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Jun 18, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 18 June 2025

Content : A free hand A chance to rebuild the trust, restore faith in air travel India needs to design an inclusive pension system A free hand Context and Background The Government issued new orders allowing scientific institutions to bypass the Government e-Marketplace (GEM) for purchases. GEM was initially intended to promote Make-in-India by mandating lowest-price procurement via an online portal. From 2020 onwards, GEM-based procurement became mandatory for all government institutions, including R&D bodies. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) Practice Question : In light of recent policy reforms exempting scientific institutions from mandatory procurement via the Government e-Marketplace (GEM), critically examine the importance of administrative flexibility for promoting scientific research in India. (250 words) Core Issues with GEM for Scientific Research One-size-fits-all approach: GEM treated all purchases as generic commodities, ignoring specific scientific needs. Price-based procurement: Preference was given to lowest price, not quality or research suitability. Scientific precision ignored: Even for basic items like sodium chloride, variations in purity matter deeply in research outcomes. Scientific Research Needs Flexibility Reproducibility is key: Experiments must often replicate exact materials and methods to validate findings. Wrong procurement = Resource waste: Using unsuitable materials can lead to failed experiments, wasting time, funds, and morale. Advanced equipment: Items like customised diamonds or precision tools can’t be sourced reliably from the lowest bidder. Structural Insights India lacks industrial depth in advanced scientific tools — a known issue. GEM’s rigid system exacerbated this by forcing scientists to compromise on equipment and materials. Scientists require tailored, high-grade products that may not come cheap or be locally available. Philosophical and Governance Angle Science is not a commodity: Needs autonomy to thrive — “science itself is unfettered“. Scientific ministries are uniquely led by scientists, not bureaucrats — rare in Indian governance. This autonomy stems from early post-independence vision that science, though serving the state, should remain independently nurtured. Significance of the Policy Shift New orders represent a course correction, giving scientists a free hand in procurement. This promotes the ease of doing research, encouraging innovation, precision, and global standard outputs. Key Takeaway “A free hand is worth more than two fettered arms.” Science thrives on freedom, flexibility, and trust in domain expertise — not rigid procurement procedures. A chance to rebuild the trust, restore faith in air travel Context & Trigger The crash of Air India AI171 (Ahmedabad, June 12, 2025) led to media frenzy and speculative fear mongering. Many YouTube ‘experts’ and TV channels are circulating unverified theories, further eroding public confidence in air travel. The incident has raised questions about the safety of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, despite its strong 14-year safety record. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Practice Question : In the wake of recent air crashes and the subsequent media handling, critically analyse the importance of investigative transparency and responsible governance in restoring public trust in air travel. (250 words) Investigative Status DFDR (Digital Flight Data Recorder) and CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder) were recovered intact. NTSB (U.S.) and AAIB (U.K.) are involved in the investigation. However, India’s bureaucratic delays may prevent public access to findings for years. Preliminary Clues & Evidence Only survivor reported hearing a loud thud and flickering lights shortly after take-off. Possible deployment of RAT (Ram Air Turbine) indicates potential dual engine failure. CCTV footage and ADS-B data support the theory of late lift-off and engine failure. Technical Analysis Runway conditions (hot day: 37°C+) reduce effective runway length due to lower engine performance. Landing gear not retracted → Increased drag and impaired climb ability. Rightward nose swing on take-off indicates engine failure, likely right engine. Dust cloud and engine exhaust from left engine seen in video, suggesting possible bird or debris ingestion. Lack of bird remains on runway is consistent with possible ingestion beyond runway in overrun zone. Historical Parallel Similarities drawn with IC571 (1986 crash): engine bird hit post-rotation led to failed take-off and crash. Pilots were earlier blamed despite saving lives; highlights the complexity and risk of post-rotation decisions. Pilot Dilemma AI171’s pilot took off near end of runway, possibly due to: Overloading: passengers carrying excess hand luggage (7 kg limit often exceeded). High temperature and extra 2 tons weight may have lengthened take-off run. Failure to abort take-off or retract landing gear raises questions. Critical decisions had to be made in split seconds — a Hobson’s choice (no good options). Lessons & Questions Why wasn’t slow acceleration noticed? Why weren’t runway markings used as cues to reject take-off? DFDR and CVR will be crucial in understanding: Decision-making sequence Engine behavior Communication and checklist execution Restoring Trust in Aviation Air travel remains one of the safest modes of transport. Boeing 787 Dreamliner has a strong safety history. However, past issues (e.g. Boeing 737 MAX) and regulatory inaction damaged public trust. Transparent, professional investigation is key to rebuilding confidence. Conclusion Investigative integrity, transparency, and responsible media reporting are essential to restore public faith in flying and ensure lessons are learned from tragedy — not obscured by noise. India needs to design an inclusive pension system Current Scenario of Pension Coverage in India Only 12% of the Indian workforce is covered under formal pension schemes. Pension assets are only 17% of GDP, vs ~80% in advanced economies. Informal sector workers (constituting ~85% of the labour force) have minimal pension access. Existing options like NPS and Atal Pension Yojana are voluntary and cover just 5.3% of the population. Relevance : GS 2(Social Justice , Governance ) Practice Question : Why an Inclusive Pension System is Urgent India is experiencing a demographic transition: By 2050, the old-age dependency ratio is expected to reach 30%. Gig economy is expanding, but workers lack pension security. Old-age poverty is a real threat to India’s aspirations of becoming a developed economy by 2047. Structural Challenges Fragmentation of schemes leads to inefficiency and confusion. New schemes for gig workers (funded partly by aggregators) only add to parallelism, not integration. Advanced economies follow tiered pension structures (e.g., Japan, New Zealand) covering all segments: Japan: Mandatory flat-rate pension for all 20–59-year-olds. New Zealand: Universal flat-rate pension with residency criteria. Awareness & Sensitisation Deficit Low financial literacy is a major barrier to participation. Voluntary schemes suffer from low enrolment due to lack of awareness. Global best practices: Australia: Superannuation planning part of school curriculum. UK: Opt-out pension scheme encourages default participation. Nigeria: Developed digital pension infrastructure to boost access. Sustainability & Liquidity Concerns Mercer CFA Global Pension Index 2024 gave India an overall score of 44%, highlighting low adequacy. China’s challenges with public pension sustainability offer caution. Successful models (e.g., Netherlands, Denmark, USA) rely on: Private pension funds Targeted debt investments Strict regulatory oversight Proposed Solution: A Three-Tier Framework Tier 1: Basic Mandatory Pension Flat-rate, contributory pension for all citizens. Tier 2: Occupational Pensions Employer-linked; mandatory or opt-out, with auto-enrolment and minimum contributions. Tier 3: Voluntary Savings Incentivised via tax benefits, market-linked returns, and flexibility. Supporting Measures Needed Unify fragmented schemes under a single regulator. Launch targeted financial literacy campaigns (school/college level). Introduce simple digital platforms for enrolment and mandatory annual pension disclosures. Enforce robust investment regulations for fund safety and liquidity. Conclusion To safeguard retirees and ensure dignity in old age, India must urgently transition to an inclusive, scalable, and sustainable pension system, especially for informal sector workers. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for Academic purposes

