Drone warfare has transformed from being a tactical tool to a strategic instrument in global geopolitics.” Discuss India’s preparedness and challenges in leveraging drones for its security and foreign policy.(250 Words)   India’s Current Drone Capabilities Imports in Use: Israeli drones: Heron (surveillance, medium-altitude long-range). Harop (loitering munition, i.e., “kamikaze drone”). U.S. deal: 31 MQ-9B Reapers (SkyGuardian & SeaGuardian models) ordered in 2024 — for maritime domain awareness & strike capacity. Indigenous efforts: Rustom-II / Tapas-BH (still developmental). Some small quadcopters and tactical drones, but mostly for surveillance. Problem: Limited high-altitude long endurance drones. Lack of domestic production ecosystems → dependence on imports. India’s Needs (Strategic Gaps) Geography-driven needs: High-altitude drones → for Himalayas (LAC with China, LoC with Pakistan). Long-range maritime drones → for Indian Ocean Region (IOR). Small, cheap drones → for precision strikes and swarm attacks. Operational needs: Reconnaissance + strike integration. Payload capacity (missiles, sensors). Resilience against electronic warfare & anti-drone systems. Global Drone Market Landscape U.S.: MQ-9B is advanced, but U.S. lags in drone exports (only 8% market share, 2023). Restricted by MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime) in selling advanced drones. China: Export powerhouse, especially in Africa, Middle East, and Asia. Cheap, mass-produced drones. India cannot rely on Chinese drones (geopolitical adversary). Türkiye: Success with Bayraktar TB2, Akinci. Affordable, combat-proven, popular in Ukraine and Africa. But India-Türkiye relations are adversarial → risky supplier. Israel: Strong defence ties with India, but limited production capacity (distracted by West Asia conflicts). Europe: Potential partners (France, Italy, UK) but expensive systems. India’s Strategic Choices Short-term: Continue imports from U.S. & Israel. Ensure critical tech transfer in deals. Medium-term: Strengthen joint ventures with Israel, Europe, U.S. Focus on indigenous UAV ecosystem: sensors, propulsion, AI-based navigation. Long-term: Position India as a UAV supplier to the Indo-Pacific, leveraging common needs (maritime security, border surveillance). Compete with Türkiye & China in drone diplomacy. Indo-Pacific Angle (India-Centric Opportunity) Countries needing drones: Vietnam, Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea. Common problem: Countering China’s “grey-zone warfare” (coast guard, militia, fishing fleets). India’s opportunity: Develop UAVs suited for maritime domain awareness & high-altitude terrain. Export drones → strengthen Quad partners & Indo-Pacific allies. Block Türkiye from expanding influence in the region. Challenges for India Domestic bottlenecks: DRDO’s slow pace, delays in Rustom-II. Bureaucratic red tape & over-reliance on public sector. Private sector innovation underutilised. External dependence: Engines, sensors, AI software often imported. Tech transfer limitations from U.S. & Israel. Counter-drone warfare: Need to simultaneously develop anti-drone systems (radar, jammers, laser weapons). India’s Way Forward Policy: Treat UAVs/UCAVs as core to Atmanirbhar Bharat defence push. Fast-track clearances for private players (IdeaForge, NewSpace, etc.). Technology: Invest in indigenous engines, batteries, AI navigation, stealth coatings. Swarm drone R&D for asymmetric warfare. Diplomacy: Use drone exports as defence diplomacy tool in Indo-Pacific. Build tech-sharing networks with Quad & ASEAN nations. Strategy: Integrate drones into joint force doctrines (Army-Air Force-Navy). Balance offensive UAVs with counter-drone capabilities. India’s Big Picture Goal Move from import-dependent user → to net exporter and innovator in UAVs. Seize the Indo-Pacific drone vacuum created by U.S. limitations. Use UAV diplomacy to counter China & Türkiye while deepening India’s strategic footprint. Make drones the “INS Vikrant moment” of India’s airpower modernisation. Africa is challenging China’s mining hegemony Background: China’s rise in Africa’s mining sector Africa’s resource wealth: Holds vast reserves of cobalt, lithium, copper, iron ore, and rare earths — critical for EV batteries, electronics, and renewable energy infrastructure. China’s dominance over past 2 decades: Secured large-scale mining rights through resource-for-infrastructure deals (e.g., DRC’s Sicomines deal). Controlled ~80% of DRC’s cobalt output. Gained influence via concessional loans, tax exemptions, and tied investments. China’s strategy: Access cheap raw materials + ensure supply chain security for its industries → feed its global manufacturing power. