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Feb 26, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 26 February 2026

Content Balancing faith, dignity and constitutional rights India’s recent defence surge is not a sign of militarism. It is a sign of maturity Balancing faith, dignity and constitutional rights Why in news? The Supreme Court of India is hearing final arguments in review petitions challenging its 2018 judgment in Indian Young Lawyers Association vs State of Kerala, which permitted entry of women of all ages into Sabarimala Temple. The matter stands referred to a nine-judge Bench to reconsider the scope of the Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine, denominational autonomy under Articles 25–26, and the proposed anti-exclusion test centred on dignity. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Fundamental Rights: Articles 14, 15, 17, 21, 25, 26. Doctrine of Essential Religious Practices (ERP). Judicial review and constitutional morality. Scope of denominational autonomy vs individual rights. GS II – Governance Role of Supreme Court in social reform. Transformative constitutionalism and institutional legitimacy. Centre–State interface in religious endowments regulation. GS I – Society Gender justice and religious practices. Intersection of faith, identity and constitutional equality. Practice Question The Sabarimala review petition raises fundamental questions about the balance between denominational autonomy and individual dignity. Critically analyse in the context of Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution.(250 Words) Constitutional scheme of religious freedom Article 25: Individual autonomy Article 25(1) guarantees freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, health and other fundamental rights. Article 25(2) explicitly permits social reform and state intervention, indicating that religious freedom is not absolute but embedded within transformative constitutional goals. Article 26: Denominational rights Article 26 protects religious denominations’ rights to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, own property and administer institutions. However, these rights remain subject to public order, morality and health, creating inherent tension between collective autonomy and individual equality claims. The Sabarimala dispute: factual matrix A long-standing custom barred women aged 10–50 years from entering Sabarimala, citing the celibate nature of Lord Ayyappa and denominational identity of devotees. Petitioners argued the exclusion violated Articles 14 (equality), 15 (non-discrimination), 17 (abolition of untouchability) and 25, asserting that biological attributes cannot justify exclusion in a constitutional democracy. 2018 judgment: core findings (4:1 majority) The majority held that Ayyappa devotees did not constitute a separate religious denomination, weakening protection under Article 26. Exclusion of women aged 10–50 was declared unconstitutional as it violated women’s Article 25(1) rights and offended principles of constitutional morality and gender equality. Rule 3(b) of the Kerala Hindu Places of Public Worship Rules, 1965 was struck down as ultra vires the parent statute guaranteeing temple access to all classes of Hindus. Justice Indu Malhotra’s dissent The dissent emphasised judicial restraint in theological matters, arguing that courts should not ordinarily interfere in practices claimed as essential religious customs unless they violate explicit constitutional prohibitions. It stressed harmonisation of rights, cautioning that generic equality principles cannot automatically override denominational autonomy in matters intrinsically religious. The Essential Religious Practices (ERP) doctrine Origin and evolution The ERP doctrine originated in Sastri Yagnapurushadji vs Muldas Bhudardas Vaishya (1966) , empowering courts to determine whether a practice is essential to religion before granting constitutional protection. ERP effectively allows courts to engage in theological scrutiny, assessing scriptural centrality and doctrinal necessity. Structural limitations Courts lack institutional capacity for theological fact-finding, as constitutional adjudication does not involve extensive oral evidence or doctrinal consensus-building. ERP blurs the secular–religious boundary, making courts arbiters of faith rather than interpreters of constitutional values. The anti-exclusion test Conceptual shift Justice D.Y. Chandrachud proposed an anti-exclusion test, shifting inquiry from doctrinal essentiality to whether a practice systematically excludes individuals in a manner impairing dignity or access to basic goods. The test defers to religious autonomy regarding doctrine but subjects outward exclusionary effects to constitutional scrutiny. Constitutional grounding Unlike ERP, anti-exclusion anchors adjudication in Articles 14, 15 and 21, focusing on dignity and equal moral membership rather than scriptural authenticity. Comparative doctrinal tension ERP prioritises denominational autonomy and doctrinal preservation, potentially subordinating individual equality. Anti-exclusion prioritises individual dignity and substantive equality, ensuring that religious freedom does not legitimise structural discrimination. The core constitutional dilemma lies in reconciling Article 26 group rights with the transformative promise of Articles 14 and 21. Broader constitutional implications The nine-judge Bench’s ruling will influence disputes such as Dawoodi Bohra excommunication practices and Parsi women’s rights after interfaith marriage, shaping India’s religious freedom jurisprudence. The decision may redefine Indian secularism from passive non-interference toward transformative constitutionalism, where dignity structures limits on faith-based practices. Governance and social dimension The 2018 verdict triggered widespread protests in Kerala, reflecting deep intersections between religion, identity politics and constitutional authority. Judicial intervention in religious domains risks perceptions of cultural overreach, demanding careful articulation of constitutional morality to preserve legitimacy. Advanced analytical perspective The case tests whether Indian secularism embodies principled equidistance or reformist intervention when tradition conflicts with gender justice. Placing dignity at the centre reinforces the individual as the primary constitutional unit, limiting collective claims that produce structural exclusion. However, excessive judicial activism risks undermining religious pluralism and raising separation-of-powers concerns in a diverse society. Challenges Determining “dignity impairment” under anti-exclusion may still require contextual understanding of religious meaning, indirectly reintroducing theological engagement. Reconciling transformative equality with preservation of plural traditions remains an enduring jurisprudential challenge. Way forward Develop a structured proportionality framework balancing religious autonomy, equality and dignity, avoiding ad hoc doctrinal shifts. Encourage legislative dialogue and stakeholder consultation to complement judicial reform and enhance social legitimacy. Anchor adjudication in constitutional morality, substantive equality and calibrated restraint, preserving both faith autonomy and individual rights. Prelims pointers 2018 Sabarimala verdict delivered by 4:1 majority. Women aged 10–50 years were earlier excluded. ERP doctrine evolved in 1966. Matter referred to a nine-judge Bench for authoritative interpretation. India’s recent defence surge is not a sign of militarism. It is a sign of maturity Why in news? The Union Budget 2026–27 allocated approximately ₹6.81 lakh crore (~$81–82 billion) to defence, triggering debate on whether rising expenditure reflects militarism or calibrated strategic correction. Commentary by Shashi Tharoor argues that enhanced allocations strengthen credible deterrence, not expansionist intent, especially amid Indo-Pacific instability. Relevance GS III – Security Defence preparedness and deterrence. Two-front challenge (China–Pakistan). Maritime security in Indo-Pacific. Nuclear doctrine: No First Use. GS II – Governance & IR Civilian supremacy and democratic oversight. India’s role in multipolar Indo-Pacific. Strategic autonomy and deterrence diplomacy. Practice Question Rising defence allocations in India reflect strategic correction rather than militarism. Examine in the context of India’s security environment and democratic framework.(250 Words) Conceptual foundation What is militarism? Militarism denotes excessive prioritisation of military instruments in national policy, disproportionate defence-to-GDP spending, coercive posture, and weakening of civilian supremacy over armed forces. It is often associated with expansionist ambitions, frequent use of force externally, and securitisation of domestic politics. What is strategic maturity? Strategic maturity implies calibrated force modernisation aligned with threat perception, fiscal sustainability, technological autonomy and geopolitical responsibilities. It integrates defence preparedness with diplomacy, economic resilience and multilateral engagement rather than privileging force projection. Budgetary context: scale and structure Allocation and capital push Defence allocation stands at ~₹6.81 lakh crore, with a substantial rise in capital outlay (~20% increase) to accelerate modernisation of platforms, surveillance systems and indigenous production. Nearly 75% of capital procurement earmarked for domestic industry, reinforcing Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence manufacturing. Comparative perspective Defence expenditure remains around ~2% of GDP, lower than the United States (~3.5%) and far below China’s absolute outlay. India accounts for roughly 3–4% of global military expenditure (SIPRI estimates), compared to the U.S. (~39%) and China (~13%). Strategic environment driving the surge Continental security challenges Post-2020 Galwan Valley clash, India accelerated infrastructure, ISR capability and high-altitude logistics preparedness along the LAC. Ongoing cross-border tensions with Pakistan require sustained readiness under potential two-front contingency scenarios. Maritime imperatives The People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) fields over 370 battle force ships, expanding presence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR). With ~95% of India’s trade by volume and ~85% crude imports moving via sea lanes, maritime capability is linked to economic survival. Induction of INS Vikrant strengthens sea-control capability rather than expeditionary militarism. Deterrence versus militarism Logic of deterrence Deterrence raises the cost of aggression, preventing miscalculation and preserving peace through credible capability rather than active use of force. Underinvestment historically produced strategic vulnerabilities, whereas calibrated modernisation stabilises regional balance. Defensive doctrine India follows a No First Use nuclear doctrine and maintains minimum credible deterrence, reinforcing non-expansionist strategic intent. India has not pursued territorial expansion or military interventions beyond immediate security concerns. Institutional and governance reforms Structural integration Creation of Chief of Defence Staff (2019) and movement toward theatre commands enhance jointness, efficiency and integrated planning. Defence exports increased from ~₹1,500 crore (2016–17) to over ₹21,000 crore (2023–24), indicating industrial capability growth. Democratic safeguards Firm civilian control over armed forces, parliamentary scrutiny of budgets and absence of coup history distinguish India from militarist states. Economic and technological dimension Industrial spillovers Defence modernisation stimulates domestic production in aerospace, electronics, AI, drones and advanced materials, strengthening technological self-reliance. Defence corridors in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu aim to build integrated manufacturing ecosystems. Fiscal prudence concerns High revenue expenditure, including pensions, may constrain capital modernisation unless reforms improve efficiency and procurement timelines. Advanced analytical perspective Multipolar Indo-Pacific In a shifting global order, credible military capability strengthens diplomatic leverage within forums such as Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, BRICS, and G20. Strategic maturity balances deterrence with sustained multilateral engagement and economic growth. Transformative realism Defence surge represents correction of historical underinvestment rather than departure from restraint. Mature states invest in security proportional to threats while maintaining normative commitment to international law and cooperative security. Risks and criticisms Capability gaps Fighter squadron strength remains below sanctioned 42 squadrons, currently around 30–32, indicating persistent airpower constraints. Procurement delays and bureaucratic bottlenecks may dilute the effectiveness of increased allocations. Narrative risks Over-securitisation of public discourse may blur distinction between national security needs and political rhetoric. Way forward Capability-based planning Shift from reactive procurement to long-term capability planning, emphasising cyber, space, AI and maritime surveillance. Institutional deepening Expedite theatre command implementation and logistics integration to optimise resource utilisation. Balanced grand strategy Maintain defence spending within sustainable fiscal limits while strengthening indigenous R&D and export competitiveness. Prelims pointers Defence allocation 2026–27: ~₹6.81 lakh crore. Defence expenditure: ~2% of GDP. India follows No First Use doctrine. CDS created in 2019. Defence exports crossed ₹21,000 crore (2023–24).

