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Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 23 November 2024

Content : Understanding the Changing Face of Extremist Violence Democratising AI needs a radically different approach Urgent deadline Understanding the Changing Face of Extremist Violence Relevance: GS 3 (Internal Security ) Practice Question: Explain the growing internal security challenges amid the Russia-Ukraine war. Suggest key measures to counter militancy tendencies. (250 words) Context: Three years of the Russia-Ukraine war have overshadowed other kinds of violence, especially by extremist groups. RAND STUDY: Title: “Changing Face of Hate: Domestic Extremist Violence” The study had special relevance for the U.S., but it also had lessons for other countries. There are constant and important changes among extremist groups. The RAND study also opined that law enforcement agencies need to understand the nature of these changes to be prepared for the future. India’s Post-Independence Challenges: India witnessed communal violence and communist movements in the initial years. The Tebhaga Movement and the Telangana Uprising were notable but unsuccessful. 20th Century: Naxalite Movement: Intended for a left-wing rebirth, it turned into huge violence. During their peak, they had a sizeable influence in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala. Right-Wing Spread: Many countries in Europe are becoming increasingly xenophobic (dislike for people from other countries), for instance, Germany. Uncertainty about the right wing’s influence in French politics has damaged France’s image as a “middle-of-the-road nation.” The Brexit referendum of 2016 (in the United Kingdom) was an early indicator of a political shift toward the right. Right-Wing Extremism in the West: The post-2001 period saw a rise in right-wing extremist sympathisers in the West. Misinformation and the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated right-wing extremism. Law Enforcement’s Role: Law and order agencies need to focus on the rising threat of terror modules. There were protests in India regarding actions taken against extremist bodies. Understanding right-wing tendencies among various societal sections is crucial. Democratising AI Needs a Radically Different Approach Relevance: GS 3 (Science and Technology) Practice Question: Explain the impacts of biased AI, especially dominated by big firms. Suggest possible ways to make AI more democratic. (250 words) Big Tech’s Dominance: Big Tech’s influence over AI is a concern for global policymakers. Efforts by India and other countries to invest in sovereign cloud infrastructure and support local start-ups may inadvertently reinforce Big Tech’s dominance. Challenges: High Costs: Building deep learning models is expensive, making it hard for smaller players to compete. Big Tech companies push for deep learning, benefiting from its high costs. Public Compute Infrastructure: Proposals to invest in public compute infrastructure must be competitive with Big Tech offerings, which include comprehensive developer tools and access to the latest models. Data Monopoly: Big Tech’s continuous data stream across various domains gives them a significant competitive edge. Public data initiatives often fall short due to commercial capture. Shift to Deep Learning: Commercial firms, especially Big Tech, dominate AI research and academia’s role is diminishing. Proposed Approach: Theory of Change: Advocates a different AI development model focused on understanding causal mechanisms and developing hypotheses for change. Domain Expertise: Emphasises the importance of domain expertise and lived experience over Big Data alone. Small AI: Champions smaller, purpose-driven models for more democratic and effective AI development. Historical Context: Significant advancements in other fields relied on theory-driven models rather than sheer volumes of data. The current obsession with “bigger is better” has deviated from this approach. Call for Change: Urges a shift away from viewing Big Data and deep learning as the ultimate solutions. Criticises the Global Development Compact for falling into the same trap of assuming large data sets and computational power will address Big Tech monopolies and achieve Sustainable Development Goals. Urgent Deadline Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice ), GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question: Explain the interrelation between poverty and climate change. Discuss the role of the Global South in the climate change-poverty battle. (250 words) Focus on Poverty and Climate Justice: The summit aimed to address global hunger and poverty and promote climate justice. Brazilian President’s Proposal: Lula Da Silva suggested taxing the ‘super-rich’ with a 2% wealth tax to generate significant revenue ($200 billion), but the G-20 declaration did not adopt this measure. India’s Standpoint: The Prime Minister emphasised that global issues impact the ‘Global South’ most, advocating for greater representation in global administration by countries representing the majority of the world’s population. Outcomes and Challenges G-20 Declarations: The declaration expressed concerns over the humanitarian crisis in Gaza but lacked concrete measures to end the conflicts, particularly with the ongoing Israel-Gaza and Russia-Ukraine conflicts. Diluted Focus: The summit’s timing, overlapping with other geopolitical crises, diluted its focus on poverty and climate change. COP29 Influence: The G-20 was timed closely with COP29, indicating an attempt to align climate issues between the two forums, but geopolitical tensions overshadowed these efforts. Implications Geopolitical Tensions: The polarisation due to the Israel-Hamas conflict and the Russia-Ukraine war made consensus difficult, weakening the effectiveness of the G-20 declaration. Climate Justice: There is a pressing need for developed nations, especially the U.S., to commit more significantly to climate action. Given potential future U.S. leadership, particularly under Donald Trump, there may be less emphasis on climate policies, which is worrying for the Global South. Moving Forward Global South’s Role: The next G-20 summit in South Africa and subsequent summits need to build on the concerns of the developing world and set clear, actionable paths for tackling poverty, hunger, and climate change. Urgent Action Required: As the G-20 will return to the U.S. in 2026, there is an urgent need for the Global South to ensure their priorities are not sidelined and that substantial progress is made in the interim