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The mineral wealth of Africa is emerging as both a theatre of geopolitical competition and a test of developmental sovereignty.” Examine this in light of China’s dominance and Africa’s new assertiveness.(250 Words)   Mounting Criticism Against China Broken promises: Limited skills transfer to locals. Lack of promised processing facilities. Benefits concentrated in elites, not wider population. Economic losses: In 2024, DRC lost $132 million in tax revenue due to exemptions for Chinese firms. Governance backlash: DRC renegotiating contracts → raised state ownership in joint ventures from 32% → 70%. Deals cancelled (e.g., Norin Mining’s takeover of Chemaf Resources). Corruption scandals: Xinfeng Investments accused of bribery in Namibia. Social & labour issues: Reports of poor working conditions and hazardous environments. Environmental damage: Zambia: toxic acid spill contaminating Kafue River. Zimbabwe: coal mining near Hwange National Park blocked. Cameroon: protests against Sinosteel’s Lobé-Kribi project (cultural & ecological risks). Emerging Resistance in Africa Civil society activism: Groups like Congo is Not for Sale pushing for contract reviews. Local NGOs mobilizing communities against exploitative practices. Policy push: Zimbabwe (2022): Banned export of unprocessed lithium. Namibia (2023): Similar ban on lithium & critical minerals. Aim: ensure local beneficiation and industrialisation. Reclaiming sovereignty: Governments demanding transparency, environmental safeguards, fairer revenue sharing. Global Geopolitical Implications China’s slipping dominance: Still the biggest player, but future no longer guaranteed. African countries asserting more bargaining power. Reshaping supply chains: Africa moving from raw material exporter → value-added participant in green economy. Impacts EV, battery, renewable energy industries worldwide. Space for new entrants: EU, US, India, and others exploring partnerships to diversify away from Chinese dependence. India-Centric Analysis India’s vulnerabilities: Huge dependence on imports for critical minerals (lithium, cobalt, rare earths). Currently imports lithium primarily from Australia, Argentina, Chile; cobalt largely from DRC (indirectly via China). This creates a strategic risk, as China dominates refining and supply chains. Opportunities for India: Leverage Africa’s resistance to China: Present itself as a credible alternative partner. India’s advantage: Democratic governance model → more acceptable to African civil societies. History of South-South cooperation → goodwill in Africa through developmental assistance, education, medicine, IT capacity-building. Less exploitative image compared to China. Can invest in: Joint ventures in mining & processing plants. Technology and skills transfer programs (Africa values local capacity building). Infrastructure projects with transparency, avoiding China’s opaque debt-trap model. Policy moves India can consider: Establish strategic mineral partnerships (like Japan’s JOGMEC model). Push for long-term supply contracts with DRC, Namibia, Zimbabwe, etc. Promote public-private partnerships between Indian firms and African governments. Set up Indian-led mineral processing hubs in Africa. Integrate Africa into India’s critical mineral strategy under National Electric Mobility Mission Plan and Battery Storage Roadmap. Risks for India Competition from West & China: Africa is becoming a new geopolitical battleground. African governance challenges: Corruption, political instability, elite capture of resource rents. India’s own capacity constraints: Limited financial muscle compared to China; Indian firms less experienced in large-scale resource extraction. Need for sustainable practices: If India follows exploitative models, it risks backlash similar to China’s. Way Forward for India Adopt a “Responsible Mining Diplomacy” approach: Emphasize fair contracts, transparency, community development, environmental safeguards. Align with Africa’s demand for local beneficiation (help set up processing & downstream industries). Use India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) to institutionalise cooperation in critical minerals. Encourage Indian PSUs and private players (Hindustan Copper, Vedanta, Adani, Reliance for EV batteries) to invest in Africa. Collaborate with Quad partners (US, Japan, Australia) for joint Africa mineral initiatives → reduce Chinese dominance. Conclusion Africa is shifting from being a passive supplier of raw materials to an assertive