Feb 26, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 26 February 2026

Content Rajasthan Scraps Two-Child Norm for Local Body and Panchayat Elections After Three Decades Eurasian Diving Duck’s Presence in Kaziranga National Park Triggers Climate Change Concern How Are Indian Firms Training Large Language Models (LLMs)? What Are Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) Technologies? Temperature Spikes Lead to Change in El Niño Labelling Tigers Are Behaving Differently: State of India’s Environment Report 2026 SOE 2026: Extinction Tracker — Anthropocene and Accelerating Biodiversity Loss Rajasthan scraps two-child norm for local body, panchayat polls after three decades A. Issue in Brief Ahead of civic polls, the Rajasthan Cabinet approved removal of the two-child norm that disqualified individuals with more than two children from contesting panchayat and municipal elections. The restriction, introduced in 1995 under the Bhairon Singh Shekhawat government, will be amended through changes to the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994 (Section 19) and Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Section 24). The State cited declining fertility rates — from 3.6 (1991–94) to 2.0 currently — as justification for repeal. Relevance GS II – Polity & Constitution Articles 243F & 243V: State power to prescribe disqualification for local bodies. Articles 14 & 21: Equality and reproductive autonomy. Judicial precedent: Javed vs State of Haryana (2003). Tension between social reform and individual rights. B. Static Background The two-child norm was adopted by several States in the 1990s as a population control measure linked to local governance eligibility. The Supreme Court in Javed vs State of Haryana upheld similar provisions in Haryana, ruling that disqualification did not violate fundamental rights. India’s Total Fertility Rate (TFR) declined to 2.0 (NFHS-5, 2019–21), below replacement level (2.1). Rajasthan’s TFR has also fallen significantly over the past three decades, reflecting demographic transition. C. Key Dimensions 1. Constitutional & Legal Dimension Disqualification criteria relate to Article 243F (Panchayats) and Article 243V (Municipalities), allowing States to prescribe eligibility conditions. Critics argue the norm indirectly infringed Article 14 (equality) and Article 21 (reproductive autonomy) by penalising personal choices. Removal signals shift toward aligning electoral eligibility with contemporary demographic realities. 2. Demographic Context India has entered the late demographic transition phase, with declining fertility and increasing median age. With TFR at 2.0, population stabilisation policies are moving from coercive norms to rights-based family planning approaches. 3. Governance & Democratic Principles Disqualification sometimes led to concealment of births or abandonment of children to retain eligibility. Removal may broaden political participation at grassroots level. 4. Political & Social Debate Supporters view repeal as recognition of demographic maturity and democratic inclusivity. Critics argue rollback may dilute population stabilisation messaging amid national debates on demographic balance. 5. Comparative State Experience States such as Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha earlier implemented similar norms; some later diluted or repealed them. Evidence suggests such norms had limited impact on fertility decline, which is driven more by education, urbanisation and women’s empowerment. D. Critical Analysis Population Control vs Rights-Based Approach Coercive eligibility restrictions risk undermining reproductive rights and bodily autonomy. Fertility decline in India largely attributed to female literacy, access to contraception and economic transition, not electoral disqualification rules. Democratic Legitimacy Local self-government institutions under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments aim to enhance inclusive grassroots representation. Eligibility restrictions unrelated to governance capacity may conflict with democratic ethos. Gendered Impact Women often bore disproportionate burden due to patriarchal family structures controlling reproductive decisions. Norm incentivised son preference in some cases, potentially aggravating sex ratio distortions. E. Way Forward Strengthen voluntary, rights-based population stabilisation strategies focusing on education, maternal health and access to contraception. Promote demographic literacy aligned with evidence-based policy rather than political rhetoric. Ensure local governance reforms prioritise capacity, transparency and accountability, not demographic eligibility. Integrate demographic planning with ageing population preparedness and labour force strategy. F. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers Two-child norm introduced in Rajasthan in 1995. Amendments proposed to Section 19 (Panchayati Raj Act, 1994) and Section 24 (Municipalities Act, 2009). India’s TFR: 2.0 (NFHS-5). SC upheld similar norms in Javed vs State of Haryana (2003). Practice Question (15 Marks) “Coercive population control measures often conflict with democratic and reproductive rights.” Examine the constitutional and socio-demographic implications of the two-child norm in local governance in India.(250 Words) Eurasian diving duck’s presence in Kaziranga National Park triggers climate change concern A. Issue in Brief The 7th Waterbird Census (Jan 4–11, 2026) in Kaziranga National Park and Tiger Reserve recorded the first-ever sighting of the smew (Mergellus albellus) in the Kaziranga landscape. The census documented 105,540 individual waterbirds across 107 species, slightly lower by 6,522 individuals and 17 species compared to 2025. The sighting of the smew, a Eurasian diving duck, signals both wetland health and possible climate-driven range shifts. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity Wetland ecosystems and migratory bird conservation. Central Asian Flyway dynamics. IUCN threat categories and biodiversity monitoring. GS III – Climate Change Climate-driven range shifts in species. Arctic warming and altered migratory patterns. Wetlands as climate buffers. B. Static Background Kaziranga landscape spans 1,302 sq. km., including Laokhowa and Burhachapori Wildlife Sanctuaries, designated Important Bird Areas (IBAs). Kaziranga is globally renowned for the Indian one-horned rhinoceros, but also forms part of the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) for migratory birds. The smew (Mergellus albellus) breeds in the Eurasian taiga and winters in temperate wetlands; global population estimated at ~130,000, declining due to habitat loss and pollution. Waterbird censuses help monitor migratory patterns, wetland productivity, and IUCN-listed species trends. C. Key Findings of Waterbird Census 2026 Species & Population Trends Total count: 105,540 birds across 107 species. 18 species fall under Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened IUCN categories. Top abundant species: bar-headed goose, northern pintail, lesser whistling duck. Wetland-wise Abundance Wetland Bird Count Species Diversity Rowmari Beel 15,661 77 species Donduwa Beel 14,469 71 species Katakhal 4,979 — Sohola 3,612 69 species Khalihamari 3,463 — Survey covered 166 wetlands across 10 ranges, with participation of 120 enumerators and 50 volunteers. D. Ecological & Climate Analysis 1. Smew as Ecological Indicator Smew prefers fish-rich, sheltered wetlands, indicating healthy aquatic ecosystems. Its arrival suggests floodplain resilience but also reflects north-to-south distributional shifts, potentially driven by warming temperatures. 2. Climate-Driven Range Shifts Migratory birds increasingly alter wintering ranges due to Arctic warming and altered precipitation regimes. Climate change affects food availability, ice cover, and wetland hydrology along flyways. 3. Wetland Vulnerability Kaziranga wetlands face pressures from oil pollution, encroachment, hunting and sedimentation. Floodplain ecosystems require connectivity to maintain nutrient cycles and migratory stopovers. 4. Numerical Dip: Alarm or Variation? Decline of 6,522 individuals and 17 species from 2025 may reflect interannual variability rather than systemic decline. However, long-term trend monitoring is essential to distinguish climate impacts from natural fluctuation. Broader Significance Kaziranga’s IBAs form critical nodes in the Central Asian Flyway, which supports over 30% of global waterbird species. Conservation of refuelling sites is vital as migratory birds depend on sequential wetlands across continents. Climate change could convert some wintering grounds into transitional or unsuitable habitats. E. Way Forward Strengthen wetland protection under Ramsar Convention framework and expand community-led anti-encroachment drives. Integrate climate modelling into migratory bird conservation planning for dynamic flyway management. Enhance monitoring of invasive species and water quality to sustain fish populations supporting diving ducks. Promote transboundary cooperation across Central Asian Flyway nations for coordinated conservation. F. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers Kaziranga landscape area: 1,302 sq. km. 2026 census: 105,540 birds; 107 species. Smew global population: ~130,000. Central Asian Flyway connects Arctic to Indian subcontinent. 18 species recorded fall under IUCN threat categories. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Migratory birds are sentinels of climate change.” Examine how wetland degradation and climate variability are influencing migratory bird patterns in India, with reference to recent findings from Kaziranga.(250 Words) How are Indian firms training LLMs? A. Issue in Brief At the AI Impact Summit, Bengaluru-based startup Sarvam AI released two Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on 35 billion and 105 billion parameters, optimised for Indian languages. Training LLMs domestically faces structural barriers — high GPU costs, electricity demand, limited Indian-language datasets, and capital scarcity. The IndiaAI Mission seeks to reduce entry barriers by subsidising compute access and building shared AI infrastructure. Relevance GS Paper III – Science & Technology Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models. Compute infrastructure, semiconductor dependence. Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture efficiency. B. Static Background Large Language Models (LLMs) are deep neural networks trained on massive datasets using GPU clusters, often costing millions of dollars in hardware and power. Frontier global models (e.g., GPT-4-class systems) reportedly use hundreds of billions to over a trillion parameters, requiring enormous compute budgets. IndiaAI Mission (2024) allocated ₹10,372 crore to support compute infrastructure, datasets, skilling and innovation. India hosts 22 scheduled languages, but digital representation remains skewed toward English and a few dominant languages. C. Why is training an LLM on Indian soil with Indian capital a challenge? 1. Compute & Infrastructure Constraints LLM training requires large GPU clusters; high-end GPUs (e.g., H100-class) cost tens of thousands of dollars per unit, with thousands required for large-scale runs. Electricity and cooling costs significantly raise total expenditure, making domestic training capital-intensive. Dependence on imported semiconductors and exposure to export controls limits access to cutting-edge chips. 2. Data Scarcity & Linguistic Imbalance Internet training corpora are dominated by English, European and East Asian languages; Indian languages remain underrepresented. Limited high-quality annotated datasets reduce model performance or require token-heavy translation into English, increasing inference cost. Machine translation pipelines add latency and computational overhead, reducing efficiency. 3. Capital & Business Viability Venture capital in India remains smaller relative to U.S./China AI ecosystems. Absence of immediate monetisation pathways for multilingual LLMs makes large training runs financially risky. Domestic firms lack scale comparable to Big Tech, limiting experimentation capacity. 4. Transparency & Open Ecosystem Gaps While Sarvam AI claims “from–scratch” training and open-source intent, limited availability on global platforms constrains independent validation. Open scrutiny is critical for benchmarking credibility and fostering ecosystem trust. D. How has the IndiaAI Mission subsidised LLM training? Shared Compute Infrastructure Establishment of common compute clusters, lowering entry barriers for startups and research institutions. Subsidised GPU access reduces upfront capital requirement for training runs. Financial & Institutional Support Dedicated funding pool of ₹10,372 crore for AI innovation, including datasets and skilling. Support for academic-industry collaborations (e.g., IIT-incubated ventures like BharatGen, which trained a 17-billion-parameter multilingual model). DPI-based Approach Leveraging India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) ecosystem (Aadhaar, UPI, ONDC datasets) for domain-specific AI applications. Encouraging sector-focused LLMs in education, healthcare, governance, rather than competing immediately with frontier global models. E. Why is Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture cheaper? Traditional Dense Models In conventional LLMs, all parameters are activated during inference, making each query computationally expensive. Larger parameter counts proportionally increase compute demand and inference cost. MoE Architecture Advantage Mixture of Experts (MoE) activates only a subset of parameters (“experts”) per query. Reduces active compute requirement, lowering energy consumption and latency. Enables models with large total parameters to operate at cost closer to smaller models. Cost & Efficiency Gains MoE significantly reduces training and inference expenditure, maintaining output quality while optimising resource usage. Particularly suited for resource-constrained ecosystems like India, where compute cost sensitivity is high. F. Critical Analysis Strategic Trade-offs Smaller parameter models (e.g., 105B vs trillion-parameter frontier models) may offer contextual alignment but lack depth of global paid models. Focusing on accuracy and alignment for Indian context may be strategically wiser than racing for scale. Digital Sovereignty Imperative Training on Indian soil enhances data sovereignty, linguistic inclusion and geopolitical autonomy. Dependence on foreign LLM APIs risks economic outflows and regulatory vulnerability. Ecosystem Risks Subsidies without market-driven use cases risk inefficient capital allocation. Overemphasis on foundational models may neglect applied AI layers where economic returns are faster. G. Way Forward Expand subsidised GPU clusters with long-term semiconductor ecosystem strategy under India Semiconductor Mission. Invest in high-quality multilingual corpora across 22 scheduled languages, including low-resource dialects. Encourage modular AI stack: smaller efficient LLMs + domain-specific fine-tuning. Promote open benchmarking and peer validation to build global credibility. Align AI compute strategy with renewable energy expansion to reduce training carbon footprint. H. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers LLMs trained using GPU clusters. IndiaAI Mission allocation: ₹10,372 crore. MoE activates only fraction of parameters during inference. Sarvam AI models: 35B & 105B parameters. BharatGen model: 17B parameters. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Building foundational AI models within India is essential for digital sovereignty but economically challenging.” Discuss the structural constraints in domestic LLM training and evaluate how policy interventions like the IndiaAI Mission can bridge the gap.(250 Words) What are carbon capture and utilisation technologies? A. Issue in Brief Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU) technologies capture CO₂ from industrial sources or air and convert it into fuels, chemicals, building materials or polymers, embedding carbon into economic value chains. India is the world’s third-largest CO₂ emitter, with emissions concentrated in power, cement, steel and chemicals — sectors classified as hard-to-abate. Scaling CCU in India faces three major risks: cost competitiveness, infrastructure gaps, and regulatory uncertainty, limiting investor confidence and market demand. Relevance GS III – Environment & Climate Change Industrial decarbonisation in hard-to-abate sectors. India’s Net Zero target (2070). Circular carbon economy. GS III – Economy & Industry Cement and steel emissions (~15% global CO₂). Green hydrogen integration. Cluster-based industrial deployment. B. Static Background Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS): CO₂ captured and permanently stored underground. Carbon Capture and Utilisation (CCU): CO₂ captured and reused as industrial input. India’s Net Zero target: 2070. Global CO₂ emissions exceed 37 billion tonnes annually. Cement and steel sectors together account for nearly 15% of global CO₂ emissions. India’s Draft CCUS Roadmap (2030) by the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas identifies industrial clusters suitable for deployment. C. How can CCU reduce carbon dioxide emissions? 1. Industrial Emission Abatement Captures CO₂ from point sources (cement kilns, steel furnaces, refineries) before atmospheric release. Particularly relevant for process emissions (e.g., limestone calcination in cement), where electrification alone cannot eliminate CO₂. 2. Carbon as Feedstock Converts CO₂ into synthetic fuels (e-methanol), urea, polymers, lightweight concrete blocks, olefins, reducing fossil feedstock demand. When combined with green hydrogen, CO₂-derived fuels can close the carbon loop in hard-to-electrify sectors like aviation. 3. Bio-CCU and Circular Economy Integrates with biogas and biomass streams, converting CO₂ into bio-alcohols and specialty chemicals, improving waste valorisation. Enables transition from linear “extract-use-dispose” model to circular carbon economy. D. Global Policy Frameworks EU Bioeconomy Strategy Promotes sustainable use of biological resources and supports CCU as part of low-carbon industrial transformation. Links CO₂ utilisation with bio-based materials and industrial decarbonisation targets under EU Green Deal. EU Circular Economy Action Plan (2020) Integrates CCU into circular production systems, reducing reliance on virgin fossil inputs. Encourages eco-design, carbon-neutral materials and life-cycle emissions accounting. Other Global Examples U.S.: Section 45Q tax credits incentivise CCU and CCS deployment. Belgium: ArcelorMittal–Mitsubishi–D-CRBN project converts CO₂ into carbon monoxide for steel production. UAE: Al Reyadah integrates CCU with enhanced oil recovery and chemical production using green hydrogen. E. Where does India stand? Department of Science & Technology has developed R&D roadmap for CCU technologies. Draft CCUS 2030 roadmap identifies sectoral pilots. Industry pilots: Organic Recycling Systems Limited (ORSL) piloting Bio-CCU platform. F. Critical Challenges in Scaling CCU in India 1. Cost Competitiveness CCU remains energy-intensive, raising production costs compared to fossil-derived alternatives. Without carbon pricing or tax credits, CCU products struggle in price-sensitive markets. 2. Infrastructure Readiness Requires industrial clusters, CO₂ transport pipelines, and hydrogen integration, unevenly developed across India. Lack of integrated CCU hubs limits economies of scale. 3. Regulatory & Market Uncertainty Absence of clear certification standards for CO₂-derived products deters investment. No comprehensive carbon pricing or compliance mechanism to create demand pull. G. How can India scale up CCU technology? Policy Incentives Introduce production-linked incentives (PLI) or tax credits for CCU products, similar to U.S. 45Q model. Develop carbon pricing or tradable credit mechanisms to internalise environmental cost. Cluster-Based Deployment Create industrial CCU hubs in steel–cement belts (e.g., eastern India) to enable shared pipelines and hydrogen supply. Integrate CCU into National Hydrogen Mission for green hydrogen-based CO₂ conversion. Standards & Certification Develop national standards for CO₂-derived fuels, polymers and building materials, enabling export competitiveness. Establish lifecycle emissions accounting framework aligned with EU carbon border adjustment norms. Innovation & Public–Private Partnerships Expand DST-funded research testbeds and scale pilot projects to commercial demonstration. Leverage India’s chemical and refinery ecosystem for rapid scale-up. H. Strategic Significance CCU bridges decarbonisation and industrial growth, supporting India’s Make in India and net-zero commitments. Provides pathway for hard-to-abate sectors where electrification alone is insufficient. Aligns with global shift toward circular carbon economy. I. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers CCU ≠ CCS (utilisation vs storage). India’s Net Zero target: 2070. India = 3rd largest CO₂ emitter globally. EU Circular Economy Action Plan: 2020. U.S. 45Q tax credit supports CCU/CCS. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Carbon Capture and Utilisation offers a bridge between industrial growth and climate responsibility.” Discuss its potential and limitations in the Indian context, and outline policy measures needed for scaling CCU technologies. Temperature spikes lead to change in El Nino labelling A. Issue in Brief A study published in Nature Geoscience links the recent global temperature surge (2023–2025) to a combination of anthropogenic climate change and transition from a prolonged La Niña (2020–2023) to El Niño (2023). Earth’s energy imbalance — the gap between incoming solar radiation and outgoing heat — sharply increased in 2022, trapping more heat in the climate system. Scientists estimate nearly three-fourths of the recent energy imbalance increase is attributable to long-term greenhouse gas accumulation combined with ENSO phase transition. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) updated its classification thresholds for El Niño–La Niña events due to rapid ocean warming. Relevance GS I – Geography (Climatology) ENSO (El Niño–La Niña cycle). Sea surface temperature anomalies. Earth’s energy imbalance (W/m²). GS III – Environment & Climate Change Anthropogenic warming + natural variability interaction. Ocean heat absorption (~90% excess heat). Extreme weather intensification. B. Static Background El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a natural ocean–atmosphere cycle in the equatorial Pacific affecting global weather patterns. El Niño: Warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in central/eastern Pacific → raises global temperatures. La Niña: Cooler-than-average SSTs → temporarily suppresses global temperature rise. Earth’s energy imbalance is measured in watts per square metre (W/m²); persistent positive imbalance indicates accumulating heat in oceans. About 90% of excess heat from global warming is absorbed by oceans. C. Key Dimensions ENSO Phase Shift and Temperature Spike Period ENSO Phase Climate Impact 2020–2023 “Triple-dip” La Niña Suppressed surface warming; deeper ocean heat storage 2023–2025 El Niño transition Amplified surface warming; record temperatures From early 2023, global average temperatures jumped above the long-term warming trend. The unusual three-year La Niña delayed heat release, followed by rapid warming during El Niño onset. Earth’s Energy Imbalance Study estimates ~75% of recent imbalance rise linked to combined human-driven warming and ENSO shift. About 23% of the imbalance attributed specifically to prolonged La Niña dynamics. Slightly more than 50% of warming contribution traced to greenhouse gases from coal, oil and gas combustion. Reclassification of ENSO Events Due to overall ocean warming, NOAA altered SST baselines for declaring ENSO phases. Likely outcome: More events classified as La Niña and fewer as El Niño, because baseline warming shifts temperature thresholds. Reflects climate change altering natural variability parameters. D. Critical Analysis Interaction of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Forcing ENSO cycles are natural, but baseline warming intensifies their impacts, creating higher temperature peaks during El Niño years. The “triple-dip” La Niña stored heat at deeper layers, releasing it during El Niño, compounding warming. Implications for Climate Modelling Altered ENSO thresholds complicate long-term climate projections and risk misinterpretation of short-term temperature spikes. Climate communication must distinguish between trend (anthropogenic warming) and variability (ENSO-driven fluctuations). Extreme Weather Consequences El Niño increases risks of heatwaves, droughts in India and Australia, floods in South America, and marine heatwaves. Ocean warming intensifies coral bleaching, glacier melt and tropical cyclone intensity. Broader Drivers of Temperature Spike Scientists also examine reduced sulphur emissions from shipping (post-IMO regulations), volcanic activity and solar variability as contributing factors. However, greenhouse gas concentration remains primary driver; CO₂ levels exceed 420 ppm, highest in human history. Indian Context El Niño historically correlates with weak southwest monsoon, impacting agriculture and food inflation. Rising baseline temperatures intensify heatwave frequency, particularly in northern and central India. India’s vulnerability underscores importance of climate adaptation and emission mitigation under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). E. Way Forward Accelerate decarbonisation to reduce long-term energy imbalance through renewable transition and energy efficiency. Strengthen early-warning systems for ENSO-linked extreme weather, integrating IMD forecasting with disaster preparedness. Enhance ocean monitoring networks in the Indo-Pacific to improve predictive modelling of ENSO–climate interactions. Improve public climate literacy distinguishing natural cycles from anthropogenic trends. F. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers ENSO = El Niño + La Niña cycle in equatorial Pacific. “Triple-dip” La Niña: 2020–2023. Energy imbalance = difference between incoming solar radiation and outgoing heat. ~75% of recent imbalance rise linked to GHG + ENSO shift. NOAA revised ENSO classification thresholds due to ocean warming. Practice Question (15 Marks) “El Niño and La Niña are natural climatic phenomena, yet their impacts are intensifying in a warming world.” Discuss how anthropogenic climate change interacts with ENSO cycles and its implications for global and Indian climate stability. Tigers are behaving differently: State of India’s Environment report 2026 A. Issue in Brief The State of India’s Environment 2026 (SOE 2026) released by the Centre for Science and Environment highlights behavioural shifts in India’s tiger populations linked to ecological degradation and habitat saturation. Between January–June 2025, at least 43 human deaths occurred near tiger reserves (compared to 44 during the same period in 2024), with instances of partial consumption of victims reported. Approximately 40% of tiger habitats across 20 states are shared with nearly 60 million people, intensifying human–tiger interface zones. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity Human–wildlife conflict dynamics. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. Project Tiger and NTCA governance. GS III – Ecology Invasive species (Lantana camara). Habitat fragmentation and carrying capacity. Predator–prey dynamics. B. Static Background India hosts over 3,000 tigers (All India Tiger Estimation 2022), accounting for nearly 75% of the global wild tiger population. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) oversees Project Tiger (launched 1973) with 50+ tiger reserves. Tiger conservation success has led to population recovery but also territorial saturation within core reserves, pushing dispersal into buffer and revenue lands. Human–wildlife conflict is recognised under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 and mitigated via compensation and conflict response protocols. C. Key Dimensions 1. Rising Human–Tiger Interactions Tigers rarely become habitual man-eaters; attacks typically rise when individuals are injured, old, prey-deprived, or forced into proximity with humans. Saturation of core reserves compels dispersing sub-adult tigers into agro-pastoral landscapes, increasing encounter probability. In 2025 (Jan–June), 4 of 43 attacks involved partial consumption, indicating altered feeding responses in select cases. 2. Habitat Transformation and Invasive Species The invasive plant Lantana camara, introduced in the 19th century, now occupies nearly 50% of forest, scrubland and village commons areas. Lantana suppresses native grasses, reducing availability of wild herbivores such as chital and sambar. Dense lantana thickets provide low-visibility, predator-friendly cover, enabling ambush hunting near livestock-grazing zones. 3. Prey Shift: From Wild Ungulates to Cattle Domestic cattle offer higher caloric returns compared to smaller wild prey species. In reserves like Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve and Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve, tigers increasingly utilise lantana-dominated patches outside core zones as refuges and hunting grounds. Compensation mechanisms for livestock depredation may reduce local resentment but inadvertently normalise tiger presence in village economies. 4. Behavioural Ecology Shift Experts note potential loss of innate fear of humans, especially among younger dispersing individuals raised near human-modified landscapes. Ecological overcrowding, fragmentation and anthropogenic pressure create adaptive behavioural responses in apex predators. Such shifts reflect ecological plasticity but increase conflict risk and management complexity. D. Critical Analysis Conservation Paradox Tiger population growth signals conservation success, yet habitat carrying capacity limitations produce ecological spillover effects. Protection-centric strategy without landscape-level habitat expansion risks conflict escalation. Invasive Species Governance Gap Despite ecological threat, lantana management remains fragmented and underfunded. Removal is labour-intensive and requires long-term restoration of native grasses and prey base. Socio-economic Interface Livestock compensation schemes mitigate hostility but may create “human subsidy dependence”, altering predator behaviour. Nearly 60 million people sharing tiger landscapes indicates structural coexistence challenge rather than isolated incidents. Climate and Ecological Stress Climate variability alters prey distribution and water availability, potentially intensifying territorial competition. Fragmented corridors restrict safe dispersal, pushing tigers into peri-urban and agricultural spaces. E. Way Forward Shift from reserve-centric conservation to landscape-level ecological planning, strengthening wildlife corridors and buffer management. Large-scale lantana eradication and grassland restoration to rebuild wild prey base and reduce cattle predation. Community-based coexistence models integrating early warning systems, predator-proof livestock enclosures and rapid compensation delivery. Scientific monitoring of behavioural ecology through camera traps, GPS collars and conflict mapping analytics. Align tiger conservation with sustainable land-use planning, balancing ecological carrying capacity with human settlement expansion. F. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers 43 human deaths (Jan–June 2025) near tiger reserves. 40% of tiger territory shared with 60 million people. Lantana camara occupies ~50% of affected forest landscapes. India hosts ~75% of global wild tiger population. Practice Question (15 Marks) “India’s tiger conservation success has created new ecological and socio-economic challenges.” Examine how habitat degradation and invasive species are altering predator behaviour and suggest measures for sustainable human–wildlife coexistence. SOE 2026: Extinction Tracker — Anthropocene & Accelerating Biodiversity Loss A. Issue in Brief SOE 2026 – Extinction Tracker highlights accelerating species loss globally, with updated data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Study in Global Change Biology projects ~8,000 vertebrate species could face unsuitable thermal conditions across 52% of their range under worst-case climate scenarios. IUCN Red List now covers 169,420 species, of which 47,187 are threatened with extinction, signalling systemic biodiversity collapse. Nearly 38% of global tree species and 11.5% of assessed bird species are threatened, reflecting cross-taxa ecological stress. Relevance GS III – Environment & Biodiversity IUCN Red List (169,420 species; 47,187 threatened). Climate–biodiversity nexus. Functional extinction (coral reefs). B. Static Background Anthropocene Epoch: Proposed geological epoch denoting dominant human influence on Earth systems; linked to accelerated extinction rates 100–1,000 times background levels. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 1992: Global framework for conservation, sustainable use and benefit sharing. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022): “30×30 Target” — protect 30% land and sea by 2030. IPBES Global Assessment (2019): Warned that 1 million species face extinction risk globally. India hosts ~8% of global biodiversity across 4 biodiversity hotspots. C. Key Dimensions Global Extinction Signals Taxa / Region Key Finding Data Evidence Vertebrates Extreme heat vulnerability 8,000 species at risk; 30,000 assessed Corals Functional extinction Florida reef-builders collapsed Arctic Seals IUCN status downgrade Hooded seal → Endangered Birds Systemic decline 1,256 of 11,185 (11.5%) threatened Trees Silent crisis 38% species threatened Fungi Under-recognised loss 411 at risk out of 1,300 assessed African freshwater fish Habitat + overfishing 26% of 3,200 species threatened D. Critical Analysis Climate–Biodiversity Nexus Extreme heat and altered precipitation regimes shrink thermal niches, especially for amphibians and reptiles with narrow tolerance bands. Arctic warming occurring nearly four times faster than global average undermines ice-dependent species such as seals. Ecosystem Collapse vs Species Loss “Functional extinction” of staghorn (Acropora cervicornis) and elkhorn (Acropora palmata) corals indicates ecosystem service failure, not merely species decline. Coral reefs support 25% of marine biodiversity; collapse disrupts fisheries, tourism and coastal protection. Habitat & Land Use Pressure Agricultural expansion, urbanisation and logging drive tree species extinction; threatened trees now exceed threatened vertebrates combined. Island ecosystems exhibit disproportionate extinction rates due to invasive species and habitat isolation. Governance Deficits Despite CBD commitments, global biodiversity finance gap estimated at ~$700 billion annually. Protected areas often lack effective management and connectivity corridors. Indian Context Species such as the Great Indian Bustard and Gangetic Dolphin remain critically endangered due to habitat fragmentation and infrastructure expansion. India’s climate vulnerability amplifies biodiversity stress in the Himalayas, Western Ghats and coastal zones. E. Way Forward Implement 30×30 Target with ecological corridors and community-led conservation models. Integrate biodiversity accounting into national income frameworks via natural capital valuation. Strengthen climate mitigation to limit warming below 1.5°C, reducing thermal stress on species. Expand Red List assessments for fungi, invertebrates and freshwater taxa to reduce conservation blind spots. Enhance global biodiversity finance through debt-for-nature swaps and blended climate–nature funds. F. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers IUCN Red List: 169,420 species assessed; 47,187 threatened. Extreme heat may impact 8,000 vertebrate species. 38% of global tree species threatened. African freshwater fish: 26% threatened. Coral functional extinction differs from species extinction. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Biodiversity loss in the Anthropocene represents not only an ecological crisis but a governance failure.” Examine the drivers of accelerating species extinction and suggest policy measures to reconcile development with conservation.