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 23 November 2024

CONTENTS India-CARICOM Summit: Strengthening Ties with Caribbean Nations Andhra Pradesh Repeals Two-Child Policy Amid Demographic Shifts International Criminal Court International Cooperative Alliance AroTrack India-CARICOM Summit: Strengthening Ties with Caribbean Nations Context: The Prime Minister of India recently chaired the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit in Georgetown, Guyana, marking a significant step in strengthening relations between India and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The summit, which also involved the Prime Minister of Grenada, the current CARICOM Chair, builds on the momentum from the first India-CARICOM Summit held in 2019 in New York. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Key Highlights of the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit About CARICOM Key Highlights of the 2nd India-CARICOM Summit Strengthening Cooperation through the Seven Pillars Capacity Building Expansion of ITEC Slots: India has pledged an additional 1000 ITEC slots specifically for CARICOM countries over the next five years, aiming to enhance professional and technical skills in the region. Agriculture and Food Security Sharing Expertise: India discussed its advancements in agriculture, focusing on modern technologies like drones, digital farming, and mechanization to bolster agricultural productivity in CARICOM countries. Renewable Energy and Climate Change Global Collaborations: The summit emphasized India’s call for greater cooperation under international frameworks such as the International Solar Alliance and Mission LiFE, targeting renewable energy expansion and sustainable practices. Innovation, Technology, and Trade Technological Assistance: India is keen on exporting its Digital Public Infrastructure model to improve efficiency in public service delivery across CARICOM nations, fostering economic and technological collaboration. Cricket and Culture Cultural Exchange: Plans to organize “Days of Indian Culture” in CARICOM countries and initiatives to train young female cricketers from the region underline the cultural and sporting ties. Ocean Economy and Maritime Security Maritime Collaboration: India proposed partnerships in maritime domain mapping and hydrography, crucial for enhancing maritime security and ocean economy management in the Caribbean Sea. Medicine and Healthcare Affordable Healthcare Models: Promotion of India’s affordable healthcare strategies, including the distribution of generic medicines and the integration of Yoga, aims to improve health standards in the Caribbean. Emphasis on Climate Justice Advocacy for SIDS: CARICOM leaders lauded India’s efforts in advocating for climate justice, recognizing the vulnerability of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to climate change despite their minimal contribution to global emissions. Equitable Climate Approach: The concept of climate justice highlighted during the summit seeks to mitigate the disproportionate impacts of climate change on marginalized and vulnerable communities by promoting fair and just solutions. About CARICOM: CARICOM is the Caribbean Community, a regional organization of Caribbean countries and dependencies. Here are some key points: Purpose: To promote economic integration and cooperation among its members. To ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared. To coordinate foreign policy. Members: 15 member countries: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago. 5 associate member territories: Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. 6 observer states: Aruba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Venezuela. Leadership: The Chairmanship of the Community rotates every six months among the member countries’ Heads. Secretariat: The CARICOM Secretariat in Georgetown, Guyana, is the principal administrative organ of the Community. It is headed by a Secretary General who is the Chief Executive Officer of the Community. Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ): In 2007, CARICOM officially inaugurated the CCJ. It serves as the final court of appeal for CARICOM members and handles regional trade disputes. -Source: The Hindu Andhra Pradesh Repeals Two-Child Policy Amid Demographic Shifts Context: Andhra Pradesh has recently repealed its longstanding two-child policy, a regulation in effect for nearly three decades that prevented individuals with more than two children from contesting local body elections as a measure to control population growth. The state government cited the challenges of a rapidly aging population and a declining fertility rate as key reasons for the reversal. Officials expressed concerns that these demographic trends could lead to serious long-term economic and social consequences, prompting a reevaluation of policies to better align with the current and future demographic realities. Relevance: GS I: Population related Issues Dimensions of the Article: Need of the New Population Strategy in India Way Forward Need of the New Population Strategy in India Declining Total Fertility Rate (TFR): India’s TFR has decreased to 2.0, below the replacement level of 2.1. This reduction indicates a future potential decrease in population size, particularly evident in states like Andhra Pradesh, where the TFR is significantly lower at 1.5. A population below replacement level could lead to a shrinking workforce, affecting economic dynamics and growth potential. Demographic Dividend: Currently, a substantial portion of India’s population is in the working-age group (15-64 years), with a significant younger segment (26% aged 10-24 years). This presents an opportunity to harness a demographic dividend. However, without strategic policies focusing on education, skill development, and job creation, this potential might not be fully realized, and the benefits of having a young population could be lost. Ageing Population: As per the India Ageing Report 2023 of the United Nations Population Fund, over 20% of India’s population will be aged 60 or above. This shift towards an ageing population requires a robust healthcare system geared towards chronic and geriatric care needs and policies that ensure healthy ageing and adequate elderly care. Resource Strain: India faces severe stress on natural resources, notably in urban areas like Delhi and Bangalore, where water scarcity is becoming increasingly acute. A new population policy is essential to manage resource allocation efficiently and ensure sustainable use amidst a growing population. Urbanization Challenges: High population growth has driven rapid and often unplanned urbanization, leading to overstretched infrastructure, environmental pollution, and the proliferation of slums. A comprehensive population policy can guide more balanced urban development and mitigate these adverse effects. Public Service Delivery: A rapidly growing population strains public services, limiting access to quality healthcare, education, and social welfare services. Strategic population management can help optimize resource distribution and improve service delivery. Regional Disparities: High fertility rates in impoverished regions can exacerbate economic inequality and hinder overall development. A new population strategy could address these disparities by integrating family planning with broader socio-economic development goals. Way Forward Policy and Planning Rights-Based Family Planning: Policies should focus on empowering individuals, particularly women, through education, health care, and economic opportunities. Regional Specificity: Tailored strategies are essential, with proactive measures in high fertility regions and supportive policies in areas with aging populations. Socioeconomic Integration Integrated Development: Linking family planning with broader socioeconomic strategies like education enhancement, job creation, and poverty reduction will foster sustainable growth. Healthcare and Elderly Care: Investment in healthcare infrastructure is crucial, especially for geriatric care, to support an aging demographic and alleviate the burden on the workforce. -Source: The Hindu International Criminal Court Context: The International Criminal Court (ICC) has issued arrest warrants for Israel Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, former defense minister Yoav Gallant, and Hamas leader Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant About the International Criminal Court (ICC) ICC Arrest Warrants for Netanyahu and Gallant Accusations and Charges Specific Allegations: Benjamin Netanyahu and Yoav Gallant are accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including: Starvation: Intentional deprivation of essential resources such as food and water to Gaza’s civilians. Restricted Medical Supplies: Limiting access to crucial medical supplies, causing significant suffering. Violence and Torture: Alleged involvement in or responsibility for torture, killings, sexual violence, and property destruction by forces under their command. Mechanism and Implications of ICC Arrest Warrants Enforcement of Warrants: The International Criminal Court’s warrants require member states to arrest and extradite the accused if they enter their territories. Challenges in Execution: The enforcement depends largely on the cooperation of member states, which might be complicated by political alliances. Similar to the case with Russian President Vladimir Putin, travel restrictions can isolate the accused from international engagements, primarily in Western countries. Political and Diplomatic Repercussions: While arrest by countries like Germany, France, and the UK is unlikely due to their diplomatic relations with Israel, the issuance of the warrant places moral and international pressure on Israel. It symbolizes a significant victory for Palestine, potentially restricting Netanyahu’s international mobility and influencing global diplomatic relations. About the International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC is a permanent judicial institution established by the Rome Statute in 1998 to investigate, prosecute, and try individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression. It can impose prison sentences on those found guilty. Background: The Rome Statute, the court’s founding treaty, was adopted in July 1998, and the ICC began its operations in 2003. Headquarters: The Hague, Netherlands. Members: 123 nations are parties to the Rome Statute and recognize the ICC’s authority. Notable exceptions include the US, China, Russia, and India. Funding: The ICC is funded by contributions from its member states and voluntary donations from governments, international organizations, individuals, corporations, and other entities. Composition: Judges: The ICC has 18 judges from different member countries, elected to non-renewable nine-year terms. The Presidency: Comprised of three judges (a President and two Vice-Presidents) elected from among the judges, the Presidency represents the Court externally and organizes the work of the judges. Judicial Divisions: There are three divisions with 18 judges: Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals. Office of the Prosecutor (OTP): The OTP receives referrals and credible information on crimes within the ICC’s jurisdiction, conducts investigations, and prosecutes cases before the Court. Registry: The Registry provides administrative and operational support to the Chambers and the OTP. Jurisdiction of the ICC: Unlike the International Court of Justice, which resolves disputes between states, the ICC prosecutes individuals. The ICC can hear a case if: The country where the offense occurred is a party to the Rome Statute, or The perpetrator’s home country is a party to the Rome Statute. The ICC steps in only if the national court is unable or unwilling to prosecute. The ICC’s jurisdiction covers offenses committed after July 1, 2002, the date when the Statute came into force. Relation with the United Nations (UN): The ICC is not a UN organization but has a cooperation agreement with the UN. The UN Security Council can refer situations outside the ICC’s jurisdiction to the Court, granting it the authority to act. -Source: Indian Express International Cooperative Alliance Context: India is all set to host the global conference of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) for the first time. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Overview of the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA): The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) is a non-profit international association dedicated to uniting, representing, and serving cooperatives globally. Established in 1895, the ICA is one of the oldest and largest non-governmental organizations, representing approximately one billion cooperative members worldwide. Serving as the apex organization for an estimated 3 million cooperatives, the ICA provides a global voice and a platform for sharing knowledge, expertise, and coordinated action for and about cooperatives. The ICA upholds the Statement on the Cooperative Identity, which encompasses a definition of cooperatives, 10 values, and 7 operational principles. This statement sets the foundational standards for cooperatives across all sectors and regions. Its membership includes both international and national cooperative organizations from various economic sectors. The ICA boasts over 306 member organizations from 105 countries. Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, the ICA operates four regional offices covering Africa, the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe. Additionally, the ICA includes sectoral organizations that address specific cooperative activities in agriculture, industry and services, consumer retail, banking, fisheries, health, housing, and insurance. -Source: The Hindu AroTrack Context: Recently, scientists at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay) have developed a water-pollutant detecting device called ‘AroTrack’. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of AroTrack: AroTrack is a pioneering device designed to detect harmful aromatic xenobiotic pollutants like phenol, benzene, and xylenols in water. The device utilizes proteins derived from bacteria that thrive in heavily polluted environments, allowing for the effective identification of multiple aromatic pollutants. A crucial mechanism in AroTrack involves a highly selective ATP hydrolysis chemical reaction triggered by the presence of an aromatic compound in the water sample. This reaction results in a visible color change in the protein solution, which AroTrack can detect. The device includes a light-emitting diode (LED) and phototransistor assembly that projects light of a specific wavelength through the sample and measures the light absorption, indicating the presence of pollutants. AroTrack features a biosensing module named MopR, specifically sensitive to detecting phenol, enhancing the device’s accuracy and reliability. The device has demonstrated consistent performance in water temperatures up to 50 degrees Celsius and can complete testing within 30 minutes. Significance: AroTrack’s affordability, battery-operated nature, and portability make it especially suitable for use in rural and low-income areas, where access to expensive laboratory testing is often limited. -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 22 November 2024

CONTENTS Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Bhu-Neer Portal Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Context: Recently, the Indian Army successfully conducted the Exercise, ‘Sanyukt Vimochan 2024’ at Ahmedabad and Porbandar on 18-19 November 2024. Relevance: GS III: Security Challenges Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan Nature and Scope: Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan is an annual multilateral joint Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) exercise. Organizers: Conducted by the Konark Corps of the Southern Command of the Indian Army, this exercise takes place in Gujarat, specifically Ahmedabad and Porbandar. Goals: The primary aim is to improve interagency integration and cooperation, ensuring effective and timely responses to natural disasters. Activities and Participation Inaugural Event in Ahmedabad: Featured a Tabletop Exercise centered on managing a hypothetical cyclone in Gujarat’s coastal regions. This session included representatives from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA), Meteorological Department, and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FICCI). Multi-Agency Capability Demonstration: Held at Chowpatty Beach in Porbandar on 19 November 2024, this event showcased various agencies working together to manage logistics, response tactics, and overall disaster management in a simulated cyclone scenario. Collaboration and Training Participating Agencies: The exercise saw participation from the Indian Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, National Disaster Response Force, State Disaster Response Force, and other central and state agencies. International Involvement: The event was attended by 15 senior officials and representatives from nine friendly foreign countries, including members from the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Indian Ocean Region, and Southeast Asia. Significance and Impact Enhanced National Capabilities: Exercise Sanyukt Vimochan has significantly bolstered India’s national disaster response capabilities. Global Contribution: The exercise contributes to the international discourse on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, promoting global best practices and enhancing international cooperation. Bhu-Neer Portal Context: Recently, the Hon’ble Minister of Jal Shakti, digitally launched the newly developed “Bhu-Neer” portal during the concluding ceremony of India Water Week 2024. Relevance: GS II: Government Policies and Interventions Bhu-Neer Portal: Developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, in association with the National Informatics Centre (NIC), the Bhu-Neer Portal is an innovative tool designed to enhance groundwater regulation nationwide. Purpose: The portal acts as a comprehensive platform for the management and regulation of groundwater resources, promoting transparency, efficiency, and sustainable practices. It is structured to provide detailed insights into the legal guidelines that govern groundwater extraction and the associated regulations at both state and national levels. A centralized database within the portal allows users easy access to essential information regarding groundwater compliance, relevant policies, and sustainability measures. User-friendly features are integrated to streamline the process for project proponents applying for groundwater withdrawal permits. Features such as a PAN-based single ID system and NOCs with QR codes enhance the portal’s usability, representing a significant advancement from its predecessor, NOCAP. Significance: The Bhu-Neer portal is designed to facilitate the Ease of Doing Business initiative by making groundwater regulation processes seamless and non-interactive. Accessibility: The portal is now operational and available for public access. Project proponents are encouraged to use the portal for inquiries related to groundwater withdrawal, to track application statuses, and for the payment of statutory charges.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 22 November 2024