Jun 18, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 18 June 2025

Content : ED officials are evolving by expanding their powers day by day, says Madras HC The third nuclear age Hydraulic systems: their functioning and myriad applications India increased its nuclear warhead count to 180 in 2024: SIPRI report Just 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in CY2025’ Rice reveals surprise ability to adapt to cold faster than evolution ED officials are evolving by expanding their powers day by day, says Madras HC Issue at Core Allegation: ED sealed private premises (residence + office) when locked, during a search attempt. Legal Question: Does the PMLA empower ED to bar access to private property in absence of actual search or seizure? Relevance : GS 2(Separation of Powers), GS 4(Ethics – Probity ,Transparency) Judicial Concerns Judicial Satire on Executive Expansion: Justice M.S. Ramesh noted that it is ED officials who are “evolving“, not just the law (PMLA). Lack of Statutory Basis: Court questioned which provision of PMLA permits “sealing” of locked premises. Notices pasted by ED amounted to de facto sealing – citizens couldn’t re-enter their homes without fear of action. Violation of Rights: Right to Residence & Livelihood (Art. 21) under threat when access to private premises is restricted without due process. Legal & Constitutional Principles PMLA, 2002 – Section 17: Permits search and seizure; breaking open locks is allowed. But no explicit provision for sealing locked premises without executing a search. Due Process Doctrine: Any infringement of property or liberty must be just, fair, and reasonable. Notices threatening re-entry without permission fail the test of procedural fairness. Governance & Accountability Angle Executive Overreach: Raises red flags about the unchecked discretionary powers of investigative agencies. Need for Institutional Boundaries: Agencies must operate within legislative limits; judicial oversight acts as a vital safeguard. Public Trust in Rule of Law: Arbitrary sealing or coercive tactics may erode faith in legal institutions. Quick Revision on ED: Enforcement Directorate (ED) – Key Points Established: 1956 (as ‘Enforcement Unit’ under Department of Economic Affairs). Current Parent Ministry: Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance. Mandate: Enforces economic laws and combats financial crimes. Major Laws Administered Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999 – civil law. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002 – criminal law. Functions Investigation of offences related to: Money laundering Foreign exchange violations Attachment/confiscation of property derived from crime. Prosecution of offenders under PMLA. Powers under PMLA Search, seizure, arrest, and attachment of property. Can conduct raids, freeze assets, and file prosecution complaints in special PMLA courts. Needs “reasons to believe” recorded in writing. The third nuclear age Introduction : The Third Nuclear Age marks a shift from traditional deterrence-based stability to a more unpredictable era where nuclear weapons are used as tools of coercion and strategic signalling. This phase reflects global power realignment, weakening of nuclear norms, and rising risk of nuclear use, unlike the structured bipolarity of the Cold War or the disarmament hopes of the post-Cold War period. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ), GS 3(Internal and External Security) Framework of Nuclear Ages First Nuclear Age (Cold War era) Bipolar deterrence: US vs USSR; logic of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) Peak: ~70,000 warheads combined Arms control: Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), New START (expires 2026) Goal: Stability through bilateral treaties Second Nuclear Age (Post-Cold War optimism) Belief in eventual disarmament (e.g. Global Zero, CTBT, NPT extensions) Rise of regional nuclear powers (India, Pakistan) Cynical stability: Nuclear possession accepted; disarmament deferred Result: NPT inequality entrenched; modernisation began despite disarmament talk Third Nuclear Age (Present) Messy multipolarity with rising insecurity Key shifts: China’s strategic nuclear expansion (now ~600 warheads) Russia’s tactical nuclear weapon movement to Belarus NATO allies reconsidering independent deterrents Israel’s unsanctioned strike on Iran breaks norms Trend: From deterrence to coercion Violation of International Norms Israel’s action against Iran: Contravenes NPT framework and international diplomatic norms No major global power condemned it → norm erosion Russia’s nuclear posturing over Ukraine: Nuclear coercion replacing deterrence Use of nukes to alter, not preserve, the status quo Geopolitical Drivers China: Seeks “strategic counterbalance” to shift global power structures Russia: Uses nuclear threats for geopolitical leverage U.S. under Trump: Retreat from leadership; NATO’s internal recalibration Europe: France and UK re-arming and planning for independent deterrence Nuclear Modernisation: Across all major powers (US: $1.5–2 trillion programme) Security & Deterrence Concerns Shift from passive deterrence to active threat usage Tactical nukes being re-deployed → Increased risk of actual use End of Arms Control Era: New START expires in 2026 No successor treaty with Russia or China in sight Possibility of proliferation spillover to West Asia and East Asia Hydraulic systems: their functioning and myriad applications Introduction & Conceptual Foundation Hydraulic systems convert input mechanical energy into pressurized fluid energy to perform mechanical tasks. Pascal’s Law is the foundational principle: pressure applied to an incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Working Principle Small force over a small area → transmitted as pressure → can generate large force on a larger area. The system enables amplification of force without changing pressure, offering efficiency and mechanical advantage. Components of a Hydraulic System Pumps – Generate fluid pressure (mechanical to hydraulic energy). Pipes – Convey hydraulic fluid to and from components. Valves – Regulate pressure, flow, and direction. Actuators – Perform output tasks (linear or rotary motion). Tanks & Filters – Store and clean hydraulic fluid. Sensors/Switches – Enhance safety and automation. Note: Pumps, valves, and actuators are the core dynamic components. Types of Actuators Linear Actuator (Hydraulic Cylinder): Moves in/out to exert force — common in cranes and excavators. Rotary Actuator (Hydraulic Motor): Converts fluid pressure into rotational motion — used in winches, motors. Advantages over Mechanical Systems High power-to-weight ratio. Precision control and smooth movement. Efficient heat dissipation. Effective in large-scale and heavy-duty operations. Applications Mobile Equipment: Cranes, excavators, aircraft landing gear. Static Equipment: Presses, wind turbines, industrial automation. Sectoral Reach: Agriculture, waste management, manufacturing, defence, aerospace. Technological Advancements Integration with electronics and sensors (temperature, flow, contamination). Enabled predictive maintenance, real-time monitoring, and automation. Increasing shift toward smart hydraulics. Challenges & Way Forward Low overall efficiency (30-40%) — significant energy loss from source to endpoint. Environmental concerns and energy regulations call for more sustainable systems. Electric alternatives are emerging but limited in capacity; hydraulics remain dominant for large-scale operations. India increased its nuclear warhead count to 180 in 2024: SIPRI report Context & Global Background SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) 2025 report flags a renewed global nuclear arms race amid weakening arms control frameworks. Nine nuclear-armed nations (U.S., Russia, China, France, U.K., India, Pakistan, Israel, North Korea) continued nuclear modernisation in 2024. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) ,GS 3(Technology ,Science) India’s Nuclear Status (as of Jan 2025) India’s nuclear warhead stockpile rose to 180 from 172 in 2024. Continued development of new delivery systems, including: Canisterised missiles: Enable faster deployment and may be peacetime-ready, carrying mated warheads. Potential future capability for Multiple Independently-targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs). Pakistan’s Parallel Developments Maintained warhead count at 170, but accumulated fissile material and developed new delivery systems. Indicates likely expansion of arsenal in coming years. SIPRI notes that early 2025 saw India-Pakistan armed tensions, with risks of escalation to nuclear confrontation. Strategic Risks & Emerging Concerns Armed strikes on nuclear-related military infrastructure and third-party disinformation risked turning conventional conflict into nuclear crisis. Experts warn against increased dependence on nuclear deterrence in volatile regions like South Asia. Global Nuclear Inventory (Jan 2025 SIPRI Estimates) Country Total Warheads Deployed Stored U.S. 5,177 1,770 1,930 Russia 5,459 1,718 2,591 China 600 24 576 India 180 Not specified Pakistan 170 Not specified Total Inventory 12,241 3,912 deployed, 9,614 in military stockpiles Remaining warheads are in central storage (non-deployed). Key Treaty-Related Warning The New START treaty (U.S.-Russia) expires in Feb 2026; no successor agreement in sight. Without a new arms control deal, deployed warheads on strategic missiles may increase, heightening instability. ‘Just 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in CY2025’ Key Highlights & Market Trends Only 70% of IPOs listed at a premium in Calendar Year (CY) 2025 — lowest since 2017 (78%). CY2024 saw 85% IPOs list at a premium, indicating a significant fall in investor confidence in 2025. Relevance : GS 3(Indian Economy) Performance of Newly Listed Companies (CY2025) Of 17 mainboard IPOs listed so far: Data available for 15. 8 out of 15 are trading below their issue price. 6 companies lost over 80% of their value post listing. Some stocks are now priced below ₹1/share — indicating severe erosion in investor wealth. Fall in Listing Gains Average listing gains fell from 45–49% in 2024 to just ~7% in 2025. Reflects subdued post-listing performance and weak speculative interest. Factors Behind Weak IPO Performance High market volatility triggered by: U.S. tariff actions. Israel-Iran conflict. India-Pakistan tensions. General correction after a 4-year post-COVID bull run. Resulting tepid market sentiment and investor nervousness. Decline in IPO Activity Number of IPOs declined sharply: CY2024: 32 IPOs raised ₹46,500 crore. CY2025 (till June): Only 17 IPOs raised ₹29,000 crore. Indicates fundraising environment has weakened and investor appetite is subdued. Rice reveals surprise ability to adapt to cold faster than evolution Scientific Discovery A landmark 2024 study published inCell showed that rice plants (Oryza sativa) can adapt to cold via epigenetic changes, not DNA mutations. This cold tolerance was induced by environmental exposure and passed down for five generations. Suggests that inheritance can happen without changes in DNA sequence, giving credence to Lamarck’s theory of acquired traits. Relevance : GS 1(Environment and Ecology) Mechanism: Epigenetics & ACT1 Gene The gene ACT1 (involved in growth and development) is normally highly expressed. Cold exposure leads to epigenetic silencing of ACT1 in normal rice via methylation (adding a methyl group to DNA). Cold-adapted rice did not methylate ACT1, maintaining its expression and enabling survival in low temperatures. These epigenetic marks were heritable, improving seed quality from 2nd generation onwards, and persisted across 5 generations. Experimental Details Researchers assessed adaptation by tracking seed quantity and quality over generations. Whole genome sequencing of cold-adapted vs. normal rice revealed: No clear DNA mutations explaining the trait. 12,380+ epigenetic differences, especially near ACT1. Confirms that gene expression, not gene sequence, underlies the observed adaptation. Historical Context & Theoretical Implications Lamarck’s theory (1809): Traits acquired during life can be inherited. Darwin’s theory (1859): Traits evolve via natural selection of random mutations. Epigenetics bridges both: traits can be inherited without DNA changes, via chemical tags regulating gene activity. Previous evidence was weak or inconclusive—this rice study provides robust proof in a natural organism. Significance for Evolutionary Biology Reopens debate on Lamarckian inheritance in the molecular era. Suggests that environmental stress can directly influence heredity in ways beyond Darwinian mutation and selection. Offers new insights into crop resilience, climate adaptation, and non-genetic inheritance.

Jun 17, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 17 June 2025

Content : MoTA Launches Largest Tribal Empowerment Campaign – DhartiAaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan DRDO & IIT Delhi demonstrate Quantum Entanglement-Based Free-Space Quantum Secure Communication over more than 1 km distance MoTA Launches Largest Tribal Empowerment Campaign – DhartiAaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan Context and Vision Initiative Name: Dharti Aaba Janbhagidari Abhiyan. Occasion: Under the Janjatiya Gaurav Varsh to honour tribal legacy and ensure inclusive delivery. Vision Alignment: Reflects PM Narendra Modi’s vision of Antyodaya, Janbhagidari, and Viksit Bharat. Relevance : GS 1(Society ) ,GS 2(Governance) Scale and Coverage Covers 549 tribal-dominated districts. Includes 207 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) districts. Outreach to over 1 lakh villages and habitations. Covers 2900+ blocks nationwide. Flagship drive runs from 15th to 30th June 2025. Key Objectives Ensure benefit saturation—no eligible tribal household left out. Promote last-mile delivery of welfare schemes. Foster participatory governance throughJanbhagidari. Deliver not just services but also dignity and self-respect. Delivery Mechanism Camp-based outreach model at village and habitation level. Coordinated by District Administrations and supported by: Panchayati Raj Institutions Community leaders Grassroots workers Over 125 District Magistrates/Deputy Commissioners have started pre-campaign awareness and mobilization. Schemes and Services Delivered Aadhaar card enrollment and updates. Ayushman Bharat health card issuance. Opening of Jan Dhan Yojana bank accounts. Enrollment under PM-Kisan Yojana. Access to pension schemes and scholarships. Enrollments under insurance schemes, skill training, and livelihood programs. Governance Model Convergence-based governance involving multiple ministries. Emphasis on community-led development and stakeholder collaboration. Seen as a replicable model for future inclusive policy implementation. Symbolic Importance Pays tribute to tribal heritage, culture, and historical contributions. Named after Dharti Aaba (Birsa Munda), a revered tribal freedom fighter. Enhances visibility and inclusion of tribal communities in nation-building. Relevance Aligned with goals under PM-JANMAN and DAJGUA (Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan). Marks a paradigm shift in tribal welfare from demand-based to saturation-based delivery. DRDO & IIT Delhi demonstrate Quantum Entanglement-Based Free-Space Quantum Secure Communication over more than 1 km distance Overview and Milestone Event: Successful demonstration of quantum entanglement-based free-space quantum secure communication over >1 km distance. Partners: DRDO’s Directorate of Futuristic Technology Management (DFTM) and IIT Delhi under the DRDO-Industry-Academia Centre of Excellence (DIA-CoE). Significance: Marks India’s entry into a new quantum era; termed a game-changer in future warfare by Defence Minister. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) Technical Achievements Communication Medium: Free-space optical link (no fiber required). Distance Covered: Over 1 km on the IIT Delhi campus. Secure Key Rate: ~240 bits per second. Quantum Bit Error Rate (QBER): Less than 7%. Method Used: Entanglement-assisted Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). Advantages of Entanglement-Based QKD Security: Intrinsically secure—even if devices are faulty or compromised. Eavesdropper Detection: Any interception disturbs the quantum state, allowing for detection. Superior to prepare-and-measure QKD in robustness and integrity. Enables unbreakable encryption—a potential paradigm shift in data security. Strategic Applications Dual-use technology: civil and military. Use-cases include: Defence and military communication Finance sector data protection Telecom infrastructure security Critical infrastructure and national security Paves way for quantum networks and future quantum internet. Logistical and Infrastructure Benefits Free-space QKD avoids costly and disruptive fiber laying—ideal for urban or difficult terrains. Test-bed proves potential for real-time deployment in varying conditions. Earlier Achievements & Legacy 2022: Intercity QKD link between Vindhyachal and Prayagraj using underground fiber. 2024: 100 km quantum key distribution via optical fiber (DRDO-IIT Delhi). This current demo builds on past successes and demonstrates scalable potential. Institutional and National Support Developed under 15 DRDO DIA-CoEs in IITs, IISc, and other institutions. Aimed at indigenous development of cutting-edge defence technologies. Relevance Aligns with India’s National Quantum Mission and Atmanirbhar Bharat in frontier tech. Establishes a foundation for future warfare readiness in quantum cybersecurity. Reinforces India’s ambition to be a global leader in quantum communication.