Feb 25, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 25 February 2026

Content Cabinet Approval for Alteration of Name from “Kerala” to “Keralam” 40 Years of DBT & Launch of “SUJVIKA” AI-Driven Biotech Portal Cabinet Approval for Alteration of Name from “Kerala” to “Keralam” Relevance : GS II – Polity & Governance Article 3 and Article 4: Parliament’s power to alter name of States; simple majority; President’s recommendation mandatory. Quasi-federal structure: Consultation with State Legislature is advisory, not binding. Federalism debates: Balance between State identity aspirations and Parliamentary supremacy. Precedents: Odisha (2011), Karnataka (1973), Tamil Nadu (1969) Static Constitutional Background A. Article 3 – Power of Parliament Article 3 of the Constitution of India empowers Parliament to form new States, alter boundaries, increase or diminish area, and alter the name of any existing State, thereby making territorial reorganisation a Union legislative competence. The Proviso to Article 3 mandates that any Bill affecting the name, area, or boundaries of a State must be introduced only on the recommendation of the President, ensuring executive scrutiny before legislative initiation. Before introduction of such a Bill in Parliament, the President must refer the proposal to the concerned State Legislature for expressing its views within a specified period, although those views are advisory in nature. B. Article 4 – Nature of Amendment Laws enacted under Article 3 may amend the First Schedule and Fourth Schedule of the Constitution, which respectively list States/UTs and allocate Rajya Sabha seats, thereby enabling technical constitutional modifications without invoking Article 368. Importantly, Article 4 clarifies that such amendments shall not be deemed constitutional amendments under Article 368, meaning they require only a simple majority of members present and voting in Parliament. C. Linguistic Reorganisation Background The reorganisation of States was institutionalised through the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, based on recommendations of the States Reorganisation Commission (1953) chaired by Fazl Ali, which prioritised linguistic homogeneity for administrative efficiency. Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 (celebrated as Kerala Piravi Day) by merging Travancore-Cochin and the Malabar district of the erstwhile Madras State, reflecting the culmination of the “Aikya Kerala” linguistic movement. Current Development The Union Cabinet chaired by Narendra Modi approved the proposal to rename the State of Kerala as “Keralam,” initiating the formal constitutional process under Article 3. The Kerala Legislative Assembly had earlier passed a unanimous resolution on 24 June 2024, urging the Union Government to amend the First Schedule to reflect the Malayalam linguistic form “Keralam.” The proposal was processed by the Ministry of Home Affairs under Amit Shah, and vetted by the Department of Legal Affairs and Legislative Department, ensuring constitutional conformity. Constitutional and Federal Implications The alteration of a State’s name highlights India’s quasi-federal structure with a strong Centre, where Parliament retains decisive authority, even though consultation with the State Legislature is procedurally mandatory. The Supreme Court in Babulal Parate v. State of Bombay (1960) upheld the wide discretion of Parliament under Article 3, clarifying that State consent is not constitutionally binding. The amendment will require modification of the First Schedule of the Constitution, but will not trigger Article 368 procedures, reinforcing the flexible nature of India’s territorial federalism framework. Governance and Administrative Implications Renaming necessitates comprehensive updates across Central and State government records, including Gazette notifications, Aadhaar, PAN, GSTN databases, electoral rolls, and census documentation, requiring coordinated bureaucratic execution. International implications include updates in ISO country subdivision codes, UN cartographic records, RBI financial reporting systems, and diplomatic documentation, ensuring consistency in global administrative references. Past renaming exercises such as Orissa to Odisha (2011) involved significant logistical restructuring and incurred multi-crore administrative expenditure, indicating fiscal implications despite symbolic objectives. Economic Dimension Kerala contributes approximately 3.8–4% of India’s Gross Domestic Product, according to recent Economic Survey estimates, and has one of the highest per capita incomes among major Indian States at around ₹2.4 lakh or above. The State has a substantial overseas diaspora of over 2.5 million migrants, whose remittances form a crucial component of Kerala’s economy, accounting for a significant share of State domestic income. The renaming is unlikely to have structural macroeconomic consequences, but may strengthen cultural branding in sectors such as tourism, ayurveda, and diaspora engagement. Social and Cultural Significance “Keralam” represents the authentic Malayalam linguistic expression of the State’s name, aligning constitutional nomenclature with regional linguistic identity and correcting colonial-era anglicised forms. The demand reflects the historical “Aikya Kerala” movement that sought unification of Malayalam-speaking regions, reinforcing linguistic federalism as a foundational principle of Indian State formation. Similar precedents include Orissa to Odisha (2011), Mysore to Karnataka (1973), and Madras to Tamil Nadu (1969), all executed through Article 3 procedures without constitutional amendment under Article 368. Political and Federal Considerations Since the proposal concerns only nomenclature and not territorial alteration, it is relatively less contentious compared to boundary disputes or bifurcation demands that typically generate inter-state political friction. However, the episode rekindles debates regarding whether States should possess stronger consent mechanisms under Article 3, especially in matters affecting identity and territorial integrity. Challenges and Criticisms Administrative transition costs, including updating official records, signage, and digital systems, may impose short-term fiscal burdens that critics argue could be better allocated toward developmental priorities. There may be temporary confusion in legal documents, contracts, and inter-state correspondence during the transition period, necessitating careful regulatory guidance and phased implementation. Way Forward The transition should be executed through a digitally integrated, time-bound implementation plan to minimize costs and ensure uniformity across Union and State databases. A single consolidated Gazette notification mechanism and public awareness campaign can ensure clarity among citizens, institutions, and international stakeholders during the transition phase. The process must reinforce cooperative federalism by respecting State aspirations while preserving constitutional supremacy of Parliament under Article 3. Practice Question “Article 3 reflects India’s flexible federalism while reinforcing parliamentary supremacy.” Examine in the context of the proposed renaming of Kerala to ‘Keralam’.(250 Words) 40 Years of DBT & Launch of “SUJVIKA” AI-Driven Biotech Portal Why is it in News? On 24 February 2026, marking the 40th Foundation Day (1986–2026) of the Department of Biotechnology, the Union Government launched “SUJVIKA” — an AI-driven Biotech Product Trade Intelligence Portal, signalling a strategic shift toward data-driven bioindustrial policy. The announcement assumes importance because India’s bioeconomy has expanded to USD 165.7 billion (2024) and the government has articulated a target of achieving a USD 1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047, positioning biotechnology as a core growth engine. The event also highlighted implementation of the BioE3 Policy (Biotechnology for Economy, Environment and Employment) and the launch of a ₹2,000 crore RDI national call under the ₹1 lakh crore innovation initiative, strengthening industrial-scale biotech capabilities. Relevance GS III – Science & Technology Role of Department of Biotechnology (est. 1986). SUJVIKA: AI-driven biotech trade intelligence platform. GenomeIndia (10,000 genomes, 99 populations). Indigenous gene therapy success (Hemophilia A trial). Institutional & Static Background A. Department of Biotechnology (DBT) The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) was established in 1986 under the Ministry of Science & Technology, mandated to promote research, infrastructure development, innovation ecosystems, and biotechnology-led economic transformation. DBT operates through implementing agencies such as BIRAC (Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council) and BRIC (Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council), bridging laboratory research with industrial application and startup incubation. Over four decades, DBT has transitioned from primarily grant-based scientific funding to a comprehensive innovation ecosystem builder integrating policy, entrepreneurship, and translational biotechnology. SUJVIKA Portal – Strategic Significance Launched by Jitendra Singh, SUJVIKA is an AI-enabled Trade Statistics Digital Intelligence Platform developed in collaboration with Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises, providing structured biotechnology import analytics. The portal presents authenticated import data on biochemical products, industrial enzymes, and biotech intermediates, enabling identification of high-value import dependencies and facilitating prioritised indigenisation strategies. By linking trade intelligence with R&D planning, SUJVIKA strengthens evidence-based policymaking and supports public–private partnerships in high-performance biomanufacturing. Economic Dimension – India’s Bioeconomy Growth India’s bioeconomy has grown 16-fold in a decade, from approximately USD 10 billion in 2014 to USD 165.7 billion in 2024, reflecting expansion in vaccines, diagnostics, agri-biotech, and industrial biotechnology. The number of biotech startups has risen from fewer than 100 in 2014 to over 11,000, indicating deepening innovation capacity and improved access to incubation and funding mechanisms. The government’s vision aims at a USD 1 trillion bioeconomy by 2047, aligning biotechnology growth with long-term industrial transformation under the Viksit Bharat framework. Governance & Policy Architecture A. BioE3 Policy The BioE3 Policy seeks to integrate biotechnology with economic growth, environmental sustainability, and employment generation, promoting advanced biomanufacturing clusters and indigenous value chains. Implementation through DBT, BIRAC, and BRIC focuses on strengthening scale-up infrastructure, technology transfer mechanisms, and domestic manufacturing of critical biotech inputs. B. Research Financing & Infrastructure A ₹2,000 crore national call under the ₹1 lakh crore Research, Development and Innovation initiative aims to accelerate commercialization and scale-up of biotech enterprises. The National Biofoundry Network includes 6 biofoundries and 21 advanced bio-enabler facilities, enabling rapid prototyping and reducing time-to-market for biotech innovations. Science & Technology Convergence Integration of Artificial Intelligence with biotechnology enhances research precision in gene sequencing, diagnostics, and drug discovery, reducing timelines and improving predictive analytics capabilities. The GenomeIndia Project has generated whole genome sequencing data of 10,000 individuals from 99 diverse populations, strengthening indigenous genomic databases and personalised medicine prospects. India’s first human gene therapy trial for Severe Hemophilia A, supported by DBT and BIRAC, demonstrated sustained Factor VIII production, showcasing translational research capability. Social & Strategic Importance India is among the leading global vaccine manufacturers, reinforcing biotechnology’s strategic role in public health security and global pharmaceutical supply chains. Expansion of 95 bio-incubators across 21 States and UTs, supporting over 1,800 incubatees, enhances regional innovation ecosystems and high-skilled employment generation. Biotechnology’s role extends to frontier domains such as space biotechnology and space medicine, through collaboration between DBT and ISRO, strengthening India’s scientific leadership. Challenges & Gaps Persistent import dependency in high-end enzymes, reagents, and specialised biotech equipment poses supply-chain vulnerabilities and underscores the need for domestic production incentives. Regulatory fragmentation across biosafety, drug approval, and environmental clearances may delay commercialization, requiring harmonised single-window regulatory reforms. Deep-tech biotechnology faces capital constraints due to long gestation cycles and high risk, limiting private venture participation compared to digital technology startups. Way Forward Institutionalise SUJVIKA analytics into industrial policy frameworks to directly link trade deficit identification with targeted R&D grants and PLI-type incentives for biotech manufacturing. Strengthen regulatory coherence among DBT, CDSCO, and environmental authorities to ensure biosafety while reducing approval delays for startups and research institutions. Expand incubation and biofoundry infrastructure to emerging innovation clusters beyond metropolitan centres, promoting inclusive and geographically balanced bioeconomic growth. Enhance global collaboration in genomic research, bio-manufacturing standards, and ethical governance to position India as a leading biotechnology hub by 2047. Practice Question India’s bioeconomy is emerging as a critical pillar of Viksit Bharat 2047. Examine the role of DBT and SUJVIKA in strengthening indigenous biomanufacturing.(250 Words)

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 25 February 2026

Content India’s trade strategy in a multipolar world Attracting talent positioned abroad India’s trade strategy in a multipolar world Source : The Hindu Why in News? India signed the India–EU Free Trade Agreement on 27 January 2026, after nearly two decades of negotiations, creating a trade space covering ~2 billion people and nearly one-fourth of global GDP (EU ~14–15%, India ~7% in PPP terms). In February 2026, India and the U.S. agreed on an interim framework toward a broader Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA); the U.S. accounts for ~18% of India’s total exports, making it India’s largest single-country export destination. As per the Department of Commerce Year-End Review 2025, India’s total exports (merchandise + services) reached USD 825.25 billion, registering 6.05% annual growth, despite global trade slowdown (~3% global trade growth). Relevance GS II – International Relations India–EU FTA (2026) and India–U.S. interim trade framework as tools of economic diplomacy. Effect of policies of developed countries on India’s trade interests. Strategic autonomy in a multipolar global order. GS III – Indian Economy (External Sector) Export performance: USD 825.25 billion (2025); 6.05% growth. FTP 2023 target: USD 2 trillion exports by 2030. FTA coverage expansion: 22% (2019) to 71% (2026 projected). Global Value Chain integration and MSME competitiveness. Practice Question “In a multipolar world, trade agreements have become instruments of strategic statecraft.” Examine in the context of India–EU FTA (2026) and the evolving India–U.S. trade framework.(250 Words) I. Structural Context: Shift in Trade Philosophy From Defensive to Strategic Integration India opted out of RCEP (2019) fearing import surges (especially from China), trade deficits, and inadequate safeguard mechanisms. Post-2019, India adopted a dual-track approach: Domestic capacity building via 14 PLI schemes across 14 sectors, with a financial outlay of ₹1.97 lakh crore. Aggressive FTA negotiations with advanced economies (UAE CEPA 2022, Australia ECTA 2022, EU 2026, U.S. framework 2026). India’s FTA-linked export coverage projected to rise from 22% (2019) to ~71% by 2026, marking a structural reorientation of trade geography. II. Quantitative Trade Performance India’s merchandise exports: ~USD 450+ billion; services exports: ~USD 375+ billion (IT services, business services, financial services). Services exports now account for ~45% of total exports, reducing vulnerability to merchandise trade volatility. Target under Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023: USD 2 trillion exports by 2030 Districts as Export Hubs initiative Emphasis on e-commerce exports (target: USD 200 billion by 2030). India’s share in global merchandise exports remains ~2%, indicating significant untapped export potential. III. India–EU FTA: Economic Significance Market Access & Tariff Liberalisation EU is India’s second-largest trading partner, with bilateral trade exceeding USD 120 billion+ annually. The agreement eliminates or reduces tariffs on over 90% of traded goods, covering key labour-intensive sectors: Textiles and garments (EU imports worth ~USD 200+ billion annually). Pharmaceuticals (India is the world’s 3rd largest pharma producer by volume). Marine products and chemicals. EU’s advanced machinery and capital goods exports to India can reduce production costs in electronics and green manufacturing sectors. Strategic Impact EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) could affect Indian exports in steel, cement, and aluminium; FTA negotiations provide a platform to address such regulatory barriers. Preferential access enhances competitiveness vis-à-vis Bangladesh and Vietnam, both of which enjoy favourable EU tariff regimes. IV. India–U.S. Interim Framework: Strategic Depth India–U.S. bilateral trade crossed USD 190+ billion in 2024, making the U.S. India’s largest trading partner. Strategic cooperation in rare earths and semiconductors aligns with India’s ₹76,000 crore Semiconductor Mission and electronics manufacturing expansion (electronics exports crossed USD 25+ billion in 2024–25). Progressive tariff reductions can improve India’s competitiveness in pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, and IT-enabled services in the U.S. market. V. Integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs) India’s GVC participation remains lower than East Asian economies; FTAs reduce tariffs on intermediate goods, improving competitiveness in: Electronics assembly Automotive components Pharmaceuticals and APIs Lower logistics costs under the National Logistics Policy (target: reduce logistics cost from ~14% of GDP to ~8–9%) can amplify FTA benefits. VI. MSME & Employment Linkages MSMEs contribute nearly 30% to GDP and ~45% to exports; improved market access enhances labour-intensive employment. Textiles, leather, and agri-processing sectors employ millions in semi-skilled labour; tariff elimination can stimulate cluster-based employment growth. Export expansion supports formalisation and productivity gains under schemes like RoDTEP and RoSCTL. VII. Diplomatic & Strategic Dimensions Trade agreements strengthen India’s voice in WTO reform debates and global trade norm-setting (digital trade, sustainability standards). Diversification reduces overdependence on any single geography; India’s exports are distributed across the U.S., EU, UAE, ASEAN, and Africa. Economic interdependence enhances geopolitical leverage in a multipolar system marked by U.S.–China rivalry and supply chain fragmentation. VIII. Governance & Policy Synergy Alignment with domestic reforms: PLI schemes (₹1.97 lakh crore outlay). Infrastructure push under PM Gati Shakti. Digitisation of customs under ICEGATE. Digital trade expansion leverages India’s services strength; IT exports already exceed USD 200 billion annually. IX. Challenges & Risks India runs trade deficits with several FTA partners; risk of widening merchandise deficits without export diversification. Compliance with EU environmental and labour standards increases certification costs for MSMEs. Exposure of sensitive sectors (dairy, agriculture, small manufacturing) to competitive pressures. CBAM and green trade barriers could erode competitiveness in carbon-intensive sectors. X. Way Forward Move up the value chain in electronics, green hydrogen, semiconductors, and EV supply chains. Increase manufacturing share in GDP from ~17% to 25% (long-standing policy target). Institutionalise FTA impact assessments with sectoral dashboards tracking trade balance, employment, and value addition. Expand trade diplomacy expertise to address next-generation issues: digital trade norms, sustainability-linked trade measures, and supply-chain security frameworks. Core Insight India’s trade strategy reflects a calibrated shift from protection-led regionalism to competitive integration with advanced markets. With exports at USD 825.25 billion and FTA coverage nearing 71%, the next phase depends not merely on market access but on domestic productivity, logistics efficiency, and technological upgrading. Prelims Pointers Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2023 target: USD 2 trillion exports by 2030. India’s total exports (2025): USD 825.25 billion; 6.05% annual growth. FTA coverage projected to increase from 22% (2019) to 71% (2026). India opted out of RCEP in 2019. India–EU FTA signed 27 January 2026. Attracting talent positioned abroad Source : The Hindu Why in News? In 2025, Washington imposed a one-time $1,00,000 fee on new H-1B visa petitions, significantly raising entry costs for foreign skilled workers and directly affecting Indian technology professionals. In FY 2024, 71% of total 3,99,395 H-1B approvals were granted to Indian nationals, making India disproportionately sensitive to U.S. immigration policy shifts. The policy shift coincides with India’s renewed push to attract overseas professionals through programmes such as GATI, eMigrate V2.0, VAJRA Faculty Scheme, and Know India Programme, signalling a strategic opportunity to convert “brain drain” into “brain circulation.” Relevance GS II – Indian Diaspora 71% of H-1B approvals (FY 2024) to Indian nationals. Impact of $1,00,000 H-1B fee (2025) on skilled migration. Diaspora engagement initiatives: GATI, VAJRA, eMigrate. Structural Background: India & the H-1B Ecosystem The H-1B visa programme has historically functioned as a primary channel for high-skilled Indian migration, particularly in technology, engineering, and research domains, linking India’s human capital ecosystem with the U.S. innovation economy. In FY 2024, 71% of H-1B approvals were Indian nationals, reflecting India’s unparalleled dominance and deep integration into U.S. high-skilled labour markets. The educational profile of H-1B holders has shifted upward: master’s degree holders increased from 31% in 2000 to 57% in 2021, while bachelor’s-only holders declined from 57% to 34%, indicating rising skill intensity. Nature of the 2025 H-1B Disruption The imposition of a $1,00,000 filing fee on new petitions substantially raises hiring costs for U.S. firms, potentially reducing demand for fresh overseas applicants while incentivising domestic talent substitution. Limited exemptions were introduced for applicants transitioning from F-1 student visas to H-1B, offering short-term relief to U.S.-educated Indian graduates but maintaining barriers for direct overseas hires. Reports suggest a 30% increase in Ivy League Indian graduates exploring opportunities in India, alongside senior executives reassessing long-term U.S. prospects due to visa uncertainty. India’s Policy Response: Talent Re-Engagement Architecture The Government of India has launched structured outreach initiatives such as Global Access to Talent from India (GATI), aimed at leveraging overseas Indian expertise for domestic innovation ecosystems. eMigrate V2.0 seeks to digitise and regulate overseas employment systems while strengthening data-driven migration governance. The VAJRA Faculty Scheme (Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty) enables global Indian researchers to collaborate with Indian institutions, strengthening research networks and knowledge transfer. The Know India Programme promotes diaspora engagement and cultural reintegration, strengthening soft-power linkages alongside economic participation. Economic & Innovation Implications A. Opportunity for Brain Circulation India hosts over 1,600 Global Capability Centres (GCCs) employing 1.66 million professionals, providing an expanding domestic high-skilled employment ecosystem capable of absorbing returning talent. Rising U.S. visa costs, combined with expanding domestic tech clusters and PLI-backed manufacturing, create favourable conditions for reversing long-term talent outflows. Return migration can enhance entrepreneurial dynamism, deepen venture capital networks, and accelerate technology diffusion into domestic startups and research institutions. B. Structural Constraints India’s R&D expenditure stands at only 0.64% of GDP, significantly below the U.S. (3.47%), China (2.41%), and Israel (5.71%), limiting absorptive research capacity for high-end scientific talent. Limited private-sector R&D participation and the dominance of low-to-mid value manufacturing reduce opportunities for cutting-edge innovation careers within India. State-Level Absorptive Capacity: Empirical Insights A. Maharashtra Maharashtra remains India’s largest startup cluster with a Startup, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation Policy (2025), yet high housing costs, school access constraints, and absence of spouse-employment support deter long-term reintegration. Firm-level incentives such as incubators and seed capital exist, but household-level integration costs remain high, limiting broad-based return migration. B. Delhi Delhi attracts returnees due to proximity to national laboratories, ministries, and policy networks, serving as an institutional gateway rather than a purely entrepreneurial hub. However, high housing costs and recruitment networks favour individuals with pre-existing institutional capital, restricting accessibility for broader talent pools. C. Karnataka Karnataka’s Beyond Bengaluru and Skill Development Policy (2025–32) aims to decentralise growth to Mysuru and Mangaluru through Global Capability Centres. Nevertheless, limited global research infrastructure, healthcare, and international schooling facilities constrain “family readiness,” reducing long-term retention prospects. Governance & Social Dimension Migration research indicates that while wages drive initial relocation decisions, long-term retention depends on social networks, spouse employment, educational opportunities for children, and quality-of-life factors. Indian States primarily compete for firms through infrastructure incentives but often neglect holistic relocation ecosystems that support families of high-skilled returnees. Without integrated urban planning, education reforms, and housing support, return migration risks remaining temporary rather than structural. Strategic & Geopolitical Implications The H-1B policy shift reflects broader geopolitical recalibrations under U.S. immigration tightening, reinforcing the fragility of relying heavily on external labour markets. Diversifying talent opportunities domestically strengthens India’s strategic autonomy and reduces vulnerability to unilateral visa policy changes. Reintegrating diaspora professionals enhances India’s capacity in frontier sectors such as semiconductors, AI, advanced manufacturing, and defence technology. Challenges High urban living costs in major metros reduce affordability for mid-career returnees despite competitive salaries. Weak university–industry linkages limit research commercialisation, constraining opportunities for high-end innovation careers. Policy fragmentation between Centre and States results in uneven absorptive capacity and inconsistent relocation incentives. Way Forward Increase R&D expenditure toward at least 1% of GDP in the medium term, with targeted tax incentives to catalyse private-sector research participation. Develop “Returnee Integration Packages” at the State level including housing subsidies, guaranteed school access, and spouse-employment facilitation mechanisms. Strengthen Global Capability Centres and semiconductor missions to create high-value innovation jobs aligned with diaspora expertise. Promote distributed urban growth models combining innovation clusters with livability infrastructure to convert short-term return into permanent reintegration. Prelims Pointers FY 2024 H-1B approvals: 3,99,395 total; 71% Indian nationals. India’s R&D expenditure: 0.64% of GDP. Educational shift: Master’s degree holders among H-1B beneficiaries increased from 31% (2000) to 57% (2021). India hosts 1,600+ GCCs employing 1.66 million professionals. Practice Question The 2025 tightening of the H-1B visa regime presents India with a strategic opportunity. Examine how diaspora engagement policies can convert this disruption into long-term national advantage.(250 Words)