Content : India needs an environmental health regulatory agency A bilateral investment treaty with a ‘bit’ of change India Needs an Environmental Health Regulatory Agency Relevance: GS 3 ( Environment ) Practice question: Discuss the pros and cons of establishing an Environmental Health Regulatory Agency (EHRA) in India. (150 Words) Event: The 2024 Conference of Parties (COP 29) concluded in Baku, Azerbaijan. Key Focus for India: Pushing for ambitious climate mitigation financing from developed nations while addressing pollutants in air, water, and land posing health risks. Urgency: Emphasised by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions by over 6% compared to the previous year (UN Emissions Gap Report 2024). Urgency of Integration Need for EHRA: The proposed Environmental Health Regulatory Agency (EHRA) to integrate and improve environmental governance focusing on pollution control and health risk mitigation. Health Challenges: Detrimental health effects from pollutants cause non-communicable diseases, impacting vulnerable populations like children, the elderly, and financially poor groups. Current Governance Model: CPCB: Focuses on pollution control. MoEFCC: Handles broader environmental policies. MoHFW: Manages integrated disease surveillance. Disconnect: Lack of data flow and integration between ministries. Proposed Solution: Establishing EHRA Advantages : Integrated Governance: Unifies environmental and health data for more effective policy-making. Data-Driven Approach: Supports evidence-based regulations and Health Impact Assessments (HIAs). Economic Opportunities: Promotes sustainable practices, innovation, and green jobs. Public Health: Reduces pollution-related health risks, improving life expectancy and quality of life. Global Alignment: Helps India meet climate goals under the Paris Agreement and SDGs. Localised Solutions: Works with state and municipal governments for tailored, region-specific interventions. Disadvantages : Bureaucratic Challenges: Potential resistance due to bureaucratic inertia and inter-departmental conflicts. Industry Pushback: Possible opposition from industries fearing stricter regulations and compliance costs. Implementation Costs: Establishing and maintaining EHRA could be resource-intensive. Coordination Complexity: Integration of multiple ministries and data systems could face logistical hurdles. Slower Response: Centralised decision-making may delay rapid action in urgent cases. Conclusion India should focus on establishing an EHRA which in turn will help in fighting both pollution and health challenges with an integrated and nuanced approach A Bilateral Investment Treaty With A ‘Bit’ of Change Relevance: GS 2( International Relations ) Practice Question:What are the key changes in the recent Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the UAE, and how might these changes impact India’s future investment treaties with other countries? (250 Words ) Context : BIT Public Release: The Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) between India and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), signed earlier this year, was recently made public, replacing the 2014 treaty. Significance: Highlights India’s latest investment treaty practices and may influence ongoing negotiations with the UK and the EU. Objectives of a BIT: Balance:Balance investment protection with the state’s sovereign right to regulate. Clarity:Contain clear provisions to limit the discretion of investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) tribunals. Departures from the Model BIT Exhaustion of Local Remedies: Current India-UAE BIT: Foreign investors must try resolving issues in local courts for at least three years before making an ISDS claim. Model BIT & Others: Previously required investors to try for five years. Reason for Change: Acknowledges that the Indian court system often takes more than five years to resolve disputes, allowing investors quicker access to international arbitration. Definition of Investment: Current India-UAE BIT: No longer requires that investments be significant for the host state’s development. Model BIT: Included this requirement, but ISDS tribunals found it too subjective. Treatment of Investments: Current India-UAE BIT: Lists specific treaty violations clearly, without using customary international law (CIL). This limits the flexibility of arbitration panels. Model BIT: Linked violations to CIL, which is not clearly defined and gave too much freedom to arbitration panels. Continuity in Investment Treaty Practice Absence of MFN Clause: Neither the current BIT nor the Model BIT includes the Most Favoured Nation (MFN) provision, maintaining the state’s regulatory power. Taxation: Excluded from the scope of the BIT, preventing foreign investors from challenging tax measures. Jurisdiction of ISDS Tribunals: Model BIT & Current BIT: Bar the tribunal’s jurisdiction to review the ‘merits’ of domestic court decisions to avoid acting as a court of appeal. Additional Provisions in the Current BIT Disallowing Third-Party Funding: The new BIT specifically prohibits third-party funding. Allegations of Fraud or Corruption: Bars ISDS availability if such allegations are made against the investor. Conclusion The new India-UAE BIT highlights India’s balanced approach to protecting investments while keeping regulatory control. However, the exclusion of MFN and taxation issues may create challenges in future negotiations.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 22 November 2024