Jun 17, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 17 June 2025

Content : India’s uneasy balancing act in the Bay of Bengal Serving justices, but not justice India’s uneasy balancing act in the Bay of Bengal Positive Developments in Bay of Bengal Maritime Trade Rising trade volumes at key eastern ports: Visakhapatnam, Paradip, and Haldia. BIMSTEC Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement (2024) signed to ease regulatory friction and reduce port costs. Infrastructure boost under Sagarmala Programme, improving logistics and port capacity. Coastal cargo movement has doubled in a decade, aided by GST cuts on bunker fuel and shipping incentives. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations ) ,GS 3(Infrastructure) Practice Question : India’s strategic ambitions in the Bay of Bengal are undermined by its own policy inconsistencies. Critically examine in the context of recent developments involving Bangladesh and BIMSTEC.(250 Words) India’s Strategic Push for Regional Integration Emphasis on connectivity with Southeast Asia via eastern ports. India aims to be the regional integrator in Bay of Bengal through investments in port capacity and policy harmonization. BIMSTEC seen as key platform to counter China’s influence and deepen regional links. Controversial Decision: Withdrawal of Transshipment Facility to Bangladesh India withdrew a key facility that allowed Bangladesh to route third-country exports via Indian ports. Official reason: Terminal congestion, impacting Indian exporters. Perceived in Dhaka as a retaliatory move linked to Bangladesh’s growing ties with China and comments calling Indian NE states “landlocked”. Undermines India’s projection of the Northeast as a strategic connectivity hub. Diplomatic Fallout and Trade Tensions Bangladesh’s exports (especially garments) impacted due to reliance on Indian transshipment routes. Alternatives (e.g., via Sri Lanka) are costlier and slower. India later restricted imports of several Bangladeshi goods via land ports in Northeast, citing Dhaka’s earlier restrictions on Indian yarn. Dhaka perceives India’s actions as disproportionate and politically motivated. Implications for Regional Trust and BIMSTEC India’s actions introduce political conditionality in what was perceived as neutral trade infrastructure. Smaller BIMSTEC nations (Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar) watching closely; fear India’s trade policy may become transactional and unpredictable. Perception risk: If India uses economic leverage for political signalling, it could erode regional goodwill and stall BIMSTEC progress. Credibility vs. Capacity India has superior port infrastructure and maritime logistics in the Bay. However, leadership in the region needs credibility—trust in consistent, rules-based facilitation. Without that, countries may hedge their bets and increase alignment with China or ASEAN-centric mechanisms. The Larger Strategic Dilemma Bay of Bengal is at a crossroads: It could become a bridge between South and Southeast Asia or a new arena for geopolitical contest. India must clearly separate economic integration from political signalling. Suggestion: India should consider a rules-based reinstatement mechanism for trade decisions like transshipment, to rebuild trust. Conclusion India’s actions may undermine cooperative regionalism if trade becomes a tool for political messaging. To sustain leadership and integration goals, India must balance strategic interests with transparent, trust-building economic policies. So far, the signals India has sent to its neighbours are mixed and potentially counterproductive. Serving justices, but not justice Triggering Incident: Justice Varma Case March 14 fire at Justice Yashwant Varma’s official residence led to the discovery of half-burnt sacks of cash. Within 10 days, he was stripped of work and transferred; later faced impeachment proceedings. Supreme Court shared selective information (video, photos, redacted letters), but withheld crucial documents, including police and judicial reports. The alleged cash sacks are missing, reportedly removed by staff — a lapse in evidence security. Relevance : GS 2- Polity and Governance (Judiciary) , GS 4-Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude (Probity in Public Life) Practice Question : Judicial independence cannot be a cover for lack of accountability. Critically analyse the challenges posed by the ‘in-house procedure’ in ensuring transparency in judicial misconduct cases.(250 Words) Opaque ‘In-House Procedure’ of Judiciary Misconduct inquiries into higher judiciary handled by fellow judges only. Procedure is entirely confidential: complaints, inquiry status, and findings are not made public. No clear standards of evaluation or due process; findings aren’t appealable. Alleged lack of public accountability despite decisions affecting institutional integrity. Precedents Highlighting the Problem 2020: Andhra Pradesh CM’s allegations against Justice N.V. Ramana and Justice J.K. Maheshwari were dismissed summarily without transparent inquiry; no follow-up known. 2019: Sexual harassment allegations against CJI Ranjan Gogoi: Complainant denied legal assistance and access to the final report. Later reinstated with full back pay, despite earlier dismissal of her claims. SC instead investigated a non-existent “conspiracy” — a move seen as deflective. Justice Surya Kant (future CJI, Nov 2025): Faced corruption allegations regarding bail bribes and illegal assets. Justice A.K. Goel had raised red flags, yet there’s no evidence of inquiry before his elevation. Judiciary’s Credibility vs Independence Dilemma Judicial independence used as a reason for shielding internal inquiries from public view. However, secrecy undermines accountability, trust, and democratic values. Right to information, upheld by SC itself, contradicts the opacity in its own functioning. Call for Transparency & Reform Advocates for: Making in-house inquiry procedures, findings, and reports public. Ensuring external oversight or appellate mechanism to review findings. Transparency would: Deter misconduct, Enhance public trust, Support the judiciary’s own credibility. Conclusion The in-house procedure currently resembles secretive conclaves, lacking transparency and public scrutiny. Real judicial integrity requires accountability, not just independence. Without reform, public confidence in the judiciary will erode further — and rightly so. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for academic purposes