Feb 25, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 25 February 2026

Content Centre to roll out free HPV vaccination drive Union Cabinet nod for ‘Kerala’ to become ‘Keralam’ The evolving nature of trade agreements Does the Data Act dilute the Right to Information Act? Exercise ‘Vayu Shakti-26’: Indian Air Force Full Dress Rehearsal Central India’s Elephant Crisis: Habitat Shrinkage & Human–Wildlife Conflict Centre to roll out free HPV vaccination drive A. Issue in Brief Union Health Ministry to launch nationwide free HPV vaccination targeting 14-year-old girls, aiming to prevent cervical cancer, India’s 2nd most common cancer among women. Vaccine used: Gardasil (Quadrivalent) covering HPV 16, 18 (oncogenic) and 6, 11 (wart-causing) strains; aligned with WHO single-dose recommendation (2022 update). Programme implemented through Ayushman Arogya Mandirs, PHCs, CHCs, District Hospitals, ensuring pan-India public facility coverage under structured medical supervision. Procurement secured via partnership with Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, ensuring quality-assured global supply chains and cold-chain compliance. India records nearly 80,000 new cervical cancer cases annually (ICMR estimates), contributing almost 20% of global burden. Relevance GS II (Health, Governance, Social Justice) – Public health policy, preventive healthcare, cooperative federalism in health delivery. GS III (Human Resource & Inclusive Growth) – Health as human capital; demographic dividend protection. B. Static Background Article 21 (Right to Life) judicially expanded to include Right to Health (Paschim Banga case, 1996), imposing positive obligations on the State. Article 47 (DPSP) mandates State to improve public health standards, forming normative basis for preventive immunisation programmes. Entry 6, State List: Public health under States, requiring cooperative federalism for uniform vaccination rollout. Under World Health Organization 2020 strategy, countries must achieve 90–70–90 targets for cervical cancer elimination by 2030. India’s Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is world’s largest, vaccinating 2.9 crore pregnant women and 2.6 crore infants annually (MoHFW data). C. Key Dimensions 1. Public Health & Epidemiology Persistent HPV 16 & 18 infections cause ~70% of cervical cancers globally, making targeted vaccination epidemiologically efficient (WHO data). HPV vaccine shows 93–100% effectiveness against vaccine-covered strains; over 500 million doses administered globally since 2006 with strong safety record. Vaccination at 14 years ensures pre-sexual exposure immunogenic advantage, maximizing long-term antibody persistence. India’s age-standardised incidence rate ~18 per 100,000 women (GLOBOCAN 2020), higher than many developed nations. 2. Economic Dimension Average cervical cancer treatment costs range ₹1.5–3 lakh per patient, imposing catastrophic expenditure on low-income families. WHO classifies HPV vaccination as “highly cost-effective”, particularly in LMICs with high disease burden. Preventive approach reduces productivity loss in women aged 15–49, critical demographic for India’s demographic dividend. Long-term reduction in oncology burden eases fiscal pressure on Ayushman Bharat–PMJAY insurance outlays. 3. Governance & Administrative Use of Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (1.6 lakh+ operationalised) strengthens primary healthcare-based immunisation delivery. Procurement through Gavi ensures stringent global quality benchmarks and uninterrupted supply chains. Single-dose schedule reduces logistical complexity, cold-chain burden, and dropout rates, enhancing scalability. Post-vaccination monitoring under AEFI protocols critical to prevent misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. 4. Social & Gender Justice Cervical cancer disproportionately affects low-income, rural women, reflecting intersection of poverty and gender inequity. Free vaccination ensures horizontal equity, reducing access disparities across socio-economic groups. Supports SDG 3 (Health) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) through women-centric preventive intervention. Potential to normalise adolescent reproductive health awareness in socially conservative settings. 5. Ethical & Legal Concerns Vaccination declared voluntary, respecting informed consent and parental autonomy. Past controversies in HPV trials highlight need for transparent safety surveillance and ethical oversight. Exclusion of boys may limit herd immunity effects, though WHO prioritises girls in high-burden countries. Sustained financing post-Gavi transition remains a fiscal sustainability challenge. D. Critical Analysis Shift from curative oncology expenditure to preventive public health aligns with UHC and SDG commitments. India’s high burden justifies prioritised rollout; however, screening coverage remains below 30%, limiting comprehensive control. Awareness deficits may generate vaccine hesitancy, especially in rural or conservative communities. Integration with school health programmes under RKSK essential for improving uptake. Without scaling screening and treatment simultaneously, elimination targets remain aspirational. E. Way Forward Integrate vaccination with national cervical screening expansion targeting 70% women per WHO benchmark. Launch structured IEC campaigns to counter misinformation and build community trust. Develop indigenous HPV vaccine manufacturing capacity under PLI to ensure long-term affordability. Expand inclusion to boys in phased manner to enhance herd immunity and gender neutrality. Establish transparent real-time digital immunisation dashboard for accountability and monitoring. F. Prelims Pointers Gardasil → Quadrivalent vaccine covering HPV 6, 11, 16, 18. HPV vaccine is non-live recombinant vaccine, cannot cause HPV infection. WHO (2022) endorses single-dose schedule for girls aged 9–14 years. Cervical cancer linked to persistent high-risk HPV infection. India contributes nearly 1/5th of global cervical cancer cases. G. Practice Question (15 Marks) “India’s nationwide HPV vaccination programme represents a paradigm shift toward preventive public health governance.” Critically examine its constitutional basis, economic rationale, and implementation challenges.(250 Words) Union Cabinet nod for ‘Kerala’ to become ‘Keralam’ A. Issue in Brief Union Cabinet approved proposal to rename “Kerala” to “Keralam”, reflecting the Malayalam linguistic identity of the State. The President will refer the Kerala (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2026 to the State Legislature under proviso to Article 3 for expressing its views. Kerala Legislative Assembly passed unanimous resolution on 24 June 2024, seeking modification of the State’s name in the First Schedule. Proposal examined by Ministry of Home Affairs, with concurrence from Department of Legal Affairs and Legislative Department. Change aligns with linguistic-cultural assertion since State reorganisation on 1 November 1956 (Kerala Piravi Day). Relevance GS II (Polity & Constitution) – Article 3, federalism, First Schedule amendments. GS I (Indian Society) – Linguistic identity, regionalism, cultural assertion. B. Constitutional & Legal Framework Article 3 empowers Parliament to alter names, boundaries, or areas of States, subject to prior Presidential reference to concerned Legislature. State Legislature’s opinion under Article 3 is advisory, not binding, as clarified in the Babulal Parate case (1960, SC). Amendment affects First Schedule of the Constitution, which lists names of States and Union Territories. No need for Article 368 constitutional amendment, as Article 3 provides special procedure. Similar precedents: Odisha (2011), Tamil Nadu (1969), West Bengal proposed “Bangla” (2018, pending). C. Historical & Federal Context States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised States primarily on linguistic basis, following Fazl Ali Commission (1955) recommendations. Demand for “Aikya Kerala” (United Kerala) emerged during national movement to unify Malayalam-speaking regions. Linguistic federalism recognised as core principle of Indian cooperative federalism. Renaming reflects symbolic federal accommodation, not territorial alteration. D. Key Dimensions 1. Constitutional–Federal Reinforces asymmetric yet flexible federalism, permitting symbolic identity corrections within constitutional framework. Demonstrates functioning of consultative federalism, though Parliament retains final authority. Highlights balance between national unity and regional cultural autonomy. 2. Political–Administrative Minimal administrative disruption; however, requires changes in official records, seals, currency references, statutes, maps, and digital databases. Financial implications limited compared to creation of new States. Centre–State coordination essential for seamless transition across ministries and agencies. 3. Cultural–Identity Dimension Corrects perceived colonial anglicised nomenclature, restoring native linguistic form “Keralam”. Strengthens sub-national cultural pride without affecting sovereignty. Similar pattern seen in Bombay→Mumbai (1995) and Calcutta→Kolkata (2001). 4. Economic & Developmental Impact No direct impact on GDP, fiscal transfers, or devolution under Finance Commission formula. Branding implications for tourism and global recognition may require phased communication strategy. Kerala contributes ~4% to India’s GDP and leads in HDI indicators, ensuring continuity of developmental identity. 5. Legal–Procedural Aspects After receiving Assembly’s views, Cabinet must secure President’s recommendation before introducing Bill in Parliament. Passage requires simple majority in both Houses of Parliament. Upon enactment, consequential amendments in Central and State laws required. E. Critical Analysis Symbolic assertion of identity must avoid fuelling competitive regionalism. Article 3’s advisory mechanism sometimes criticised for limited State veto power, raising debates on federal balance. Frequent renaming without substantive reforms may attract criticism as symbolic politics over structural governance. F. Way Forward Ensure transparent parliamentary debate reinforcing unity in diversity principle under Preamble. Undertake phased administrative transition to avoid duplication costs. Use occasion to strengthen Malayalam language promotion and cultural preservation initiatives. Maintain clarity that renaming is symbolic correction, not assertion of political exceptionalism. G. Prelims Pointers Article 3: Parliament can alter name of a State; Legislature’s view is advisory. Amendment affects First Schedule, not Article 368 procedure. Kerala formed on 1 November 1956 under States Reorganisation Act. President’s prior recommendation mandatory before introducing Bill in Parliament. H. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Renaming of States reflects India’s evolving federal identity within a constitutional framework.” Examine the constitutional procedure and political implications of the proposal to rename Kerala as ‘Keralam’. The evolving nature of trade agreements A. Issue in Brief U.S. President Donald Trump signed multiple Agreements on Reciprocal Trade (ARTs) with Malaysia, Cambodia, Argentina, Bangladesh under shadow of elevated tariffs. U.S. also announced an India–U.S. trade agreement (interim framework), raising question whether it resembles a standard Free Trade Agreement (FTA) or a novel ART model. ARTs are distinct from WTO-consistent FTAs under Article XXIV of GATT, creating a third typology in global trade governance. Concerns arise regarding WTO compatibility, MFN erosion, data sovereignty, and unilateral security clauses embedded in ART texts. Relevance GS II (International Relations) – WTO, multilateralism, India–U.S. relations. GS III (Economy) – Trade policy, MFN principle, FTAs, tariff negotiations. B. Multilateral Trade Architecture 1. GATT–WTO Framework World Trade Organization (1995) institutionalised the multilateral trade order initiated under GATT 1947. Core principle: Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) — trade concession to one member must extend to all WTO members. WTO expanded trade governance beyond goods to services (GATS) and intellectual property (TRIPS). Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) created binding adjudicatory mechanism, enhancing rule-based predictability. WTO operates on one-country-one-vote principle, offering bargaining leverage to developing countries. 2. Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) Article XXIV of GATT permits Free Trade Areas (FTAs) and Customs Unions (CUs) as exceptions to MFN rule. FTAs must cover “substantially all trade”, ensuring comprehensive tariff elimination. Customs Unions additionally require common external tariff for non-members. PTAs must be notified to WTO, enabling scrutiny by other members. Example: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership covering 15 Asia-Pacific economies. C. Agreements on Reciprocal Trade (ART): Features ARTs are not notified under Article XXIV, raising questions of WTO legality. Designed within “America First” trade doctrine, emphasising bilateral leverage over multilateral discipline. Trading partner often required to reduce tariffs drastically, while U.S. retains WTO-inconsistent tariff measures. Contain WTO-plus and WTO-extra provisions, including data flow and national security linkages. Example clause (U.S.–Bangladesh ART): partner must adopt complementary restrictive measures if U.S. invokes economic or national security grounds. Some ARTs restrict data sovereignty, prohibiting customs duties on electronic transmissions. D. Typology of Trade Agreements Parameter WTO Multilateralism Article XXIV FTAs U.S. ARTs Legal Basis GATT/WTO GATT Art. XXIV Executive-driven bilateral MFN Compliance Core principle Exception allowed Potential MFN erosion WTO Notification Institutional oversight Mandatory Not notified Scope Goods, services, IP Substantially all trade Selective, asymmetric Dispute Settlement Binding DSB Often arbitration panels Bilateral political leverage E. Implications for India–U.S. Trade Deal 1. Legal Dimension If structured as ART, India–U.S. deal may circumvent WTO scrutiny, weakening multilateral accountability. As WTO member since 1995, India has consistently defended rules-based multilateralism. ART-like provisions could challenge India’s data protection and digital taxation policies. 2. Economic Dimension WTO-consistent FTAs provide predictability and legal recourse, whereas ARTs create policy uncertainty. Asymmetric tariff reductions may impact agriculture, MSMEs, and digital sectors. India’s exports to U.S. ~$77 billion (2024 est.), making regulatory asymmetry economically significant. 3. Sovereignty & Strategic Dimension Security-linked clauses may indirectly tie India’s trade policy to U.S. national security determinations. Could constrain India’s strategic autonomy, including trade with third countries. India traditionally prefers balanced FTAs (e.g., EU, UAE CEPA), rather than unilateral concessions. 4. Developmental Perspective WTO framework offers developing countries coalition-building capacity (e.g., G-33, G-20 agriculture group). ARTs fragment developing country solidarity, promoting bilateral dependency. Weakens collective bargaining on agriculture subsidies and digital trade norms. F. Critical Analysis Multilateral trade under WTO reduced average global tariffs from ~22% (1947) to below 9% today, demonstrating institutional success. ARTs undermine predictability by prioritising executive discretion over treaty-based discipline. Non-notification deprives third countries of opportunity to raise systemic concerns. However, WTO’s appellate paralysis (since 2019) has weakened dispute settlement credibility. India must balance strategic partnership with U.S. against long-term interest in preserving multilateral order. G. Way Forward Ensure India–U.S. deal conforms to Article XXIV standards and is formally notified to WTO. Avoid clauses linking trade concessions to national security determinations of partner country. Protect data sovereignty and digital taxation autonomy under domestic law. Strengthen engagement in WTO reform negotiations to restore Appellate Body functionality. Build coalitions with Global South to defend rule-based multilateralism. H. Prelims Pointers GATT 1947 → precursor to WTO (1995). Article XXIV of GATT permits FTAs and Customs Unions as MFN exceptions. WTO operates on consensus principle and one-country-one-vote system. RCEP entered into force in 2022, largest FTA by GDP share. WTO Appellate Body non-functional since December 2019. I. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Emerging bilateral trade instruments such as the U.S. Agreements on Reciprocal Trade challenge the foundations of WTO-based multilateralism.” Critically examine in the context of India’s trade policy choices. Does the Data Act dilute the Right to Information Act? A. Issue in Brief Petitions challenging Section 44(3) of DPDP Act, 2023 referred to a Constitution Bench of Supreme Court due to constitutional sensitivity. Amendment provides blanket exemption for “personal information” under amended Section 8(1)(j) of RTI Act, 2005. Critics argue amendment dilutes Right to Information, especially in corruption-related disclosures involving public officials. Challenge alleges amendment is ultra vires Articles 14, 19(1)(a), and 21 of the Constitution. Relevance GS II (Polity & Governance) – Fundamental Rights (Articles 19, 21), transparency, accountability. GS IV (Ethics) – Privacy vs transparency dilemma. B. Legislative Background Post Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs Union of India, Supreme Court declared Right to Privacy a fundamental right under Article 21. Court directed government to establish robust data protection regime balancing privacy and legitimate state interests. Government constituted Justice B.N. Srikrishna Committee (2017), which submitted draft Data Protection Bill in July 2018. Parliament enacted Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, establishing framework governing data principals and data fiduciaries. C. Original RTI Framework (Before Amendment) Section 8(1)(j) of RTI Act, 2005 exempted personal information only if disclosure had no relation to public activity or public interest. Disclosure permitted if “larger public interest” justified intrusion, ensuring proportionality between privacy and transparency. RTI used to access assets and liabilities declarations of public servants, strengthening anti-corruption accountability. RTI recognised by Supreme Court as intrinsic to Article 19(1)(a) – freedom of speech and expression. D. Nature of the Controversy Amended provision removes public interest override, creating absolute bar on personal information disclosure. Statement of Objects and Reasons of DPDP Act silent on rationale for amending RTI Act. Critics argue amendment disrupts proportionality test laid down in Puttaswamy (2017). Potential misuse: Procurement records, audit reports, public spending data may be denied citing “personal information”. Raises concern of executive overreach via “money bill–like legislative bundling” within unrelated statute. E. Constitutional Dimensions 1. Article 19(1)(a): Right to Information Supreme Court in State of Uttar Pradesh vs Raj Narain recognised citizens’ right to know as democratic imperative. RTI Act operationalised transparency, enhancing accountability in governance and reducing information asymmetry. 2. Article 21: Right to Privacy Privacy recognised as intrinsic to dignity, autonomy, informational self-determination under Puttaswamy (2017). However, privacy is not absolute; subject to legality, necessity, and proportionality. 3. Article 14: Reasonableness Blanket exemption may fail reasonable classification and proportionality tests. Removal of public interest balancing mechanism potentially arbitrary. F. Governance & Anti-Corruption Implications RTI instrumental in exposing scams: 2G spectrum, Commonwealth Games, mining allocations. Disclosure of officials’ asset statements previously enabled scrutiny of disproportionate assets cases. Amendment may weaken institutional transparency and deterrence against corruption. Could undermine India’s commitments under UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). G. Comparative Perspective Global data protection regimes (e.g., EU’s GDPR) retain public interest and accountability exceptions. Democratic systems balance privacy with transparency, especially concerning public officials. Blanket exclusions uncommon in mature transparency frameworks. H. Critical Analysis DPDP Act advances data governance modernisation, but RTI amendment risks democratic regression. Earlier RTI framework already embedded proportional balance mechanism, avoiding excessive intrusion. Amendment tilts equilibrium excessively towards privacy, ignoring public accountability principle. Constitution Bench likely to interpret meaning of “personal information”, shaping future transparency jurisprudence. I. Way Forward Reinstate public interest override clause within Section 8(1)(j), ensuring calibrated disclosure. Supreme Court may evolve structured proportionality guidelines clarifying scope of personal information. Harmonise DPDP and RTI through clear legislative reconciliation framework. Strengthen Data Protection Board’s independence to avoid executive dominance. Ensure parliamentary scrutiny when amending transparency legislation. J. Prelims Pointers DPDP Act, 2023 regulates digital personal data processing in India. RTI Act, 2005 – Section 8(1)(j) relates to exemption for personal information. Puttaswamy (2017) declared privacy fundamental under Article 21. RTI derived from Article 19(1)(a) jurisprudence. Constitution Bench consists of 5 or more judges. K. Practice Question (15 Marks) “The balance between transparency and privacy is central to constitutional democracy.” Examine the constitutional and governance implications of the amendment to the RTI Act through the DPDP Act, 2023. Exercise ‘Vayu Shakti-26’: Indian Air Force Full Dress Rehearsal A. Issue in Brief Indian Air Force conducted full dress rehearsal of Exercise ‘Vayu Shakti-26’ at Pokhran Field Firing Range, Rajasthan. Exercise showcased day-to-dusk-to-night integrated operations, simulating near-realistic combat conditions in desert terrain. Platforms involved included Su-30 MKI, MiG-29, transport aircraft, helicopters including Chinook heavy-lift platforms. Tejas LCA reportedly absent due to technical issues, raising questions on fleet readiness. Main event scheduled for 27 February, reflecting periodic operational capability demonstrations. Relevance GS III (Security & Defence) – Military preparedness, defence modernisation, theatre commands. GS II (IR) – Strategic signalling and deterrence. B. Static Background Pokhran Field Firing Range located in Thar Desert, historically associated with nuclear tests (1974, 1998). Exercise ‘Vayu Shakti’ is a biennial firepower demonstration, validating air-to-ground strike capability. India maintains ~30–31 fighter squadrons, against sanctioned strength of 42 squadrons. IAF doctrine emphasises air dominance, precision strike, rapid mobility, and network-centric warfare. C. Key Dimensions 1. Operational & Military Preparedness Demonstration of coordinated multi-platform strike capability, integrating fighters, transports, and helicopters. Simulated targeting of enemy runways, armoured columns, and logistics convoys reflects deep-strike doctrine. Desert terrain rehearsal enhances preparedness for western front contingencies. Night operations indicate improved ISR integration and precision-guided munitions capability. 2. Strategic & Security Dimension Exercise signals credible deterrence posture amid regional security volatility. Reinforces India’s doctrine of swift punitive response and escalation dominance. Enhances jointmanship prospects under evolving Theatre Command structure. Demonstrates operational readiness to adversaries without crossing conflict thresholds. 3. Technological & Indigenous Capability Participation of Su-30 MKI (Russia-origin multirole aircraft) reflects backbone of IAF fleet. MiG-29 upgrades indicate life-extension and avionics modernisation strategy. Absence of HAL Tejas highlights challenges in indigenous platform reliability perception. Heavy-lift capability via Chinook helicopters strengthens logistics mobility in high-altitude and desert sectors. 4. Governance & Defence Reforms Exercise aligns with Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence, where domestic procurement aims to reach ₹3 lakh crore production target by 2029 (MoD target). Demonstrations support India’s growing defence export ambitions (₹21,000+ crore exports in 2023–24). Reflects capital-intensive modernisation amid constrained fiscal space. 5. Economic & Industrial Linkages Defence expenditure stands at ~2% of GDP, with capital outlay exceeding ₹1.7 lakh crore (2024–25 Budget). Large-scale exercises validate returns on high-value acquisitions like Rafale and S-400 systems. Enhances credibility in global defence markets for indigenous platforms. F. Prelims Pointers Pokhran located in Rajasthan’s Thar Desert; site of Operation Smiling Buddha (1974) and Pokhran-II (1998). IAF sanctioned fighter squadrons: 42; current operational strength around 30–31. Su-30 MKI: Multirole air superiority fighter, jointly developed with Russia. Chinook: Heavy-lift helicopter used for logistics and troop mobility. G. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Military exercises such as ‘Vayu Shakti’ reflect both operational readiness and strategic signalling.” Critically analyse their significance in the context of India’s defence modernisation and regional security environment. Central India’s Elephant Crisis: Habitat Shrinkage & Human–Wildlife Conflict A. Issue in Brief Rising human–elephant conflict (HEC) in central and eastern India, with recent fatalities in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal. India has ~29,446 wild elephants (All India Elephant Census 2017), with nearly 60% concentrated in southern India. Fewer than 8% elephants spread across eastern–central States account for ~50% human casualties in HEC incidents. Triggers include serial droughts, mining expansion, reservoir construction, forest fragmentation, and agricultural expansion. Over 200 crop-dependent elephants now reported in fragmented forest–farmland mosaics of south Bengal. Relevance GS III (Environment & Ecology) – Biodiversity conservation, human–wildlife conflict, EIA issues. GS I (Geography) – Forest fragmentation, climate variability. B. Ecological & Legal Background Asian elephant listed as “Endangered” under International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN Red List). Protected under Schedule I of Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, ensuring highest legal protection. India hosts ~60% of global Asian elephant population, making conservation a global responsibility. Project Elephant launched in 1992, focusing on habitat protection and corridor preservation. Elephant corridors: ~101 identified corridors (MoEFCC report), many under encroachment pressure. C. Key Dimensions 1. Ecological & Environmental Elephant home ranges span 100–500 sq km, requiring contiguous forest landscapes for seasonal migration. Mining in Singhbhum (Jharkhand) and Keonjhar (Odisha) fragmented traditional migratory routes. Drought events, including severe 1982–83 and 1986–87 El Niño years, disrupted natural foraging cycles. Construction of reservoirs in Mahanadi and Brahmani basins submerged quality riverine habitats. Habitat fragmentation forces elephants into cropland-rich landscapes, intensifying conflict frequency. 2. Economic & Developmental Coal mining expansion in Talcher, Jharsuguda, Sundargarh belts altered forest connectivity. Crop-raiding increases farmer losses, affecting small and marginal farmers’ incomes. Compensation payments often delayed, weakening trust in forest administration. Agriculture–forest interspersion increases economic vulnerability in rain-fed regions. 3. Social & Human Security Elephant attacks cause ~500 human deaths annually in India (MoEFCC estimates). Conflict concentrated in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh. Displaced herds breeding in non-traditional areas lack memory of natural foraging routes. Villagers face livelihood insecurity due to recurring crop destruction and night raids. 4. Governance & Administrative Elephant movement now inter-state, demanding multi-State coordination frameworks. Landscape-level planning remains weak due to fragmented forest governance. Joint Forest Management (JFM) regeneration efforts show limited short-term results. Elephant population growth without parallel habitat expansion intensifies ecological stress. 5. Climate Change Linkages Increasing frequency of extreme droughts and erratic rainfall alters fodder availability. Climate variability compounds stress in already degraded forest ecosystems. Anthropogenic pressures amplify ecological carrying capacity imbalance. D. Critical Analysis Elephant population recovery without habitat restoration creates carrying capacity mismatch. Infrastructure projects rarely integrate wildlife corridor impact assessments effectively. Current compensation-centric approach reactive, not preventive. Forest–farmland mosaic landscapes blur conservation–livelihood boundaries. Policy bias towards mining-led growth undermines ecological sustainability. E. Way Forward Prioritise landscape-level corridor restoration, especially across Jharkhand–Odisha–Chhattisgarh belt. Mandate wildlife corridor mapping within EIA processes for mining and linear infrastructure. Deploy early warning systems (SMS alerts, AI tracking collars) to reduce fatalities. Promote crop diversification toward elephant-deterrent crops (chilli, citrus, ginger). Strengthen inter-State coordination under Project Elephant with dedicated funding. Align conservation strategy with SDG 15 (Life on Land) and climate resilience planning. F. Prelims Pointers Asian Elephant → Schedule I, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. India hosts largest global population of Asian elephants. Project Elephant launched in 1992. Elephant corridors essential for seasonal migration and gene flow. El Niño years (1982–83) linked to severe drought in India. G. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Human–elephant conflict in central India reflects deeper structural issues in habitat governance and development planning.” Critically examine causes and suggest sustainable mitigation strategies.