CONTENTS Report Underscores Nutritional Disparities in Global Food Markets Tea industry in India Home Minister Calls for Early Release of Undertrial Prisoners Before Constitution Day Saint Francis Xavier Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Global Energy Efficiency Alliance Report Underscores Nutritional Disparities in Global Food Markets Context: A recent report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi) has brought to light significant disparities in the nutritional quality of food and beverage products available in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) compared to those in high-income countries (HICs). This analysis highlights the critical need for better food labeling practices, which could help steer consumers towards healthier choices in packaged foods. By addressing these discrepancies, there is potential to improve public health outcomes and reduce the burden of diet-related diseases globally. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Key Findings from the Health Star Rating System Report What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Key Findings from the Health Star Rating System Report Health Star Rating System Analysis Scope: The study covered over 52,000 products from leading global brands including Nestlé, PepsiCo, and Unilever. Rating Mechanism: Products were rated on a scale of 5 stars, where scores above 3.5 were classified as healthy. Geographical Disparities in Scores: Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs): Average score of 1.8. High-Income Countries (HICs): Average score of 2.3. Nutritional Disparities Accessibility: Limited availability of affordable, healthy options in LMICs. Information Gaps: Micronutrient details were often missing from products in LMICs compared to those in HICs. Historical Context Past Reports: Similar nutritional disparities were noted in previous studies, including issues like higher sugar levels in baby foods marketed by Nestlé in India and Africa compared to Europe. Significance for India Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) Health Impact: India has a high burden of NCDs, including over 10 crore diabetes cases and rising obesity rates. Diet-Related Issues: Over 56% of India’s disease burden is linked to unhealthy diets. Economic and Nutritional Challenges Affordability: More than half of the Indian population cannot afford a healthy diet. Consumption Trends: Increasing expenditure on processed foods high in sugar and fats. Importance of Front-of-Pack Labelling (FOPL) Global Examples Successful Implementations: Countries like Chile and Mexico have seen reduced sugary beverage consumption after implementing mandatory FOPL. Indian Context Regulatory Efforts: India supports World Health Assembly resolutions against junk food marketing to children but struggles with effective implementation of FOPL policies. Policy Gaps: The 2022 Draft Notification for FOPL has seen little progress, and voluntary industry efforts remain inadequate. Recommendations from the Report Policy Enhancements Label Clarity: Advocate for stringent policies that mandate clear labelling of sugar, salt, and fat content on all food packaging. Consumer Education: Launch campaigns to educate consumers about the importance of nutritional labels and how to read them. Economic Incentives Affordability: Encourage food and beverage companies to make nutritious products more accessible, especially for low-income consumers. Regulatory Enforcement Best Practices: Adopt and enforce global best practices for food labelling to ensure transparency and consumer protection. What is the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)? Overview: The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is a statutory body established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006. It operates under the purview of the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Legal Framework: Formed under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, which replaced earlier legislation such as the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, the Fruit Products Order, 1955, and the Meat Food Products Order, 1973. Mandate: FSSAI regulates various aspects of food safety, including the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food articles. It establishes standards to ensure the safety and quality of food consumed by the public. Composition: The authority consists of 22 members, including a Chairperson, with a requirement that one-third of the members must be women. Functions: Regulation Development: FSSAI has the authority to formulate regulations to enforce food safety standards across the country. Lab Accreditation: It establishes guidelines for accrediting food testing laboratories to ensure accurate and reliable testing of food samples. Inspection Authority: Food safety officers appointed by FSSAI have the power to enter and inspect any premises involved in the manufacturing, storage, or display of food products. Research and Development: The Research and Development division conducts research in food safety standards, with a focus on adopting international best practices. Data Collection: FSSAI collects data related to food consumption, contamination, emerging risks, and other relevant factors to inform its regulatory decisions. Continuous Improvement: FSSAI continuously strives to adopt and implement international food standards to enhance food safety and quality standards in India. -Source: Indian Express Tea industry in India Context: The Tea industry in India has experienced a boost in profits during the September quarter, driven by higher prices despite a decline in production caused by climate change.  Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry About tea: Tea is a popular beverage crafted from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant and ranks as the second most-consumed drink globally, following water. Tea’s origins trace back to the northeastern regions of India, northern Myanmar, and southwestern China. However, pinpointing the exact location of the plant’s initial growth remains uncertain. Historical evidence suggests that tea consumption dates back 5,000 years in China. Cultivation of tea: Climate: Tea thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates, flourishing in hot and humid conditions. Temperature: Optimal growth occurs within temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C, while extremes above 35°C and below 10°C prove detrimental to the plants. Rainfall: Tea requires an annual rainfall of 150-300 cm, evenly distributed throughout the year. Soil: Suitable soil for tea cultivation is slightly acidic, with porous subsoil permitting efficient water percolation. Current Trends in the Indian Tea Industry Production Decline and Pricing: In 2024, tea production in West Bengal and Assam has decreased by 21% and 11% respectively, leading to a 13% surge in domestic tea prices. The decline mainly affects the first and second monsoon showers, which typically produce the highest quality teas, impacting the industry’s profitability. Export Market: There has been a 4% drop in export prices this year, presenting a challenge for the industry. Subsidies and Financial Impact: The industry has been awaiting promised subsidies from the Tea Board, which have not been disbursed, adding to the financial strain during a year of lowered production. General Overview of the Tea Industry Global Standing: India is the world’s second-largest tea producer, after China, and is among the top five global tea exporters, contributing about 10% to global tea exports. Domestic Consumption: India consumes about 81% of its tea production domestically, unlike Kenya and Sri Lanka which export most of their production. The major tea-producing states include Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala, collectively accounting for 97% of the national output. Export Composition: Predominantly, India exports black tea, which constitutes about 96% of all tea exports. Teas from Assam, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri are globally recognized as among the finest. Challenges Facing the Tea Industry Environmental Impact: 2024 saw significant production disruptions due to extreme weather conditions, including excessive heat in May followed by flooding in Assam. This led to the lowest tea output for May in over a decade. Price Fluctuations: By July 2024, tea prices had increased by 47% since the beginning of the year, driven by production shortfalls. Pesticide Ban and Market Dynamics: The government’s ban on 20 pesticides has led to higher production costs due to the need for more expensive alternative pest control methods. Despite these challenges, demand for Indian tea has increased, particularly in countries like Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan. Impact on Small Tea Growers and Local Industry: Small Tea Growers (STGs), who manage less than one hectare each and contribute significantly to national production, are severely impacted by price drops and market shifts. The closure of approximately 13 to 14 tea gardens in regions like Dooars, Terai, and Darjeeling has affected over 11,000 workers and underscores the broader challenges faced by the industry. Global Impact of Climate Change on the Tea Industry Rainfall Extremes: Tea cultivation, reliant on consistent rainfall, faces challenges from excessive rain leading to waterlogging, soil erosion, and reduced arable land, impacting tea plantation areas significantly. Drought Effects: Insufficient rainfall results in dust build-up on tea leaves, obstructing essential sunlight and adversely affecting tea production, particularly in India and China. Frost Damage: In colder regions like Rwanda and China, frost causes the tea leaves to freeze and break, resulting in significant leaf loss. Permafrost Instability: Areas with permafrost are seeing increased ground instability which heightens the risk of rock avalanches and landslides, potentially damaging tea plantations situated on hills. Production Costs and Quality: Global warming is escalating the difficulty and cost of tea production, with adverse effects on both the quality and quantity of tea, likely leading to increased consumer prices. -Source: The Hindu Home Minister Calls for Early Release of Undertrial Prisoners Before Constitution Day Context: The Union Home Minister recently highlighted the importance of releasing undertrial prisoners who have served more than one-third of the maximum sentence prescribed for their alleged crimes, aiming for this to be completed before Constitution Day on November 26. This directive is in line with the provisions introduced under the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), reflecting a move towards more equitable legal processes and reducing overcrowding in prisons. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) Supreme Court’s Role in Implementation Analysis of India’s Undertrial Population According to NCRB 2022 Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) Revision of Bail Norms Purpose: Section 479 aims to address the issue of prolonged detention of undertrial prisoners, especially those who are first-time offenders. Context: This provision is an expansion of Section 436A of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), which previously allowed for release after serving half of the potential maximum sentence. Bail Eligibility Criteria General Rule: Undertrials charged with non-capital offenses are eligible for bail if they have served half of the maximum sentence applicable to the offense. Special Consideration for First-Time Offenders: Those with no prior convictions are entitled to release on bond after serving one-third of the maximum prescribed sentence. Exclusions: This leniency does not apply to individuals charged with multiple offenses or those under investigation for other crimes. Supreme Court’s Role in Implementation Retrospective Application Effective Date: Section 479 is applied retrospectively to cases that were active before the BNSS’s enactment on July 1, 2024. Court’s Order: In August 2024, the Supreme Court mandated the retrospective application of this section. Measures for Effective Implementation Role of Jail Superintendents: They are tasked with identifying eligible prisoners and coordinating with courts to facilitate their release. State Compliance: States and Union Territories are required to submit detailed affidavits within two months, reporting on the status of eligible undertrials. Monitoring and Compliance Recent Compliance Rates: As of October 2024, only 19 out of 36 states and UTs have complied with the Supreme Court’s directives. Focus on Women Undertrials: In November 2024, the Supreme Court specifically called for prioritizing the identification and potential release of women undertrials. Analysis of India’s Undertrial Population According to NCRB 2022 Overview of Undertrial Inmates High Proportion of Undertrials: The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) 2022 report shows a significant percentage of undertrials in the total prison population, with 4,34,302 out of 5,73,220 inmates (75.8%) awaiting trial. Female Undertrials: Of the total women incarcerated, 18,146 out of 23,772 are undertrials, making up 76.33% of the female prison population. Duration of Detention: Approximately 8.6% of these undertrials have been detained for over three years as of the end of 2022. Lack of Specific Data Data on First-Time Offenders: The report does not specify the number of undertrials who are first-time offenders, a critical data point for the effective application of Section 479 of the BNSS. -Source: The Hindu Saint Francis Xavier Context: Recently, the decennial exposition of the sacred relics of Saint Francis Xavier began which will run until 5th January 2025.  Relevance: Facts for Prelims Overview of Saint Francis Xavier: Saint Francis Xavier, renowned as Goencho Saib (Lord of Goa), is a pivotal figure in the Christian history of Goa. He arrived in Goa in 1542 and played a significant role in revitalizing Christianity among the Portuguese settlers. As one of the founders of the Jesuit order, his missionary zeal took him across Asia, where he eventually died in 1552 on Shangchuan Island, off the coast of China. Initially buried on the island, his remains were subsequently relocated to Malacca and ultimately brought to Goa in 1554. They were first housed at St. Paul’s College, the earliest Jesuit building in Goa, before being moved to the Basilica of Bom Jesus in Old Goa in 1624. Remarkably, the relics of Saint Francis Xavier have exhibited minimal decay, despite multiple exhumations over the centuries. The Feast of St. Francis Xavier, celebrated annually on 3rd December at the Basilica of Bom Jesus, marks the anniversary of his death. This event is Goa’s largest Christian festival, drawing thousands of pilgrims and visitors. -Source: Indian Express Biofloc Technology and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems Context: India’s aquaculture sector has increasingly adopted Biofloc Technology (BFT) and Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS). Relevance: GS III: Agriculture Dimensions of the Article: Biofloc Technology in Aquaculture Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Biofloc Technology in Aquaculture Biofloc Technology (BFT) is a sustainable aquaculture technique that utilizes a closed tank system to maintain water quality by recycling waste using beneficial bacteria. Beneficial heterotrophic bacteria, including species like Bacillus and Pseudomonas, convert organic waste into microbial biomass that fish can consume, effectively recycling nutrients. Advantages of Biofloc Technology Water Quality Management: Keeps the water clean by recycling waste, thus reducing the need for frequent water changes and external chemical usage. Cost Efficiency: Reduces the cost of feed as fish utilize the microbial biomass for nutrition, making it economically viable for farmers. Disease Prevention: By maintaining clean water and controlled environmental conditions, BFT lowers the risk of diseases and reduces dependency on antibiotics. Suitability for Small Scale Farms: Ideal for small-scale and backyard operations due to its low space requirement and scalability. Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Recirculating Aquaculture Systems are advanced, closed-loop water systems that reuse water after it is filtered and purified, making it a sustainable choice for intensive fish farming. Incorporates both mechanical and biological filtration to remove waste and ensure water quality, enhancing the overall health and safety of the aquatic environment. Benefits of Using RAS Controlled Farming Environment: Allows precise control over environmental conditions such as water temperature, oxygen levels, and cleanliness, promoting optimal fish growth. Reduced Disease Risk: Enhanced biosecurity measures and minimized pathogen entry significantly lower the risk of disease, reducing the need for medicinal interventions. Location Flexibility: Can be implemented in diverse settings, including urban areas or regions lacking natural water bodies, aligning supply with market demand. -Source: Down To Earth Global Energy Efficiency Alliance Context: The UAE has unveiled an ambitious initiative to establish the ‘Global Energy Efficiency Alliance’ during COP29, hosted in Azerbaijan. Global Energy Efficiency Alliance The Global Energy Efficiency Alliance aims to double the rate of energy efficiency globally by 2030. A key focus is on reducing carbon emissions significantly, aligning with global climate change mitigation efforts. Strategic Initiatives Encourages collaborations between government entities and the private sector to enhance investments in energy efficiency projects. This initiative supports the commitments made during COP28, where participants agreed to lower carbon outputs and reduce resource usage. Led by the UAE, the alliance seeks to share its expertise in energy efficiency, promote knowledge transfer, and develop effective partnership models. Significance and Impact Carbon Emission Reduction: By focusing on energy efficiency, the alliance contributes to the global reduction of greenhouse gases. Support for Sustainable Practices: Aims to foster the sustainable use of natural resources through international cooperation and standardization. Resource for Developing Nations: Particularly targets support towards African nations by offering access to best practices, financing options, and technological solutions to enhance energy sustainability -Source: The Hindu