Jun 17, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 17 June 2025

Content : FATF condemns Pahalgam attack, to release report on ‘state-sponsored terror’ for first time New flowering plant species discovered in Aravali hills near Jaipur Analysing Internet access and digital skills in India What is the significance of the Shipki La pass? What are the ambiguities in India’s nuclear liability law? Registrar-General of India issues 2027 Census notification Ax-4 mission: ISRO, Axiom Space coordinate on crucial experiments before launch Forbidding Arabian desert once had a lush and bountiful chapter FATF condemns Pahalgam attack, to release report on ‘state-sponsored terror’ for first time Significance of Condemnation FATF officially condemned the Pahalgam terrorist attack (22 April 2025). It noted that such attacks “could not occur without money and means to transfer funds“—directly linking terror to financing channels. This is only the third condemnation of a terror attack by FATF in the last 10 years, highlighting the exceptional severity of this case. Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security) ,GS 2(International Relations) International Concern The international community reportedly exerted pressure, showing global consensus on the seriousness of the attack. Signals growing fatigue with Pakistan’s role in cross-border terror financing. Upcoming FATF Report FATF to release a report within a month that will: For the first time, officially include “state-sponsored terrorism” as a distinct source of terror financing. Mark a policy shift, aligning FATF’s global framework with India’s long-standing position on Pakistan. India’s National Risk Assessment is currently the only one acknowledging Pakistan’s state-sponsored terror as a financing risk. New FATF Tools FATF has developed a Terror Financing Risk & Context Toolkit for assessors. Aim: To prevent countries like Pakistan from misleading FATF using incomplete or false data. Enhances transparency and consistency in assessing terror financing threats. Public-Private Engagement FATF to host a webinar to sensitize public and private sector players on: Risks of terror financing. New and emerging threats. Importance of compliance and vigilance. India’s Dossier India reportedly sent a detailed dossier to FATF urging renewed scrutiny of Pakistan, possibly to push for re-greylisting. Aimed at exposing continued violations by Pakistan despite previous warnings. Broader Implications Policy shift at FATF adds global legitimacy to India’s narrative on Pakistan’s role in terrorism. May pave way for stricter sanctions, greylisting, or blacklisting, especially if Pakistan’s role is directly cited. Enhances international pressure on state sponsors of terrorism. FATF – Key Facts Established: 1989 at the G7 Summit in Paris. Headquarters: Paris, France. Members: 39 (including India). Secretariat: Hosted by the OECD. Main Objectives Combat money laundering, terror financing, and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Set global standards through 40 Recommendations. Key Tools Maintains “Grey List” (Jurisdictions under increased monitoring). Maintains “Black List” (High-risk jurisdictions with serious strategic deficiencies). Conducts Mutual Evaluations and follow-ups to assess compliance. India & FATF India became a member in 2010. Actively supports inclusion of Pakistan in the grey list for state-sponsored terror financing. Recent Developments FATF is now recognizing state-sponsored terrorism as a key source of terror financing. New flowering plant species discovered in Aravali hills near Jaipur About the Discovery A new flowering plant species named Portulaca bharat has been discovered near Galtaji Temple in the Aravalli Hills, Jaipur. Found growing in rock crevices of dry, rocky slopes in a semi-arid landscape. Discovered by Nishant Chauhan, member of the Satpura Biodiversity Conservation Society. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Botanical Significance Belongs to the Portulaca genus, known for: Succulent characteristics Water-storing tissues Adaptation to arid environments Portulaca bharat shows distinct morphological features, confirming it as a new species after scientific comparison and cultivation. Described in the international journal Phytotaxa. Ecological & Conservation Importance Classified as “Data Deficient” by IUCN Red List due to limited known population. Displays narrow endemism, found only at one location—Galtaji hills. Highly vulnerable to habitat degradation and climate change. Highlights the hidden biodiversity of the Aravalli range. Scientific & Institutional Collaboration Research supported by: Amber Srivastava (BSI) Sudhanshu Shekhar Dash & Sushil Kumar Singh (BSI, Kolkata & Dehradun) Cultivated and studied in Hamirpur (Himachal Pradesh) and Lucknow under controlled conditions. India’s Portulaca Diversity The genus has ~153 species globally, mainly in tropical/subtropical zones. India hosts 11 species, including 4 endemics. Most Indian species are adapted to dry, semi-arid habitats. Analysing Internet access and digital skills in India Survey Context First major dataset from CAMS (2022–2023) by NSSO, covering 3.02 lakh households and 12.99 lakh people. Aims to track progress on SDG 4.4 – digital skills for youth and adults. Relevance : GS 2(Social Issues) Internet Access – National Picture 76.3% households have broadband Internet access across India. Urban areas: 86.5% Rural areas: 71.2% Shows deep Internet penetration, but with regional and social disparities. Regional Disparities High broadband access (>90%): Delhi, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Sikkim, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh. Low broadband access (<70%): West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Arunachal Pradesh. Social Group Disparities General category households: 84.1% have broadband. OBCs: 77.5%, SCs: 69.1%, STs: 64.8%. Indicates a digital caste divide, with marginalized groups lagging. Income-Based Digital Divide Poorest decile (bottom 10%): 71.6% households lack broadband. Richest decile (top 10%): Only 1.9% lack broadband. Even second lowest decile shows 56.2% connectivity → shows improvement across income bands. Economic status = key driver of digital access. Mobile Phone Access Mobile/telephone access: 94.2% rural, 97.1% urban households. Mobile usage (age 15+): 83.9% rural, 92.4% urban. However, exclusive mobile use is low among women and lower castes, especially in rural areas: Rural general category women: only 25.3% use mobile exclusively. Urban women: 51.2%. Even worse for SCs, STs, OBCs. Technology Level in Use Only 50% rural and 70% urban users use 4G. 40.4% of Indians still use older mobile technologies (2G/3G). 5G adoption: negligible. Digital Skills Gaps Internet usage (15+ age group): 53.6% rural, 74% urban. Email use: 20% rural, 40% urban. Copy-paste skills: 40% rural, 60% urban. Spreadsheet arithmetic skills: very low. Online banking skills: only 37.8% of population 15+ can perform. Policy Implications Clear digital divide across regions, caste groups, genders, and income levels. Digital skills lag behind access, especially in rural areas and among marginalized groups. Government should: Subsidize broadband for the poor (as done for water/electricity). Focus on basic digital literacy training at the grassroots. Ensure equity in access to support goals under SDG 4. What is the significance of the Shipki La pass? Historical Importance Located in Kinnaur district, Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of 3,930 m. A historic Indo-Tibetan trade route — operational since at least the 15th century, likely earlier. Folklore-based trade oath symbolized enduring cross-border trust and peace. Relevance : GS 1(Culture ,Heritage ,Geography) ,GS 3(Infrastructure ,Trade) Why Trade Stopped Disrupted after the Sino-India War of 1962. Further breakdown due to Doklam standoff (2017) and COVID-19 pandemic. Commercial trade remains suspended, though local aspirations remain high. Recent Developments Himachal Pradesh CM reopened the pass for Indian tourists (no permit now needed; Aadhaar card sufficient). Move has revived hopes for trade and religious tourism among locals. Trade: Nature of Goods Exchanged Imports from Tibet: wool, yaks, goatskins, thangkas, prayer items, turquoise, gold. Exports from India: grains, spices, dried fruits, copper utensils, iron tools, tobacco. Trade supported local crafts and jewelry industries (e.g. Kinnauri ornaments). Why Reopening Matters Despite Low Trade Volume Can shorten the Delhi–Mansarovar pilgrimage by 14 days — big religious tourism boost. Generates employment, revives hospitality sector, and encourages infrastructure growth. Serves as a community-led diplomatic model — fostering peace through cultural-economic ties. Cultural & Spiritual Links People on both sides share pastoral lifestyles, similar surnames (e.g. Namgyal). Dominant religion: Buddhism — shared monastic traditions, festivals, and spiritual practices. Reflects civilisational continuity, unlike more fractured India–Pakistan cross-border ties. Policy & Strategic Implications Reopening can act as a “soft corridor” for India-China people-to-people engagement. Advocated by Kinnaur Indo-China Trade Association; State Government plans to push MEA for trade revival. Could become a model for heritage-based diplomacy and inclusive border development. What are the ambiguities in India’s nuclear liability law? Basic Provisions of CLNDA Enacted in 2010 to provide compensation for nuclear damage and ensure a mechanism for speedy claims. Strict and no-fault liability on the operator (NPCIL in India’s case). Operator’s liability is capped at ₹1,500 crore; Government steps in beyond that up to ~₹2,100–₹2,300 crore. India acceded to the Convention on Supplementary Compensation (CSC) in 2016. Relevance : GS 2(Governance ) CLNDA’s Unique Supplier Liability Clause Unlike CSC, India’s law allows operator to seek recourse from the supplier under three conditions: Section 17(a): If expressly mentioned in the contract. Section 17(b): If damage was caused by defective equipment/services (even if not in contract). Section 17(c): If damage was caused by intentional misconduct. Key Ambiguities Section 17(b): Goes beyond international norms, creating automatic liability for suppliers if equipment is defective. Section 46: States CLNDA does not prevent other legal proceedings under other laws (e.g. tort law), potentially exposing suppliers to unlimited civil and criminal liability. No clear definition of “nuclear damage” under CLNDA → increases legal uncertainty. Concerns of Foreign & Domestic Suppliers Fear of uncapped liability, especially due to Section 46, discouraging investment. Absence of clarity on insurance requirements and coverage for suppliers. Potential for class-action lawsuits or civil suits, despite CSC’s intention to limit claims to operator alone. Impact on Projects Major foreign-backed projects like: Jaitapur (France), Kovvada (USA) remain stalled. Only Kudankulam (Russia) has progressed — initiated before CLNDA, operates under a separate framework. Government’s Stand Claims CLNDA is in line with CSC and Section 17(b) is permissive, not mandatory. However, legal experts assert each subsection (17a, 17b, 17c) is independent — supplier can be sued even if contract doesn’t mention it. Government stance on Parliament debates holds little weight in court; statutory language prevails in legal trials. Broader Implications Suppliers demand amendment or legal clarification for protection. Law intended to protect victims and promote accountability post-Bhopal tragedy, but ends up deterring foreign investment. Without reform, India risks missing out on clean nuclear energy expansion critical for energy security and climate goals. Registrar-General of India issues 2027 Census notification Timeline and Reference Dates Census Year: 2027 Reference Date: March 1, 2027: For most parts of India October 1, 2026: For snow-bound and non-synchronous areas of: Ladakh Jammu & Kashmir Himachal Pradesh Uttarakhand Relevance : GS 2(Governance) Freezing of Administrative Boundaries With the Gazette notification issued under Section 3 of the Census Act, 1948, freezing of administrative boundaries comes into effect. States cannot alter boundaries of districts, tehsils, police stations, etc., until the Census process concludes. This is crucial for maintaining consistency in enumeration blocks. Digital Census Features The 2027 Census will be digitally driven: Use of mobile applications by enumerators Option for self-enumeration by the public First-time use of end-to-end digital data collection in India’s census history. Data Security Measures Emphasis on stringent data protection: Secure collection Secure transmission Secure storage Aims to ensure data privacy and public trust. Manpower & Preparation Deployment of: 34 lakh enumerators and supervisors 1.3 lakh Census functionaries Two-phase Census: House Listing Operations Population Enumeration Pre-test exercises to test: Mobile app effectiveness Enumerator familiarity and process readiness Administrative Oversight Notification issued by the Registrar-General of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Union Home Minister Amit Shah has already reviewed Census preparations. Upcoming notifications will detail: Pre-test schedule First-phase operations Significance The 2027 Census will be India’s first digital census — a major technological and logistical shift. Comes after repeated delays of the 2021 Census, affected by the pandemic and other factors. Freezing administrative boundaries ensures consistency and comparability in demographic data over time. Ax-4 mission: ISRO, Axiom Space coordinate on crucial experiments before launch Mission Timeline & Context Launch Date: Scheduled for June 19, 2025. Astronaut: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla of the Indian Air Force. Duration: 14-day stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Mission Partner: Axiom Space, a U.S.-based private space firm. Launch rescheduled four times due to technical/logistical issues. Relevance : GS 3(Science and Technology) ISRO’s Role & Coordination ISRO is actively coordinating with Axiom Space to: Refresh and prepare time-sensitive experimental samples. Ensure proper experimental setup in microgravity conditions. Close collaboration with Indian Principal Investigators (PIs) from national R&D labs and academic institutions. 7 ISRO-Backed Microgravity Experiments Proposed by Indian scientists for ISS research: Microalgae in Space: Study of microgravity and radiation impact on edible microalgae growth. Sprouting Salad Seeds: Germination and viability of salad seeds in zero gravity. Tardigrades Study: Observing survival, revival, reproduction, and gene expression of tardigrades (microscopic extremophiles). Muscle Regeneration: Effects of metabolic supplements on muscle repair under microgravity. Human–Machine Interaction: Studying human interaction with electronic displays in microgravity environments. Cyanobacteria Proteomics: Growth and protein response comparison of cyanobacteria fed on urea vs. nitrate. Food Crop Seeds: Effects of microgravity on growth and yield parameters of key crop seeds. Human Research Collaboration with NASA ISRO and NASA will jointly conduct five additional experiments: Primarily focused on human physiology and biomedical research. Part of NASA’s human research programme aboard the ISS. Scientific & Strategic Significance First time Indian researchers will conduct indigenous experiments aboard the ISS. Strengthens India’s profile in: Human spaceflight readiness Space biosciences International scientific collaboration Aligns with ISRO’s goals for Gaganyaan and future space station participation. Forbidding Arabian desert once had a lush and bountiful chapter Geographical Context Arabian Peninsula lies in the world’s driest desert belt — from the Sahara to the Thar Desert. It has long served as a major biogeographical barrier, limiting migration of humans and animals between Africa and Eurasia. Arid conditions believed to have persisted for at least 11 million years. Relevance : GS 1(Geography) New Scientific Findings Recent research published in Nature suggests periodic wet/humid phases in the past 8 million years. These phases transformed Arabia into grasslands with rivers and lakes, enabling migration of animals and humans. Speleothems (cave mineral formations) found in 7 cave systems in central Saudi Arabia serve as key evidence. Humidity Cycles & Dating 22 speleothem samples dated using Uranium-Thorium/Lead radiometric methods. Earliest wet period: 7.44 – 6.25 million years ago. Latest wet periods: 530,000 – 60,000 years ago. Wet phases became shorter and less intense over time due to: Weakening of monsoonal influence. Growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets in the Pleistocene. Ecological & Archaeological Evidence Fossils of hippos, crocodiles, horses show wetland ecosystems existed ~74,000 years ago. Discovery of 10,000+ ancient lakes and archaeological sites like Jubbah Oasis with tools dating back 500,000 years. Indicates early human and animal migration corridors through Arabia during humid periods. Human Evolution & Migration Earlier assumption: Arabia was uninhabitable until domestication of camels/goats a few thousand years ago. New evidence supports ‘Green Arabia Hypothesis’ — Arabia as a critical route in Out of Africa migration. Shows that Homo sapiens and other hominins used Arabia as a transit zone during humid phases. Scientific Significance Reshapes theories of early human migration and biogeographic exchanges. Highlights role of climate variability in shaping migration, survival, and extinction. Shows how environmental corridors opened and closed over millennia due to climate shifts. Lessons for the Present Historical patterns show that humans flourished in wet climates, and migrated or declined during arid ones. Raises a cautionary note: Could climate change today trigger new human migrations? Modern dependence on technology (e.g., air conditioning) may delay, but not prevent, migration due to heat and water scarcity.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 16 June 2025