Feb 24, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 24 February 2026

Content Indian Navy to Commission Anjadip(ASW-SWC) Zero Defect, Zero Effect (ZED) & India’s Quality-Led Manufacturing Push Indian Navy to Commission Anjadip (ASW-SWC) Why is it in News? The Indian Navy is commissioning INS Anjadip, the 3rd vessel of the 8-ship ASW Shallow Water Craft project, on 27 February 2026 under the Eastern Naval Command. The induction strengthens India’s shallow-water Anti-Submarine Warfare capability and marks progress in indigenous warship construction by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers under Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Relevance GS Paper III Security: Maritime security, coastal defence, submarine warfare. Defence indigenisation & Atmanirbhar Bharat. Infrastructure: Ports, EEZ security. Science & Technology in defence systems. Project & Platform Specifics 3rd vessel under 8-ship ASW Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) project. Built by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers. Inducted into Eastern Naval Command. Length: 77 metres. Maximum speed: ~25 knots. Propulsion: Water-jet system (suited for shallow draught operations). Primary sensor: Indigenous Hull Mounted Sonar (HMS) “Abhay”. Armament: Lightweight torpedoes (short-range ASW engagement). ASW rocket launchers (area saturation capability). Quantified Maritime Context India’s coastline: ~11,098.81 km. India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): ~2.37 million sq km. ~95% of India’s trade by volume and ~70% by value moves by sea. 12 major ports + 200+ non-major ports vulnerable to submarine infiltration in crisis scenarios. Bay of Bengal accounts for critical energy and container traffic towards East Asia. Strategic Threat Matrix (Submarine Dimension) Diesel-electric submarines (SSK) operate effectively in <200 m depth zones. Shallow water creates: High acoustic reverberation. Reduced sonar detection ranges. China operates 50+ submarines (mix of nuclear & diesel-electric). Increased PLAN submarine port calls in Indian Ocean since 2013. Dedicated shallow-water ASW platforms fill gap not efficiently covered by: 6 Scorpene-class submarines. 7–8 ASW corvettes (Kamorta class). Capability Gap Being Addressed Before ASW-SWC: Frigates/destroyers (~3,000–7,000 tonnes) not optimal for shallow waters. Limited number of dedicated ASW corvettes (~4 Kamorta-class operational). ASW-SWC Contribution: Specialised shallow-water detection role. High manoeuvrability due to water-jet propulsion. Faster coastal response cycle. Harbour defence reinforcement. Technological Significance Indigenous HMS “Abhay”: Reduces dependence on imported sonar systems. High indigenous content (recent naval platforms ~70–75% indigenous as per MoD data). Enhances: Indigenous underwater acoustics capability. Naval systems integration ecosystem. Water-jet propulsion: Lower cavitation. Improved control in low-depth zones. Economic Security Linkage India imports ~85% of crude oil (major portion via sea). LNG terminals and offshore platforms concentrated along coast. Any submarine-based disruption impacts: Energy security. Trade insurance premiums. Port operations. Industrial & Aatmanirbhar Dimension Built domestically by GRSE (Defence PSU). Boosts: Indigenous warship design capability. MSME vendor ecosystem (hundreds of suppliers per naval platform). Reflects shift from import-heavy 1990s to largely indigenous surface fleet construction. Prelims Pointers ASW-SWC = Shallow Water Craft (not frigate/destroyer). Length: 77 m. Speed: 25 knots. GRSE = Kolkata-based Defence PSU. EEZ of India: ~2.37 million sq km. Eastern Naval Command HQ: Visakhapatnam. Diesel-electric submarines are quieter than nuclear submarines in coastal waters. Practice Question “India’s maritime security architecture requires specialised shallow-water capabilities to counter emerging submarine threats.” Examine in light of recent naval inductions. (15M) Zero Defect, Zero Effect (ZED) & India’s Quality-Led Manufacturing Push Context Piyush Goyal (Minister of Commerce and Industry of India) at the National Quality Conclave (Feb 2026) reiterated PM’s “Zero Defect, Zero Effect” vision as the core of India’s manufacturing strategy for: $30–35 trillion economy by 2047 $2 trillion exports target (within 6–7 years) $1 trillion merchandise $1 trillion services Leveraging 9 FTAs covering 38 developed countries (≈ two-thirds of global GDP/trade) Institutional Anchors: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) Quality Council of India (QCI) Relevance GS Paper III Industrial policy. Export competitiveness. MSME development. Environmental sustainability (CBAM). Technology in manufacturing. Static Background “Zero Defect, Zero Effect” (ZED) Launched in 2014 to: Ensure Zero Defect → high-quality, globally competitive products. Ensure Zero Effect → minimal environmental footprint. Primarily MSME–focused. Linked with: Make in India Atmanirbhar Bharat Export Promotion Mission National Manufacturing Policy (2011 – 25% GDP manufacturing target, not achieved) Quality Architecture in India BIS Act, 2016 – Mandatory standards & QCOs. National Accreditation Board (under QCI). WTO compliance: SPS (Sanitary and Phytosanitary) TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) REACH (EU chemicals regulation) CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism – EU) Data & Evidence India: 4th largest economy Manufacturing share ≈ 15–17% of GDP (stagnant) Global trade share: ~2% of global merchandise exports MSMEs: ~30% of GDP ~45% of exports 11+ crore employment (MoMSME data) FTAs: UAE CEPA (2022) Australia ECTA (2022) Ongoing: EU, UK, Canada etc. Quality Gap Indicators: High rejection rates in pharma & agri exports due to SPS non-compliance. Textile sector faces sustainability scrutiny (water use, carbon intensity). Multi-Dimensional Analysis I. Constitutional / Legal Dimension Article 19(1)(g): Freedom of trade subject to reasonable restrictions (standards & safety). Article 21: Right to life includes right to safe products (Consumer Protection Act, 2019). Article 51(c): International law obligations → WTO TBT/SPS compliance. Environmental standards under: Environment Protection Act, 1986 Air/Water Acts Legal shift: From voluntary to mandatory Quality Control Orders (QCOs). II. Governance / Administrative Dimension Five-Pillar Roadmap Announced: SOP-based strict compliance from raw material to finished goods. Skilling & re-skilling (reduce wastage, enhance productivity). Gap analysis & benchmarking with global best practices. Streamlined testing & certification. Modern shared testing infrastructure in clusters. Administrative Innovations: 20+ cities consultations. 14 manufacturing clusters. 50+ regulators involved. “Gunvatta Manthan” dialogue mechanism → participatory governance. Shift: From inspection raj → quality ecosystem approach. From dual quality (export vs domestic) → uniform high standards. III. Economic Dimension A. Export Competitiveness FTAs give market access but: Non-tariff barriers increasing. Quality determines real market penetration. High-Potential Sectors: Textiles, Leather, Footwear, Pharmaceuticals Without quality: Tariff concessions ineffective, Trade deficits persist. B. Productivity & Cost Quality reduces: Rejections, Logistics returns, Warranty costs Enhances: Brand India, Value addition, Movement up Global Value Chains (GVCs) C. $30–35 Trillion Economy Target Requires: 8–9% sustained real growth. Manufacturing expansion to 22–25% of GDP. Quality-led capital deepening. IV. Social / Ethical Dimension Consumer dignity → No second-grade domestic products. Replacing “chalta hai” mindset with excellence culture. Employment quality: Skilled labour > informal low-skill labour. Inclusivity: MSMEs access global markets. Reduces regional disparities. Ethical Business Governance: ESG compliance. Transparency in certification. V. Environmental Dimension (Zero Effect) Sustainability embedded in exports. CBAM exposure: Steel, aluminium, cement, fertilisers. Textile sector: Water-intensive. Chemical discharge concerns. Shift required: Energy efficiency Circular economy Cleaner production technologies VI. Technology Dimension Automation in testing labs. Digital conformity assessment. AI-driven quality control. Blockchain for supply chain traceability. Industry 4.0 adoption. VII. Security / Strategic Dimension Quality = strategic credibility. Pharma reliability → health diplomacy. Defence exports require stringent quality standards. Supply chain resilience. Challenges / Structural Gaps Institutional Fragmented regulatory ecosystem. Overlapping certifications. State-level enforcement gaps. MSME Constraints High compliance costs. Limited testing infrastructure. Awareness deficit. Federal Issues States vary in industrial inspection regimes. Lack of harmonised enforcement. Capacity Constraints Shortage of accredited labs. Skill mismatch in workforce. Global Pressures Rising green protectionism. CBAM compliance costs. ESG audit burdens. Critical Evaluation Strengths: Institutionalisation via DPIIT + QCI. Cluster-based consultations. FTA alignment with quality push. Risks: Over-regulation could hurt MSMEs. Compliance-heavy model may increase informalisation. Infrastructure creation without behavioural change ineffective. Way Forward National Quality Roadmap – legally harmonised standards. Unified digital quality portal (single-window certification). Cluster-based common testing labs (PPP mode). ZED incentives linked to PLI schemes. Carbon accounting support fund for MSMEs. State-level Quality Missions aligned with Ease of Doing Business. Skill India + Apprenticeship integration with quality modules. Export Rejection Data Dashboard for real-time corrective action. Alignment: SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation) SDG 12 (Responsible Production) Article 38 (Social Order) Cooperative federalism. Prelims Pointers ZED focuses on MSMEs. QCI is not a constitutional/statutory body; it is a public-private partnership. BIS Act, 2016 replaced 1986 Act. SPS and TBT are WTO agreements. CBAM is EU’s carbon border tax mechanism. Manufacturing share in GDP ~15–17% (not 25%). Practice Question “Quality, not cost arbitrage, will determine India’s export competitiveness in the coming decades.” Discuss in the context of recent policy initiatives. (15M)