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 November 2024

CONTENTS India Commemorates Sickle Cell Eradication Initiative with New Postage Stamp India Establishes Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla as Its 56th Tiger Reserve India Commemorates Sickle Cell Eradication Initiative with New Postage Stamp Context: On Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas, celebrated on November 15, 2024, a special commemorative postage stamp titled “Sickle Cell Eradication – 2047” was unveiled in Madhya Pradesh. This initiative is part of India’s broader commitment to eradicate sickle cell anemia by 2047. The focus is particularly on tribal communities, which are disproportionately affected by this hereditary blood disorder. The stamp symbolizes the nation’s dedication to addressing and overcoming this health challenge, highlighting the government’s efforts to improve healthcare accessibility and outcomes in vulnerable populations. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: Sickle Cell Anaemia Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia About the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission Sickle Cell Anaemia Haemoglobin which is tasked with carrying oxygen to all parts of the body, has four protein subunits — two alpha and two beta. In some people, mutations in the gene that creates the beta subunits impact the shape of the blood cell and distorts it to look like a sickle. A round red blood cell can move easily through blood vessels because of its shape but sickle red blood cells end up slowing, and even blocking, the blood flow. Moreover, sickle cells die early, resulting in a shortage of red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen. These obstructions and shortages may cause chronic anaemia, pain, fatigue, acute chest syndrome, stroke, and a host of other serious health complications. Without treatment, quality of life is compromised and severe cases can become fatal in the initial years of life. Symptoms The symptoms of sickle cell anaemia can vary from person to person, but common symptoms include: Painful episodes (sickle cell crisis) Anaemia Fatigue and weakness Shortness of breath Delays in growth and development Joint pain frequent infections Treatment Currently, there is no cure for sickle cell anaemia, but treatments are available to manage the symptoms and prevent complications. Pain management Blood transfusions Antibiotics to prevent infections Hydoxyurea, a medication to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crises Stem cell transplantation in some cases Indian Government Initiatives to reduce Sickle Cell Anaemia The Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Rural Health Mission in different States are undertaking outreach programmes for better management and control of the disease. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs launched a portal wherein people can register themselves if they have the disease or the trait, in order to collate all information related to SCA among tribal groups. In the Budget, the Union Health Minister said the government plans to distribute “special cards” across tribal areas to people below the age of 40. The cards will be divided into different categories based on the screening results. The mission will receive funding under the National Health Mission. National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission: The mission aims to tackle the significant health challenges associated with sickle cell disease (SCD), with a particular focus on the tribal population. It represents a crucial milestone in the Government’s ongoing efforts to eliminate SCD as a public health issue by 2047. Objectives of the Mission: Provision of Affordable and Accessible Care: Ensure that all SCD patients have access to affordable and easily accessible healthcare services. Improve the availability and affordability of SCD treatments and medications. Quality of Care: Enhance the quality of care provided to SCD patients. Implement measures to ensure that healthcare facilities meet the required standards for SCD management. Prevalence Reduction: Implement strategies to reduce the prevalence of SCD in the population. Focus on early detection and prevention methods to minimize the number of new SCD cases. Health Promotion: Raise awareness about SCD through health promotion campaigns. Provide pre-marital genetic counseling to educate individuals about the risks associated with SCD. Prevention: Conduct universal screening programs to identify SCD cases at an early stage. Emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications. Holistic Management & Continuum of Care: Develop a comprehensive management approach for individuals with SCD. Establish coordinated care across primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare levels. Ensure adequate treatment facilities at tertiary healthcare institutions. Patient Support System: Establish a robust support system for SCD patients. Provide guidance, counseling, and emotional support to patients and their families. Community Adoption: Encourage community involvement in SCD prevention and care. Promote the adoption of preventive measures and support systems within local communities. Coverage Targets: The mission aims to reach a total of 7 crore people. Provide screening, counseling, and care services for individuals with SCD within a three-and-a-half-year timeframe. India Establishes Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla as Its 56th Tiger Reserve Context: India has recently declared the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla (GGTP) Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the country’s 56th tiger reserve. This addition signifies a major advancement in India’s tiger conservation initiatives. Relevance: GS III: Environment and Ecology Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve: An Overview Location and Geography Situated within Plateaus: The GGTP Tiger Reserve is located on the Chota Nagpur plateau and partially on the Baghelkhand plateau, featuring diverse terrain conducive to a variety of wildlife habitats. Size and Significance Extensive Area: The reserve encompasses a core habitat of 2,049.2 sq. km, which includes the Guru Ghasidas National Park and Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary, with an additional buffer zone of 780.15 sq. km. Ranking: It stands as the third-largest tiger reserve in India, following Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh and Manas in Assam. Biodiversity Rich Species Count: According to the Zoological Survey of India, the reserve is home to 753 species, split between 365 invertebrates and 388 vertebrates, highlighting its significant ecological value. Conservation Strategies Landscape Approach: The reserve employs a landscape approach to conservation, ensuring interconnected habitats that support wide-ranging species and ecological processes. Ecological Connectivity: It maintains ecological links with neighboring tiger reserves such as Sanjay Dubri, Bandhavgarh, and Palamau. This connectivity is crucial for genetic diversity and the stability of wildlife populations. Alignment with Conservation Goals National Wildlife Plan: The operations and management of the GGTP Tiger Reserve are in line with India’s National Wildlife Plan (2017-2031), which emphasizes habitat preservation and the sustainable conservation of wildlife resources.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 November 2024

Content : Turning tide Grind along The long fight for accessibility, dignity in Indian prisons Clearing the air on Delhi’s pollution crisis Turning Tide Relevance: GS 3 (Economy ) Practice Question : Discuss factors responsible for higher exports and lower imports. Examine the challenges and suggest some key measures. (250 words) Q2 Decline: Goods exports dropped by an average of 5.8% in the first two months of Q2, with only a 0.5% rise in September. October Rise: Exports rose by 17.25% in October to reach $39.2 billion, which is the second-highest monthly figure of the year; the Christmas season creates demand in developed economies. Annual Target: Exports of service have risen 14.6% by September, which boosts confidence in reaching the $800 billion target of 2024-25. Non-Petroleum Exports: A 25.6% increase, marking the highest-ever tally for the first seven months at $211.3 billion. Petroleum Sector Issues Import Surge: Oil imports increased 13.2% in October, reaching $18.3 billion—up 46.4% from September. Export Decline: Petroleum exports have declined for five consecutive months, falling 22% in October to $4.6 billion, the lowest in almost three years. Oil Trade Deficit: The oil trade deficit hit $13.7 billion in October, which is a record. Overall Trade Balance Import Bill Increase: The total import bill rose to $66.3 billion in October, largely due to oil and gold imports. Widening Trade Deficit: The trade deficit has expanded to its second and third-highest levels in the past three months. Global Trade Context Forecasts: WTO predicts global trade growth at 3% in 2025, up from 2.7% in 2024. Geopolitical Risks: Economic slowdown in China and ongoing global conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine crisis affecting trade stability U.S. Policy Shifts: There is speculation that the new government may put higher import tariffs and incentives for domestic production, which influences the global trade landscape. Key Takeaways for India India should be cautious in its policies; it should not attract unnecessary scrutiny from the United States. India should closely monitor oil market trends and should focus on reducing oil import bills. India should focus on increasing non-petroleum exports. Grind Along Relevance : GS 2( Polity ), GS 4 (Ethics ) Practice Question: Explain why it is important for public figures to choose their words carefully. (150 Words ) Context: The actor Kasthuri was recently arrested due to her remarks about the Telugu community at an event in Chennai. A few days later, bail was granted to her. Importance of Public Speech: Public figures must be mindful of their words because today’s digital age enables permanently recorded statements and wide circulations. Legal Principles: Generally, the principle “bail is the rule and jail is an exception” should be considered, highlighting the importance of not using arrest as a first response in every situation. Custodial Interrogation: In this case, there was no need for custodial interrogation since the basic material was already with the police, and there was no immediate threat to law and order. Freedom of Expression: While freedom of expression is vital in a democratic society, it is bound by reasonable restrictions to ensure it does not harm others. Broader Implications Responsible Speech: Public speakers should choose their words carefully to ensure their words do not negatively impact any community. State Response: The state should consider arrest only when it is necessary instead of rushing for arrest. Conclusion The case highlights the significance of balancing the Right to do (free speech) with the Right thing to do (social responsibility). The Long Fight For Accessibility, Dignity in Indian Prisons Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice ) Practice Question: Shed light on issues faced by prisoners with disabilities in prisons of India. Suggest key measures for their betterment. (250 words) Professor G.N. Saibaba’s Case: Saibaba, a quadriplegic, was imprisoned in 2014 despite a lack of concrete evidence. Experienced severe neglect at Nagpur Central Jail, including inadequate wheelchair accessibility and cramped “anda cell.” Faced daily challenges with basic tasks like using the toilet, fetching water, and bathing. Exonerated in 2024, but died shortly after, highlighting the toll of neglect. General Conditions in Indian Prisons: Indian prisons are overcrowded, with over 5.73 lakh prisoners, exceeding their capacity of 4.36 lakh. Chronic issues of violence, abuse, and neglect persist in prisons. Prisoners with disabilities are more vulnerable to abuse from both staff and other inmates. Special needs for prisoners with disabilities are largely ignored or unmet. Father Stan Swamy’s Case: Father Swamy, with Parkinson’s disease, was denied basic assistive items like a straw and sipper while imprisoned. This denial of basic care violated his legal rights under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016). Accessibility Issues in Prisons: A 2018 audit of Delhi’s prisons revealed gaps such as unfunctional wheelchairs, inaccessible cells, and limited access to essential facilities. The lack of accessible toilets, mulaqat rooms, and recreational spaces further exacerbates the challenges for prisoners with disabilities. Legal Framework and Rights: The Constitution guarantees prisoners’ rights to equality, liberty, and dignity. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities prohibits torture and inhumane treatment of prisoners with disabilities. India’s Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (2016) and the Model Prison Manual (2016) outline the need for accessible prison facilities. Despite these legal frameworks, enforcement remains weak, and prisoners with disabilities continue to suffer. Political and Public Indifference: Many people believe prisoners deserve their suffering, fostering public indifference and a lack of political will for reform. The government’s failure to prioritize prison reforms undermines the legal protections for prisoners with disabilities. The Way Forward: Immediate reforms are needed to ensure accessible and dignified conditions for prisoners with disabilities. State governments must take responsibility for ensuring legal protections and accommodating prisoners with disabilities. Stronger enforcement of existing laws and policies is essential to prevent further abuse and neglect. Clearing the Air on Delhi’s Pollution Crisis Relevance: GS 3 (Environment ) Practice Question: Discuss potential causes for Delhi’s air pollution. Analyse current measures in reducing pollution levels and suggest key measures. (250 words ) Historical Context and Challenges: Efforts to combat Delhi’s air pollution date back to 1984 with M.C. Mehta’s public interest litigation. Despite many measures, the growing economy and population have outpaced these efforts. Urban toxicity is described as a ‘wicked problem’ requiring long-term measures, similar to issues faced in Los Angeles. Government and Judicial Actions: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) began addressing air pollution by asking the government to list its causes. The National Clean Air Programme (2019), with its collaborative approach, has made minimal impact. The Supreme Court holds the right to a clean environment as a fundamental right and has been questioning the government’s efforts and the effectiveness of the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM). Sources of Pollution: Vehicular emissions and traffic congestion are significant contributors to year-round toxicity in Delhi. In Delhi, Los Angeles, and Beijing, 60% of air toxicity comes from vehicles, 20% from soil dust, and less than 20% from other sources. Stubble burning contributes less than 1% to Delhi’s PM 2.5 levels on specific dates. Challenges with Dispersed Sources: Addressing dispersed pollution sources like vehicular emissions involves societal factors and lacks viable options. Historical example: Rahul Bajaj and vehicle emission standards delays due to technological constraints from foreign collaborators. Farmer’s Dilemma: Farmers in Haryana and Punjab face challenges due to delayed sowing practices to conserve groundwater, affecting pollution levels in Delhi. The Supreme Court’s role isn’t to adjudicate between the fundamental rights of farmers and Delhi residents but to address management plans. Comparison with Beijing: Beijing employs a techno-political management system with public awareness, accurate monitoring, and preemptive measures. Beijing uses PM 2.5 sensors throughout the city and has significantly more public transport options compared to Delhi. Recommendations: The Court should mandate the Graded Response Action Plan and develop a toxicity management plan for Delhi and surrounding areas with proper budgetary and political support. Moving away from temporary solutions, a focus on transformative actions is necessary.

Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 21 November 2024

CONTENTS Maori Lawmakers Perform Haka in Protest Against Treaty Principles Bill in New Zealand India and Italy Forge Ahead with Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29 WhatsApp to Challenge CCI’s Fine Over Privacy Policy Concerns Critical Minerals High-altitude sickness Cloud Seeding Maori Lawmakers Perform Haka in Protest Against Treaty Principles Bill in New Zealand Context: In New Zealand, Maori lawmakers recently staged a haka protest at the legislature to express their opposition to the Treaty Principles Bill, which proposes a reinterpretation of the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi. This powerful display of traditional Maori dance underscored the intense debate surrounding the bill and its implications for tribal development policies. The protest highlighted the ongoing challenges of balancing cultural heritage with modern governance practices. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: Haka Dance Approaches to Tribal Development Policy India’s Tribal Development Policy Overview Haka Dance Definition: Haka is a ceremonial dance of the Maori people, involving rhythmic body movements and chanting. It is performed to display a tribe’s pride, strength, and unity. Cultural Significance: Acts as a symbol of the Maori community’s cultural identity and is often used in protests and ceremonies. Historical Usage: Traditionally used by Maori warriors before a battle, showcasing their prowess and intimidating opponents. Background of the Maori Tribe Indigenous Roots: The Maori are the native people of New Zealand, known for their rich tribal culture and traditions. Haka as Protest: The dance has been adapted into a form of protest against policies perceived as undermining Maori rights, such as the Treaty Principles Bill. Treaty Principles Bill Purpose: Introduced to reinterpret the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, aiming to apply its principles equally to all New Zealanders. Criticism: Critics argue that it dilutes the specific rights granted to the Maori, affecting the protections established under the Treaty of Waitangi. Approaches to Tribal Development Policy Protectionist Approach Objective: To safeguard the cultural and ecological systems of Indigenous communities by limiting their interaction with the external modern influences. Example: The Sentinelese tribe is completely isolated under strict protection laws to preserve their way of life. Pros: Maintains traditional lifestyles and biodiversity. Shields from exploitative external influences. Cons: Can lead to a lack of essential services like healthcare and education. May exclude communities from broader national development efforts. Assimilation Approach Description: Aims to integrate Indigenous communities into the mainstream culture, often at the cost of their unique cultural identity. Examples: Native American children in the US were historically placed in boarding schools to enforce cultural assimilation. Aboriginal children in Australia, known as the “Stolen Generations,” were forcibly assimilated into White culture. Pros: Improves access to education, health services, and job opportunities. Cons: Leads to the erosion of Indigenous languages and traditions. Often results in resistance and distrust towards government efforts. Integration Approach Goal: To include Indigenous peoples in modern governance systems while respecting their unique cultural identities. Example: The Gundjeihmi and Bininj tribes in Australia collaborate in managing Kakadu National Park, blending traditional practices with modern conservation. Pros: Gives Indigenous peoples a voice in governance. Enhances protection of lands and traditions through formal recognition. Cons: Indigenous communities may still face systemic inequalities. Potential resistance from governments and industries to share resources or power. India’s Tribal Development Policy Overview Historical Context British Colonial Policies: During the British colonial period, tribal areas were often isolated through legal designations as “Excluded” or “Partially Excluded” zones under the Scheduled District Act of 1874, aimed at protecting these communities from exploitation and preserving law and order.   Autonomy-Oriented Policies Legal Frameworks: Key legislation supporting tribal autonomy includes: Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA): Empowers tribal populations in Scheduled Areas by extending the provisions of Panchayati Raj (local self-government) to these areas. Forest Rights Act, 2006: Recognizes and vests forest rights and occupation in forest land to tribal communities and other traditional forest dwellers. Constitutional Safeguards: The Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Indian Constitution provide for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in several states of India, ensuring tribal autonomy and security over their lands. Integration-Oriented Policies Nehru’s Tribal Panchsheel: The policy formulated by India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, outlines principles for tribal development: emphasises self-development, respect for tribal rights, minimal external imposition, local participation in administration, and human-centred outcomes over financial metrics Recent Initiatives: Efforts to integrate tribal communities into the national mainstream while respecting their distinct identity include: Pradhan Mantri Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) Development Mission: Targets the holistic development of particularly vulnerable tribal groups. Eklavya Model Residential Schools: Provides quality education to tribal children in remote areas. Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana: Aims to harness the non-timber forest produce sector for the benefit of tribal gatherers and artisans. National Mission to Eliminate Sickle Cell Anaemia: Focuses on healthcare initiatives for tribal communities affected by sickle cell disease. -Source: Indian Express India and Italy Forge Ahead with Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29 Context: India and Italy have solidified their commitment to enhance bilateral cooperation through the Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-29, a comprehensive framework unveiled following a meeting between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni at the G20 summit in Brazil. This ambitious plan spans key sectors such as defense, trade, energy, and space, aiming to deepen the ties between the two nations. The collaboration is poised to bring mutual benefits, leveraging the strengths of both countries to foster growth and innovation across these crucial areas. Relevance: GS II: International Relations Dimensions of the Article: India-Italy bilateral relation Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029 Highlights India-Italy bilateral relation Political Relations Establishment: Diplomatic relations between India and Italy were initiated in 1947. Recent Developments: A Virtual Summit in November 2020 between the Prime Ministers of both countries led to the adoption of the 2020-2025 Action Plan. Prime Minister Modi’s visit to Italy in October 2021 for the G20 Summit included a Joint Statement on a Strategic Partnership focusing on Energy Transition. In March 2023, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni visited India, where both nations elevated their relations to a strategic partnership level. Meloni also participated as the Chief Guest and Keynote Speaker at the 8th Raisina Dialogue. Economic Relations Trade Volume: As of 2023, bilateral trade reached €14.34 billion, with India enjoying a trade surplus of €3.98 billion. Trading Position: Italy ranks as India’s 4th largest trading partner in the EU, following Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Investments: Italy’s cumulative Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India from January 2000 to December 2023 totaled USD 3.53 billion. Indian investments in Italy are estimated at around USD 400 million. Defence Cooperation Historical Ties: India’s contributions during the Second World War are commemorated in Italy, where 5,782 Indian soldiers were commemorated, with six receiving the Victoria Cross. Current Initiatives: In February 2023, Italy assigned an official to the Information Fusion Center – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) to bolster maritime security and support anti-piracy operations. The countries are exploring joint ventures in defense and aerospace, including technology transfers. A Joint Working Group on Counter-Terrorism facilitates collaboration on security matters. Energy Cooperation Strategic Partnership on Energy Transition: Signed in 2021, focusing on collaboration in green hydrogen and biofuels. Science and Technology Cooperation Innovation Day: The first India-Italy Innovation Day was conducted virtually on July 14, 2021, with subsequent annual celebrations to foster scientific and technological exchanges. Indian Community in Italy Population: The Indian community, including Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), numbers around 180,000, making it the third-largest Indian community in Europe after those in the UK and the Netherlands. Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan 2025-2029 Highlights Political Engagement High-Level Dialogues: Scheduled regular meetings between Heads of Government and key ministers including Foreign, Trade, and Defense Ministers. Bilateral Consultations: Commitment to annual bilateral consultations between the two nations’ Foreign Ministries to discuss and enhance sectoral cooperation. Economic Collaboration Sectoral Investment: Focus on strengthening bilateral trade and investments, particularly in sectors like green technologies, sustainable mobility, and semiconductors. Business Integration: Promotion of trade fairs, business forums, and industrial partnerships to facilitate deeper economic ties. Enhancing Connectivity Sustainable Transport Initiatives: Collaboration on projects that support sustainable transport systems and climate action. Infrastructure Development: Enhance maritime and land infrastructure cooperation, including significant projects like the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor. Maritime Agreements: Efforts to finalize agreements on maritime and port cooperation. Science and Technology Technology Partnerships: Expansion of partnerships in cutting-edge technologies such as AI, telecommunications, and digital services. Innovation Exchange: Introduction of the Indo-Italian Innovation and Incubation Exchange Programme to bolster connections between startups and innovators. Research Collaboration: Enhancement of STEM research collaborations through scholarships and joint projects. Space Collaboration Space Research: Expanded collaboration between ASI (Italian Space Agency) and ISRO in areas like Earth observation, heliophysics, and lunar exploration. Space Delegation: Organization of an Italian space delegation visit to India by mid-2025 to further space-related cooperation. Energy Transition Tech Summits: Organization of summits to promote industrial partnerships in the energy sector. Renewable Energy Projects: Joint initiatives in green hydrogen, biofuels, and other renewable energy technologies. Defense and Security Defense Meetings: Annual Joint Defence Consultative meetings and Joint Staff Talks to enhance military cooperation. Interoperability: Focus on increasing interoperability and cooperation in strategic regions like the Indo-Pacific. Cybersecurity and Counterterrorism: Enhancement of joint efforts in cybersecurity and counterterrorism, including shared practices and capacity-building. Migration and Mobility Regulated Migration: Development of safe migration channels, particularly for health professionals, and promotion of skilled labor training. Academic and Cultural Exchange: Enhancement of mobility for students, researchers, and academics. Cultural and Academic Cooperation Educational Partnerships: Encouragement of exchanges between universities and technical education institutions. Cultural Projects: Collaboration on cultural projects including exhibitions, heritage preservation, and film co-productions. Tourism and Cultural Promotion: Efforts to enhance tourism and deepen cultural bonds through the implementation of cultural cooperation programs. -Source: The Hindu WhatsApp to Challenge CCI’s Fine Over Privacy Policy Concerns Context: WhatsApp has announced plans to appeal a $25.4 million fine imposed by the Competition Commission of India (CCI). The fine was levied due to anti-competitive practices linked to WhatsApp’s 2021 privacy policy update, which mandated the sharing