Content: Wind Energy is at the centre of India’s strategy for the renewable energy sector : Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Wind Energy is at the Centre of India’s strategy for the renewable energy sector : Union Minister Shri Pralhad Joshi Event Context Occasion: Global Wind Day, observed on 15th June every year. Location: Bengaluru. Organized by: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). Relevance : GS 3(Renewable Energy ) India’s Wind Energy Vision Wind energy is central to India’s renewable energy policy. India targets: 50% power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 Net-zero emissions by 2070 Wind is the heart of Atmanirbhar Bharat in energy. Prime Minister’s Vision Highlighted Renewable energy for manufacturing, conventional energy for households. Supports India’s emergence as a global manufacturing hub powered by green energy. India’s Global Standing 4th largest wind power installed capacity globally. 3rd largest renewable energy producer. India now manufactures wind turbines from 225 kW to 5.2 MW, via 14 companies and 33 models – also competitive in global markets. Key Challenges Identified Integration: Need to combine wind + solar + battery storage (BESS) for 24/7 green power. Tariff reduction: Current cost ₹3.90/unit is high — calls for tariff rationalization. Manufacturing efficiency: To meet domestic targets and enhance exports. Five National Priorities in Wind Energy Expand into new states: Targeting Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha. Offshore wind: 4 GW leasing areas identified in Gujarat & Tamil Nadu. Firm green power strategies: Storage-linked models to ensure reliability. Modern grid: Investment in AI-based forecasting to manage intermittency. Boost domestic manufacturing: Full value chain focus — turbines, blades, components. Policy and Financial Support 53% increase in the renewable energy budget: ₹26,549 crore. Major portion directed to wind sector. Emphasis on land acquisition and grid transmission as bottlenecks to overcome. Reports Released Wind Energy Roadmap Wind Manufacturing Roadmap These serve as strategic frameworks for the sector’s future. State Performers in Wind Capacity Addition (2024-25) Karnataka – 1331.48 MW (Rank 1) Tamil Nadu – 1136.37 MW (Rank 2) Gujarat – 954.76 MW (Rank 3) Significance of Global Wind Day Celebrates global progress in wind energy. Brings together DISCOMs, CPSUs, manufacturers, academia, and think tanks. Organized with support from: WIPPA, IWTMA, IWPA. Takeaway India is actively positioning wind energy as a pillar of its green industrial revolution. The focus is on affordable tariffs, manufacturing efficiency, and hybrid storage solutions. With strong government backing, wind energy is crucial to achieving India’s climate goals, energy security, and economic leadership.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 16 June 2025

Content : Fire on waters Mind the gap More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Fire on waters Context: The MV Wan Hai 503 Fire Incident Date & Location: June 9, 2025; 44 nautical miles off Azhikkal coast, Kannur, Kerala. Cause: Multiple explosions onboard, leading to a dangerous fire. Cargo Risk: 140 out of 1,754 containers contained hazardous materials. Environmental & Safety Threat: Fire posed a severe threat to coastlines, life, and marine environment. Relevance : GS 3 ( Disaster Management & Maritime Security ) Practice Question : India’s growing maritime footprint necessitates a robust response framework for onboard fires, salvage operations, and oil spills. Examine the challenges and suggest measures to enhance India’s maritime disaster preparedness.(250 Words) Response & Rescue Efforts Initial Challenge: Rough monsoon seas and the vessel drifting towards the coast. Firefighting Coordination: Indian Coast Guard initiated firefighting but tow rope initially snapped. Indian Navy helicopter air-dropped a salvage team and passed a steel wire rope. Ship towed 45 nautical miles away to deeper waters (~1 km depth). Current Status: Fire largely controlled; hot spots remain. Ship owner responsible for final salvage. India’s Maritime Firefighting Capabilities Coast Guard Readiness: Patrol vessels now routinely equipped with firefighting systems. Firefighting has become a core mandate of the Coast Guard. Case Studies Demonstrating Capability: VLCC New Diamond (2020): Carried 2.7 lakh tonnes of crude oil; massive fire off Colombo successfully extinguished by Indian Navy & Coast Guard. Ships remained structurally intact even after week-long infernos, showing both operational and engineering resilience. Persistent Risks in Maritime Zones Three Key Maritime Hazards: Ship sinking: Loss of cargo, traffic disruption, environmental harm. Onboard fires: Risk to human life and property, severe environmental implications. Oil spills: Long-term marine pollution. High-Risk Vessels: Gas carriers: Pose the highest explosion risk, especially at global choke points (e.g., Suez Canal, Strait of Malacca). Way Forward Strengthen Salvage & Spill Response: India needs to develop faster and more coordinated multi-agency frameworks for: Salvaging sunken vessels. Responding to oil spill emergencies. Training & Simulation: Simulated response drills should be expanded to improve preparedness. International Collaboration: Critical given global supply chain dependencies. Conclusion The successful response to recent fires (Wan Hai 503, New Diamond) illustrates growing Indian capabilities in maritime firefighting. However, enhancing capacity for oil spills, salvage, and multi-agency coordination is essential to secure India’s 7,500 km coastline and protect maritime trade routes. Mind the gap India’s Ranking in the Global Gender Gap Index (2025) India ranks 131 out of 148 countries, down by two places from the previous year. Overall gender parity score: 64.1% — among the lowest in South Asia. The Index evaluates four dimensions: Economic Participation and Opportunity Educational Attainment Health and Survival Political Empowerment Relevance : GS 1 ( Indian Society ) , GS 2 (Governance, Social Justice ) Practice Question : India’s rank in the Global Gender Gap Index reveals that political empowerment remains the weakest link in gender parity. Discuss the factors contributing to this gap and measures needed to address it.(250 Words) Category-Wise Performance Economic Participation and Opportunity +0.9% improvement in score. Estimated earned income parity rose from 28.6% to 29.9%. Labour force participation rate remains at 45.9% — India’s best till date. Educational Attainment & Health and Survival Marginal positive shifts improved scores. Indicates better access to education and health outcomes for women. Political Empowerment (Major Weakness) Drop in female representation: Parliament: From 14.7% (2024) to 13.8% (2025). Ministerial roles: From 6.5% to 5.6%. Consecutive yearly decline, pulling down India’s overall ranking. Women’s Reservation Bill (2023) Passed after 27 years since its first introduction in 1996. One-third reservation for women in Parliament and State Assemblies. Implementation delayed till 2029 — pending Census and delimitation. Symbolic legislative win, but actual representation postponed. Core Issues Highlighted Political parties can voluntarily nominate more women candidates even before the law is enforced. Symbolic gestures not enough — genuine political will needed to correct gender imbalance. Women’s under-representation reflects structural and cultural inertia, not lack of competence or interest. Way Forward Consolidate gains in education, health, and employment. Accelerate action on political empowerment through: Timely implementation of reservation. Party-level reforms and quotas. Leadership training and electoral support for women. Treat gender parity as a national development goal, not just an index to improve. Enable inclusive policymaking by ensuring more women in decision-making roles. Conclusion India’s drop in the Gender Gap Index is a reminder that political empowerment is the weakest link. Bridging this gap demands urgent institutional reforms, political courage, and grassroots participation of women, well before 2029. More ‘mind space’ for India in America’s imagination Core Argument India remains underrepresented in elite American academic, intellectual, and philanthropic imagination — not due to lack of merit, but due to persistent perceptual and narrative gaps. There is no flagship academic fellowship (like Schwarzman Scholars for China) for India — a symbolic and structural omission. Relevance : GS 2 ( International Relations ) , GS 1 (Culture ) , Essay Paper Practice Question : Despite being a strategic partner of the U.S., India remains underrepresented in Western academic and intellectual discourse. Analyze the causes and suggest ways India can project its global narrative effectively.(250 Words) Schwarzman Scholars vs. India Schwarzman Scholars (est. 2016) at Tsinghua University was modelled on the Rhodes Scholarship to create China-aware global leaders. India lacks a similar platform to immerse international youth in its democratic, strategic, and civilizational context. The imbalance reflects decades of intellectual privileging of China over India. Historical Context: ‘Scratches on the Mind’ Harold R. Isaacs’ 1958 study revealed deep-rooted biases in American views: China: revolutionary, seductive, dangerous, promising. India: filtered through colonial lenses — mystical, chaotic, marginal. These stereotypes persist in academic and policymaking circles, leading to India’s underrepresentation in syllabi and fellowships, despite increasing global relevance. Strategic Narrative Gap During the Cold War: China: ideological battleground and later economic partner. India: non-aligned, democratic but strategically ambiguous, didn’t fit into Western geopolitical templates. China actively marketed its rise, while India remained modest, bureaucratic, and reactive in narrative-building. Institutional Deficit China’s rise was supported by state-funded soft power investments (e.g., Confucius Institutes, think tanks). India lacks an equivalent: its premier institutions (IITs, IIMs, Ashoka, Krea) have not yet developed the global strategic pull and policy linkage required. Absence of a Schwarzman-style fellowship is both a symptom and cause of India’s limited intellectual visibility in the West. India-Focused Research in the U.S. China Studies is well-funded and institutionalised. India Studies is fragmented, often reduced to South Asian/Postcolonial Studies — with a focus on religion, anthropology, or classics, not on contemporary strategic and policy relevance. Consequences of Absence American students and leaders are not being trained to understand modern India — leading to diplomatic gaffes (e.g., Trump’s mediation talk). India still appears as “India-Pakistan” rather than as a strategic entity in its own right. The Way Forward Establish a flagship global fellowship (India Scholars Programme?) that: Has state and private backing. Combines academic excellence, international prestige, and strategic training. Attracts both Indian and foreign youth. India must develop institutions with global connectivity, autonomy, and vision — beyond IITs/IIMs. Reclaiming the Narrative India must project its story confidently and strategically. Merely exporting yoga and cuisine is not enough to shape perception or policy. Global leadership in the 21st century requires compelling storytelling, intellectual presence, and cultural engagement. Strategic silence breeds invisibility; the narrative must be assertive and coherent. Conclusion To shift from being a “studied-at-a-distance” country to a thought leader, India must claim space in Western intellectual ecosystems. A Schwarzman-style programme in India would signal that India seeks to be known and understood on its own terms, not just as a counterbalance to China. The “scratches on the mind” can be healed — but only with vision, voice, and strategic presence in the arenas where future leaders are formed. India needs a sincere aircraft accident investigation Core Argument Despite having the statutory Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), India lacks independent, credible, and transparent aircraft accident investigations. The system protects institutions over people, and pilot error is often used as a scapegoat for broader systemic failures. Relevance : GS 2 (Governance ), GS 3 (Internal Security) , GS 4 ( Ethics in Governance) Practice Question : India’s civil aviation accident investigation suffers from structural conflict of interest and lack of institutional transparency. Critically analyze and suggest reforms to ensure credible accident investigations.(250 Words) Structural Conflict of Interest The AAIB is not truly independent; it functions under the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), which: Regulates aviation via DGCA, Oversees airlines, Appoints heads of DGCA and AAIB. This creates a conflict of interest: those responsible for oversight are also investigating failures. In contrast, railway accidents are probed independently (e.g., by Commissioner of Railway Safety or judicial authorities). Recent Safety Lapses The June 12, 2025 Ahmedabad accident, recent helicopter crashes, flying school incidents, and weather-related emergencies signal a broader safety crisis. India’s aviation growth is outpacing its safety framework. Ground-handling failures (e.g., Çelebi permit cancellation) point to regulatory and operational vulnerabilities. Superficial Investigations and Buried Truths The 1997 Air Marshal J.K. Seth Committee exposed systemic flaws but was sidelined due to its inconvenient truths. Accident reports often contain internal contradictions or omissions: E.g., weather discrepancies (2001), overloading (IC491, 1993), and data denial (IX611, 2018). There’s a pattern of obscuring the truth rather than reforming the system. Misuse of AAIB Reports Per Aircraft (Investigation of Accidents and Incidents) Rules, 2017: Reports are for learning and prevention, not blame. But law enforcement and courts misuse AAIB reports as evidence for prosecution. Leads to legal distortions and pilots being unfairly blamed. Convenient Blame on Pilots Pilot error is often the default conclusion because: It simplifies legal processes, Aids in quick insurance payouts, Protects airlines, maintenance crews, and ATC from scrutiny. Dead pilots become scapegoats, shielding deeper system failures. Institutional Protection over Accountability MoCA retains absolute control over: Policy, Regulation, Investigation, and Appointments. This centralisation suppresses transparency and erodes public trust. Kozhikode air crash (2020) killed 21 people; investigation recommendations remain unimplemented — no accountability, only silence. Key Reforms Proposed Make AAIB and DGCA fully independent, accountable to Parliament. Ban parallel committees that dilute AAIB’s role. Prohibit legal use of AAIB reports unless independently validated. Amend Aircraft Rule 19(3) to protect pilots from punitive action unless gross negligence is proven. Appoint an independent aviation ombudsman to audit past investigations. Final Message India has the talent and tools, but not the institutional courage to pursue truth in aviation accident probes. Without truth, transparency, and systemic reform, India’s aviation leadership claims ring hollow. A sincere, independent investigation mechanism must be India’s tribute to lives lost — both in crashes and in the silence that follows. Disclaimer : The views and opinions expressed here are based on the original article published in THE HINDU and do not reflect the official stance of Legacy IAS Academy. This content is provided solely for educational and discussion purposes.