Feb 24, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 24 February 2026

Content India’s Energy Shift Through the Green Ammonia Route Stick together India’s Energy Shift Through the Green Ammonia Route Source : The Hindu A. Why in News? At India Energy Week 2026, PM highlighted $500 billion investment opportunity in energy transition, signalling shift from energy security to energy independence. SECI concluded landmark green ammonia auction under SIGHT (National Green Hydrogen Mission), institutionalising aggregated procurement. Discovered prices:₹49.75–64.74/kg ($572–744/tonne), nearly 40–50% lower than EU’s H2Global benchmarks. Contracts include 10-year fixed-price offtake agreements with fertiliser plants, ensuring long-term revenue certainty. B. Relevance GS II National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) as strategic industrial policy. Climate commitments: Net-zero 2070, updated NDCs. Trade dimension: CBAM, hydrogen corridors, green certification regimes. GS III Energy transition & renewable integration. Industrial decarbonisation (fertiliser, shipping, power). Green finance, PPP, blended finance. Technology-led competitiveness in green manufacturing. C. Static Background 1. What is Green Ammonia? Produced by combining nitrogen (air separation) with green hydrogen via electrolysis powered by renewables. Unlike grey ammonia (natural gas-based), green ammonia is near-zero carbon, avoiding emissions from steam methane reforming. India is 2nd largest ammonia producer; nearly 80% consumption in fertiliser sector. Heavy dependence on LNG imports for grey ammonia exposes sector to global gas volatility. 2. Policy Framework National Green Hydrogen Mission (2023) targets 5 MTPA green hydrogen by 2030. SIGHT Programme provides production-linked incentives and aggregated demand aggregation via SECI. Strategic ambition: Position India as global hub for green hydrogen derivatives. Nodal agency: Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI). D. Economic Analysis 1. Price Discovery & Competitiveness Auction prices:₹49.75–64.74/kg ($572–744/tonne) versus grey ammonia at ~$515/tonne. Cost gap narrowed due to: 10-year fixed contracts. Production subsidies of ₹8.82/kg, ₹7.06/kg, ₹5.3/kg (tapering first three years). Price certainty shields producers from: Gas market volatility. Currency fluctuations. Geopolitical supply disruptions. 2. Market Design Innovation Aggregated procurement: 724,000 tonnes/year across 13 fertiliser plants. Pre-identified coastal delivery points enable shipping-based logistics. Auction saw 15 bidders, 7 awardees, enhancing competition and transparency. Contracts substitute nearly 30% of ammonia imports, improving trade balance. Compared to EU H2Global and Korea’s CHPS, India achieved broader participation and lower discovered prices. E. Strategic & Geopolitical Dimension 1. Energy Independence Shift India imports nearly 85% crude oil and relies on LNG for ammonia production. Green ammonia supports transition toward renewable-driven hydrogen economy and domestic industrial base. 2. Climate Diplomacy Contributes to Net-zero 2070 and 50% non-fossil capacity by 2030 targets. Export potential to: EU (CBAM exposure). Japan & South Korea (hydrogen import strategies). Enhances India’s credibility as clean energy supplier to Global South and OECD markets. 3. Maritime Fuel Future Green ammonia emerging as marine bunker fuel alternative. Aligns with IMO decarbonisation pathway for global shipping. Potential integration with port-led development under Sagarmala framework. F. Environmental Dimension Benefits Avoids CO₂ emissions from steam methane reforming. Decarbonises fertiliser supply chain, reducing embedded emissions. Enables movement toward circular nitrogen economy. Risks Ammonia toxicity and storage hazards. High water demand for electrolysis. Renewable intermittency affecting hydrogen production stability. Mitigation Hybrid renewable systems with storage integration. Strengthened industrial safety codes. Harmonised green certification standards aligned with global norms. G. Financial & Infrastructure Dimension Bankability Drivers 10-year fixed-price contracts enhance revenue stability. Blended finance and risk-mitigation instruments improve project viability. Sovereign-backed payment structures increase lender confidence. Infrastructure Requirements Dedicated renewable energy parks. Port storage terminals and ammonia handling facilities. Pipelines and cracking infrastructure. Robust monitoring and certification systems. H. Governance & Regulatory Challenges Regulatory clarity on grid access and banking provisions. Harmonised green taxonomy and certification. Alignment with evolving EU and OECD standards. First-mover risks and financial closure constraints. I. Critical Evaluation Strengths Aggregated demand reduces fragmentation. Competitive pricing relative to global benchmarks. Long-tenor contracts improve investor confidence. India’s low renewable tariffs provide structural advantage. Risks Fiscal sustainability of production subsidies. Land acquisition and grid integration constraints. Export market volatility. Technology obsolescence risk in rapidly evolving hydrogen economy. Core Insight India’s competitive edge lies in cheap renewables + scale + institutional innovation, enabling early-mover advantage in green ammonia markets. J. Way Forward Develop Green Ammonia Export Corridors (India–EU, India–Japan). Integrate green ammonia under PLI schemes for fertilisers. Establish nationally recognised green certification framework. Expand coastal storage and shipping infrastructure. Promote R&D in ammonia cracking technologies. Introduce Carbon Contracts for Difference (CCfD). Create dedicated green hydrogen trading exchange. Align with SDG 7, SDG 9, SDG 13 and Just Energy Transition principles. K. Prelims Pointers Green ammonia = nitrogen + green hydrogen. SIGHT operates under National Green Hydrogen Mission. SECI aggregates demand and conducts auctions. Grey ammonia derived from natural gas (SMR process). Target: 5 MTPA green hydrogen by 2030. Ammonia can function as marine fuel and hydrogen carrier. L. Practice Mains Question Discuss how green ammonia can bridge India’s transition from energy security to energy independence. (15M) Stick together Source : The Hindu A. Why in News? State visit (2026) of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva to India reaffirmed deepening India–Brazil strategic partnership amid global trade turbulence. Both nations agreed to double bilateral trade to $30 billion by 2030, signalling diversification beyond traditional commodity exchanges. MoUs signed on critical minerals, steel & mining, digital cooperation, aiming to reduce overdependence on China-centric supply chains. Visit occurred amid U.S.-imposed 50% tariffs on both countries and uncertainty after U.S. Supreme Court ruling on tariff authority. Leaders reaffirmed commitment to multilateral order, WTO centrality, and Global South solidarity. B. Relevance GS II India–Brazil bilateral relations and South–South cooperation. Reform of UNSC, WTO, Bretton Woods institutions. Multilateralism vs unilateral trade regimes. GS III Trade wars, protectionism, tariff weaponisation. Critical minerals security and supply chain resilience. Biofuel cooperation and alternative energy diplomacy. C. Static Background 1. Institutional Groupings India and Brazil are members of: BRICS – emerging economy bloc promoting multipolarity. IBSA (India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum) – democratic South–South platform. G20 – global macroeconomic coordination forum. G-4 (India, Brazil, Germany, Japan) – UNSC reform coalition. Co-founders of Global Biofuels Alliance (2023). BRICS’ New Development Bank (NDB) headquartered in Shanghai. Significance of Platforms Push for reform of Bretton Woods institutions. Greater voice for developing nations in global decision-making. Exploration of alternative financial mechanisms and local currency trade. D. Economic & Trade Dimension 1. Bilateral Trade Current trade stands near $15 billion; target of $30 billion by 2030. Key sectors: Agriculture (soy, sugar, meat). Pharmaceuticals. Engineering goods. Energy and biofuels. 2. Trade Diversification Strategy Reduce reliance on China-dominated supply chains. Cooperation in lithium, rare earths, steel, mining. Strengthen industrial resilience through diversified sourcing. 3. U.S. Tariff Shock Both nations faced 50% tariffs under U.S. reciprocal measures. Additional scrutiny linked to: BRICS alignment. Russian oil imports. Iran trade. Reflects weaponisation of trade policy and erosion of WTO norms. E. Geopolitical & Strategic Analysis 1. Global South Assertion Lula’s “unionise” metaphor emphasises collective bargaining power. Advocates coordinated approach instead of fragmented bilateral concessions. Reaffirms commitment to WTO-centred multilateralism and sovereign equality. 2. BRICS in Transition Expanded BRICS membership enhances representational legitimacy. Push for local currency settlements and alternative financial rails. Faces Western scepticism and possible sanctions pressures. 3. UNSC Reform Push India and Brazil seek permanent membership through G-4 coalition. Reform stalled due to P5 resistance and geopolitical rivalries. Convergence strengthens moral claim for equitable representation. F. Energy & Climate Cooperation Collaboration in bioethanol and renewable technologies. Coordinated stance on climate equity and just energy transition. Brazil: Global leader in bioethanol exports. India: 20% ethanol blending target achieved ahead of schedule trajectory. Supports green growth and South–South energy cooperation. G. Strategic Autonomy Dimension India balances Quad engagement with BRICS participation, avoiding bloc politics. Brazil pursues independent foreign policy rooted in strategic autonomy. Shared preference for multipolarity over bipolar confrontation. Emphasis on diversified partnerships amid global volatility. H. Risks & Constraints 1. Internal Constraints Brazil’s election cycle may disrupt diplomatic continuity. India–U.S. trade negotiations require calibrated diplomacy. 2. Structural Limits BRICS lacks enforcement or dispute resolution mechanisms. IBSA has limited operational momentum. WTO dispute settlement system remains weakened. 3. Divergences Different engagement patterns with China. Varied regional security priorities. Geographic distance increases logistics costs. I. Critical Evaluation Strengths High institutional density: BRICS + IBSA + G20 + G-4. Complementary economic structures. Shared Global South narrative in governance reform. Limitations Bilateral trade modest compared to China–Brazil trade. Limited private sector integration. Symbolic rhetoric often exceeds economic depth. Core Insight Strategic convergence must move beyond symbolism toward institutionalised economic integration and supply chain interdependence. J. Way Forward Fast-track feasibility of Preferential Trade Agreement. Operationalise local currency trade settlements. Establish India–Brazil Critical Minerals Corridor. Revitalise IBSA as democratic Global South forum. Submit coordinated proposals for WTO and UNSC reform. Develop BRICS-based supply chain resilience framework. Expand membership of Global Biofuels Alliance. Align cooperation with SDG 17 (Global Partnerships) and reform-based multilateralism. K. Prelims Pointers IBSA comprises India, Brazil, South Africa; separate from BRICS. G-4 includes India, Brazil, Germany, Japan. BRICS’ New Development Bank headquartered in Shanghai. Global Biofuels Alliance launched at G20 Delhi Summit 2023. Brazil is world’s largest exporter of ethanol. L. Practice Mains Question India–Brazil relations reflect the resurgence of Global South diplomacy. Discuss. (15M)

Feb 24, 2026 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 24 February 2026