of user data with other Meta-owned applications for advertising purposes. This policy raised significant concerns about competition and privacy, with critics arguing that WhatsApp was exploiting its dominant market position to enforce these new terms. Relevance: GS II: Polity and Governance Dimensions of the Article: About Competition commission of India: WhatsApp’s 2021 Privacy Policy WhatsApp-CCI Dispute Implications and Future Actions About Competition commission of India: Nodal: Ministry of corporate affairs Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a statutory body of the Government of India responsible for enforcing the Competition Act, 2002. Competition Commission of India aims to establish a robust competitive environment. Through proactive engagement with all stakeholders, including consumers, industry, government and international jurisdictions. By being a knowledge intensive organization with high competence level. Through professionalism, transparency, resolve and wisdom in enforcement. Composition of CCI The Commission consists of one Chairperson and six Members. The commission is a quasi-judicial body . Eligibility of members: The Chairperson and every other Member shall be a person of ability, integrity and standing and who, has been, or is qualified to be a judge of a High Court, or, has special knowledge of, and professional experience of not less than fifteen years in international trade, economics, business, commerce, law, finance, accountancy, management, industry, public affairs, administration or in any other matter which, in the opinion of the Central Government, may be useful to the Commission. WhatsApp’s 2021 Privacy Policy Key Changes Introduced Data Sharing Expansion: The policy change allowed WhatsApp to share user data with other Meta platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram. This included phone numbers, contacts, and transaction details. Business Communication: It aimed to enhance features for businesses on WhatsApp, allowing them to use Meta platforms for managing customer communications. Encryption and Security: Despite the broader data sharing, WhatsApp maintained that all private messages would remain end-to-end encrypted and secure. Controversies and Global Response User Concerns: The policy update raised significant privacy concerns globally, with particular backlash in India due to fears of excessive data control and limited user consent options. Legal Scrutiny: The lack of a comprehensive data protection framework in India intensified the scrutiny, leading to legal challenges and a Competition Commission of India (CCI) investigation. European Union Fine: In September 2021, WhatsApp was fined GBP 225 million by Ireland’s data regulator for not meeting GDPR transparency requirements. WhatsApp has since appealed this decision. WhatsApp-CCI Dispute Background Anti-competitive Concerns: The CCI initiated an investigation into whether WhatsApp’s mandatory data-sharing policy with Meta constituted anti-competitive behavior by potentially exploiting user data. Key Events in the Dispute 2021-2024 Timeline: January 2021: WhatsApp announced its updated privacy policy. March 2021: CCI launched an investigation into the policy’s implications on competition. April 2021: WhatsApp and Meta challenged the CCI’s probe in the Delhi High Court. April 2021: Delhi High Court permitted the CCI to continue its investigation. August 2022: Delhi High Court reaffirmed CCI’s authority. October 2022: The Supreme Court of India dismissed WhatsApp and Meta’s appeals. November 18, 2024: CCI fined Meta $25.4 million and imposed a five-year ban on data sharing between WhatsApp and other Meta apps for advertising purposes. November 19, 2024: Meta announced plans to appeal the CCI’s ruling. Implications and Future Actions Impact on Data Privacy: The dispute highlights ongoing global concerns regarding user privacy and the handling of personal data by major tech companies. Regulatory Actions: This case underlines the increasing scrutiny of tech companies’ data practices, particularly in regions like India where data protection laws are evolving. Future of Data Sharing Policies: The outcomes of these legal battles will likely influence how tech companies design their data sharing and privacy policies moving forward. -Source: The Hindu Critical Minerals Context: The Ministry of Mines recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the International Energy Agency (IEA) to strengthen cooperation in the critical minerals sector. Relevance: GS III- Indian Economy Dimensions of the Article: What are Critical Minerals? Why is this resource critical? What is China ‘threat’? What are countries around the world doing about it? What are Critical Minerals? Critical minerals are elements that are the building blocks of essential modern-day technologies, and are at risk of supply chain disruptions. These minerals are now used everywhere from making mobile phones, computers to batteries, electric vehicles and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines. Based on their individual needs and strategic considerations, different countries create their own lists. However, such lists mostly include graphite, lithium and cobalt, which are used for making EV batteries; rare earths that are used for making magnets and silicon which is a key mineral for making computer chips and solar panels. Aerospace, communications and defence industries also rely on several such minerals as they are used in manufacturing fighter jets, drones, radio sets and other critical equipment. Why is this resource critical? As countries around the world scale up their transition towards clean energy and digital economy, these critical resources are key to the ecosystem that fuels this change. Any supply shock can severely imperil the economy and strategic autonomy of a country over-dependent on others to procure critical minerals. But these supply risks exist due to rare availability, growing demand and complex processing value chain. Many times the complex supply chain can be disrupted by hostile regimes, or due to politically unstable regions. They are critical as the world is fast shifting from a fossil fuel-intensive to a mineral-intensive energy system. What is China ‘threat’? China is the world’s largest producer of 16 critical minerals. China alone is responsible for some 70% and 60% of global production of cobalt and rare earth elements, respectively, in 2019. The level of concentration is even higher for processing operations, where China has a strong presence across the board. China’s share of refining is around 35% for nickel, 50-70% for lithium and cobalt, and nearly 90% for rare earth elements. It also controls cobalt mines in the Democratic Republic of Congo, from where 70% of this mineral is sourced. In 2010, China suspended rare earth exports to Japan for two months over a territorial dispute. What are countries around the world doing about it? US has shifted its focus on expanding domestic mining, production, processing, and recycling of critical minerals and materials. India has set up KABIL or the Khanij Bidesh India Limited, a joint venture of three public sector companies, to “ensure a consistent supply of critical and strategic minerals to the Indian domestic market”. Australia’s Critical Minerals Facilitation Office (CMFO) and KABIL had recently signed an MoU aimed at ensuring reliable supply of critical minerals to India. The UK has unveiled its new Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to study the future demand for and supply of these minerals. -Source: Indian Express High-altitude sickness Context: In September, a trekker from Idukki, Kerala, died in Uttarakhand while attempting to scale Garur Peak due to respiratory failure. Every year, numerous tourists like this succumb to the effects of high-altitude sickness in the pristine but challenging inner Himalayas. These regions present hidden dangers due to their extreme altitudes, where thinner air and reduced oxygen can lead to potentially fatal conditions. Relevance: GS II: Health Dimensions of the Article: What is high-altitude sickness? What about early intervention? What are the treatment strategies? What is high-altitude sickness? High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body cannot acclimatise to high elevations, typically over 8,000 feet (2,400 metres). As altitude increases, the air pressure and oxygen levels decrease, leading to hypoxia — a shortage of oxygen in the body’s tissues. Early symptoms of AMS include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. If left untreated, it can escalate into high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), a life-threatening condition where fluid accumulates in the lungs, or high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), where fluid collects in the brain. Both conditions require immediate medical intervention, and descent to lower altitudes is often the only way to prevent fatal outcomes. At higher altitudes, the body tries to adjust by increasing the breathing rate, which can cause hyperventilation, and produce more red blood cells to carry oxygen, which thickens the blood and strains the heart. In cases of HAPE, fluid accumulation in the lungs exacerbates breathing difficulties, while HACE causes symptoms like confusion, hallucinations, and even coma. What about early intervention? The primary cause of high-altitude sickness is rapid ascent without allowing the body time to acclimatise. Gradual ascent, which allows the body to adapt to lower oxygen levels, is the best way to prevent high-altitude illnesses. According to the Wilderness Medical Society, travellers ascending above 3,000 meters should take a rest day every 3-4 days and avoid increasing their sleeping elevation by more than 500 metres per day. For travellers at moderate to high risk of AMS, doctors recommend medications like Acetazolamide, which aids acclimatisation by promoting better oxygenation, or Dexamethasone, a steroid that reduces inflammation in severe cases. Those with a history of HAPE may take Nifedipine as a preventive measure, starting a day before ascent. However, no prophylactic medication guarantees complete immunity, and anyone travelling to high altitudes with pre-existing health conditions should first consult with a doctor familiar with altitude-related risks. What are the treatment strategies? When high-altitude sickness does develop, the most effective treatment is immediate descent to lower altitudes. Symptoms usually improve significantly with a descent of 300-1,000 metres. Supplemental oxygen or a portable hyperbaric chamber, if available, can also help alleviate symptoms of AMS and HACE in emergencies. Pharmacological treatments, such as acetazolamide and dexamethasone, may provide short-term relief, but descent remains the cornerstone of treatment. -Source: The Hindu Cloud Seeding Context: As Delhi grapples with severe air pollution, the concept of cloud seeding has emerged as a potential short-term solution to combat the hazardous air quality. Relevance: Facts for Prelims Cloud Seeding Cloud seeding, or artificial rain, is a method used in weather modification that aims to enhance precipitation. This technique involves introducing substances into clouds to stimulate the formation of rain or snow. How Cloud Seeding Works Substances Used: Common materials used for cloud seeding include silver iodide, potassium iodide, and dry ice. Method of Dispersion: These substances are dispersed into clouds using aircraft, ground generators, or rockets. The chosen method depends on the specific requirements and geographical conditions of the area. Process: The dispersed particles act as nuclei around which water droplets can form. These droplets then grow in size until they are heavy enough to fall as precipitation, potentially increasing the amount of rainfall. Applications in Pollution Control Air Quality Improvement: In areas plagued by air pollution, cloud seeding is considered as a method to wash away particulate matter and other pollutants. By increasing rainfall, it is hoped that dust and airborne particles will settle, leading to temporary improvements in air quality. Challenges and Considerations Atmospheric Conditions: Effective cloud seeding requires specific atmospheric conditions, particularly clouds that contain enough moisture to support precipitation. Efficacy: The success of cloud seeding can vary greatly depending on environmental conditions and the techniques used, making it an unpredictable intervention. Environmental Impact: While cloud seeding can increase precipitation in targeted areas, it also raises concerns about the potential long-term impacts on natural weather patterns and ecosystems. -Source: India Today

Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 20 November 2024

CONTENTS Indian Scientists Develop Model to Predict Equatorial Electrojet Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2024 Indian Scientists Develop Model to Predict Equatorial Electrojet Context: Scientists at the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism (IIG) in Navi Mumbai have developed a groundbreaking model called the Indian Equatorial Electrojet (IEEJ) Model. This innovative tool is designed to enhance the accuracy of predictions for the Equatorial Electrojet specifically over the Indian sector. Utilizing data from ground-based magnetometers located at the Tirunelveli station near the southern tip of India, the model facilitates regular measurements of the Equatorial Electrojet. Relevance: GS III: Science and Technology Overview of Equatorial Ionospheric Processes Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ) Definition: The Equatorial Electrojet is a narrow band of intense electric current flowing eastward in the ionosphere at the geomagnetic equator, typically found at altitudes between 105 and 110 kilometers. Geographical Relevance: The phenomenon is especially relevant for India as the southern tip of the country is proximal to the Earth’s geomagnetic equator, where this strong current is present. IEEJ Model Capabilities Simulation Tool: The IEEJ model features a web interface that facilitates simulations of the Equatorial Electrojet under varying conditions, such as different dates and levels of solar activity. User Interface: This accessibility allows researchers and practitioners to model and predict EEJ behavior, which is crucial for planning and operational purposes in related fields. Practical Applications The understanding and modeling of equatorial ionospheric processes are critical for several practical applications across various industries: Satellite Orbital Dynamics Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Satellite Communication Links Electrical Power Grids Transmission Lines Oil and Gas Industry Pipelines Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2024 Context: Recently, the Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise (Bharat NCX 2024) was inaugurated to fortify India’s cybersecurity resilience.  Relevance: GS III: Security challenges Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise Details: This is a comprehensive 12-day exercise designed to enhance the skills of Indian cybersecurity professionals against growing threats, by equipping them with advanced cyber defense capabilities. Main Aspects of the Exercise: Cyber Defense Training: Provides training on how to counter cyberattacks and manage incidents effectively. Live-Fire Simulations: Facilitates practical experience through simulated cyberattacks on information technology systems. Strategic Decision-Making: Offers simulation exercises for senior management on handling national cyber crises. CISO’s Conclave: A gathering where Chief Information Security Officers from various sectors discuss recent trends and governmental initiatives. Cybersecurity Startup Exhibition: An event that highlights cutting-edge cybersecurity solutions developed by Indian startups.

Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 20 November 2024

Contents : A thousand days of Ukrainian resilience Prison tag A consistent response A thousand days of Ukrainian resilience Relevance: GS 2 ( International Relations ) Practice Question: What are the broader geopolitical implications of the Ukraine-Russia conflict on global power dynamics and international diplomacy? (250 words ) Background: February 24, 2022: Russia launched full-scale military aggression against Ukraine. Volodymyr Zelenskyy: United Ukraine and the international community against Russian aggression. Initial Resistance: Ukraine successfully defended Kyiv and liberated the Kharkiv and Kherson regions. National Unity: Key factor in resisting Russian ambitions. War Crimes: April 2022: Russian military massacres in Bucha, Irpin, Borodyanka, and Mariupol. These cities became symbols of Ukrainian resistance. Human Costs: Thousands of civilian deaths, including about 600 children. Over eight million Ukrainians fled; about half have returned. Seven million became internally displaced persons; 3.6 million remain displaced as of November 2024. Over 2,500 Ukrainian prisoners of war and civilians returned through exchanges; thousands still in Russian captivity. Russia deported more than 20,000 Ukrainian children; the ICC issued an arrest warrant for Putin. Infrastructure Damage: Russia targeted and damaged thousands of educational, medical, and cultural institutions. World Bank estimates Ukraine’s economic losses exceed $400 billion. Restoration of infrastructure requires at least $500 billion; demining costs are estimated at $35 billion. International Support: Partners and allies provided billions in military, financial, and humanitarian aid. Russian Military Losses: Russia lost over 7,22,440 military personnel. Significant losses in military equipment and personnel. Russia’s global defence contracts undermined. Sanctions and Economic Impact: Over 14,000 international sanctions on Russia. Over 1,000 global companies exited Russia. Over one million educated professionals and young workers fled Russia. The long-term economic outlook appears fragile, with rising poverty and curtailment of social programs. Russia’s Central Bank raised the key policy rate to 21%. International Image: Russia’s international image was severely damaged, suspended, or excluded from key international bodies. Became a global outcast with diminished influence in international diplomacy. Ukraine’s Fight for Freedom: Ukraine’s resistance is a struggle for physical survival, freedom, and European values. Zelenskyy’s Stance: Emphasized that neutrality in this war is untenable; standing with Russia undermines international law. Prison Tag Relevance: GS 2 (Social Justice ) Practice Question: Examine the impact of electronic tracking devices on decongesting prisons and ensuring prisoners’ rights, as proposed in the Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023. (250 words ) Introduction: Purpose: Use of electronic tracking for parole or furlough to decongest prisons. Research Report: The Supreme Court of India’s Centre for Research and Planning suggests a pilot programme for undertrials posing low or moderate risk. Model Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2023: Provision for prisoners to be granted leave on the condition of wearing electronic tracking devices. Monitoring movements and activities, with the possibility of cancelling leave for violations. State Initiatives: Odisha: First state to propose tamper-proof electronic trackers for under-trials accused of non-heinous offences to reduce jail congestion. Concerns and Guidelines: Lack of guidelines or minimum standards for deploying tracking technology without violating prisoners’ rights. Concerns about infringing the right to privacy of the accused. Court’s Stance: Earlier this year, the Court disapproved of bail conditions that infringe on privacy (e.g., sharing location on Google Maps with the investigating officer). Parliamentary Standing Committee: Approved cost-effective tracking devices with the consent of the accused. Cited potential benefits: avoiding rights violations, reducing administrative costs, and decongesting prisons. Prison Overcrowding: Rising occupancy in prisons is a major concern. Statistics: 5,73,220 prisoners as of December 31, 2022, amounting to 131.4% of total capacity. Global Practices: Several jurisdictions worldwide use tracking devices for certain categories of offenders. Logic: Ensure recently released prisoners do not approach victims or enter crime-related locations. Stigmatisation and Acceptance: The compact size and visibility of trackers could reduce reluctance among beneficiaries of bail due to fear of stigmatisation. A Consistent Response Relevance : GS 3(Environment ) Practice Question: Discuss the major causes responsible for severe air pollution in Delhi and examine the effectiveness of CAQM in handling the crisis. (150 words ) Context: Air Pollution Crisis: The Air Quality Index in Delhi regularly reaches hazardous(above 400) levels, signalling severe air pollution issues. Monday, it reached 488, according to official measurements,  with some private stations reporting over 1,000. Air Quality Index: It’s a scale used to measure air quality by calculating the concentration of pollutants like PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3. Frequency of Severe Pollution: Since 2016, only two years had single-digit ‘severe’ days; ‘poor’ days (AQI over 200) declined from 200 in 2016 to 121 in 2024. Sources of Pollution: Geographical Influence: Delhi is located in the Indo-Gangetic plain, surrounded by the Himalayas to the north and the plateau to the south. This unique topography creates a basin-like structure, which traps pollutants and does not allow air to disperse. Meteorological Influence: During winter, air pollution is severe because cooler temperatures reduce the height of the atmospheric inversion, causing pollutants to remain closer to the surface. North-westerly winds carry pollutants from stubble burning in neighbouring states like Punjab and Haryana. Pollution Sources: Vehicular Emissions, Road Dust, Industrial Emissions, Stubble Burning, Open Waste Burning, and Construction Activities are key sources. Institutional Response: Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM): Tasked with coordinating response but perceived as ineffective and toothless. CAQM remains largely inactive and only responds when criticised by the Supreme Court. Public and Environmental Concerns: Public Anxiety: Lack of effective communication from the government on addressing the crisis. Stubble Burning: Easier to address as it’s a seasonal issue; road dust is a year-round problem requiring consistent efforts. Recommendations for Action: Consistent Communication: The government must communicate its intent and actions to tackle the crisis. Long-Term Solutions: Focus on sustainable measures to reduce road dust and household emissions

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