Jun 16, 2025 Daily Current Affairs

Current Affairs 16 June 2025

Content : An FIR and an angry High Court What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? How do black boxes work? Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? An FIR and an angry High Court Background of the Case On May 14, the Madhya Pradesh High Court directed the State Police to register an FIR against Cabinet Minister Vijay Shah. Allegation: He made inflammatory remarks against Colonel Sofiya Qureshi, an Army officer. The FIR invoked Sections 152, 196(1)(b), and 197(1)(c) of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which relate to: Acts endangering national unity, Promoting enmity between groups. Relevance : GS 2(Judiciary ,Governance) Court’s Concerns Though an FIR was registered the same day, the High Court criticized it for being deficient in material particulars. Concern: FIR lacked specific details of the alleged actions that would constitute each offence. The Court feared that such an FIR could be quashed later due to vagueness. Judicial Response The Court: Directed that the entire court order of May 14 be treated as part of the FIR. Stated its intent to monitor the investigation to ensure fairness and impartiality. Essentials of FIR Writing As per Section 171(1) of BNS, any information on a cognisable offence must be written and recorded properly. Best practice: Include the elements of the offence in the FIR to: Justify the legal sections applied. Allow the accused to seek bail or other remedies. Often, the original written complaint is copied into the FIR in entirety, especially after a preliminary inquiry. Examples of FIR Quashing Vinod Dua v. Union of India (2021): SC quashed FIR as no offence was made out. Arnab Goswami v. State of Maharashtra (2020): Bail granted; SC held FIR lacked prima facie ingredients for abetment of suicide. Principles for Quashing FIR (Bhajan Lal Guidelines, 1992) FIR can be quashed if: Allegations do not prima facie constitute any offence. Allegations do not disclose a cognisable offence under Section 156(1) (investigation without magistrate’s permission). FIR is absurd, improbable, or has mala fide intentions. Application to Current Case FIR includes the High Court’s full order, which details the speech and context. If challenged, this order becomes part of the FIR, bolstering its legal standing. The police should have included excerpts from the minister’s speech, but omission isn’t fatal. Author’s Critique Though FIR drafting could’ve been better, police acted within legal norms. High Court’s harsh remarks against the police were unwarranted and premature. Monitoring the investigation is welcome, but overreaching criticism undermines procedural fairness. Conclusion The case underscores the importance of: Proper FIR drafting, Judicial restraint, Adherence to procedural justice, And the balancing of free speech vs public order. What are flue gas desulphurisation units? Introduction: FGDs are pollution control devices used in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gas. SO₂ is produced during the combustion of sulphur-rich fossil fuels like coal. FGD units neutralise acidic SO₂ using basic compounds like limestone. Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology) Common Types of FGD Technologies Dry Sorbent Injection: Uses powdered limestone or other sorbents. Reacts with SO₂ in flue gas and is filtered out using fabric filters or electrostatic precipitators. Wet Limestone Scrubbing (most common): Uses limestone slurry to absorb SO₂, forming gypsum as a byproduct. High efficiency; gypsum has commercial uses. Seawater FGD: Used in coastal plants. SO₂ is absorbed by seawater, which is then treated before being discharged. Why are SO₂ Emissions Harmful? Greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Causes respiratory illnesses and worsens air quality. Converts into secondary PM2.5, a major pollutant. ~15% of India’s ambient PM2.5 is from coal combustion. Of that, 80% is from SO₂-derived secondary particles. Status of FGD Compliance in India 2015: Government mandated FGDs in all 537 coal-fired TPPs. Deadlines were repeatedly postponed (2018 → 2027–29). As of April 2025, only 39 out of 537 plants had installed FGDs. December 2024: Deadline further extended by three years. April 2025: Committee led by PSA Ajay Sood recommended rollback of the FGD mandate. Why is FGD Implementation Contentious? High capital cost: ₹1.2 crore/MW → ₹97,000 crore for planned 97,000 MW addition. Potential tariff hike of ₹0.72 per kWh (mostly fixed costs). Government concerns: balancing health, affordability, and energy expansion. Expert Opinions on FGD Rollback Critics warn that skipping FGD: Compromises clean air goals. Undermines public health. FGDs are essential for reducing SO₂ and indirectly PM2.5. Tariff impact is manageable and largely predictable. Is There Any Alternative to FGDs? No effective alternative exists for SO₂ removal from flue gases. Dr. Ganesan: FGDs are urgent and unavoidable for compliance. Conclusion FGDs are technically essential but financially challenging. India must weigh short-term costs against long-term health and environmental gains. Delay in FGD installation risks worsening air pollution, especially from coal-based power generation. Why have special economic zones rules been relaxed? Why Are Semiconductors Important? Semiconductors are essential components in all modern electronic devices — smartphones, laptops, TVs, cars, etc. They power AI, machine learning, digitisation, and automation. Global supply chain disruption (esp. due to COVID-19) exposed overdependence on countries like China (which produced ~35% of semiconductors in 2021). Strategic significance: Semiconductor self-reliance is now critical for national security, economic resilience, and technological leadership. Relevance : GS 3(Economy) Why Were SEZ Rules Relaxed? To boost domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and electronic components. Part of broader efforts under the Semicon India programme (₹76,000 crore outlay). Key Relaxations in SEZ Rules (June 2024) Reduction in Minimum Land Area (Rule 5): From 50 hectares to 10 hectares for SEZs exclusively for semiconductor/electronics. Enables smaller-scale investments with full SEZ benefits. Relaxation of “Encumbrance-Free” Land Requirement (Rule 7): Earlier requirement: land had to be free of legal disputes or liens. Relaxed now due to India’s complex land records and slow legal systems. Will accelerate SEZ setup by allowing flexibility in land acquisition. Permission for Domestic Sales (Rule 18): SEZ units can now sell in the domestic market (after paying duties). Earlier: SEZs were export-only. Shields investors from global trade disruptions, supports domestic tech ecosystem. Impact So Far Too early to assess long-term impact, but signs of positive momentum: Micron Semiconductor Technology India: ₹13,000 crore investment. 37.64-hectare SEZ in Sanand, Gujarat. Hubballi Durable Goods Cluster (Aequs Group):₹100 crore investment.11.55-hectare SEZ in Dharwad, Karnataka. Total new SEZ-linked investment: ₹13,100 crore. Strategic Significance for India Enhances domestic capacity in a sector central to the digital economy. Reduces import dependence, especially from geopolitically sensitive nations. Supports Make in India, Aatmanirbhar Bharat, and India’s ambition to be a global electronics hub. Conclusion The relaxation of SEZ rules is a targeted regulatory reform to promote investment in semiconductors. It aligns with India’s strategic and economic priorities, especially in a post-COVID, tech-driven world. Initial investments signal positive industry response, but sustained momentum will depend on policy consistency, infrastructure support, and ease of doing business. How do black boxes work? What Are Black Boxes? Despite the name, black boxes are painted bright orange for high visibility at crash sites. Modern aircraft black boxes include: Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) – captures crew conversations, alarms, and ambient cockpit sounds. Digital Flight Data Recorder (DFDR) – records technical flight data such as altitude, speed, engine performance, etc. In many aircraft, CVR and DFDR are integrated into a single unit. Relevance : GS 3(Technology, Disaster Management) How Do They Work? Black boxes record data continuously during flight. Use solid-state memory chips for high durability and long recording duration. Are shock-resistant, fire-resistant, and often waterproof. Equipped with underwater locator beacons that emit signals to help locate them after a crash. Positioned typically at the rear of the aircraft, where survival chances are higher during a crash. Technical Features Coated in bright orange with reflective materials. Designed to withstand extreme conditions: Temperatures up to 1,100°C for 1 hour Water pressure at depths up to 20,000 feet High-impact crashes (forces of 3,400 Gs or more) CVRs usually record last 2 hours of cockpit audio. DFDRs record data on hundreds of parameters for 25 hours or more. Historical Timeline 1950s: Flight recorders used metal foils. 1953: First commercial sale by General Mills; device used spherical shell. 1954: Invented by David Warren (Australia) while investigating the de Havilland Comet crash. 1960: FDRs and CVRs made mandatory in aircraft. 1965: Regulation to paint them orange or yellow for visibility. 1990: Magnetic tapes replaced by solid-state memory. Use in Accident Investigation Investigated by agencies like India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB). AAIB has a dedicated flight recorders lab (established in New Delhi). Flight data + cockpit voice insights help reconstruct: Pre-crash aircraft behaviour Crew reactions, errors, or communication failures External interference like radio disruptions Helps refine safety protocols, pilot training, and aircraft design. Recent Context Used in ongoing probe into Air India Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner crash near Ahmedabad. Remains a critical tool in global civil aviation safety infrastructure. Cash Plus model pushes up early breastfeeding rate, dietary diversity among Rajasthan women What is the Cash Plus Model? India’s first State-led pilot combining: Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) for pregnant and lactating women. Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC), including: Home-based counselling Group sessions on nutrition and health Community engagement Use of digital media for outreach Augments the national PMMVY scheme, which provides cash support for the first child. Relevance : GS 2(Health ,Governance ,Social Justice) Key Outcomes (2021–2024 study findings) Early initiation of breastfeeding rose by 49%, now reaching 90% of newborns. 