partner demanding value addition. China’s dominance is being challenged by local activism, governance reforms, and environmental concerns. For India: This is both a strategic risk (if China consolidates again) and a historic opportunity (to secure critical minerals). India must build equitable, transparent, and sustainable mineral partnerships with Africa → crucial for its EV revolution, renewable energy transition, and Atmanirbhar Bharat strategy. The Freedom We Need Context and Background Written on the 79th year of Indian Independence. Reflects on true meaning of freedom beyond political independence. Argument: India now needs freedom of enterprise, innovation, and thought, not just liberation from colonial rule. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) , GS 2(Social Justice) Practice Question : “India achieved political freedom in 1947, but true freedom in 2025 must mean liberation of enterprise, education, and thought.” Discuss.(250 Words) Central Thesis India has political freedom, but economic and social structures remain constrained. Real freedom today = free enterprise + independent thinking + decentralised opportunity. Time has come not just to “liberalise” but to liberate education, industry, and society from excessive state control. Key Challenges Identified Global and domestic turbulence: Fluctuating world economy. Political isolation risks. Internal issues of caste, faith, and regional identity. Rising mental health concerns among youth. Colonial hangover in governance: Over-dependence on government control. Suspicion of private enterprise. Over-regulation stifling innovation. Call for Free Enterprise Current time demands bold, confident, adventurous entrepreneurship. India must: Liberate education, industry, infrastructure from state stranglehold. Encourage private investment in public goods (roads, bridges, universities). Shed the colonial mindset of restricting initiative. Free enterprise isn’t just about profit—it is about human ingenuity breaking barriers. Redefining Governance & Regulation When people dream big, disruptions will occur → need for flexible rules. Current bureaucratic structures and taxation laws too rigid → need reform. Balance: Some basic ground rules must remain, but radical innovation should not be suffocated. Without this, India risks being trapped in mediocrity and red-tapism. Education and Human Capital Education must focus on: Mental agility and physical fitness (not rote learning or narrow specialization). Producing independent thinkers, not indoctrinated citizens. Critique: Current education system produces “more sectarian or indoctrinated children.” Vision: Education as a springboard for creativity, risk-taking, and problem-solving. Information & Technology as Core Strength India’s IT and digital economy are global strengths. To retain autonomy and competitive edge: Invest in computing hardware, storage, networking. Develop indigenous capacity (mini-nuclear stations, small modular reactors). Prevent over-reliance on imports (e.g., semiconductors, energy). Strategic self-reliance in tech = national security + innovation. Cultural and Philosophical Dimension India’s Unique Selling Proposition (USP): A culture of seekers, not believers. Focus on inner exploration and consciousness. Contribution to global human advancement is spiritual and intellectual, not just material. Warning: Do not reduce India’s culture to dogma or sectarianism → must stay open, inclusive, questioning. Social Contract & Freedom True freedom means: Raising children in a system of safeguards, not rigid control. Allowing youth to experiment, innovate, fail, and grow. India is at a transitional stage: No longer an infant democracy. Like an adolescent—restless, energetic, but needs right environment to channel energy. Strategic Message India’s future success = mix of three freedoms: Economic freedom → Free enterprise, private initiative. Intellectual freedom → Independent education system, critical thinking. Cultural freedom → Preserve spirit of seekers, not rigid believers. If embraced, India can lead in technology, economy, and human consciousness. If ignored, India risks being shackled by outdated systems, protectionism, and overregulation. Conclusion Independence in 1947 gave political sovereignty. Independence in 2025 must mean: economic, intellectual, and cultural sovereignty. India’s strength lies in being: Entrepreneurial. Technologically agile. Spiritually rich. True freedom = ability of individuals to innovate without fear, learn without indoctrination, and dream without constraints.

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