Content Centre Unveils National Counter Terrorism Policy (PRAHAAR) Neurotoxin (Tetrodotoxin) Suspicion in Kerala Seafood Deaths On the Independence of the Election Commission of India C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji): Legacy and Contemporary Relevance India as a Major Contributor to Global Pesticide Toxicity India and the International Energy Agency (IEA) Membership Debate Organ Donation in India: The Deceased Donor Challenge National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) 2.0 and Infrastructure Financing Centre unveils policy to tackle terrorism threats A. Why in News? Ministry of Home Affairs released first integrated National Counter Terrorism Policy – PRAHAAR (2026), formalising multi-domain response to evolving terror threats. Policy recognises threats across land, water and air. Notes increasing cyber intrusions on power grids and financial systems, especially post-2020 digital expansion. Emphasises protection of critical sectors contributing >50% of GDP, including power, transport, ports and atomic installations. Relevance : GS Paper III Internal security challenges Cyber security, drone threats, hybrid warfare Critical infrastructure protection B. Threat Landscape 1. Cross-Border Terrorism India has faced sustained infiltration attempts along LoC and IB, with dozens of infiltration bids detected annually. Global groups such as ISIS affiliates and Al-Qaeda-linked outfits have attempted recruitment in South Asia. 2. Drone & UAV Threats Punjab Police reported hundreds of drone sightings (2021–23) near border areas linked to arms and narcotics drops. Drones enable low-cost asymmetric warfare, bypassing conventional surveillance systems. India has begun deploying indigenous anti-drone systems by DRDO and private sector firms. 3. Maritime Vulnerability India’s coastline spans 11,098 km, with 12 major ports and 200+ non-major ports. Nearly 95% of India’s trade by volume moves by sea, making ports high-value targets. 4. Cyber Terrorism India ranks among top countries facing cyber-attacks on financial and power infrastructure (CERT-In reports). Rapid digitalisation post-2020 increased vulnerability of UPI, digital banking and smart grid systems. Hybrid warfare now includes cyber sabotage combined with physical attacks. C. Legal & Institutional Architecture UAPA (1967, amended 2019) empowers designation of individuals as terrorists. NIA Act, 2008 allows Centre to assume jurisdiction over terror investigations across States. Multi-Agency Centre (MAC) created post-26/11 to integrate intelligence inputs. India participates in FATF and complies with global anti-terror financing standards. D. Critical Infrastructure Protection India’s power sector capacity exceeds 420 GW installed capacity, making grid security crucial. Aviation sector handles over 300 million passengers annually, creating high-risk nodes. Atomic energy facilities and space installations represent strategic national assets. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) safeguards digital backbone. E. Governance & Federal Challenges Law and order falls under State List (List II), complicating centralised counter-terror action. Variation in policing capacity: metro cities better equipped than smaller States. Past debate over National Counter Terrorism Centre (NCTC) stalled due to federal concerns. F. Strategic Significance Terrorism increasingly linked with organised crime, narcotics trade and encrypted communications. Recognises shift toward hybrid and grey-zone warfare tactics. Aligns India with structured CT frameworks like U.S. National Counterterrorism Strategy. Integrates homeland security with economic resilience and digital security. G. Challenges Balancing preventive detention with Article 21 privacy protections (Puttaswamy 2017). Need for advanced AI-based predictive analytics for early threat detection. Ensuring judicial oversight to prevent misuse of terror laws. Funding constraints in upgrading anti-drone and cyber-forensic infrastructure nationwide. H. Way Forward Establish federal coordination body with safeguards to respect State autonomy. Expand coastal radar chain and anti-drone grid coverage along vulnerable borders. Strengthen cyber forensic labs and digital intelligence capacity. Conduct mandatory critical infrastructure security audits across sectors annually. Deepen cooperation with Interpol, FATF and UN Counter Terrorism Office. I.Prelims Pointers UAPA 2019 amendment allows individual terrorist designation. NIA Act 2008 enables central takeover of terror investigations. India’s coastline: 11,098 km. NCIIPC protects critical digital infrastructure. Law and order: State subject under Constitution. J. Practice Question Discuss how India’s National Counter Terrorism Policy reflects the shift from conventional to multi-domain security threats. (15M) Neurotoxin (TTX) Suspicion in Kerala Seafood Deaths A. Why in News? Doctors in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (2026) suspect Tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning after seafood consumption at Vizhinjam, causing multiple hospitalisations and two deaths within hours. Rapid onset of neurological symptoms and respiratory paralysis clinically consistent with TTX exposure, not bacterial food poisoning. Samples reportedly linked to red snapper (chemmeen/chempalli) sourced from Tamil Nadu coast; fish roe suspected contamination site. Incident highlights risks from marine biotoxins, extreme heat-stable compounds unaffected by routine cooking. Relevance : GS Paper III Environmental pollution & marine ecosystems Climate change & harmful algal blooms Food safety and public health risks GS Paper II Public health governance Food Safety regulatory mechanisms B. What is Tetrodotoxin (TTX)? Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent marine neurotoxin, found in pufferfish, certain reef fish, octopus, and marine bacteria. Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels (Na⁺ channels) in nerve membranes, preventing nerve impulse transmission. Estimated lethal dose in humans is approximately 1–2 mg, making it one of the most potent non-protein neurotoxins. Classified internationally under Schedule 1 chemical threat monitoring categories due to high lethality and no antidote. C. Prelims Pointers Tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks sodium channels in nerve cells. TTX is heat-stable, not destroyed by normal cooking. No specific antidote exists; treatment is supportive. Marine biotoxins often linked to algal blooms. India’s seafood exports exceed $8 billion annually. D. Practice Questions Examine the public health and biosecurity implications of marine neurotoxins in the context of climate change. (15M) On the Independence of the Election Commission (EC) A. Why in News? Opposition alliance proposed motion to remove the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) amid allegations linked to Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls. Around 65 lakh voter names reportedly deleted during SIR exercise in Bihar(2025), matter challenged before the Supreme Court. Controversy also surrounds the Chief Election Commissioner and other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Terms of Office) Act, 2023. Relevance : GS Paper II Constitutional bodies Article 324, 326 Basic Structure doctrine Electoral reforms B. Constitutional Foundations of EC Independence Article 324 vests superintendence, direction and control of elections in a permanent Election Commission. Adult franchise guaranteed under Article 326, forming core democratic principle of universal suffrage. In Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975), free and fair elections recognised as part of the Basic Structure doctrine. EC conducts elections to President, Vice-President, Parliament and State Legislatures, underscoring its national constitutional mandate. C. Appointment Controversy (2023 Act) 2023 Act provides selection committee comprising Prime Minister, Union Minister and Leader of Opposition. Supreme Court in Anoop Baranwal v. Union of India (2023) had included Chief Justice of India (CJI) in interim selection mechanism. Removal of CJI from statutory committee triggered concerns about executive dominance. Act challenged in Jaya Thakur v. Union of India (2024); next hearing scheduled for March 2026. D. Tenure & Service Safeguards CEC holds office for 6 years or until age 65, whichever earlier, under 2023 Act. Under Article 324(5), service conditions cannot be varied to CEC’s disadvantage during tenure. Financial independence ensured through charged expenditure on Consolidated Fund of India. Permanency of EC structure strengthens institutional continuity. E. Removal Procedure – Strong Constitutional Safeguard CEC removal follows procedure under Article 324(5) read with Article 124(4) (same as Supreme Court judge). Grounds limited to proved misbehaviour or incapacity, ensuring high constitutional threshold. Motion requires: Minimum 100 Lok Sabha members or 50 Rajya Sabha members (Judges Inquiry Act, 1968). Speaker/Chairman may admit or refuse motion; if admitted, a 3-member inquiry committee is constituted. F. Inquiry & Due Process Safeguards Committee comprises: CJI or Supreme Court Judge, Chief Justice of a High Court, Distinguished jurist. Charges must be formally framed and communicated to CEC. CEC entitled to reasonable opportunity of defence, reflecting doctrine of natural justice. If incapacity alleged, medical board examination mandated. G. Removal of Other Election Commissioners Other ECs removable by President on advice of CEC, ensuring internal institutional balance. In Vineet Narain v. Union of India (1997), SC held CEC cannot act arbitrarily or suo motu in such advice. Balances executive authority with collegial decision-making within Commission. H. Multi-Member Commission Structure EC made permanently multi-member on 1 October 1993. Validated by Supreme Court in T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995). Under Article 324(3), CEC acts as Chairman in multi-member body. Collegial structure ensures decisions are consensus-based rather than unilateral. I. Electoral Roll Controversy & SIR Allegations that Special Intensive Revision (SIR) led to deletion of approximately 65 lakh names in Bihar. Critics argue deletions may disproportionately affect minorities and opposition-supporting voters. EC maintains revisions are routine exercises under Representation of the People Act, 1950. Matter sub judice before Supreme Court, reflecting judicial oversight mechanism. K. Structural Strengths of EC Independence Constitutional status under Part XV of Constitution. Removal procedure mirrors that of Supreme Court judges. Fixed tenure and protected service conditions. Judicial review available against EC actions. Institutional legacy of assertive CECs (e.g., post-1990 electoral reforms era). L. Areas of Ongoing Debate Composition of selection committee under 2023 Act. Transparency in electoral roll revisions. Balance between executive role and institutional autonomy. Need for greater procedural clarity in large-scale voter deletions. M. Way Forward Consider evolving towards a bipartisan or constitutionally entrenched appointment mechanism. Enhance transparency in electoral roll revision data and audit processes. Strengthen technological safeguards for voter database integrity. Institutionalise parliamentary consultations without undermining EC autonomy. Preserve balance between state authority and citizen liberty, consistent with Basic Structure doctrine. N. Prelims Pointers Article 324 – Powers of Election Commission. Article 326 – Adult suffrage. Anoop Baranwal (2023) – Interim selection committee ruling. T.N. Seshan (1995) – Validated multi-member EC. Removal of CEC similar to Supreme Court judge removal process. Practice Question Examine the constitutional safeguards that ensure the independence of the Election Commission of India. Are recent developments likely to affect its autonomy? (15M) C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) A. Why in News? President unveiled bust of C. Rajagopalachari at Rashtrapati Bhavan (2026), marking symbolic effort to shed “colonial mindset” in national institutions. Bust installed at Grand Staircase, replacing statue of Edwin Lutyens, architect of New Delhi. Event framed within larger narrative of decolonisation of public spaces and institutions. Rajaji highlighted as only Indian Governor-General (1948–1950) of independent India. Relevance : GS Paper I Modern Indian History Freedom Movement (Vedaranyam Satyagraha) GS Paper II Constitutional transition (Governor-General role) Early post-independence politics B. Who Was Rajaji? 1. Early Life & Background Full name: Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (1878–1972). Born in Thorapalli, Tamil Nadu. Profession: Lawyer, freedom fighter, administrator, statesman. Close associate of Mahatma Gandhi; part of Congress inner circle. 2. Role in Freedom Movement Participated in Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930). Led Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha (1930) in Tamil Nadu, parallel to Dandi March. Imprisoned multiple times during freedom struggle. Advocated constitutionalism and gradual reform. 3. Administrative & Constitutional Roles Premier of Madras Presidency (1937–39) under Government of India Act, 1935. Governor of West Bengal (1947–48). Became last Governor-General of India (1948–1950) after Lord Mountbatten. Only Indian to hold that office before abolition under Constitution (1950). 4. Role in Post-Independence Politics Served as Home Minister of India (1951). Chief Minister of Madras State (1952–54). Introduced controversial “Modified Education Scheme” (Hereditary Education Policy). Advocated fiscal prudence and administrative efficiency. 5. Founder of Swatantra Party (1959) Founded Swatantra Party opposing Congress’ socialist economic model. Criticised Nehruvian planning and Licence-Permit-Quota Raj. Advocated: Free markets. Minimal state intervention. Civil liberties. Decentralisation. Swatantra Party became largest Opposition party in Lok Sabha (1967). 6. Ideational Contributions Advocated “mental decolonisation” and civilisational self-confidence. Translated and popularised Ramayana and Mahabharata in English and Tamil. Wrote extensively on ethics, governance and dharma. Strong believer in moral politics and Gandhian restraint. 7. Views on Partition & Politics Proposed CR Formula (1944) attempting compromise between Congress and Muslim League. Supported pragmatic negotiation to avoid prolonged conflict. Often seen as realist within Congress leadership. 8. Recognition & Legacy Awarded Bharat Ratna (1954) – among first recipients. Remembered as: Scholar-administrator. Liberal conservative thinker. Early advocate of economic liberalisation. C. Constitutional & Political Significance 1. Governor-General Role Oversaw transition from Dominion to Republic (1950). Ensured smooth constitutional continuity before office abolished under Constitution. Symbolised Indianisation of colonial institutions. 2. Economic Thought – Ahead of Time Opposed excessive state control during Nehru era. Advocated market reforms decades before 1991 Liberalisation. Critiqued command economy and centralised planning. 3. Federalism & Decentralisation Supported strong states within Union framework. Favoured local governance and minimal bureaucratic expansion. Ideological precursor to later fiscal federalism debates. D. Contemporary Relevance 1. Decolonisation Narrative Replacement of Lutyens’ statue with Rajaji’sbust symbolises: Indianisation of public memory. Reclaiming post-colonial institutional spaces. 2. Liberal Economic Legacy His advocacy of free markets resonates with: Post-1991 economic reforms. Contemporary entrepreneurship-driven growth model. G. Prelims Pointers Rajaji was only Indian Governor-General. Founder of Swatantra Party (1959). Led Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha (1930). Recipient of Bharat Ratna (1954). Served as Premier of Madras Presidency (1937). H. Practice Question Discuss the political and intellectual contributions of C. Rajagopalachari in shaping post-independence India. (15M) India as a Major Contributor to Global Pesticide Toxicity A. Why in News? A recent Science journal (2024–25) study calculated Total Applied Toxicity (TAT) across 600+ pesticides in 65 countries (2013–2019). China, Brazil, U.S., and India together account for nearly 70% of global TAT, indicating concentration of ecological risk. Despite Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022) pledge to reduce pesticide risk by 50% by 2030, toxicity levels are rising. India’s pesticide regime under Insecticides Act, 1968 criticised as outdated amid expansion of non-agricultural pesticide uses. Relevance GS Paper III Environmental degradation Biodiversity loss Agriculture & sustainable farming Chemical pollution B. Understanding Total Applied Toxicity (TAT) TAT measures risk-weighted toxicity, not just volume of pesticide use. Calculation combines: Quantity applied. Chemical lethality. Toxicity to non-target organisms. Focus extends beyond pests to pollinators, soil organisms, fish, terrestrial arthropods, vertebrates and aquatic plants. Provides ecological risk perspective rather than simple tonnage comparison. C. India’s Position in Global Context India among top four contributors, together accounting for ~70% of global pesticide toxicity burden. Major crops driving pesticide use: Rice, Maize, Soybean, Fruits and vegetables, Cereals. Toxicity levels increased in India during 2013–2019 period. India uses at least 66 pesticides banned in several other countries. D. Ecological Impacts Identified Most affected organisms: Terrestrial arthropods (including pollinators). Soil organisms. Freshwater fish. Pollinator decline directly threatens food security and biodiversity stability. Soil toxicity undermines long-term agricultural productivity. Aquatic contamination impacts drinking water and fisheries. E. Human Health Dimension Pesticide residues increasingly found in: Stored grains, Domestic settings, Public spaces. Chronic exposure linked to: Neurological disorders. Endocrine disruption. Cancer risks (as per global epidemiological studies). Expanding “ordinary use” beyond agriculture includes paints, furniture treatments, fumigation. F. Legal & Regulatory Framework Insecticides Act, 1968 regulates manufacture, sale and agricultural use. Act largely focused on farm-level application; limited regulation of household and urban use. Criticism that Act does not adequately incorporate: Environmental liability. Long-term ecological monitoring. Cumulative toxicity risk assessment. Proposed Pesticides Management Bill, 2025 aims to: Promote safer alternatives. Encourage biological and traditional knowledge-based inputs. G. Policy & Governance Challenges Fragmented monitoring of pesticide residues across States. Limited real-time data on pesticide usage by active ingredient. Weak enforcement of safe handling norms among smallholder farmers. Subsidy-driven input model rooted in Green Revolution paradigm. Climate change increasing pest incidence, raising pesticide dependency. H. International Commitments India is party to: Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. 2022 CBD pact commits countries to reduce pesticide risk by 50% by 2030. Current trends suggest India not on track for this reduction target. I. Structural Drivers High population pressure and food security concerns. Small landholdings and risk-averse farmer behaviour. Aggressive agrochemical marketing. Limited adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) at scale. Inadequate transition incentives for organic or natural farming. J. Critical Evaluation Strengths India’s pesticide use per hectare remains lower than some developed countries in volume terms. Increasing policy attention toward biological pesticides and nano-formulations. Growing expansion of natural farming initiatives (e.g., Andhra Pradesh model). Concerns Toxicity risk rising despite moderate volume growth. Continued approval of chemicals banned in OECD jurisdictions. Weak liability framework for environmental damage. Monitoring largely reactive rather than preventive. K. Way Forward Shift from input-intensive to agro-ecological farming models. Mandate annual public disclosure of pesticide use by active ingredient. Strengthen Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and bio-control adoption. Introduce polluter liability and compensation mechanisms. Align domestic regulation with global best practices. Invest in farmer training on safe handling and dosage. L. Prelims Pointers TAT = Total Applied Toxicity, measures ecological risk-weighted pesticide exposure. Insecticides Act, 1968 currently governs pesticide regulation. CBD 2022 target: 50% pesticide risk reduction by 2030. Major non-target species affected include arthropods, soil organisms and fish. M. Practice Question Critically examine India’s pesticide regulatory framework in light of rising ecological toxicity. (15M) India & International Energy Agency (IEA) A. Why in News? At the IEA Ministerial Meeting (Paris, Feb 2026), progress discussed on India’s long-pending request for full membership. India currently holds association status (since 2017) but lacks voting rights in decision-making. Full membership requires amendment of IEA founding charter, currently limited to OECD members. Debate gains relevance amid global energy transition and geopolitical supply shocks post-Ukraine war. Relevance GS Paper II International relations Global energy governance Reform of multilateral institutions GS Paper III Energy security Strategic petroleum reserves Clean energy transition B. About the International Energy Agency (IEA) Established in 1974 after the 1973 oil crisis, triggered by Arab oil embargo. Objective: Ensure collective energy security, stable oil supplies and emergency response coordination. Operates under framework of OECD. Members must maintain 90 days of net oil import reserves. Currently comprises 32 OECD countries. C. India’s Current Status India became IEA Associate Member in 2017. Associates participate in: Policy discussions, Data sharing, Energy outlook collaboration. However, associates do not possess voting rights. India accounts for nearly 6% of global energy demand and is fastest-growing major energy consumer. D. Why India Seeks Full Membership ? To gain decision-making role in global energy governance. To influence policies on: Energy security. Critical minerals. Clean energy transitions. India’s energy demand expected to grow by 25% by 2040 (IEA projections). Ensures voice of Global South in traditionally OECD-centric institution. E. Structural Barrier – OECD Link IEA charter restricts membership to OECD countries. India is not an OECD member. Granting India membership requires: Amendment of IEA’s legal framework, or Relaxation of OECD linkage condition. Brazil (non-OECD) has also expressed interest. F. Energy Geopolitics Context Post-2022 Ukraine crisis exposed vulnerabilities in energy supply chains. IEA coordinated emergency oil stock releases during 1991 Gulf War and 2022 Ukraine invasion. Energy governance increasingly linked with: Climate change commitments. Critical mineral supply chains. Green hydrogen markets. India’s role significant as: 3rd largest oil importer. Major coal consumer. Rapid renewable capacity expansion. G. Strategic Implications Inclusion of India would reflect shift from OECD-centric energy governance to multipolar architecture. Strengthens global cooperation on: Energy transition finance. Data transparency. Emergency preparedness. Aligns with India’s growing influence in G20 and climate diplomacy. H. Challenges OECD members may resist dilution of charter norms. Oil reserve requirement may strain India’s fiscal capacity. Balancing fossil fuel security with net-zero commitments. Geopolitical sensitivities involving China (also associate, not member). I. India’s Energy Transition Profile Installed renewable capacity exceeds 180 GW (solar + wind combined). Target: 500 GW non-fossil capacity by 2030. Committed to Net-zero by 2070. Advocates lifestyle changes through LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) initiative. J. Broader Institutional Debate Reflects larger trend of reforming post-1970s institutions. Similar debates ongoing in: WTO reform. UNSC expansion. Multilateral development banks. Question: Should global institutions reflect current energy demand realities? K. Way Forward Gradual reform of IEA charter to allow non-OECD membership. Creation of tiered voting structures reflecting energy demand weightage. Strengthening India–IEA technical collaboration in: Critical minerals mapping. Energy efficiency. Clean cooking transition. Ensure compliance with oil stock norms through strategic petroleum reserves expansion. L. Prelims Pointers IEA established in 1974 after oil crisis. Members must hold 90 days oil reserves. Operates under OECD framework. India became Associate Member in 2017. M. Practice Mains Questions Examine whether global energy governance institutions need structural reforms to reflect emerging economies. (15M) Organ Donation in India – Deceased Donor Challenge Analysis A. Why in News? In Mann Ki Baat (Feb 2026), Prime Minister highlighted need to expand organ donation awareness, noting rising transplant numbers yet persistent donor shortages. India recorded 18,911 total transplants in 2024, highest ever, but deceased donor numbers remain disproportionately low. Deceased organ transplants rose from 9,401 (2023) to 9,410 (2024), yet living donations dominate transplant ecosystem. Data sourced from National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation (NOTTO). Relevance : GS Paper II Public health policy Governance of medical institutions GS Paper III Health infrastructure gaps Insurance & Ayushman Bharat B. Current Organ Transplant Data (2024) Total transplants: 18,911 (2024) vs 18,378 (2023). Living donor transplants: 15,505 (2024). Deceased donor transplants: 3,406 (2024). Kidney transplants: 13,476 (largest share). Liver transplants: 4,901. Heart transplants: 253; Lung: 228. Pancreas and small bowel remain rare. C. Structural Gap – Deceased vs Living Donation India’s deceased donor rate is approximately 0.77 per million population (pmp). Comparatively: Spain: ~48 pmp. U.S.: ~26 pmp. China: ~6 pmp. Living donors account for nearly 80% of transplants, creating medical and ethical stress. Deceased donor ecosystem underdeveloped relative to global standards. D. Demand–Supply Imbalance Estimated 1.75–2 lakh kidney failure cases annually, but only ~13,000 transplants performed. Approximately 50,000 patients need heart transplants annually, yet only 253 performed. Liver transplant demand estimated at 25,000–30,000 annually, but ~5,000 conducted. Indicates massive unmet need in critical care. E. Legal & Institutional Framework Governed by Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act (THOTA), 1994, amended 2011. Establishes brain-death certification norms. NOTTO functions as apex national body for organ allocation and coordination. Online national registry introduced for transparent allocation. F. Geographic & Institutional Disparity States like Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Maharashtra show relatively better deceased donation rates. Northern and eastern States lag significantly. Urban tertiary hospitals dominate transplant infrastructure. Rural access to transplant facilities remains limited. G. Social & Cultural Factors Lack of awareness about brain death concept. Religious misconceptions about post-death donation. Family refusal rates remain high. Emotional distress at time of consent reduces conversion rates. H. Ethical & Governance Issues Risk of commercialisation in living donations. Need for strict monitoring against organ trafficking. Transparent allocation mechanisms crucial to maintain public trust. Balancing urgency, equity and medical compatibility in allocation. I. Global Best Practices Spain’s “opt-out” system and transplant coordinators model. Dedicated ICU-based organ retrieval protocols. Public campaigns normalising donation culture. Integrated national transplant registries with real-time tracking. J. Recent Reforms & Initiatives Government removed domicile requirement for organ registration. Introduced common national waiting list. Digital portal integration to improve allocation transparency. Public awareness drives via Mann Ki Baat and media campaigns. K. Key Challenges Low deceased donor conversion rate. Limited ICU infrastructure for brain-death certification. Inadequate trained transplant coordinators. Logistical challenges in organ transport (green corridors uneven). Financial burden of transplant procedures. L. Way Forward Institutionalise hospital-based transplant coordinators nationwide. Strengthen ICU infrastructure in district hospitals. Consider debate on presumed consent (opt-out) with safeguards. Enhance public awareness through sustained campaigns. Expand green corridor logistics network. Increase insurance coverage under Ayushman Bharat for transplant procedures. M. Prelims Pointers NOTTO = National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation. THOTA enacted in 1994, amended 2011. Brain death legally recognised for organ retrieval. Deceased donor rate in India ~0.77 pmp. N. Practice Question Examine the structural challenges in expanding deceased organ donation in India. (15M) National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP) 2.0 A. Why in News? Finance Minister announced that NMP 2.0 (FY26–FY30) aims to mobilise ₹16.72 lakh crore, exceeding the ₹10 lakh crore target in Union Budget 2025–26. NMP 1.0 (FY22–FY25) reportedly achieved annual targets, with monetisation proceeds peaking around ₹3.87 lakh crore (FY22). Second phase aligns with Asset Monetisation Plan 2025–30, expanding scope to logistics parks, ropeways, warehouses and digital infrastructure. Policy intended to unlock value from brownfield public assets, not new asset privatisation. Relevance : GS Paper III Infrastructure financing PPP models Fiscal policy & FRBM Logistics competitiveness GS Paper II Governance reforms Public asset management B. Conceptual Framework – What is NMP? Launched in 2021, NMP aims to monetise operational public assets to fund fresh infrastructure creation. Monetisation differs from privatisation: Ownership remains with government. Private sector operates assets for fixed tenure under PPP contracts. Anchored in National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) vision. Implemented via concession models like Toll-Operate-Transfer (TOT). C. Performance of NMP 1.0 (FY22–FY25) Total targeted mobilisation: ₹6 lakh crore. Annual realisation ranged between ₹1.4–3.8 lakh crore. Major contributors: National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). Power Grid Corporation. Railways freight corridors. Monetisation through: Asset leasing. Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs). PPP concessions. D. NMP 2.0 – Sectoral Focus (FY26–FY30) Highways: ~₹2.77 lakh crore. Railways: ~₹2.62 lakh crore. Power: ~₹2.77 lakh crore. Oil & gas pipelines: ~₹1.54 lakh crore. Warehousing & storage: ~₹1.8 lakh crore. Telecom: ~₹4.8 lakh crore (largest component). Airports, ports, ropeways and tourism assets included. E. PPP & Financial Instruments Monetisation via: Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs). Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). Direct asset leasing. NHAI’s TOT model auctions operational highways. BSNL tower monetisation part of telecom asset strategy. Assets remain government-owned; private players gain operational rights. F. Economic Rationale Helps bridge infrastructure funding gap estimated under NIP (~₹100+ lakh crore). Frees up public capital for greenfield projects. Reduces fiscal pressure and public debt burden. Encourages long-term institutional investors like pension and sovereign wealth funds. Enhances asset efficiency and service quality via private management. G. Governance & Fiscal Context Proceeds credited mainly to: Consolidated Fund of India. Or respective ministry allocations. Asset monetisation mandated under FRBM discipline and capital expenditure push. Aligns with government’s emphasis on capital expenditure multiplier effect. H. Key Concerns & Criticisms Risk of underpricing strategic public assets. Potential tariff hikes affecting users (e.g., highway tolls). Limited domestic long-term institutional investor base. PPP models historically faced issues of contract renegotiation and litigation. Revenue projections sensitive to economic cycles. I. Strategic Significance Promotes infrastructure-led growth model. Supports logistics efficiency, reducing India’s logistics cost (~13–14% of GDP). Enhances competitiveness under PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan. Enables development of multi-modal logistics parks and ropeways in hilly regions. J. Ropeways & Logistics Parks – Emerging Assets Ropeways align with National Ropeways Development Programme (Parvatmala). Logistics parks support: Multi-modal integration. Warehousing modernisation. Supply chain resilience. Critical for achieving India’s manufacturing and export ambitions. K. Way Forward Strengthen transparent asset valuation mechanisms. Improve contract design to minimise renegotiation risk. Develop domestic infrastructure bond markets. Expand role of InvITs and REITs. Ensure user interest protection through regulatory oversight. L. Prelims Pointers NMP launched in 2021. Monetisation ≠ privatisation. TOT = Toll-Operate-Transfer model. InvITs allow pooled investment in infrastructure assets. NMP 2.0 target: ₹16.72 lakh crore (FY26–FY30). M. Practice Question Evaluate the role of the National Monetisation Pipeline in financing India’s infrastructure ambitions. (15M)

Feb 21, 2026 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 21 February 2026