49% improvement in dietary diversity among pregnant women. 54% of women reported using cash benefits specifically for nutrition. 44% more women became receptive to counselling and home visits. 80% of women cited improved affordability and access to nutritious food. Implementation Timeline Launched in 2020 as a pilot in 5 districts: Udaipur, Banswara, Dungarpur, Pratapgarh, Baran. Scaled statewide in 2022 with a budget of ₹210 crore. Target: ~3.5 lakh second-time pregnant women per year. Total beneficiaries to date: Over 3.3 million women. Unique Features Includes second-time mothers, unlike PMMVY. Uses anganwadi network for registration, checkups, anemia detection, and counselling. Digital and social media outreach targets male members and youth for wider behavioural change. Reported Benefits (Case Example) Early detection and treatment of anemia. Timely vaccinations and institutional delivery. Healthier birth outcomes — e.g., baby weight > 3 kg. Challenges Data gaps in maternal mortality reporting. Disparities in service access across rural and tribal areas. Persistent poverty and low education hinder full behaviour change. Need for better monitoring and digital record-keeping. Significance Sets a national precedent for integrating financial aid with behavioural interventions. Demonstrates a holistic approach to maternal and child health — not just money, but awareness and community support. Model may be replicable in other states to strengthen India’s nutrition and maternal health outcomes. AI and biomanufacturing: can the policies match our ambitions? India’s Biomanufacturing Context India is already a global leader in generic drugs and vaccines. The next leap: combining AI with biotechnology for biomanufacturing, drug discovery, and healthcare delivery. Modern Indian biomanufacturing uses robots, biosensors, and AI to improve precision and efficiency. Relevance : GS 3 (Science and Technology) AI in Biomanufacturing: Transformative Potential Biocon: Using AI for fermentation optimisation, drug screening, and cost-effective biologics. Strand Life Sciences: Employs AI for genomics and personalised medicine. Wipro & TCS: Developing AI tools for drug discovery, clinical trials, and treatment outcome prediction. AI-driven tools enable: Predictive monitoring (e.g., pH, temperature shifts) Reduced batch failures and waste Digital twins for simulating and improving manufacturing processes Faster, more efficient drug development pipelines Policy Push: India’s Bold Initiatives BioE3 Policy (2024): Envisions state-of-the-art biofoundries, AI-biotech hubs, and manufacturing infrastructure. Significant funding support for startups and companies. IndiaAI Mission: Focuses on ethical, explainable, and responsible AI. Encourages standards for bias reduction, algorithm transparency, and AI safety in biotech applications. Regulatory and Safety Challenges Current Indian drug/manufacturing laws are outdated and not tailored for AI systems. No clear process to ensure: Data representativeness for India’s diverse conditions AI model reliability under real-world disruptions Example risk: AI trained in urban labs may fail in rural setups due to infrastructure or environmental variability. Global Best Practices EU AI Act (2024): Classifies AI tools into four risk categories, strict audits for high-risk tools. US FDA (2025): Seven-step AI credibility framework Allows predetermined model updates for evolving healthcare tech India currently lacks: Risk-based evaluation Context-aware regulation Dynamic oversight mechanisms Emerging Legal and Ethical Issues Data governance: Digital Personal Data Protection Act (2023) is insufficient for biotech-specific data needs. Bias and dataset quality: Clean, diverse, and unbiased datasets are essential — yet not mandated. Intellectual property: Ambiguity over AI-invented molecules and processes Risk of legal conflicts and stifled innovation Path Ahead: Recommendations Regulatory reform: Introduce risk-based, adaptive laws for AI in biomanufacturing. Define AI tool context and validation norms. Nationwide investment: Infrastructure and talent development beyond metro cities. Collaborative ecosystem: Involve industry, regulators, academia, and international partners. Promote innovation over imitation: Transition from “copying generics” to AI-driven creation of novel drugs and processes

Jun 14, 2025 Daily PIB Summaries

PIB Summaries 14 June 2025

Content : Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Collaborative Push for PMMSY at Inland Fisheries Meet 2025 Context : India’s inland fisheries sector has emerged as a vital driver of rural livelihoods, food security, and export potential. The Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Meet 2025 aimed to catalyze innovation, investment, and coordinated action to unlock its full growth potential. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture ,Fisheries) Importance of the Fisheries Sector The sector is growing at an impressive 9% annual rate, the highest among all agri-allied sectors. Supports ~3 crore livelihoods, especially among rural and coastal communities. India has become the second-largest fish producer globally, with inland fish production increasing by 142% since 2013–14. Government Interventions & Funding Major schemes include PMMSY, FIDF, PM-MKSSY, and Blue Revolution. ₹38,572 crore invested towards modernization, infrastructure, credit access (KCC), and inclusive growth. These efforts aim to promote sustainable development, self-reliance, and export readiness. Focus Areas Identified in the Meet Expanding culture area from 55 to 70 lakh hectares. Doubling productivity from 5 to 10 tonnes/ha through technology and quality inputs. Promoting coldwater fisheries, saline aquaculture, ornamental fishery, and value addition. Boosting export potential of shrimp, trout, and processed fish products. Technology and Innovation Promotion of RAS (Recirculatory Aquaculture System) and Biofloc for sustainable, high-yield aquaculture. Drone-based monitoring, use of digital tools, and data-driven decision-making encouraged. Highlighted the role of 300+ start-ups in tech innovation, processing, and post-harvest value chains. Institutional and Policy Reforms Emphasis on brood banks and quality seed availability in collaboration with ICAR. Call for reforms in leasing and licensing policies for reservoirs, wetlands, and riverine fisheries. Adoption of a cluster-based approach to cover the entire value chain: from seed to market. State-Level Coordination and Federal Synergy Participation from 15+ inland states and UTs. Encouraged alignment of state action plans with national objectives. Need for customized implementation, based on local aquatic resources and priorities. Infrastructure and Market Connectivity Strengthening of cold storage, transport chains, and market linkages emphasized. Focus on balancing supply-demand, especially in high-value species like Rohu and Catla. Potential use of Amrit Sarovar reservoirs for inland aquaculture. Social and Economic Impacts Inland fisheries seen as a lever for: Nutritional security (especially protein for the poor). Doubling farmer incomes. Rural entrepreneurship and economic diversification. Encouragement for integrating traditional knowledge with scientific innovation. Challenges Highlighted Underutilization of central funding mechanisms. Gaps in cold chain infrastructure and export pathways. Need for better coordination between research bodies and implementing agencies. Skilling and capacity-building for traditional fishers still limited in many states. Broader Takeaways Inland fisheries represent a promising model of sustainable, technology-driven, inclusive development. Reflects strong Centre-State cooperation, local participation, and integration of innovation with traditional livelihoods. Key to achieving goals of employment generation, rural resilience, and national food security. National Conference on Agri Stack: Turning Data into Delivery Context & Objectives Organized by the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare to assess the progress and challenges of Agri Stack under the Digital Agriculture Mission. Aimed at promoting farmer-centric, transparent, and data-driven governance by integrating digital infrastructure with agricultural schemes. Relevance : GS 3(Agriculture),GS 2(Governance) Key Highlights Secretary (Agriculture) emphasized: Urgent need for States to link Farmer Registries with updated Records of Rights (RoR). Use of digital datasets for personalized scheme delivery. Secretary (DoLR) stressed: Aadhaar seeding and digital land records as critical for accurate farmer identification. Rural issues like declining land value and income demand better targeting of schemes. Digital Infrastructure Push Integration of Farmer ID with PM-KISAN, PMFBY, KCC, etc. Launch of: Digitally Verifiable Credentials (DVCs) or Kisan Pehchan Patra for authenticated land/crop verification. Farmer Authorization Systems for secure data sharing. Unified grievance redressal portal (with OTP, multilingual, audio features). Major Announcements MoUs signed with Maharashtra, Kerala, Bihar, and Odisha to boost State-level adoption. ₹6,000 crore SCA package: ₹4,000 crore for Farmer Registry & legal heir systems. ₹2,000 crore for Digital Crop Survey (DCS), disbursed on a first-come-first-served basis. State Innovations Showcased Maharashtra: AI sandbox (Mahavistaar AI), Farmer Registry-DPE integration, MahaDBT enrolment. Uttar Pradesh: Integration of Agri Stack with MSP e-procurement, DCS implementation insights. Karnataka: Use of FRUITS with banks, disaster relief support, soil health-linked advisories. Technology & AI Integration Use of remote sensing, AI/ML tools, and automated data validation to enhance accuracy. Launch of AI chatbot using Agri Stack and Google Gemini, supporting multilingual farmer interaction. AI for crop ID, facial authentication of surveyors, and backend optimization. Challenges Identified Outdated tribal land records and RoR data gaps. Errors in crop survey geotagging/photos. Non-compliance with Digital Crop Survey (DCS) standards. Long-Term Vision Build a Unified Farmer Service Interface (UFSI) to streamline service delivery. Enhance digital access to credit, crop insurance, subsidies, and advisory services. Ensure inclusive participation, especially for small & marginal farmers, through digital empowerment. Broader Significance Agri Stack marks a shift toward evidence-based, precision agriculture governance. Facilitates faster, more transparent, and better-targeted interventions in rural and farm economies. Strengthens Centre-State digital federalism in agricultural reform implementation.