Content NITI Aayog Releases Report on ‘Revitalizing Apprenticeship Ecosystem: Insights, Challenges, Recommendations and Best Practices CAQM Reviews Supreme Court-Mandated Expert Report at 27th Meeting; PM2.5 Identified as Key Pollutant in Delhi NITI Aayog Releases Report on ‘Revitalizing Apprenticeship Ecosystem: Insights, Challenges, Recommendations and Best Practices A. Issue in Brief The report proposes a comprehensive overhaul of India’s apprenticeship ecosystem to align skilling with employability, productivity, and innovation under the broader vision of Viksit Bharat @2047. It introduces a common digital apprenticeship platform to streamline registration, matching, compliance, and monitoring, reducing transaction costs and improving transparency across states and sectors. A novel Apprenticeship Engagement Index (AEI) is recommended to benchmark state and district performance, fostering competitive federalism and measurable accountability in apprenticeship outcomes. The framework emphasizes empowering District Skill Committees (DSCs) as nodal implementation anchors to localize labour-market mapping and integrate industry demand with skilling institutions. Special focus is placed on enhancing MSME participation through cluster-based consortia, leveraging economies of scale to overcome capacity and compliance barriers faced by smaller enterprises. Relevance GS 2 – Governance / Social Justice Skill development architecture, cooperative federalism (Concurrent List – Entry 25), role of District Skill Committees, and performance benchmarking through Apprenticeship Engagement Index (AEI). GS 3 – Economy Addressing skill mismatch, youth unemployment (15–20% among educated youth – PLFS), MSME productivity, and human capital formation linked to PLI and Make in India. B. Constitutional & Legal Context The apprenticeship ecosystem derives legitimacy from Article 41 (Right to Work) under Directive Principles, mandating the State to secure employment and skill opportunities within economic capacity. The governing statute, Apprentices Act, 1961 (amended 2014, 2019), mandates enterprise participation while introducing optional trades and simplified norms to encourage industry engagement. As vocational training falls under the Concurrent List (Entry 25), effective implementation requires cooperative federalism between Union skill missions and State Skill Development Authorities. Legal harmonization is required between apprenticeship provisions and emerging labour codes to ensure stipend safeguards, insurance coverage, and grievance redressal clarity. C. Structural & Governance Reforms The proposed single-window digital platform integrates employer registration, apprentice matching, compliance tracking, and analytics, improving ease of doing business for industry stakeholders. The Apprenticeship Engagement Index (AEI) aims to create measurable performance indicators such as apprentice density, MSME participation rate, and post-training absorption levels. Strengthening District Skill Committees enhances decentralized governance, enabling real-time labour demand assessments and convergence with ITIs, PMKVY centers, and industrial clusters. The framework identifies the need for third-party audits and outcome-based monitoring, ensuring quality assurance and reducing risks of tokenistic apprenticeship enrollments. D. Economic Significance Apprenticeships address India’s structural skill mismatch problem, improving employability and reducing frictional unemployment among educated youth, particularly in manufacturing and emerging technology sectors. Global evidence indicates apprenticeships can improve firm-level productivity by 5–15%, suggesting strong returns on investment for enterprises and national competitiveness. India’s 6.3 crore MSMEs employing over 11 crore workers represent an untapped reservoir for apprenticeship expansion through cluster-based collaborative models. By strengthening industry-linked skilling, the report aligns with PLI schemes and Make in India, supporting higher-value manufacturing and export competitiveness. E. Social & Ethical Dimensions With youth unemployment among educated cohorts often exceeding 15–20% (PLFS data), apprenticeships can serve as a structured transition from education to employment. Gender disparities persist in technical trades, necessitating targeted policies to increase women’s participation in apprenticeships, especially in high-growth sectors like electronics and renewables. Ensuring stipends align with minimum wage benchmarks is crucial to prevent exploitation and preserve apprenticeships as learning opportunities rather than low-cost labour substitutes. Apprenticeships enhance social mobility by integrating rural and semi-urban youth into formal sector value chains, thereby supporting inclusive growth objectives. F. Technology & Future of Work The report stresses integrating Industry 4.0 skills, including AI, robotics, semiconductors, and green technologies, to future-proof India’s workforce against technological disruptions. A data-driven apprenticeship ecosystem supported by digital analytics can enable predictive labour market planning and real-time monitoring of skill supply-demand dynamics. Linking apprenticeships with higher education credits under National Education Policy 2020 can reduce the academic-vocational divide and elevate the status of skill-based pathways. G. Key Challenges Identified Enterprise participation remains limited, with apprenticeship penetration below 1% of the total workforce, far lower than Germany or Japan’s 3–5% levels. Complex compliance requirements under the Apprentices Act discourage MSMEs, necessitating simplified norms and graded incentives to expand participation. Weak monitoring mechanisms at district levels hinder outcome measurement, reducing accountability for apprentice absorption and long-term employment outcomes. Societal stigma attached to vocational education constrains youth enrollment, reflecting persistent preference for degree-centric employment pathways. H. Way Forward Introduce graded fiscal incentives and tax credits for MSMEs engaging apprentices, particularly within identified industrial clusters and aspirational districts. Operationalize the Apprenticeship Engagement Index as a reform-linked ranking tool tied to central funding allocations for skill development programs. Establish robust social security coverage including ESIC and accident insurance for apprentices to strengthen trust and participation. Encourage CSR and industry associations to co-create apprenticeship consortia, leveraging community networks to scale high-quality training opportunities. Position apprenticeships as a strategic human capital investment integral to achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 8 (Decent Work), and SDG 9 (Industry & Innovation). I. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers Apprentices Act enacted in 1961, amended in 2014 and 2019 to simplify compliance and introduce optional trades. The report proposes a new Apprenticeship Engagement Index (2026) to benchmark state and district-level performance. Apprenticeship penetration in India remains below 1% of workforce, significantly lower than advanced industrial economies. Practice Question (15 Marks) “India’s apprenticeship ecosystem remains underutilized despite demographic advantages.” Examine the structural bottlenecks in apprenticeship implementation and evaluate how recent reforms can enhance productivity, employability, and inclusive growth. CAQM Reviews Supreme Court-Mandated Expert Report at 27th Meeting; PM2.5 Identified as Key Pollutant in Delhi A. Issue in Brief At its 27th Full Commission Meeting (20 Feb 2026), CAQM reviewed a Supreme Court-mandated expert report identifying PM2.5 as the dominant pollutant driving AQI deterioration in Delhi. The expert meta-analysis (2015–2025) highlights the combined impact of local emissions and transboundary airshed transport, underscoring the regional nature of NCR air pollution. CAQM approved 46 additional Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS) across NCR, increasing total stations to 157, enhancing spatial coverage and baseline assessment accuracy. Stricter PM emission norms for industries, strengthened construction and demolition (C&D) waste rules, and reinforced dust mitigation protocols were approved. The Commission emphasized coordinated implementation of State Action Plans (2026) and strict vigilance under statutory directions including GRAP enforcement. Relevance GS 3 – Environment PM2.5 as dominant pollutant, source apportionment (2015–2025), secondary particulates (27% winter share), dust (27% summer share), and regional airshed management. GS 2 – Governance / Polity Role of CAQM under 2021 Act, Article 21 (Right to Clean Air), Supreme Court oversight (W.P. 1135/2020), GRAP enforcement, and inter-state coordination in NCR. B. Constitutional & Legal Context Article 21 (Right to Life) has been judicially expanded to include the right to clean air, forming the constitutional basis for judicial intervention in air pollution matters. The case W.P. (C) No. 1135/2020 led the Supreme Court to mandate expert-based source apportionment analysis for evidence-driven policy action. CAQM was constituted under the Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021, providing it overriding powers over State authorities in NCR. Statutory tools include GRAP (Graded Response Action Plan) and legally binding directions enforceable across Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. C. Source Apportionment Findings (Meta-Analysis 2015–2025) During winter months, major contributors to PM2.5 include Secondary Particulates (27%), Transport (23%), Biomass Burning (20%), Dust (15%), and Industry including TPPs (9%). In summer months, Dust (27%) becomes the dominant contributor, followed by Transport (19%), Secondary Particulates (17%), Industry (14%), and Biomass Burning (12%). Secondary particulates form from gaseous emissions of transport, industries, thermal power plants, and biomass burning, reflecting the need for precursor gas control strategies. The findings confirm that Delhi’s pollution is not solely local but influenced by regional airshed dynamics and inter-state emission flows. D. Governance & Administrative Measures Approval of 46 new CAAQMS stations (14 Delhi, 16 Haryana, 1 Rajasthan, 15 Uttar Pradesh) strengthens grid-based spatial monitoring based on population and land-use criteria. Monitoring density enhancement to 157 stations in Delhi-NCR improves real-time AQI accuracy and regional pollutant attribution for targeted policy response. CAQM directed time-bound execution of State Action Plans (2026) focusing on transport, industry, dust control, waste management, and biomass burning mitigation. Enforcement Task Force actions, including industrial closures and resumptions, were reviewed to ensure compliance with emission norms and statutory directions. E. Transport & Infrastructure Dimension The Commission emphasized implementation of Multi-Lane Free Flow (MLFF) tolling systems, integrated with RFID and ANPR technologies to reduce vehicular congestion and idling emissions. Vehicular emissions remain a major winter contributor at 23% of PM2.5, necessitating stricter BS-VI compliance, EV transition acceleration, and congestion management reforms. Addressing congestion at MCD toll plazas is critical to minimizing localized emission hotspots and improving traffic flow efficiency. F. Agriculture & Biomass Burning CAQM’s Direction No. 96 (13 Feb 2026) mandates coordinated, time-bound implementation of State Action Plans to eliminate wheat stubble burning in 2026. Biomass burning contributes 20% of winter PM2.5, highlighting the urgent need for subsidy-backed machinery, crop diversification, and residue management incentives. Interstate coordination under CAQM ensures uniform enforcement across Punjab, Haryana, and Western UP to mitigate transboundary impacts. G. Industrial & Dust Regulation Stricter PM emission standards for industries across NCR aim to curb direct particulate discharge and precursor gases responsible for secondary particulate formation. Enhanced C&D waste management protocols target construction dust, a major contributor during summer months at 27%. Thermal power plants are included under tighter scrutiny to control emissions of SO₂ and NOx contributing to secondary particulate formation. H. Critical Challenges Despite statutory powers, inter-state coordination gaps may dilute uniform enforcement, especially during peak pollution episodes. Secondary particulate control requires precursor gas regulation, which demands costly retrofitting and technological upgrades across sectors. Public compliance in dust mitigation and construction norms remains weak due to monitoring capacity constraints at municipal levels. Transboundary pollution challenges underscore the absence of a legally binding national airshed-based management framework beyond NCR. I. Way Forward Adopt a regional airshed management model integrating scientific modelling, synchronized emission caps, and inter-state accountability mechanisms. Incentivize industries to adopt flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and advanced emission control technologies, supported by green financing instruments. Accelerate transition toward electric mobility and public transport expansion, targeting reduction of the 23% transport-linked PM2.5 burden. Strengthen public participation and transparency by making real-time source apportionment dashboards accessible to citizens. Align air quality strategy with SDG 3 (Good Health), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action) for integrated environmental governance. J. Exam Orientation Prelims Pointers CAQM established under 2021 Act with overriding powers over NCR States. PM2.5 identified as dominant pollutant influencing AQI in Delhi as per 2015–2025 meta-analysis. Total CAAQMS in Delhi-NCR increased to 157 after approval of 46 new stations. Winter PM2.5 contributors: Secondary Particulates (27%) highest share. Practice Question (15 Marks) “Delhi’s air pollution is a manifestation of both local emissions and regional airshed dynamics.” Discuss the institutional and policy challenges in managing PM2.5 pollution in NCR and suggest measures for strengthening cooperative environmental federalism.

Feb 21, 2026 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 February 2026

Content Gen Z and the dynamics of democratic engagement Bhasha’ matters in India’s multilingual moment Gen Z and the dynamics of democratic engagement I. Changing Global Democratic Context Recent international assessments such as Freedom House (2023) report democratic quality declining for the 17th consecutive year, with 35 countries showing deterioration in political rights and civil liberties. The V-Dem Report 2024 estimates nearly 72% of the global population lives under regimes experiencing some degree of democratic decline or institutional stress. Democracies face pressures including polarisation, declining trust in institutions, and shrinking civic participation, requiring renewed focus on accountability and institutional resilience. Relevance GS 1 (Indian Society) Demographic Dividend: Gen Z forms nearly 30% of India’s population, influencing social norms and political expectations. Urban Youth Unemployment: Around 15%+ (PLFS 2023), shaping economic anxieties and civic attitudes. Social Change: Greater tolerance toward gender equality and identity diversity compared to earlier cohorts. GS 2 (Polity & Governance) Constitutional Values: Liberty, accountability, rule of law under democratic frameworks. Pressure Groups: Shift from structured organisations to decentralised civic mobilisation. Digital Governance: India has 800+ million internet users, reshaping public discourse and regulatory challenges. II. Emergence of Gen Z as a Democratic Stakeholder Generation Z (1997–2012) comprises nearly 2 billion people globally, making it the largest youth cohort in contemporary politics. Youth-led mobilisations in Bangladesh (2024) and Nepal (2025) focused on transparency, anti-corruption, and institutional accountability, leading to administrative inquiries and reform discussions. Compared to earlier movements such as Occupy Wall Street (2011) or early-2010s protests, recent mobilisations appear more issue-specific and digitally coordinated. III. Lessons from Earlier Movements Occupy Wall Street (2011) mobilised in over 900 cities, yet struggled with leadership coherence and policy institutionalisation. Early-2010s movements led to political transitions in some contexts but faced challenges in sustaining stable institutional reform. These cases show that mass mobilisation alone does not guarantee long-term democratic consolidation. IV. Generational Recalibration of Values Gen Z blends democratic ideals with digital-era individualism, shaped by global exposure and social media connectivity. Surveys indicate higher openness toward gender equality and caste diversity, reflecting reduced social prejudice compared to previous generations. What appears as political detachment often represents a shift from ideological activism to experiential engagement. V. Core Worldview Emphasis on lived experience, dignity, and fairness rather than rigid ideological alignment. Civic engagement often centres on workplace conditions, discrimination, and everyday governance issues. Preference for pragmatic and situational responses rather than long-term doctrinal mobilisation. VI. Digital-First Civic Participation With 800+ million internet users in India, social media platforms function as primary spaces for mobilisation and debate. Campaigns are often leaderless and decentralised, relying on hashtags, peer networks, and short-form content. While digital reach enhances speed and scale, it may reduce sustained organisational continuity. VII. Comparison with Organised Movements The Farmers’ Movement (2020–24) demonstrated sustained leadership, negotiation frameworks, and legislative clarity over extended periods. In contrast, Gen Z mobilisations tend to be short-term and issue-focused, often dissolving after immediate objectives are addressed. Both forms represent legitimate democratic participation, but their institutional impact varies. VIII. Confidence–Anxiety Dynamic Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education reached 28.4% (AISHE 2022–23), reflecting expanded educational access. Simultaneously, urban youth unemployment exceeds 15% (PLFS 2023), creating economic uncertainty. This combination produces assertiveness in civic claims alongside fragmentation in sustained engagement. IX. Mental Health and Civic Outlook Greater openness toward mental health counselling and therapy distinguishes Gen Z from earlier generations. Competitive labour markets and gig economy volatility influence expectations from governance and institutions. Civic participation increasingly intersects with dignity, wellbeing, and quality of life concerns. X. Market, Identity and Mobility Smartphone penetration exceeding 75% in urban youth cohorts enhances digital access and global exposure. Consumption patterns increasingly shape perceptions of opportunity and equality, sometimes transcending traditional identity markers. Digital access functions as a symbolic equaliser in social mobility narratives. XI. Aspirational National Outlook Digital ecosystems amplify narratives around technological progress, entrepreneurship, and innovation, including space missions and start-up growth. Youth nationalism often reflects future-oriented aspirations and global competitiveness. However, algorithm-driven echo chambers may contribute to polarised discourse, requiring balanced regulatory frameworks. XII. Democratic Promise and Constraints Strengths include reduced prejudice, strong demand for transparency, and readiness to question inefficiencies. Constraints include episodic mobilisation, limited structural organisation, and vulnerability to misinformation. Democratic deepening depends on integrating youth participation into institutional frameworks for sustained engagement. Conclusion Gen Z represents a digitally connected, aspirational, and economically conscious cohort navigating rapid technological and social change. Its engagement signals transformation in democratic participation rather than disengagement. Long-term outcomes depend on institutional responsiveness, inclusive governance, and stable participatory channels. Practice Question “Generation Z’s political engagement reflects a shift from ideological mass movements to digitally mediated episodic mobilisation.” Examine the implications of this transformation for democratic participation, institutional accountability, and governance stability in contemporary societies. (250 words) ‘Bhasha’ matters in India’s multilingual moment I. India’s Linguistic Landscape According to the Census 2011, India has over 1,300 mother tongues and 121 constitutionally recognised languages, representing one of the most diverse linguistic ecologies globally. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution recognises 22 languages, yet everyday linguistic diversity extends far beyond formal recognition, particularly among tribal and minority communities. Linguistic diversity in India is not merely cultural capital but a cognitive and educational resource influencing early childhood development and social identity formation. Relevance GS 1 (Indian Society & Culture) Linguistic Diversity: 1,300+ mother tongues (Census 2011); unity in diversity. Role of Language in Identity: Cultural preservation, indigenous knowledge systems. Diversity & Social Cohesion: Multilingualism as integrative force. GS 3 (Human Capital & Technology) FLN & Productivity: Language barrier affects foundational literacy outcomes. Digital Public Infrastructure: BHASHINI, DIKSHA, PM eVIDYA. AI & Language Technology: Preservation of endangered languages. II. Language Loss and Knowledge Erosion UNESCO estimates that nearly 40% of the world’s 7,000 languages are endangered, implying rapid erosion of indigenous knowledge systems embedded in local languages. Language extinction results in loss of ecological wisdom, oral traditions, and community-based knowledge accumulated over generations, weakening cultural resilience and intergenerational transmission. Safeguarding languages is therefore both a cultural imperative and an educational necessity, linking identity preservation with inclusive development goals. III. Global Learning Deficit Linked to Language Globally, over 250 million learners lack access to education in a language they fully understand, contributing to foundational learning deficits. In India, 44% of children enter school with a home language different from the medium of instruction (NCERT, 2022), creating early comprehension barriers. This mismatch contributes to weak Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) outcomes and increases risk of cumulative learning gaps and eventual dropout. IV. Pedagogical Basis of MTB-MLE Research consistently shows that children learn concepts more effectively when taught in a language they comprehend, improving cognitive retention and classroom participation. UNESCO has long advocated mother-tongue-based multilingual education (MTB-MLE) as a condition for equitable and quality education under SDG 4. Multilingual instruction enhances transfer of skills across languages, enabling smoother transition to additional languages like Hindi or English in later grades. V. Policy Framework in India The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommends use of the mother tongue or regional language as medium of instruction at least until Grade 5, preferably till Grade 8. The National Curriculum Frameworks (2022–23) operationalise this vision by embedding multilingual pedagogy into early childhood and foundational stage learning. India’s approach aligns with global commitments under SDG 4 (Quality Education) and UNESCO’s advocacy for linguistic inclusion. VI. Evidence from UNESCO’s 2025 Report The seventh State of the Education Report for India (2025), titled “Bhasha Matters”, synthesises global research and national evidence supporting MTB-MLE effectiveness. The report outlines 10 policy recommendations, including teacher preparation, multilingual materials, gender responsiveness, community participation, and sustainable financing. It proposes a National Mission for Mother-Tongue-Based Multilingual Education to institutionalise reforms across ministries and stakeholders. VII. State-Level Best Practices Odisha’s multilingual education programme spans 21 tribal languages across 17 districts, supporting nearly 90,000 children, demonstrating scalable inclusion. Telangana leverages DIKSHA-enabled multilingual digital resources, expanding access to local-language content through digital infrastructure. National platforms like PM eVIDYA, BHASHINI, Adi Vaani, and AI4Bharat deploy AI and language technologies to document endangered languages and support teachers. VIII. Technology and Language Preservation India’s BHASHINI initiative aims to create digital public goods for Indian languages, enabling translation, speech recognition, and cross-lingual accessibility. AI-driven language documentation helps preserve endangered dialects while expanding digital inclusion for rural and tribal learners. Responsible investment in language technologies ensures linguistic equity does not lag behind digital transformation. IX. Social Equity and Identity Dimension Teaching in the mother tongue affirms cultural identity, enhances self-esteem, and reduces alienation among tribal and minority students. Linguistic recognition strengthens social cohesion, preventing marginalisation rooted in language hierarchies. Gender-responsive multilingual education can empower girls in communities where schooling barriers intersect with linguistic disadvantage. X. Challenges and Structural Gaps Teacher shortages in multilingual classrooms and inadequate pre-service training limit effective implementation of MTB-MLE. Development of high-quality textbooks and assessments in multiple languages requires sustained public investment. Balancing national integration with regional linguistic autonomy remains a delicate policy challenge. XI. Strategic Way Forward Establish a National Mission for MTB-MLE with dedicated funding, monitoring indicators, and inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms. Reform teacher education curricula to embed multilingual pedagogy and recruit teachers proficient in local languages. Institutionalise community participation to integrate indigenous knowledge into curriculum design and assessment practices. Align multilingual reforms with Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) frameworks to scale inclusive language technologies nationally. Conclusion India’s linguistic diversity is not a developmental constraint but a strategic asset for equity, identity and cognitive empowerment. By mainstreaming mother-tongue-based multilingual education, India can transform its demographic dividend into a culturally rooted and intellectually confident generation. Practice Question “Mother-tongue-based multilingual education is central to both learning equity and cultural preservation.” Discuss the pedagogical rationale, policy framework, and implementation challenges of multilingual education in India, citing recent initiatives and evidence.(250 Words)

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