Jun 14, 2025 Daily Editorials Analysis

Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 14 June 2025

Content: Rogue Nation The Rot Starts at the Top of the Aviation Ladder Endgame of a 2,611-Year-Old Jewish-Persian Enmity Rogue nation Context Israel launched strikes on Iran’s nuclear facilities, including the Natanz nuclear plant, missile factories, and homes of nuclear scientists. The attacks occurred during ongoing U.S.–Iran dialogue, undermining diplomatic efforts. Iran retaliated with drone attacks; further escalation is anticipated. Relevance : GS 2 (International Relations) Practice Question : “Israel’s recent unilateral strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities poses grave risks to international law, regional peace, and global economic stability.” Critically examine in the context of current West Asian geopolitics. (250 words) Key Issues Highlighted Violation of International Norms: Israel’s unilateral military action is labeled illegal, reckless, and dangerous. Undermines the diplomatic space for resolving Iran’s nuclear issue. U.S. Complicity or Powerlessness: Despite warnings, Trump failed to stop Israel. Suggests either U.S. weakness or silent endorsement of Israeli aggression. Risk of Escalation: Iran’s harsh response likely, possibly using ballistic missiles. Israel may retaliate, creating a cycle of prolonged conflict. Iran’s Nuclear Programme – Nuances Iran has enriched uranium to 60% purity, beyond civilian need. IAEA confirms highly enriched uranium presence, but no definitive evidence of weaponization. Iran previously agreed to suspend its nuclear program under the 2015 JCPOA, later abandoned by the U.S. under Trump. Israel’s Recent Pattern of Militarism Post October 7 Hamas attack, Israel faces genocide allegations due to massive destruction in Gaza. Continues strikes in Lebanon (despite ceasefire) and territorial gains in Syria. The Iran strike fits a larger pattern of unchecked aggression. Broader Geopolitical Implications Destabilization of West Asia: Risk of a wider regional war involving Lebanon, Syria, Iran, and the Gulf. Heightened sectarian and geopolitical tensions. Global Economic Risk: Escalation could disrupt Gulf trade routes and oil supplies. Particularly dangerous for India, with large expatriate population and heavy economic interests in the region. Call to Action Urgent need for a coordinated global diplomatic intervention. The international community must rein in Israel and revive negotiations to prevent a regional catastrophe. The rot starts at the top of the aviation ladder Context The Air India Flight AI171 crash in Ahmedabad (June 2025) is analyzed as a result of systemic failures, not just pilot error. It highlights deep-rooted issues in India’s aviation safety ecosystem, regulatory framework, and accountability culture. Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management) Practice Question : “Air safety in India is not just a technical concern but a reflection of deeper governance and regulatory failures.” Discuss in light of the Air India AI171 crash. (250 words) Systemic Failures and Regulatory Complacency Pattern of negligence: Past accidents (e.g., Mangaluru 2010, Kozhikode 2020) did not lead to systemic reform. No accountability beyond pilots: Top officials, MoCA, DGCA, AAI, and airlines consistently evade responsibility. Politicization and corruption in aviation governance weaken safety oversight. Complacency post-crashes: Safety lapses are repeated, and investigation integrity is compromised. Deficiencies in Oversight and Professionalism Unqualified leadership: Key posts at DGCA and AAI often held by bureaucrats, not domain experts. Violation of ICAO norms: DGCA naming pilots publicly breaches international safety protocols. Judicial indifference: Supreme Court passing PILs back to MoCA instead of judicial review reflects institutional apathy. Technical and Operational Red Flags in AI171 Crash Suspected bird ingestion due to grass overgrowth — pointing to airport management lapses. Possible compressor stall or foreign object damage during takeoff led to partial thrust loss. Landing gear remained extended throughout — possibly due to startle effect, missed procedure, or training issues. Questions over training status of flight — was it a regular flight or one involving a co-pilot under training? Infrastructure and Obstacle Concerns The aircraft crashed into a multi-storey building near the take-off funnel. Raises concerns about No Objection Certificates (NOCs) being granted under political or commercial pressure, compromising airspace safety. Implications for Aviation Safety Governance India’s aviation safety suffers from institutional rot at the top — not merely operational flaws. Urgent need for: Professional regulatory leadership Accountable safety investigations Independent judicial oversight Strict adherence to ICAO norms Conclusion / Call to Action The crash is a grave wake-up call: Without systemic overhaul in safety governance, training, and accountability, Future tragedies are likely. Learning from such incidents is essential for public trust, global credibility, and passenger safety. Endgame of a 2,611-year-old Jewish-Persian enmity Historical & Symbolic Context Date of significance: June 13, 2025 — Israel launched “Operation Rising Lion” targeting Iran’s nuclear and missile assets. Historical arc: The conflict is framed as the culmination of a 2,611-year-old antagonism, dating back to 586 BCE (destruction of the Jewish temple by Babylon). Leaders’ rhetoric: Netanyahu and Khamenei both framed the operation in epochal, existential terms — signaling irreversible confrontation. Relevance : GS 2(International Relations) Practice Question : “The Israeli offensive against Iran in 2025 marks a significant inflection point in the Jewish-Persian conflict, but the long-term regional consequences remain deeply uncertain.” Analyze. (250 words) Israeli Military Offensive Scale and scope: Over 200 Israeli jets attacked 100+ targets in Iran. Targets included nuclear infrastructure, missile factories, and key military and scientific leadership. Strategic aims: Decapitation of Iran’s nuclear and command infrastructure in a short, high-tech blitzkrieg. Preparedness: Israel had upgraded its air defences and acquired bunker-busting capability. Systematic neutralization of Iranian proxies since Hamas’s October 2023 attack. Precursor Events & Global Alignments Iran geopolitically cornered: Fall of pro-Iran Assad regime in Syria cut Iran’s first defence line. Assassinations and provocations escalated tensions. Western role: IAEA passed a resolution condemning Iran (possibly to give Israel legal cover). U.S. pressured Saudi to increase oil supply — weakening Iran’s oil revenues. Renewed U.S. engagement with Pakistan possibly aimed at strategic containment of Iran. U.S. airstrikes on Houthis disrupted Iran’s regional leverage. Arab World’s Apprehensions Sunni Arab states distrust both Israel and Iran. Primary concerns: Strait of Hormuz disruption (affecting global oil supply). Retaliatory attacks on Gulf infrastructure. Shia unrest in Sunni-majority nations. Terror resurgence via non-state actors like ISIS and al-Qaeda. Global and Regional Fallout Unforeseen risks: Israel aims for a quick, surgical strike. But Iran may survive and regroup — undercutting Israeli objectives. Risk of Iranian public rallying behind regime, due to external threat perception. Potential consequences: Radiological fallout if nuclear facilities leak. Escalation into wider war involving U.S., affecting Third World solidarity. Disruption in oil markets → global inflation, recession, and supply chain stress. Strategic Ironies Trump’s inconsistency: Claimed to end “endless wars,” yet set the stage for escalation by killing the 2015 nuclear deal. Cost of nuclear ambition: Iran’s nuclear quest may have cost $100 billion — but may now jeopardize its very security. Diplomatic isolation of Israel: Unilateral strike may alienate Global South and fuel anti-Israel sentiment. Scenarios Ahead Short surgical strike: Iran’s strategic depth is neutralized; regime is weakened like post-Gulf War Iraq. Protracted retaliation: Iran expands conflict, targets pro-West allies, drags U.S. into direct combat. Wider redraw of geopolitics: Iran may retaliate unconventionally — proxy warfare, cyberattacks, and destabilizing neighbours. Could lead to forced regime change or escalation into a regional war. Conclusion While Israel’s operations aim to decapitate Iran’s strategic threat, the long-term implications are deeply uncertain. The legacy of this operation may be shaped not by initial success, but by how Iran responds — and how the region and world absorb the shock.

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